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Marked 2
Marked 2
When sections have yield stress throughout, then the bending moment is about the equal area axis X-X
Mp = 2 ✗
(bet) (g) (E)
- ¥
=
0yb§
b)
90
¥µq Mp = 2 ✗
Jzg DA
Centroid of
= 2x
itdt ✗
cry ✗
semicircle -
are
centroid =
f- fazdtt-a-ffd-zs.no rdrdb
it
to
f- offend [Erik .
.
=
z¥-µ G) ¥ ( ri ✗
-
ri)
=
¥ [ )(r☐+riB
Ko -
ri
IT
=
¥
so Mp = itdt ✗
by ✗
¥ =
dÉoy
c) -
q o,
X X
-
Anis is when
=
-
x
IT a- =
bust =
10£
hence
Mp =
q(2t ✗ lot ) (St ) +
q(2t×ut)(2t) + 6yG2t4lust)
3
170
Ogt
=
d)
i
symmetric cross-section
moment
9 art
Mp =
2 ✗
fry ✗ 2 ✗ 4- ✗ t ✗
]
of +2
fry
✗ ✗ bxt ✗
]
£
'
£ oytd
btd
=
+ g
=
oytd ( % +
b)
2
d
→
-
- - - - -
÷
- - - -
=
20g [Idt +
btd ]
=
oy [&Ñt
+ btd
]
M = 2×2
[ of ✗
☒ ✗ t
) ✗
Is da
✗
]
a b ↳ Ts lever
symmetrical
about ✗ ✗-
two baronage
stress
area
linearly
arm for a
distributed load
weld
.
M -
og [Ed 't
]
so total moment
M=
oy [%dÉ + Edt +
btd]=oy[ Ead 't
' +
]
btd
3
÷•É⑦
b doe
No work real
Am because its a
E
hinge
a
W 8 = Mp ✗ (20) + Mp ✗ 8
w
£-0 = 3 Mpd
w 8
ME
=
b)
փE d L
¥-÷i-- e
I
-
E
a-
-
E
•
Work done stored
energy
=
W 8 =
Mp (a) + Mp(20) + Mold
wtg 6 = U Mpf
W = 8 Mp
I
c) Two
simply supported .
Failure when one fails
Ñ
☒
M
ai
L -
-
Number of redundancies = 0 1
hinge for mechanism
b- work
☒m- -a§No
-
o
-
→
•
Work done =
energy
stoned
W 8
=
Mp ✗ 26
28
W 128 =
Mp ✗
W =
UME
4
w w
FBD
b. b
Ep Eg EA
'
'
R
R R
Deflated
shape
q-ñn•
BMD w Ms W
b b
Est Et Et
R R R.
Mi
.
µ,
R' = W -
ER
Making at th load
Megw
a cut right ↳
q
w -
ER
Me + (w IR ) I
-
= 0
Mi=R÷_w_&m
Bending moment at the central support
w
b
Ms
WI + (w tzR)L =D
Gyms
- -
t
R w -
IR
Ms =
12M -
Iwl
m-
to be
Bending moment
equal to Md
which we found to be Mp =
f- WL
RI -
Int 7 Rta -
tzwr
I > &
so optimum R is when
IRL -
Inn =
tour
IN =
Is WL
R=-i#
So , collapse load B when
I W
)L -
tahr = Mp
W =
6M¥ Whackers = the upper bound
solution
↓ d ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓ ↓
÷ .
÷ ÷
→
µ A-
- -
-
g-
,
&
having A too small will cause this failure mode .
¥55 ¥
- - -
20
W ✗
1-2×20 =
Mp 0
2M p
W =
critical bad
Iz
For the second ease
( 10 -
a) 0 ≥
3 Mp
w✗
12 ✗ ✗ (10-2) -
WE @ =
this is negative
✓
that goes up
work due to the part
we
get : -
4- w
( lo a) % - = 3Mp◦ + Mpo = 4 Mpo
W =
16 Mp critical bad
3- =
e¥→
"
2
16m = 200 -
4oz + 2k
14Mt + up x -
200--0
?
Tse + 20 x
-
100 = -
✗ =
-
✗ = -
by +
YI Fh
✗ 2052
2.61
=
-
☐
≈ w
7
from the end of
beam
MP
Plastic modulus Zp
5
=
go Mp =
150×16×2.612 = 510.9 KNM
2
240 ¥w(
= 2^129×153 ✗
(☐daI→
]
=
2129 em
From Hlt
,
a suitable universal bean
B 457 × 191 × 98
6
a) ← -
g
-
f••
•
• Beam mode
a →
2 XP ✗
23-8 =
Mpo + Mp ✗ 28 + Mp ✗ 30
6 Mp &
4-3 XP Lot =
a =
%Mp÷
•
sway mode q
É• ¥
/
XP LEG =
UMPG
8
✗ =
ME
:& •
•
i
• Combined mode *
G- ✗ PLO +
{ ✗PLO =
Mp (0+30+30+0)
8Mp0
1- ✗ PLO
=
✗ =
hot ¥ → Critical load
,
factor
Mp
••@
b)
→B •
•& c
•
Mp
•
Mp
A D
Mp •
wÑIoHa Mp •
Mp
→
His
Tva p
VD
Moments about A =
Mp
Iz ✗ XP -
2-32×2 XP +
VDL +
Mlp =
Mp
✓☐ =
f- ¥ ME
✗
=8ME_
Vertically , VA +
8
ME -
9,1M¥ =D
VA=&Mt#
ZAP
For
→Éf
%
Mrs
9- ME
Moments about B
MB + Mp -
2ND ✗ 2-31 + 8M¥ 2-31 ✗ = 0
MB Mp +
LF 2-3 ME ¥ MEL ¥3 Mp
-
- -
✗
-
=
so MB =
-173-3 Mp / Mrs / e- Mp
-0 on •
-
z ⑨
-
g-
- -
•
¥0 120
* ¥
io
÷ ¥
w ✗
deflected area
team-mate 2x W ✗
{ ✗
IG =
Mp (0+20+0)
w =
8M¥ .
w = b
Mfs
combined mod
-
wit)
✗
{ ✗ LG ✗
1) (+ =
Mp ( 0+20 +
(0+011+(26+10))
where ✗ LO = (L -
a) ∅
so ∅ =
1¥
w ✗ ¥0 +
wig = Mp (60+2,9-2)
w LIE 1) + = Mp (b +
2%)
w
( =
ME (0-9-2-+4)
w =
7- ( ¥9)( ¥)
w = MD 12 - 8 ✗
I 12 -
✗ -
d)
G- 2) to) 42-891-1-24
ddg
✗ •
My
- -
=
2
12
2
- a -
•
2)
so -16+8×+8×2=-12 -16×+16×2
0 = 8×2 -
32 ✗ + 4
0 =
2×2 -
6 ✗ +
I
6 ± -62-4 (2) G)
✗ =
=
3/2 ±
F- only -ve solution is valid
since ◦ ≤ ✗ ≤1
so ✗ =
3-2 -
Ez
substituting hath
12-42 -
4G)
w=
MF ( 2- { + Ez -
9-4+3-2 F-
4nF
=
Mfr -
72 1- 257
8 16
=
Mfs u -
if
=
IT µ -257+7
ME
= 16
1)
2
( Fi -
Ssreqgl
8 -3Mt
I go 15
12
unknowns
equations
} 3 redundancies
→ muse 4 hinges
H → the
pep 6 possible hinge location
-111 t
so 2 independent modes
a) Beam modes : -
b
• D8 of
H → •
Tt t IT
mode
sway
⑧ B
H→
combined modes
②
① •
◦
20
%
←
¥
⑧
20
•
¥20
÷÷ ¥
sway
+ ✓ beam modes
H beam mode
sway + -
b) v beam
-
mode
V ✗
Exo =
-kMp(40)
v =
4
My
A- beam mode → similar to above
It ✗ LEG =
Mp (8+20) + £Mp
It = 7
ME
sway mode
It ✗
to = Mp +
tzMp(2G
6
It =
My
combined mode ①
±Mp( G)
Mp (20+20+0)
+
It 2-21-20
=
✗
H =
¥ ME
combined mode ②
Mp 120)+£Mp(
UGH
It ✗
1-2×0 + Vx { ✗ 0 =
8M£ + V =
e)
:
swag →
conga
i.
÷
-
v bear
-
2-
→sHµI
' ' ' ' '
&
'
it
'
b is
'
z n
9
a)
④ H→°• •
◦ Hx 220 =
Mp (40)
◦ 0 4=2
ME
B .
- ÉÉ •
D
Analysis
* •
B easiest the
using
Instantaneous centre of rotation
A * E
}
*
\
- - -
→ ∅
a •
from of frame
geometry
distance ID = JE
distance Bet = etc
Deflections
deflection of point C = BIG = etc P
but since BT =
Tie
l
deflection of point ☐ = DID = ED B
but since DI =
④ =p = 0
✓ ✗ Bt ✗
MID ✗ 0 = Mp [ 0 + (0+0)+(01+0) ∅] +
B C D E
not 1- to Be
BT + css LCBD = 2L
have
V ✗ 220 = 6 Mp 0
v =
3M¥
?⃝
Liii) of
since we can have manimwm 4 hinges ,
th hinge at
£
B
•
D
to
:$
!
A -0 ¥8
'*É
"" °
of
Finding 1C CD /
I
"
.iʳʰ ÷:c:*
1 .
;
about
meter
A
↳ point ☐ mates
month ,
, I ∅
I →
A _m-
¥
- -
-
(A )
From geometry triangle K E is similar to
- -
: -
F)
triangle (A C -
-
but sealed up
by factor of 2
so AI =
0
FD KI
DIED
& =
-
( ) =
2 Fc -
2L =
213L) -2L =
41
?⃝
Bs displacement of D
p =
DID
so 410 =
2201
01--20-0
So
upper bound method :
gives
-
Mp(0+43+0 )
ÑoggCAE_g0
1- ✗ 210 + ✓ ✗ = +
(Pto) +01
A C D E
b) load
sideway mechanism critical : -
4V=
2M€ ✓ =
£ ME critical
lowest upper
Gable mechanism bound
✓ = 3 ME
combined
4v+v =
4 ME ✓ =
f- ME
equilibrium to confirm that ME Mp
using
everywhere → means that it is a valid lower bond
%
←
finding
• °
moment at C
Ha→ HE
↑ →-¥
VA VE
Mp Mp
+ + VE ✗ 4L - ✓✗ 21 -
Will = 0
LVE =
5-2 VL -
Mad
=
{ ( IME ) L -
& Mp
VE =
3-4 MPI
Vertical equilibrium I Fy = o
- V + VA +
3-4 ME = 0
VA =
2¥ -
2- ME
VA = -
4- ME
Moments about D looking down IMD = 0
AMP
2L ✗ HE + Mp + Mp = 0
HE = -
ME HE → ☆
Md
so moments about C
looking right
Me + VE + 2L + HE +3L +
Mp = 0
Me = -
2L(3_u ME) -
3L(- ME) -
MP
Me =
f. ME
so ME Mp everywhere in Tre structure,
this is also a valid lower board ,
& have from
the uniqueness theorem , this is th true collapse
mechanism .