CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET

Chemical Name: Perchlorate (DD)

CAS #: 14797-73-0
Revised By: RRD Toxicology Unit
Revision Date: August 25, 2015

(A) Chemical-Physical Properties

Part 201 Value Updated Value Reference Source Comments

Molecular Weight (g/mol) 99.145 99.4506 PC EXP

Physical State at ambient temp Inorganic Inorganic MDEQ
Melting Point (˚C) NA NA NA
Boiling Point (˚C) NA NA NA
Solubility (ug/L) 2.0E+8 NA NA NA
Vapor Pressure (mmHg at 25˚C) NA NR NA NA
HLC (atm-m³/mol at 25˚C) NR NR NA NA
Log Kow (log P; octanol-water) -5.8 NR NA NA
Koc (organic carbon; L/Kg) NR NR NA NA
Ionizing Koc (L/kg)
NR NA NA
2
Diffusivity in Air (Di; cm /s) NR NR NA NA
2
Diffusivity in Water (Dw; cm /s) NR NR NA NA
Soil Water Partition Coefficient
(Kd; inorganics)
2.8E-7 NA NA NA
CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

Part 201 Value Updated Value Reference Source Comments

Flash Point (˚C) NA NA NA NA

Lower Explosivity Level (LEL;
unitless)
NA NA NA NA
Critical Temperature (K)
NR NA NA
Enthalpy of Vaporization
(cal/mol)
NR NA NA
3
Density (g/mL, g/cm )
NR NA NA
EMSOFT Flux Residential 2 m
2 ID NR EMSOFT NA
(mg/day/cm )
EMSOFT Flux Residential 5 m
2
(mg/day/cm )
ID NR EMSOFT NA
EMSOFT Flux Nonresidential 2 m
2 ID NR EMSOFT NA
(mg/day/cm )
EMSOFT Flux Nonresidential 5 m
2
(mg/day/cm )
ID NR EMSOFT NA

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

(B) Toxicity Values/Benchmarks

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Updated Value
Date /Issues
Reference Dose
-- 7.0E-4 IRIS, 2005
(RfD) (mg/kg/day)
Per IRIS: The RfD Tier 1 Source:
is based on a non- IRIS: Complete
statistically Basis: Both IRIS and ATSDR report the same RfD derived from the same study.
significant IRIS is a Tier 1 source.
decrease in IRIS RfD = 7.0E-4 mg/kg-day
thyroidal Critical Study: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Greer, M.A., Goodman, G., Pleus, R.C., Greer,
radioactive iodide S.E. 2002. Health effect assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination:
uptake (RAIU) in The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodide uptake in humans.
healthy adult Environ. Health Perspect. 110:927-937. (e-copy available in tox assessment
human subjects folder).
following two Methods: Greer et al. (2002) studied 21 healthy women and 16 healthy men
weeks exposure (mean age 38 years, range 18-57 years) who were given potassium perchlorate in
to a 0.007 mg/kg- doses of 0.007, 0.02, 0.1 and 0.5 mg perchlorate/kg body weight per day for 14
day daily days. The dose was administered in 400 ml of water with instructions that 100 ml
RfD details perchlorate dose be consumed four times each day. Thyroid uptake of radioiodide was measured at
(Greer et al., 8 and 24 hours after radioiodide administration: at baseline, on days 2 and 14 of
2002). Total perchlorate administration, and 15 days after cessation of dosing. The human
UF=10 for subjects’ research ethics of the study were approved by the Oregon Health &
intraspecies Science University Institutional Review Board (IRB). On day 14 of administration,
variability. Last the mean 24-hour radioiodide uptake was 98.2% of the baseline value in the
IRIS RfD revision: seven subjects given 0.007 mg/kg/day, a non-statistically significant decrease of
2/18/05. RRD 1.8% (standard error of the mean 8.3%). The day-14 24-hour radioiodide uptake
Toxicology value was 83.6% of the baseline value (16.4% decrease; n=10) in the subjects
Assessment is given 0.02 mg/kg/day, 55.3% of the baseline value (44.7% decrease; n=10) in
available (Nov, those given 0.1 mg/kg/day, and 32.9% of the baseline value (67.1% decrease;
2008). RD n=10) in those given 0.5 mg/kg/day.
literature review Critical effect: Radioactive iodide uptake inhibition (RAIU) in the thyroid
conducted End point or Point of Departure (POD): NOEL = 0.007 mg/kg/day
November, 2007 Uncertainty Factors: UF = 10; 10-fold for intraspecies uncertainty factor accounts

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Updated Value
Date /Issues
and February, for variability in responses among humans, and is intended to protect populations
2010. No PPRTV that are more sensitive (fetuses of pregnant women) than the population tested
(11/21/11, Source and date: IRIS; 2/18/2005
1/11/13).
Tier 2 Sources:
PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time.
MRL: ATSDR (final 8/2008), MRL = 0.0007 mg/kg/day (oral chronic). From
12/2004 MRL list.
Critical Studies:
1) Greer MA, Goodman G, Pleus RC, et al. 2002. Health effects assessment
for environmental perchlorate contamination: The dose-response for
inhibition of thyroidal radioiodine uptake in humans. Environ Health
Perspect 110(9):927-937.
2) NAS. 2005. Health implications of perchlorate ingestion. Washington, DC:
National Academies Press.
http://www.nap.edu/books/0309095689/html/. January 31, 2005.
Methods: The study was conducted in 37 healthy (euthyroid) volunteers (16
males, 21 females) who consumed potassium perchlorate in drinking water in
doses of 0.007, 0.02, 0.1, or 0.5 mg perchlorate/kg/day for 14 days. In 24 subjects,
thyroidal uptake of radioactive iodine (RAIU) was measured 8 and 24 hours after
administration of radioactive iodine on exposure days 2 and 14 and also 15 days
after exposure. To estimate daily iodine intake, 24-hour urine samples were
collected. Free and total T4, T3, and TSH were sampled 16 times throughout the
study. Serum antibodies to thyroglobulin and thyroid peroxidase were also
measured. Hematological and clinical chemistry tests were also conducted
throughout the study.
Critical Effects: Inhibition of iodide update into the thyroid. Based on the known
mechanism of action of perchlorate as a competitive inhibitor of NIS and on the
elimination half-time of perchlorate of approximately 8 hours (perchlorate is not
expected to accumulate in the body), the NAS concluded that a dose that
produced minimal inhibition of thyroid iodide uptake after 14 days of continuous
exposure would also have no appreciable effects on thyroid iodide uptake with

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Updated Value
Date /Issues
more prolonged (i.e., intermediate or chronic) exposure. On this basis, the 14-day
study was used as the basis for adopting the RfD for the chronic MRL.
POD: ATSDR adopts the National Academy of Sciences (NAS 2005) recommended
chronic RfD of 0.0007 mg/kg/day for chronic oral MRL. NAS based the RfD on the
findings of a human study by Greer et al. (2002). 0.007 mg/kg/day was
considered the NOEL. The small decrease in RAIU (thyroidal update of radioactive
iodine) was not statistically significant and is well within the variation of repeated
measurements in normal subjects.
Uncertainty Factors: 10 fold factor used to protect the most sensitive population.
As indicated by the NAS (2005), iodide uptake inhibition is a key biochemical
event that precedes all potential thyroid-mediated effects of perchlorate
exposure. Using a nonadverse effect that is upstream of adverse effects is a
conservative approach to perchlorate hazard assessment.

Tier 3 Source:
MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD, no value at this time however, a toxicological assessment
was drafted by RRD (November 2008). This assessment supports the use of the
IRIS RfD.
Oral Cancer Slope
Factor (CSF) -- NA MDEQ, 2015
-1
(mg/kg-day) )
No EPB-CCD Carcinogen Weight-of-Evidence (WOE) Class: Not likely to be carcinogenic to
record available humans
(8/4/11). Per IRIS: IRIS WOE Basis: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Under U.S. EPAs 1999 Draft Revised Complete
quantitative Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, perchlorate is not likely to pose a risk
estimate of of thyroid cancer in humans, at least at doses below those necessary to alter
carcinogenic risk thyroid hormone homeostasis, based on the hormonally-mediated mode of action
CSF details
from oral in rodent studies and species differences in thyroid function.
exposure is not Source and Date: IRIS 2/18/2005
available at this
time (8/4/11). Tier 1 and 2 Sources:
Last IRIS SF IRIS: Per IRIS (2/18/2005), no value at this time.
revision: 2/18/05. PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time
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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Updated Value
Date /Issues
No PPRTV MRL: NA; MRLs are for non-cancer effects only.
(11/21/11,
1/11/13). Tier 3 Source:
MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD, no value at this time.
Reference
Concentration
(RfC) or Initial
Threshold
-- NA MDEQ, 2015
Screening Level
(ITSL) (µg/m³)
Tier 1 and 2 Sources:
IRIS: Per IRIS (2/18/2005), no value at this time. An inhalation reference Complete
concentration has not been derived because the available inhalation data are
insufficient to characterize dose-response relationships or portal-of-entry
modulation of internal dose. Perchlorate is not likely to come out of solution given
No EPB-CCD
its low vapor pressure. Droplet size during showering would likely preclude
record available
significant inhalation of perchlorate-contaminated water as an aerosol.
RfC/ITSL details (8/4/11). No
Particulate inhalation exposures to perchlorate dust have been investigated in
PPRTV (11/21/11,
two published studies of ammonium perchlorate production workers (see IRIS).
1/11/13).
PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time.
MRL: Per ATSDR (final 8/2008), no inhalation value at this time.

Tier 3 Source:
MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD, no value at this time.
Inhalation Unit
Risk Factor -- NA MDEQ, 2015
3 -1
(IURF) ((µg/m ) )
Carcinogen Weight-of-Evidence (WOE) Class: Per IRIS; Not likely to be
No EPB-CCD
carcinogenic to humans Complete
record available
IRIS WOE Basis: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Under U.S. EPAs 1999 Draft Revised
IURF details (8/4/11). No
Guidelines for Carcinogen Risk Assessment, perchlorate is not likely to pose a risk
PPRTV (11/21/11,
of thyroid cancer in humans, at least at doses below those necessary to alter
1/11/13).
thyroid hormone homeostasis, based on the hormonally-mediated mode of action

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Updated Value
Date /Issues
in rodent studies and species differences in thyroid function.
Source and Date: IRIS 2/18/2005

Tier 1 and 2 Sources:

IRIS: Per IRIS (2/18/2005), no value at this time.
PPRTV: No PPRTV record available at this time.
MRL: NA; MRLs are for non-cancer effects only.

Tier 3 Source:
MDEQ: Per DEQ-CCD no value at this time.
Mutagenic Mode
of Action -- NO USEPA, 2015
(MMOA)? (Y/N)
MMOA Details -- Not listed as a carcinogen with mutagenic MOA in the USEPA OSWER List.
YES-oral. The RfD is based on a reproductive-
Developmental or developmental effect.
Reproductive No MDEQ, 2015
Effector? (Y/N) Oral Exposure Pathways- Single Exposure

Per IRIS (2/18/2005): In pregnant women who have undiagnosed hypothyroidism,

perchlorate exposure could exacerbate the hypothyroidism by inhibiting iodide
uptake by the thyroid.
Developmental or
Critical Study: Per IRIS (2/18/2005); Greer, M.A., Goodman, G., Pleus, R.C., Greer,
Reproductive Same as 
Toxicity Details S.E. 2002. Health effect assessment for environmental perchlorate contamination:
The dose response for inhibition of thyroidal radioiodide uptake in humans.
Environ. Health Perspect. 110:927-937. (e-copy available in tox assessment
folder).
State Drinking
Water Standard -- NO SDWA, 1976
(SDWS) (µg/L)
SDWS details NA MI Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1976 PA 399
Secondary SDWA, 1976 and
Maximum
-- NO
USEPA SMCL List
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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Updated Value
Date /Issues
Contaminant Level
(SMCL) (µg/L)
SMCL details NA MI Safe Drinking Water Act (SDWA) 1976 PA 399 and USEPA SMCL List, 2015
Is there an
Aesthetic Value? NO Not evaluated. NA
(Y/N)
Aesthetic value
NA NA
details
RRD Assessment
Is there a
(2008) and
Phytotoxicity NO NO; however, phytoxicity has been noted.
Value? (Y/N) Literature review
(2010)
MDEQ-RRD (2010): There are limited studies that demonstrate adverse effects of
perchlorate on terrestrial plants. However, perchlorate has been demonstrated
Phytotoxicity
details
NA to bioconcentrate in plants and may therefore represent a sink for perchlorate as
well as a mechanism for release back to the environment (e.g. plant tissue
decomposition). See RRD Toxicology Assessment (2008) for additional details.
Others:

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

(C) Chemical-specific Absorption Factors

Source/Reference/ Comments/Notes
Part 201 Value Update
Dates /Issues
Gastrointestinal MDEQ,
absorption 2015/USEPA RAGS-
--- 1.0
efficiency value E, 2004
(ABSgi)

ABSgi details RAGS E (USEPA, 2004) Default Value

Skin absorption
efficiency value --- NA MDEQ, 2015
(AEd)
AEd details
Ingestion
Absorption NA MDEQ, 2015
Efficiency (AEi)
AEi Details
Relative Source
Contribution for
NA MDEQ, 2015
Water (RSCW)

Relative Source
Contribution for
NA MDEQ, 2015
Soil (RSCS)

Relative Source
Contribution for
1.0 MDEQ, 2015
Air (RSCA)

Others

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

(D) Rule 57 Water Quality Values and GSI Criteria

Current GSI value (g/L) ID
Updated GSI value (g/L) ID
Rule 57 Drinking Water Value (g/L) 19

Rule 57 Value
Verification Date
(g/L)
Human Non-cancer Values- Drinking water source (HNV-drink) 19 5/2009
Human Non-Cancer Values- Non-drinking water sources (HNV-Non-drink) 1,600 5/2009
Wildlife Value (WV) NA NA
Human Cancer Values for Drinking Water Source (HCV-drink) NA NA
Human Cancer values for non-drinking water source (HCV-Non-drink) NA NA
Final Chronic Value (FCV) NLS NA
Aquatic maximum value (AMV) NLS NA
Final Acute Value (FAV) NLS NA
Sources:
1. MDEQ Surface Water Assessment Section Rule 57 website
2. MDEQ Rule 57 table

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

(E) Target Detection Limits (TDL)

Value Source

Target Detection Limit – Soil (g/kg) NA MDEQ Op Memo 2 Att. 1, 2004

Target Detection Limit – Water (g/L) 3 MDEQ Op Memo 2 Att. 1, 2004

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET ABBREVIATIONS: W9 USEPA’s User Guide for Water9 Software, Version
2.0.0, 2001
CAS # - Chemical Abstract Service Number.

Section (A) Chemical-Physical Properties

Reference Source(s): Basis/Comments:
CRC Chemical Rubber Company Handbook of Chemistry EST estimated
and Physics, 95th edition, 2014-2015 EXP experimental
EMSOFT USEPA Exposure Model for Soil-Organic Fate and EXT extrapolated
Transport (EMSOFT) (EPA, 2002) NA not available or not applicable
EPA2001 USEPA (2001) Fact Sheet, Correcting the Henry’s NR not relevant
Law Constant for Soil Temperature. Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Washington, D.C. Section (B) Toxicity Values/Benchmarks
EPA4 USEPA (2004) User’s Guide for Evaluating Sources/References:
Subsurface Vapor Intrusion into Buildings. February ATSDR Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry
22, 2004. CALEPA California Environmental Protection Agency
EPI USEPA’s Estimation Programs Interface SUITE 4.1, CAL DTSC California Department of Toxic Substances Control
Copyright 2000-2012 CAL OEHHA CAEPA Office of Environmental Health Hazard
HSDB Hazardous Substances Data Bank Assessment
MDEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality CCD MDEQ Chemical Criteria Database
NPG National Institute for Occupational Safety and ECHA European Chemicals Agency (REACH)
Health Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards OECD HPV Organization for Economic Cooperation and
PC National Center for Biotechnology Information’s Development HPV Database
PubChem database HEAST USEPA’s Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables
PP Syracuse Research Corporation’s PhysProp database IRIS USEPA’s Integrated Risk Information System
SCDM USEPA’s Superfund Chemical Data Matrix MADEP Massachusetts Department of Environmental
SSG USEPA’s Soil Screening Guidance: Technical Protection
Background Document, Second Edition, 1996 MDEQ/DEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
USEPA/EPA United States environmental protection agency’s DEQ-CCD/AQD MDEQ Air Quality Division
Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I: DEQ-CCD/RRD MDEQ Remediation and Redevelopment Division
Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E, DEQ-CCD/WRD MDEQ Water Resources Division
Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk MNDOH Minnesota Department of Health
Assessment). July, 2004.

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CHEMICAL UPDATE WORKSHEET Perchlorate(DD) (14797-73-0)

NJDEP New Jersey Department of Environmental RfC Reference concentration

Protection RfD Reference dose
NYDEC New York State Department of Environmental p-RfD Provisional RfD
Conservation aRfD Acute RfD
OPP/OPPT USEPA’s Office of Pesticide Programs UF Uncertainty factor
PPRTV USEPA’s Provisional Peer Reviewed Toxicity Values WOE Weight of evidence
RIVM The Netherlands National Institute of Public Health
and the Environment Section (C) Chemical-specific Absorption Factors
TCEQ Texas Commission on Environmental Quality MDEQ Michigan Department of Environmental Quality
USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency USEPA RAGS-E United States Environmental Protection Agency’s
USEPA OSWER USEPA Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Risk Assessment Guidance for Superfund Volume I:
Response Human Health Evaluation Manual (Part E,
USEPA MCL USEPA Maximum Contaminant Level Supplemental Guidance for Dermal Risk
WHO World Health Organization Assessment). July, 2004.
WHO IPCS International Programme on Chemical Safety
(IPCS/INCHEM) Section (D) Rule 57 Water Quality Values and GSI Criteria
WHO IARC International Agency for Research on Cancers GSI Groundwater-surface water interface
NA Not Available. NA A value is not available or not applicable.
NR Not Relevant. ID Insufficient data to derive value
NLS No literature search has been conducted
Toxicity terms:
BMC Benchmark concentration
BMCL Lower bound confidence limit on the BMC
BMD benchmark dose
BMDL Lower bound confidence limit on the BMD
CSF Cancer slope Factor
CNS Central nervous system
IURF or IUR Inhalation unit risk factor
LOAEL Lowest observed adverse effect level
LOEL Lowest observed effect level
MRL Minimal risk level (ATSDR)
NOAEL No observed adverse effect level
NOEL No observed effect level

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