†Kvm©wUKv ● AbjvBb jvwb©s cøvUdg©

GBPGmwm cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZi DËimn c~Y©v½ g‡Wj †U÷-1

welq: †cŠibxwZ I mykvmb wØZxq cÎ (m„Rbkxj Ask)
mgq: 2 NÈv 30 wgwbU c~Y©gvb: 70
†Kvm©wUKv ● GBPGmwm cixÿv_©x‡`i Rb¨ DËimn cixÿv cÖ¯‘wZi c~Y©v½ g‡Wj †U÷ ●

1. fviZxq‡`i ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwei gy‡L Ges ch©vqµ‡g AwaKZi `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi MV‡bi j‡¶¨ cª_g wek¦hy‡×i ci
weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U fviZ kvmb AvBb cvm Kiv nq|
K. †Kvb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fvi‡Z †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U?
L. ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb AvB‡bi cªwZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q? Gi cªavb wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †jL|
N. D³ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi KZUv ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj? Av‡jvPbv Ki|
2. fviZ kvm‡bi GKch©v‡q weªwUkiv Ggb GKwU AvBb cªYqb K‡i †h AvB‡b me©fviZxq hy³ivóª I kvmb¶gZvi
we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi K_v ejv nq|
K. fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡Mªm KZ mv‡j MwVZ nq?
L. e½f½ ej‡Z Zywg Kx †evS?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvBb fviZ kvm‡bi †Kvb AvBb‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvB‡b cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv e¨vL¨v Ki|
3. GKwU Jcwb‡ewkK ivóª 'K'-Gi `ywU e„nËi ivR‰bwZK `j 'c' I 'g' ¯^vqËkvmb I ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Q| 'g'
`j GK m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i m¤úª`vq Aa¨ywlZ msL¨vMwiô AÂjmg~n wb‡q ¯^vaxb ivóªmg~n MV‡bi cª¯Íve K‡i|
K. K¬xcm wgk‡bi m`m¨msL¨v KZ?
L. wØRvwZ ZË¡ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z 'g' `‡ji cª¯Íve †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi †h cª¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Zvi ˆewk󨸇jv †jL|
N. D³ cª¯Ív‡ei g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ wQj? Zywg wK Gi mv‡_ GKgZ? hyw³ `vI|
4. ag©xq RvZxqZvi wfwˇZ GKwU iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| ivóªwUi wQj `ywU cª‡`k| Dfq cª‡`‡ki gvSLv‡b wQj GKwU eo iv‡óªi
Ae¯’vb| c~e©w`‡K Aew¯’Z cª‡`kwUi RbmsL¨v wQj †gvU RbmsL¨vi cªvq 56 fvM Ges cwðg cª‡`kwUi RbmsL¨v wQj
cªvq 44 fvM| wKš‘ beMwVZ G ivóªwUi ivRavbx Ges ¯’j, †bŠ, wegvbevwnbxi †nW‡KvqvU©vi ¯’vcb Kiv nq cwðg w`‡Ki
cª‡`kwU‡Z| w`‡b w`‡b Dfq cª‡`‡ki ˆelg¨ †e‡oB PjwQj| R‡b¥i cªvq 23 eQi ci GB ivóªwU‡Z cª_g mvaviY wbe©vPb
AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vPb wQj DË ivóªwUi g„Z¨yi evZ©vevnK|
K. cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi cª_g msweavb iwPZ n‡qwQj KZ mv‡j?
L. AvMiZjv gvgjv †Kb `v‡qi Kiv nq?
M. DÏxc‡K ˆel‡g¨i †h wPÎ Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q Zv †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K †h wbe©vP‡bi Bw½Z cª`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
5. 'X' bvgK iv‡óªi miKvi gvÎ 5 fvM †jv‡Ki fvlv‡K iv‡óªi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| miKv‡ii wm×v‡šÍi
cªwZev‡` RbMY Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g| †ek K‡qKRb hyeK ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ w`‡q Zv cªwZnZ K‡i|
K. hy³dª›U wbe©vP‡bi cªZxK Kx wQj?
L. 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡bi `ywU ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Av‡›`vjb wQj GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb- we‡kølY Ki|
6. 'Y bvgK ivóª c~e© I cwðg As‡k wef³| cwðg As‡ki kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© As‡ki RbM‡Yi Ici †kvlY I wbh©vZb ïiæ
K‡i| ZLbB c~e© As‡ki RbM‡Yi cªvYwcªq GK gnvb †bZv ¯^vqËkvmbmn †ekwKQy `vwe †ck K‡ib|
K. jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ e †K †ck K‡ib?
L. AvMiZjv gvgjv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxcKwU †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb HwZnvwmK `vwei mv‡_ m¤ú…³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
 N. ÒD³ ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡K evsjvi gyw³i mb` ejv nq" - Zywg wK GKgZ? we‡kølY Ki|
7. 'AvuwL' Xvwe‡Z fwZ© cix¶v w`‡Z †h‡q Gm Gg nj †`‡L Zvi †cŠibxwZi m¨v‡ii K¬vm †jKPv‡ii K_v g‡b c‡o| wZwb
e‡jwQ‡jb evsjvi GK ¶YRb¥v cyiæ‡li K_v| whwb-
(i) †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui PvKwi †Q‡o ivRbxwZ‡Z Ask †bb|
(ii) e½f‡½ Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
(iii) gymwjg jxM cªwZôvq AMªYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
(iv) AvnmvbDjøvn BwÄwbqvwis ¯‹yj cªwZôv K‡ib| hv eZ©gv‡b Xvwei cv‡kB ey‡qU bv‡g L¨vZ|
K. †K, KLb 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib?
L. FY mvwjwk †evW© ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ¶YRb¥v cyiæl ej‡Z Kv‡K Bw½Z n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó †bZvi ivR‰bwZK Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki|
8. 'K' bvgK †bZv‡K GKwU †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZ ejv nq| 1966 mv‡j wZwb KZK¸‡jv `vwe †ck K‡ib, hv H †`‡ki
gvby‡li Rb¨ gyw³i mb` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| 1968 mv‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡jI RbM‡Yi we‡¶v‡fi gy‡L
Zv‡K cieZ©x‡Z gyw³ †`Iqv nq| 1971 mv‡j Zvi ewjô †bZ„‡Z¡ GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq|
K. gRjyg Rb‡bZv †K?
L. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x‡K †Kb MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ ejv nq?
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb gnvb †bZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? 1966 mv‡j Zvi †ckK„Z `vwe¸‡jv Kx wQj?
N. 1968 mv‡j Zvi weiæ‡× †Kvb gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq? Zvi gyw³i e¨vcv‡i RbM‡Yi we‡¶v‡fi ¯^iƒc eY©bv Ki|
9. ÒK' iv‡óªi msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi 4wU g~jbxwZ ivLv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿ Ges
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv|
K. †gŠwjK AwaKvi Kx?
L. b¨vqcvj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kv‡bv msweav‡bi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q wK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z msweavb RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i- we‡kølY Ki|
10. weavb miKvi GKwU ¸iæZ¡c~Y© mvsweavwbK c‡` AwawôZ Av‡Qb| D³ cªwZôvb cªRvZ‡š¿i K‡g© wb‡qvM`v‡bi Rb¨
†hvM¨Zvm¤úbœ, †gavex I `¶ †jvK evQvB‡qi KvR K‡i|
K. wbe©vPb Kx?
L. mve©Rbxb †fvUvwaKvi ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? cªkwœ U kU© wm‡jevm ewnf©~Z|
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kv‡bv mvsweavwbK cªwZôv‡bi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q wK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cªwZôv‡bi f~wgKvi Ici iv‡óªi Dbœqb wbf©ikxj- we‡kølY Ki|
11. DbœZ ivóª I wKQy †fvMwejvmx gvby‡li Kvi‡Y evqygÐj DËß n‡”Q| d‡j c„w_exi gvbe‡Mvôxi Rxeb I Rxe e¨e¯’vi
Ici gvivZ¥K †bwZevPK cªfve co‡Q| wKš‘ GB cwieZ©b wbQK cªvK„wZK bq| eis Gi †ewkifvMB gbyl¨m„ó|
K. AIDS-Gi c~Y©iƒc †jL|
L. Lv‡`¨ †fRvj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ cwieZ©b evsjv‡`‡ki Ici †Kvb ai‡bi cªfve †dj‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒD³ cwieZ©b nªv‡m bvMwi‡Ki f~wgKv AcwimxgÓ Zywg wK GKgZ? Dˇii mc‡¶ hyw³ `vI|

DËigvjv

1. fviZxq‡`i ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwei gy‡L Ges ch©vqµ‡g AwaKZi `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi MV‡bi j‡¶¨ cª_g wek¦hy‡×i ci
weªwUk cvj©v‡g‡›U fviZ kvmb AvBb cvm Kiv nq|
K. †Kvb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fvi‡Z †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U?
L. ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb AvB‡bi cªwZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q? Gi cªavb wZbwU ˆewkó¨ †jL|
N. D³ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi KZUv ev¯Íevqb Kiv m¤¢e n‡qwQj? Av‡jvPbv Ki|
 1 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. 1858 mv‡ji fviZ ¯^vaxbZv AvB‡bi gva¨‡g fvi‡Z †Kv¤úvwb kvm‡bi Aemvb N‡U|
L. wn›`y m¤úª`vq Øviv cªfvweZ Ks‡Mªm †bZ„e„›` m~PbvjMœ †_‡K wewfbœfv‡e e½f½ i‡`i cª‡Póv Pvjvq| GiB avivµ‡g Zviv
weªwUk miKv‡ii Ici Pvc m„wói D‡Ï‡k¨ ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vj‡bi Av`k©‡K ivR‰bwZK nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e e¨envi K‡i| G
Av`k© Abyhvqx Zviv weªwUk `ªe¨ eR©b, we‡`wk ixwZbxwZ cwinvi Ges ¯^‡`kx cY¨ e¨envi K‡i †`kxq ms¯‹…wZ‡Z D¾xweZ
n‡Z RbMY‡K AvnŸvb K‡i| GwUB wQj ¯^‡`kx Av‡›`vjb|
M. DÏxc‡K †h AvB‡bi cªwZ Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi †cª¶vcU wQj fviZxq‡`i ØvqËkvmb `vwe Ges AvBbwU cvm nq cª_g
wek¦hy‡×i ci| Gme ˆewk‡ó¨i Øviv wba©vwiZ nq †h, D³ AvBbwU n‡jv 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvBb| G AvBbwU
g‡›U¸ †Pgm‡dvW© bvgK fviZ mwP‡ei †bZ„‡Z¡ cvm nq e‡j Zv g‡›U¸ †Pgm‡dvW© AvBb bv‡gI cwiwPZ| DÏxc‡K G
AvB‡bi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| G AvB‡bi wZbwU ˆewkó¨ n‡”Q-
1. 1919 fviZ kvmb AvB‡b kvmb wefvMxq Kvh©vewj †K›`ªxq I cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii g‡a¨ fvM Kiv nq| ¶gZv eȇb
†K›`ªxq welq wn‡m‡e ciivóª, †`ki¶v, WvK, evwYR¨, †ijc_, e¨vsK BZ¨vw` wbw`©ó Kiv nq| Avi wk¶v, ¯^v¯’¨, Af¨šÍixY
AvBbk„•Ljv, K„wl, †mP, f~wgKi, eb BZ¨vw`‡K cªv‡`wkK welq wn‡m‡e eÈb Kiv nq|
2. 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi me©v‡c¶v ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ cª‡`‡k ˆØZkvmb Pvjy| cªv‡`wkK kvmbmsµvšÍ
welq¸‡jv‡K msiw¶Z I n¯ÍvšÍwiZ `yB fv‡M fvM K‡i ˆØZkvmb Kv‡qg Kiv nq| msiw¶Z welq¸‡jv wQj †ewk
¸iæZ¡c~Y© Ges gwš¿MY Mfb©‡ii wbKU `vqx _vK‡Zb| n¯ÍvšÍwiZ wel‡qi g‡a¨ K„wl, wk¶v, wkí, mgevq cªf„wZ A‡c¶vK„Z
Kg ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq¸‡jv AšÍf©y³ wQj|
3. 1919 mv‡ji AvB‡b cª‡`k¸‡jv‡Z AvswkK I mxwgZ cwim‡i ¯^vqËkvmb cªeZ©b Kiv nq| GwUI D³ AvB‡bi
Av‡iKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ˆewkó¨|
N. DÏxc‡K Bw½Zc~Y© AvBb A_©vr 1919 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi Øviv `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi ev¯Íevqb mxwgZ AvKv‡i
m¤¢e n‡qwQj| fviZ kvmb AvBb 1919 Gi wewfbœ avivi g‡a¨ msm`xq c×wZi cªeZ©b, ˆØZkvmb, cªv‡`wkK
¯^vqËkvmb, ¶gZvi eÈb cªf„wZ wbtm‡›`‡n GKwU hyMvšÍKvix c`‡¶c| `vwqZ¡kxjZv I AvB‡bi GKwU AvKl©Yxq
ˆewkó¨| Z_vwc DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi mxwgZ AvKv‡i ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡qwQj| G AvB‡bi
AvIZvq cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii welq¸‡jv‡K K„wÎgfv‡e MwVZ `ywU ms¯’vi nv‡Z Ac©Y Kivi d‡j miKv‡ii ¯^vfvweK
Kvh©µg wewNœZ nq| G AvB‡b msm`xq I `vwqZ¡kxj miKv‡ii K_v ejv n‡jI ZLb fvi‡Z †Kv‡bv `j e¨e¯’v wQj bv|
ZvB `jxq ivRbxwZi Abycw¯’wZ‡Z msm`xq kvmbe¨e¯’v ûgwKi gy‡L c‡o| Avevi G mg‡q fviZe‡l© msm`xq HwZn¨
bv _vKvq AvBbmfvi Revew`wnZvi welqwU A¯^w¯ÍKi n‡q I‡V| gwš¿cwil‡`iI †hŠ_ Revew`wnZv I `vwqZ¡kxjZv bv
_vKvq AvBbwU RbKj¨vY mva‡b e¨_© nq| GQvov cªv‡`wkK wel‡q gwš¿cwil` I Mfb©‡ii Kvh©wbe©vnx cwil‡`i g‡a¨
`vwqZ¡ eȇbi †¶‡Î h‡_ó ÎæwU-weP¨ywZ wQj| Gw`‡K cªv‡`wkK gwš¿cwil‡`i m`m¨iv wbe©vwPZ n‡jI Mfb©‡ii Kvh©wbe©vnx
cwil` m`m¨MY wQ‡jb g‡bvbxZ| d‡j Zv‡`i g‡a¨ Mfb©i‡K mš‘ó ivLv wb‡q ¶gZvi Ø›Ø, fyj †evSveywS I mskq
weivR KiZ| G‡Z cªv‡`wkK cªkvm‡b APj Ae¯’vi m„wó nq| Ab¨w`‡K, ˆØZkvm‡b Mfb©‡ii cªfyZ¡myjf ¶gZv I AvPiY
RbMY I gwš¿cwil`‡K wewl‡q †Zv‡j | d‡j ¯^vqËkvmb I `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi MVb Pigfv‡e e¨_© nq Ges RbMY G
AvB‡bi we‡ivwaZv ïiæ K‡i| AZGe D³ AvB‡bi gva¨‡g `vwqZ¡kxj miKvi ev¯Íevqb LyeB bMY¨ AvKv‡i ev¯ÍevwqZ
n‡qwQj e‡jB cªgvY cvIqv hvq|

2. fviZ kvm‡bi GKch©v‡q weªwUkiv Ggb GKwU AvBb cªYqb K‡i †h AvB‡b me©fviZxq hy³ivóª I kvmb¶gZvi
we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi K_v ejv nq|
K. fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡Mªm KZ mv‡j MwVZ nq?
L. e½f½ ej‡Z Zywg Kx †evS?
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvBb fviZ kvm‡bi †Kvb AvBb‡K wb‡`©k Ki‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvB‡b cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv e¨vL¨v Ki|
2 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cÖ‡kœi DËi
K. 1885 mv‡j fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡Mªm cªwZwôZ nq|
L. wesk kZvãxi ïiæ‡Z e½f½ fviZxq Dcgnv‡`‡ki ivRbxwZ‡Z GKwU Abb¨ mvaviY I ¸iæZ¡c~Y© NUbv| Z`vbxšÍb
fvi‡Zi me©e„nr 'evsjv cª‡`k' bvgK cª‡`k‡K wef³ K‡i 'e½f½ I Avmvg' cª‡`k bv‡g bZyb `ywU cª‡`‡k wef³ Kiv‡KB
'e½f½' e‡j|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvB‡bi mv‡_ Avgvi cvV¨eB‡qi 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q|
fvi‡Zi mvsweavwbK weeZ©‡bi BwZnv‡m 1935 mv‡ji G AvBbwU GKwU D‡jøL‡hvM¨ c`‡¶c| 1919 mv‡ji fviZ
kvmb AvB‡bi e¨_©Zv Ges G †_‡K D™¢~Z fviZxq RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ RvZxqZv‡eva †_‡K G AvBbwU cªYqb K‡i weªwUk
miKvi| G AvBbwUB cieZ©xKv‡j fviZ kvmb I fvi‡Zi ¯^vaxbZvi wfwË wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| GwU wQj weªwUk
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui BwZnv‡m me‡P‡q `xN© GKwU AvBb| Gi RwUjZvI me©Rbwew`Z| DÏxc‡K D³ AvB‡bi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q|
G AvBbe‡j me©fviZxq hy³ivóª MVb Kiv nq, cªv‡`k¸‡jv‡K ¯^vqËkvmb †`Iqv nq, †K‡›`ª ˆØZ kvmbe¨e¯’v cªeZ©b
Kiv nq Ges †K‡›`ª wØK¶wewkó AvBbmfv cªeZ©b Kiv nq I ¶gZvi eÈb my¯úó Kiv nq| GQvovI G AvB‡b hy³ivóªxq
Av`vjZ MVb Kiv nq| evg©v‡K c„_K Kiv nq, bZyb `ywU cª‡`k m„wó Kiv nq| msweavb ms‡kva‡bi ¶gZv fviZxq
cvj©v‡g‡›Ui nvZ †_‡K wb‡q †bIqv nq| AZGe ejv hvq, fviZ kvmb AvB‡bi gva¨‡g kvmb wefv‡Mi cªvavb¨ cªwZwôZ
nq Ges Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji ¶gZv n‡q I‡V AcªwZ‡iva¨|
N. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ AvB‡b Z_v 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡b cªewZ©Z cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv wQj bvggvÎ
I A_©nxb| 1935 mv‡ji fviZ kvmb AvB‡b ejv nq †NvwlZ hy³iv‡óªi cª‡`k¸‡jv ¯^vqËkvwmZ n‡e| G †NvlYvi
Av‡jv‡K kvmbmsµvšÍ welq¸‡jv †K›`ªxq, cªv‡`wkK Ges hyM¥ wn‡m‡e ZvwjKvfy³ Kiv nq| cªv‡`wkK welq¸‡jv‡K
†K‡›`ªi n¯Í‡¶cgy³ K‡i cªv‡`wkK miKv‡ii nv‡Z b¨¯Í Kiv nq| cªv‡`wkK gwš¿mfv‡K cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfvi wbKU
`vwqZ¡kxj Kiv nq| cªv‡`wkK Mfb©iMY †K›`ªxq miKvi KZ©…K wbhy³ n‡Zb bv| 1935 mv‡ji AvBb Abyhvqx cª‡`k¸‡jv
wQj ¯^vqËkvwmZ| wKš‘ ev¯ÍweKc‡¶ cª‡`k¸‡jv †gv‡UB ¯^vqËkvwmZ wQj bv| D³ ¯^vqËkvmb wQj †Kej KvM‡R-
Kj‡g, ev¯Í‡e wQj Am¤ú~Y© I A_©nxb| cªv‡`wkK welq¸‡jv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c wbqwš¿Z n‡Zv †K›`ªxq cªkvmb KZ©…K Ges Zv
wQj h‡_ó RwUjZvc~Y|© Gi cªavb KviY wQj cªv‡`wkK Mfb©iMY wbqgZvwš¿K cªavb bv n‡q cªK„Z wbe©vnx wQ‡jb| Mfb©i
wb‡qvMcªvß n‡Zb weªwUk ivRcªwZwbwai nv‡Z| wZwb wQ‡jb mxgvnxb ¶gZvi AwaKvix| AvBbmfv‡K wZwb gvb‡Z eva¨
wQ‡jb bv| cªv‡`wkK AvBbmfv g~jZ mxgve× ¶gZvi AwaKvix wQ‡jb| hyM¥ ZvwjKvi †¶‡Î †K›`ªB cªvavb¨ we¯Ívi KiZ|
Mfb©i †Rbv‡i‡ji ¶gZv wQj AcªwZnZ| Avi Avgjv, AvBb-k„•Ljv i¶vKvix evwnbx Ges †mbvevwnbxi Ici Mfb©i
†Rbv‡ij I Mfb©‡ii K_vB wQj †kl K_v| cª‡`‡ki AvBbmfv Zv‡`i‡K wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cviZ bv | m‡e©vcwi ejv hvq,
DcwiD³ Kvi‡Y cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi ev¯Íe †Kv‡bv Aw¯ÍZ¡ wQj bv|

3. GKwU Jcwb‡ewkK ivóª 'K'-Gi `ywU e„nËi ivR‰bwZK `j 'c' I 'g' ¯^vqËkvmb I ¯^vaxbZvi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Q| 'g'
`j GK m‡¤§j‡bi gva¨‡g Zv‡`i m¤úª`vq Aa¨ywlZ msL¨vMwiô AÂjmg~n wb‡q ¯^vaxb ivóªmg~n MV‡bi cª¯Íve K‡i|
K. K¬xcm wgk‡bi m`m¨msL¨v KZ?
L. wØRvwZ ZË¡ ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z 'g' `‡ji cª¯Íve †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi †h cª¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© Zvi ˆewk󨸇jv †jL|
N. D³ cª¯Ív‡ei g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ wQj? Zywg wK Gi mv‡_ GKgZ? hyw³ `vI|
3 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. µxcm& wgk‡bi m`m¨msL¨v wQj 1 Rb|
L. fviZe‡l© `ywU c„_K RvwZ wn›`y I gymjgvb evm K‡i| †gvnv¤§` Avjx wRbœvn wn›`y-gymwjg mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨ wn›`y
†bZ„e„‡›`i mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡iI e¨_© nb| d‡j wRbœvn Dcjwä K‡ib †h wn›`y m¤úª`v‡qi mv‡_ HK¨e× _vK‡j
gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_©i¶v n‡e bv| ZvQvov gymjgvb‡`i K„wó-KvjPvi ¯^Zš¿, Avkv-AvKv•¶v ¯^Zš¿, GgbwK Zv‡`i BwZnvm-
HwZn¨I ¯^Zš¿| myZivs RvZxqZvi †h‡Kv‡bv gvb`Ð Abyhvqx gymjgvb c„_K RvwZ| Zvi G gZev`wUB ÔwØRvwZ ZË¡'
bv‡g cwiwPZ| G Z‡Ë¡i wfwˇZ fviZ I cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi D™¢e N‡U|
M. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z 'g' `‡ji cª¯Ív‡ei mv‡_ mvgÄm¨c~Y© cª¯ÍvewU n‡jv jv‡nvi cª¯Íve| †Kbbv, DÏxc‡K 'g' `j-Gi m‡¤§j‡bi
gva¨‡g †h m¤úª`vq Aa¨ywlZ msL¨vMwiô AÂjmg~n wb‡q ¯^vaxb ivóªmg~n MVb Kivi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q, Zv jv‡nv‡i AbywôZ
me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi cª¯Íve Z_v jv‡nvi cª¯Ív‡ei g~jK_v‡KB wb‡`©k K‡i| ZvB, D³ cª¯vÍ ewU jv‡nvi cª¯Íve wn‡m‡e
mywbw`©ó nq|
 jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ ‡ei g~javiv¸‡jv we‡kølY Ki‡j Gi wewfbœ ¸iæZ¡c~Y© ˆewkó¨ ¯úó n‡q I‡V| G¸‡jv g~j gymwjg jx‡Mi
`vwe-`vIqv m¤úwK©Z Kg©m~wP wn‡m‡e cªwZdwjZ nq| †hgb- †fŠ‡MvwjK w`K n‡Z msjMœ GjvKv¸‡jv‡K c„_K AÂj
wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kivi K_v ejv nq G cª¯Ív‡e| fvi‡Zi DËi-cwðg Ges c~e©fv‡M gymjgvb msL¨vMwiô AÂj¸‡jv‡K wb‡q
¯^vaxb ivóªmg~n' MV‡bi `vwe Rvbvb n‡q‡Q| Gfv‡e MwVZ ¯^vaxb ivóªmg~‡ni A½ivR¨¸‡jvI n‡e ¯^vqËkvwmZ I
mve©‡fŠg| Gme ¯^vaxb ivóª MV‡bi Rb¨ cª‡qvRb‡ev‡a fviZe‡l©i gymwjg msL¨vMwiô GjvKv¸‡jvi mxgvbv cwieZ©b
Ges msL¨vjNy m¤úª`vq¸‡jvi ¯^v_© I AwaKvi msi¶‡Y cª‡qvRbxq e¨e¯’v eva¨Zvg~jK Kivi `vwe jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ ‡ei Ab¨Zg
ˆewkó¨|
N. n¨vu, DÏxc‡K Bw½Zc~Y© D³ cª¯Íve A_©vr jv‡nvi cª¯Ív‡ei g‡a¨ evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ wQj- gšÍe¨wUi mv‡_
Avwg GKgZ †cvlY Kwi|
fvi‡Zi ivR‰bwZK BwZnv‡m Zvrch©c~Y© NUbv wQj jv‡nvi cª¯Íve G cª¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g gynv¤§` Avjx wRbœvni wØRvwZ ZË¡
my¯úó iƒcjvf K‡i| gymjgvbiv gymwjg jx‡Mi †bZ„‡Z¡ Zv‡`i Rb¨ GKwU Avjv`v Avevmf~wg cªwZôvi msMªv‡g wjß nq|
DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ welq¸‡jv G ¸iæZ¡c~Y© jv‡nvi cª¯Íve‡KB wb‡`©k Ki‡Q| Gi gv‡S evsjv‡`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi exR wbwnZ
wQj| me©v‡c¶v MVbg~jK G cª¯Ív‡ei gva¨‡g gymjgvb‡`i mKj mgm¨vi myivnv nq| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi †h gymjgvb
m¤úª`vq GZw`b ch©šÍ wb‡R‡`i AvZ¥cwiP‡qi mÜv‡b wQj Zviv jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ ‡e Gi mÜvb cvq| G cª¯Íve Zv‡`i‡K
GKwU RvZxq †PZbvq DØy× K‡i| 1947 mv‡j c„_K ivR‰bwZK Aw¯ÍZ¡ ev ivóª cªwZôvq e¨_© n‡jI G RvZxq †PZbvB
cieZ©xKv‡j 1971 mv‡j ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`k cªwZôvq Aby‡cªiYv †RvMvq| m‡e©vcwi jv‡nvi cª¯Íve Abyhvqx c~e© evsjvq
¯^vqËkvmb cª`vb bv Kivi Kvi‡Y cvwK¯Ívb R‡b¥i ci †_‡KB †mLv‡b wewfbœ Av‡›`vjb n‡Z _v‡K| cieZ©x‡Z '70
mv‡ji wbe©vP‡b Rqx nIqvi ci c~e© evsjv‡K Zviv ¶gZv bv †`Iqvi Kvi‡Y evOvwjiv hy‡× Suvwc‡q c‡o Ges 1971
mv‡j evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nq| ZvB ejv hvq, jv‡nvi cª¯Ív‡e DcwiD³ welq wbwnZ _vKvi ga¨ w`‡qB ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^cœ AvuKv wQj| Avi ZvB Avwg cª‡kœv³ gšÍe¨wUi mv‡_ GKgZ †cvlY Kwi|

4. ag©xq RvZxqZvi wfwˇZ GKwU iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq| ivóªwUi wQj `ywU cª‡`k| Dfq cª‡`‡ki gvSLv‡b wQj GKwU eo iv‡óªi
Ae¯’vb| c~e©w`‡K Aew¯’Z cª‡`kwUi RbmsL¨v wQj †gvU RbmsL¨vi cªvq 56 fvM Ges cwðg cª‡`kwUi RbmsL¨v wQj
cªvq 44 fvM| wKš‘ beMwVZ G ivóªwUi ivRavbx Ges ¯’j, †bŠ, wegvbevwnbxi †nW‡KvqvU©vi ¯’vcb Kiv nq cwðg w`‡Ki
cª‡`kwU‡Z| w`‡b w`‡b Dfq cª‡`‡ki ˆelg¨ †e‡oB PjwQj| R‡b¥i cªvq 23 eQi ci GB ivóªwU‡Z cª_g mvaviY wbe©vPb
AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vPb wQj DË ivóªwUi g„Z¨yi evZ©vevnK|
K. cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi cª_g msweavb iwPZ n‡qwQj KZ mv‡j?
L. AvMiZjv gvgjv †Kb `v‡qi Kiv nq?
M. DÏxc‡K ˆel‡g¨i †h wPÎ Zy‡j aiv n‡q‡Q Zv †Zvgvi cvV¨eB‡qi Av‡jv‡K e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K †h wbe©vP‡bi Bw½Z cª`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q Zvi djvdj Av‡jvPbv Ki|
4 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi cª_g msweavb iwPZ n‡qwQj 1956 mv‡j|
L. 6 `dvwfwËK evOvwji RvZxq RvMiY‡K wPiZ‡i bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôx †h loh‡š¿i Avkªq †bq
AvMiZjv gvgjv wQj ZviB djkªæwZ| AvBqye miKvi c~e© evsjv‡K `g‡bi Rb¨ G gvgjv `v‡qi K‡iwQj 35 R‡bi
bv‡g| †kL gywReyi ingvb‡K `gb, Av‡›`vjb fxwZ, 6 `dv, mykxj mgv‡Ri DÌvb, AvBb-k„•Ljv cwiw¯’wZmn cªf„wZ
Kvi‡Y AvMiZjv gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡qwQj|
M. DÏxc‡K cwðg cvwK¯Ívb KZ©…K c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ici †h ˆelg¨ Kiv n‡qwQj Zv D‡jøL Kiv n‡q‡Q| 1947 mv‡j ïaygvÎ
ag©xq RvZxqZvi Ici wfwË K‡i cªvq 1000 gvB‡jI †ewk †fŠ‡MvwjK `~i‡Z¡ Aew¯’Z `ywU AÂj wb‡q cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi
Rb¥ nq| cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi †gvU RbmsL¨v 56 fvM c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b Ges 44 fvM cwðg cvwK¯Ívb evm KiZ| msL¨vMwiô
nIqv m‡Ë¡I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m„wói ci n‡ZB ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Z _v‡K| cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi
ivRavbx msL¨vMwi‡ôi c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b bv K‡i cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi KivwP‡Z Kiv nq| ¯’j, wegvb I †bŠevwnbx m`i `ßiI
cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b ¯’vwcZ nq| cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m„wói ci †_‡KB c~e© cvwK¯Ívb‡K cvwK¯Ív‡bi GKwU Dcwb‡ek wn‡m‡e
cwiYZ Kivi cª‡Póv Pj‡Z _v‡K| jv‡nvi cª¯Ív‡ei Av‡jv‡K cvwK¯Ív‡b cªv‡`wkK ¯^vqËkvm‡bi K_v _vK‡jI †K›`ªxq
miKvi Zv KLbB cª`vb K‡iwb| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi KuvPvgvj Øviv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wkíKviLvbv cwiPvwjZ n‡Zv| ˆe‡`wkK
gy`vª AR©‡b c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi Ae`vb me©vwaK _vK‡jI Zv cªvq m¤ú~Y©B e¨q n‡Zv cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi cª‡qvR‡b| c~e©
 cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbMY‡K †mbvevwnbx‡Z K`vwPr wb‡qvM †`Iqv n‡jI DuPy c‡` Zviv KLbB Avmxb n‡Z cviZ bv| myZivs
DcwiD³ Av‡jvPbv n‡Z cªZxqgvb nq †h, cwðg cvwK¯Ívb n‡Z c~e© cvwK¯Ívb A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK BZ¨vw`
mKj w`K †_‡KB Pig ˆel‡g¨i wkKvi n‡Zv|
N. DÏxc‡K 1970 mv‡j AbywôZ cvwK¯Ív‡bi mvaviY wbe©vP‡bi Bw½Z cª`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q| †Kbbv cvwK¯Ívb ivóª m„wói ci
23 eQi ci G mvaviY wbe©vPb AbywôZ nq| G wbe©vP‡b cvwK¯Ív‡bi `yB As‡ki †gvU 24wU ivR‰bwZK `j Ges Ab¨vb¨
wb`©jxq e¨w³eM© AskMªnY K‡ib| wbe©vP‡b e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi †bZ„‡Z¡ AvIqvgx jxM weRq jvf K‡i| c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi 169wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ AvIqvgx jxM 167wU Avmb jvf K‡i| Z‡e cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b †Kv‡bv Avmb jvf
K‡iwb| cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡bi RvZxq cwil‡`i 138wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ fy‡Ævi †bZ„Z¡vaxb cvwK¯Ívb wccjm cvwU© 83wU Avmb
jvf K‡i| c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cvwK¯Ívb wccjm cvwU© †Kv‡bv Avmb jvf Ki‡Z cv‡iwb| Abyiƒcfv‡e cvwK¯Ív‡bi Dfq
A‡ji cªv‡`wkK cwil`mg~‡nI AvIqvgx jxM I wccjm cvwU© msL¨vMwiôZv AR©b K‡i| d‡j c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b AvIqvgx
jxM I cwðg cvwK¯Ív‡b wccjm cvwU© Rq jvf K‡i| Ab¨w`‡K cªv‡`wkK cwil‡`i 300wU Avm‡bi g‡a¨ 288wU Rq
cvq AvIqvgx jxM| cª`Ë †fv‡Ui 89 fvM hvq AvIqvgx jx‡Mi AbyK~‡j| evwK 12wU Avm‡bi 1wU ¯^Zš¿, 2wU‡Z cvwK¯Ívb
†W‡gv‡µwUK cvwU© Ges GKwU‡Z Rvgvqv‡Z-B Bmjvgx cªv_x© Rq jvf K‡i| G wbe©vPb my®úóZB wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi g„Z¨yi
evZ©vevnK| G wbe©vP‡b AvIqvgx jx‡Mi weRq cieZ©xKv‡j evOvwj‡`i ¯^vaxbZv msMªv‡gi †cªiYv †RvMvq|

5. 'X' bvgK iv‡óªi miKvi gvÎ 5 fvM †jv‡Ki fvlv‡K iv‡óªi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡ib| miKv‡ii wm×v‡šÍi
cªwZev‡` RbMY Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g| †ek K‡qKRb hyeK ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ w`‡q Zv cªwZnZ K‡i|
K. hy³dª›U wbe©vP‡bi cªZxK Kx wQj?
L. 1956 mv‡ji msweav‡bi `ywU ˆewkó¨ D‡jøL Ki|
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb Av‡›`vj‡bi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Av‡›`vjb wQj GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb- we‡kølY Ki|
5 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. hy³dª›U wbe©vP‡bi cªZxK wQj †bŠKv|
L. 1956 mv‡j cªYxZ msweav‡bi †ekwKQy ¯^Zš¿ ˆewkó¨ wQj| Gi g‡a¨ `ywU ˆewkó¨ n‡jv-
1. wjwLZ kvmbZš¿ : 1956 mv‡ji kvmbZš¿ wQj wjwLZ| GwU wQj we‡k¦i `xN©Zg kvmbZš¿¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg| G‡Z
1wU cª¯Ívebv, 13wU fvM, 234wU Aby‡”Q` Ges 6wU Zdwmj wQj|
2. hy³ivóªxq cªK„wZi kvmbZš¿ : MVbZ‡š¿i w`K w`‡q G kvmbZš¿ wQj hy³ivóªxq cªK„wZi| hy³ivóªxq fveavivi cªvq
mKj ˆewkó¨ G‡Z we`¨gvb wQj| †hgb- †K›`ª I cª‡`‡ki g‡a¨ ¶gZv eÈb, kvmbZ‡š¿i cªvavb¨, kvmbZ‡š¿i
`y®úwieZ©bxqZv BZ¨vw`|
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ Avgvi cwVZ fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi mv`„k¨ i‡q‡Q| evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe‡Z fvlv Av‡›`vjb n‡qwQj|
1947 mv‡j cvwK¯Ívb cªwZôvi ci †_‡KB cvwK¯Ív‡bi kvmK‡Mvôx AMYZvwš¿K Dcv‡q D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e Pvwc‡q
†`Iqvi †Póv K‡i| Zviv cvwK¯Ív‡bi 56.40% †jv‡Ki gy‡Li fvlv evsjv nIqv m‡Ë¡I 3.27% †jv‡Ki fvlv D`©y‡K
ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i| ZvB evOvwjiv evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv wn‡m‡e cªwZôv Kivi Rb¨ Av‡›`vjb Ki‡Z _v‡K Ges
1952 mv‡ji 21 †deªæqvwi G Av‡›`vjb P~ovšÍ iƒcjvf K‡i| IBw`b IBw`b fvlvi `vwe‡Z Av‡›`vjbKvix‡`i Ici
cywjk ¸wj Pvjvq| G‡Z iwdK, mvjvg, ReŸvi, eiKZmn A‡b‡K wbnZ nb|
DÏxc‡Ki X bvgK iv‡óªi miKvi gvÎ 5 fvM †jv‡Ki fvlv‡K iv‡óªi GKgvÎ ivóªfvlv Kivi †NvlYv †`q| A_©vr
kvmK‡Mvôx msL¨vMwiô RbM‡Yi gvZ„fvlv‡K D‡c¶v K‡i G †NvlYv †`b| Gi cªwZev‡` RbMY Av‡›`vj‡b bv‡g| †ek
K‡qKRb hyeK ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ w`‡q Zv cªwZnZ K‡i| DÏxc‡Ki Giƒc NUbv cwiµgvq Avgiv 1952 mv‡ji fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡bi mv`„k¨ Lyu‡R cvB| G mgq evsjvi `vgvj †Q‡jiv ey‡Ki ZvRv i³ w`‡q evsjv‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi `vwe cªwZôv
K‡iwQj|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z Av‡›`vjbwU 1952-Gi fvlv Av‡›`vjb‡K cªwZdwjZ K‡i hv wQj GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb|
cvwK¯Ívb kvmb Avg‡j c~e© evsjvq AmsL¨ Av‡›`vjb I we‡¶vf n‡jI †m¸‡jv wQj cªavbZ ivR‰bwZK Av‡›`vjb| fvlv
Av‡›`vj‡b ivR‰bwZK m¤ú…ßZv _vK‡jI fvlv hZUv ivR‰bwZK Dcv`vb Zvi †P‡q A‡bK †ewk hyw³hy³fv‡e mvs¯‹…wZK
Dcv`vb| DÏxc‡K evOvwji G Av‡›`vj‡bi K_vB ejv n‡q‡Q| 1947 mv‡j wmwfj mvwf©‡mi GKwU cix¶vi Rb¨ D`©y,
wnw›`mn bqwU fvlv e¨env‡ii AbygwZ w`‡jI evsjv‡K ev` †`Iqv nq| Gw`‡K Bs‡iwR ev D`©y †Kv‡bv cª‡`‡ki fvlv wQj
 bv| hLb evsjv fvlvfvlx gvbyl 56.40 kZvsk Ges 3.37 kZvsk gvbyl D`©y‡Z K_v e‡j, ZLb D`©y‡K ivóªfvlv Kivi
†NvlYv GKwU ivR‰bwZK †KŠkj wn‡m‡e ms¯‹…wZ‡K e¨envi Kivi `„óvšÍ Qvov wKQyB bq| Gw`‡K ZrKvjxb kvmKiv
evsjv‡K wn›`y‡`i ms¯‹…wZi Ask Ges D`©y‡K cweÎ fvlv g‡b KiZ| GK ch©v‡q G ms¯‹…wZ‡K BmjvwgKiY Kivi j‡¶¨
Aviwe ni‡d evsjv †jLvi lohš¿I ïiæ nq| d‡j evsjv fvlv‡Kw›`ªK RvZxqZv‡ev‡a AvNvZ jv‡M Ges fvlv Av‡›`vjb
msNwUZ nq| G Av‡›`vj‡bi wcQ‡b †h ivR‰bwZK †PZbv i‡q‡Q, Zv Kvh©Z fvlvwfwËK GKwU ms¯‹…wZi RvZxqZv‡eva|
ZvQvov G Av‡›`vj‡bi wcQ‡b fvlvi cvkvcvwk evOvwj ms¯‹…wZi wewfbœ Ask‡K cªkœwe× I AvNvZ Kivi KviYI we`¨gvb|
cwi‡k‡l ZvB ejv hvq, 1952 mv‡ji fvlv Av‡›`vjb ivRbxwZi †gvo‡K Ave„Z GKwU mvs¯‹…wZK Av‡›`vjb|

6. 'Y bvgK ivóª c~e© I cwðg As‡k wef³| cwðg As‡ki kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© As‡ki RbM‡Yi Ici †kvlY I wbh©vZb ïiæ
K‡i| ZLbB c~e© As‡ki RbM‡Yi cªvYwcªq GK gnvb †bZv ¯^vqËkvmbmn †ekwKQy `vwe †ck K‡ib|
K. jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ e †K †ck K‡ib?
L. AvMiZjv gvgjv ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxcKwU †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kvb HwZnvwmK `vwei mv‡_ m¤ú…³? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. ÒD³ ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡K evsjvi gyw³i mb` ejv nq" - Zywg wK GKgZ? we‡kølY Ki|
6 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. jv‡nvi cª¯vÍ e †ck K‡ib †k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK|
L. AvMiZjv gvgjv n‡jv evOvwji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe‡K bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ e½eÜymn 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× `v‡qi Kiv cvwK¯Ívwb
cªkvm‡bi GKwU gvgjv| 1966 mv‡ji 6 `dvwfwËK evOvwji RvZxq RvMiY‡K wPiZ‡i bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ cvwK¯Ívwb
kvmK‡Mvôx wewfbœ cš’v Aej¤^b K‡i| GiB Ask wn‡m‡e 1968 mv‡ji Rvbyqvwi gv‡m ZrKvjxb miKvi e½eÜy †kL
gywReyi ingvb‡K cªavb Avmvwg K‡i †gvU 35 Rb evOvwj mvgwiK I †emvgwiK e¨w³i weiæ‡× ivóª‡`ªvwnZvi Awf‡hv‡M
gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i| BwZnv‡m G gvgjv HwZnvwmK 'AvMiZjv gvgjv' bv‡g cwiwPZ| G gvgjvi AvbyôvwbK bvg wQj 'ivóª
ebvg †kL gywReyi ingvb I Ab¨vb¨|'
M. DÏxcKwU Avgvi cwVZ HwZnvwmK 6 `dv `vwei mv‡_ m¤ú…³|
c~e© evsjvi RbM‡Yi cªwZ cvwK¯Ívb iv‡óªi Pig ˆelg¨g~jK AvPiY I Ae‡njvi weiæ‡× `xN© Av‡›`vjb msMªvg my¯úó
iƒcjvf K‡i 6 `dvi ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwebvgvq| 1966 mv‡ji 5-6 †deªæqvwi jv‡nv‡i AbywôZ we‡ivax `jmg~‡ni GK
m‡¤§j‡b †hvM`vb K‡ib AvIqvgx jxM mfvcwZ †kL gywReyi ingvb| †mLv‡b wZwb mvsevw`K m‡¤§jb K‡i c~e©
cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi AwaKvi i¶vi Rb¨ 6 `dv `vwe Zy‡j a‡ib| G 6 `dv `vwei AšÍfy³ © wQj- kvmbZvwš¿K KvVv‡gv,
†K›`ªxq miKv‡ii ¶gZv, gy`ªve¨e¯’v, Ki I ïé, ˆe‡`wkK m¤úK© welqK I cªwZi¶v e¨e¯’v| G `vwe¸‡jvi gva¨‡gB
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi A_©‰bwZK, ivR‰bwZK, mvgwiKmn mKj AwaKv‡ii K_v Zy‡j aiv nq|
DÏxc‡K Y bvgK iv‡óªi cwðg As‡ki kvmK‡Mvôx c~e© As‡ki RbM‡Yi Ici †kvlY I wbh©vZb ïiæ K‡i| ZLbB c~e©
As‡ki RbM‡Yi cªvYwcªq GK gnvb †bZv ¯^vqËkvmbmn †ekwKQy `vwe †ck K‡ib| DÏxc‡Ki Giƒc NUbv ¯úóZB
e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb KZ©…K DÌvwcZ evOvwji ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe msewjZ 6 `dv `vwei wPÎ cªKvk cvq| myZivs
ejv hvq, DÏxc‡Ki DwjøwLZ `vwewU 6 `dv `vwei mv‡_ m¤ú…³|
N. D³ ¯^vqËkvm‡bi `vwe Z_v 6 `dv `vwe‡K evsjvi gyw³i mb` ejv nq| Avwg G e³‡e¨i mv‡_ GKgZ|
fvlv Av‡›`vj‡bi gva¨‡g evOvwj RvZxqZvev‡`i †PZbv Rb¥jvf K‡i; 6 `dv Av‡›`vjb Zvi eywbqv`‡K kw³kvjx K‡i|
G Av‡›`vjb evOvwj RvwZ‡K Zvi ¯^vwaKvi Av`v‡q †cªiYv †`q| cvwK¯Ívwb kvmb I †kvl‡Y AwZô n‡q evOvwjiv gyw³i
Dcvq - LyuRwQj| 6 `dv `vwe‡Z evOvwji cªv‡Yi AvKywZ †hb dy‡U I‡V| evOvwji cªv‡Yi `vwe‡Z cwiYZ nq 6 `dv| 6
`dv Av‡›`vj‡bi †PZbv evsjvi RbMY‡K Dbmˇii MYAv‡›`vj‡b Suvwc‡q co‡Z Aby‡cªiYv †`q| cieZ©x‡Z AvIqvgx
jxM 1970 mv‡ji mvaviY wbe©vP‡b 6 `dv Kg©m~wPi c‡¶ MYiv‡qi Rb¨ wbe©vPwb cªPviYv Pvjvq| G wbe©vP‡b †kL gywReyi
ingvb 6 `dvi c‡¶ c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi RbM‡Yi wbi¼yk mg_©b jvf K‡ib| GiB avivevwnKZvq 1971 mv‡ji 25 gvP©
c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡b cvKevwnbxi wbwe©Pvi nZ¨vh‡Ái d‡j GKw`‡K 6 `dv Kg©m~wPi cwimgvwß N‡U Ges bq gvme¨vcx i³¶qx
gyw³hy‡×i ci cwðg cvwK¯Ívb wef³ n‡q Af¨y`q N‡U ¯^vaxb mve©‡fŠg evsjv‡`‡ki| ZvB 6 `dv wQj c~e© evsjvi
RvZxq gyw³i mb`| †kL gywReyi ingvb h_v_©B 6 `dv Kg©m~wP‡K evOvwji euvPvi `vwe e‡j D‡jøL K‡i‡Qb| evsjv‡`‡ki
¯^vaxbZvi Øvi Db¥y³ Kivi †¶‡Î 6 `dv `vwei ¸iæZ¡ wQj Ab¯^xKvh©| ZvB cª‡kœv³ Dw³wU h_v_© I mwVK n‡q‡Q e‡j
Avwg g‡b Kwi|
7. 'AvuwL' Xvwe‡Z fwZ© cix¶v w`‡Z †h‡q Gm Gg nj †`‡L Zvi †cŠibxwZi m¨v‡ii K¬vm †jKPv‡ii K_v g‡b c‡o| wZwb
e‡jwQ‡jb evsjvi GK ¶YRb¥v cyiæ‡li K_v| whwb-
(i) †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui PvKwi †Q‡o ivRbxwZ‡Z Ask †bb|
(ii) e½f‡½ Ae`vb iv‡Lb|
(iii) gymwjg jxM cªwZôvq AMªYx f~wgKv cvjb K‡ib|
(iv) AvnmvbDjøvn BwÄwbqvwis ¯‹yj cªwZôv K‡ib| hv eZ©gv‡b Xvwei cv‡kB ey‡qU bv‡g L¨vZ|
K. †K, KLb 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib?
L. FY mvwjwk †evW© ej‡Z Kx †evSvq? e¨vL¨v Ki|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ¶YRb¥v cyiæl ej‡Z Kv‡K Bw½Z n‡q‡Q? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó †bZvi ivR‰bwZK Ae`vb g~j¨vqb Ki|
7 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb 1966 mv‡ji 5-6 †deªæqvwi 6 `dv Kg©m~wP †NvlYv K‡ib|
L. 1937 mv‡j Awef³ evsjvi gyL¨gš¿x †k‡i evsjv G. †K. dRjyj nK K„lK I cªRv‡`i F‡Yi fvi jvN‡ei D‡Ï‡k¨ †h
†evW© MVb K‡ib Zv‡KB FY mvwjwk †evW© ejv nq| evsjvi AZ¨vPvwiZ I wb‡®úwlZ K„lKKy‡ji Ae¯’v †`‡L wZwb G
†evW© MVb K‡ib| wZwb `wi`ª K„lK-cªRv‡`i Ae¯’vi DbœwZi Rb¨ h_vmva¨ †Póv K‡ib| wZwb wQ‡jb evsjvi wbcxwoZ,
wbh©vwZZ, K„lKKy‡ji gyw³`vZv| K„lK‡`i gyw³i j‡¶¨ dRjyj nK gwš¿mfv 1938 mv‡j e½xq cªRv¯^Z¡ AvBbI cvm
K‡i| evsjvi Amnvq K„lK‡`i my`‡Lvi gnvRb‡`i †kvlY †_‡K K„lK‡`i i¶v KivB wQ‡jv FY mvwjwk †ev‡W©i Ab¨Zg
D‡Ïk¨|
M. DÏxc‡K DwjøwLZ ¶YRb¥v cyiæl ej‡Z beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn‡K Bw½Z Kiv n‡q‡Q|
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn 1871 mv‡ji 7 Ryb XvKvi m¤£všÍ beve cwiev‡i Rb¥MªnY K‡ib| Zvi wcZvi bvg beve LvRv
AvnmvbDjøvn| Zvi wcZvgn LvRv Avãyj MwY wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jx‡Mi Ab¨Zg cªwZôvZv wQ‡jb| beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn
†QvU‡ejvq M„nwk¶‡Ki ZË¡veav‡b D`©y, Aviwe, dviwm I Bs‡iwR wk¶v MªnY K‡ib| G eq‡mB Zvi Zx¶è †gavkw³i
cwiPq cvIqv hvq| wk¶vRxeb †kl K‡i wZwb 1893 mv‡j weªwUk miKv‡ii Aax‡b †WcywU g¨vwR‡÷ª‡Ui PvKwi MªnY
K‡ib| 1895 mv‡j miKvwi PvKwi †Q‡o e¨emvq ïiæ K‡ib| 1901 mv‡j wcZvi g„Z¨yi ci XvKv beve G‡÷‡Ui KZ©…Z¡
jvf Kivi cvkvcvwk ivRbxwZ‡Z mwµq n‡q D‡Vb| 1905 mv‡ji e½f½‡K wZwb mg_©b K‡ib| 1906 mv‡ji 30
wW‡m¤^i XvKvq kvnev‡M wbwLj fviZ gymwjg wk¶v m‡¤§j‡b gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ c„_K ivR‰bwZK msMVb m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges Zvi Av‡jvPbvi †cªw¶‡Z me©fviZxq gymwjg jx‡Mi Rb¥ nq| wZwb gymjgvb wk¶v_x©‡`i KvwiMix
wk¶vq wkw¶Z Kivi Rb¨ cª_‡g AvnmvbDjøvn BwÄwbqvwis ¯‹yj cªwZôv K‡ib, hv cieZ©x‡Z cª‡KŠkj wek¦we`¨vjq
bvgaviY K‡i| Zvi K„wZ‡Z¡i Rb¨ weªwUk miKvi Zv‡K 1911 mv‡j Knight Ground Commander of the order
of the Indian Empire Dcvwa cª`vb K‡i| DÏxc‡K AvuwL †cŠibxwZ wk¶‡Ki Kv‡Q hv Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Q Zvi mv‡_
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni Ae`v‡bi welq¸‡jv ûeû wg‡j hvq| cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi, DÏxc‡Ki ¶YRb¥v cyiæl n‡jb beve
m¨vi mwjgyjøvn|
N. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ mswkøó †bZv A_©vr beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni ivR‰bwZK Ae`vb Awe¯§iYxq|
beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni D‡jøL‡hvM¨ ivR‰bwZK Ae`vb n‡jv e½f½ mg_©b, gymwjg jxM cªwZôv Ges gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨
c„_K wbe©vP‡bi `vwe‡K cªk¯Í Kiv| wb‡P G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
e½e½ mg_©b : 1793 mv‡j wPi¯’vqx e‡›`ve‡¯Íi d‡j evsjvi gymjgvbMY wn›`y Rwg`vi I gnvRb‡`i †kvlY wbh©vZ‡bi
wkKv‡i cwiYZ nq| evOvwj gymjgvb‡`i G Pig `yw`©‡b beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvn gymjgvb‡`i ÎvYKZ©viƒ‡c Avwef©~Z nb|
wZwb XvKv‡K ivRavbx K‡i c~e©e½ I Avmvg‡K wb‡q Avjv`v cª‡`k MV‡b weªwUk miKv‡ii Kv‡Q mycvwik K‡ib| Zvi
mycvwi‡ki wfwˇZ Ges weªwUk kvmK‡`i ivR‰bwZK ¯^v_© GK nIqvq 1905 mv‡j e½f½ m¤úbœ nq|
gymwjg jxM cªwZôv : 1885 mv‡j me©fviZxq RvZxq Ks‡Mªm cªwZwôZ n‡jI Zv gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y Ki‡Z e¨_©
nq| ZvB e½f½ we‡ivax Av‡›`vjb I GwU‡K †gvKvwejv Kivi Rb¨ gymjgvbiv GKwU ivR‰bwZK msMV‡bi cª‡qvRbxqZv
Abyfe K‡i| G D‡Ï‡k 1906 mv‡j beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni XvKvi kvnev‡Mi cvwievwiK evMvbevwo‡Z Awa‡ekb AbywôZ
nq| G Awa‡ek‡bB wbwLj fviZ gymwjg jxM MwVZ nq| wZwb G msMV‡bi mn- mfvcwZ I MVbZš¿ ˆZwi KwgwUi
m`m¨ g‡bvbxZ nb|
 c„_K wbe©vPb e¨e¯’vi `vwe : gymjgvbiv msL¨vjNy nIqvq wbe©vP‡b Rqhy³ n‡q miKvi MVb I wb‡R‡`i ¯^v_© msi¶Y
Ki‡Z m¶g nw”Qj bv| ZvB AvBbmfvi Avmb msL¨v evov‡bvi `vwe wb‡q AvMv Lv‡bi †bZ„‡Z¡ 35 m`m¨wewkó GKwU
gymjgvb cªwZwbwa `j fvBmiq jW© wg‡›Uvi mv‡_ mv¶vr K‡ib| G cªwZwbwa `‡ji " cªfvekvjx m`m¨ wQ‡jb beve m¨vi
mwjgyjøvn| jW© wg‡›Uv cªwZwbwa `‡ji `vwe †g‡b †bb| 1909 mv‡ji g‡j©-wg‡›Uv ms¯‹vi AvB‡b gymjgvb‡`i Rb¨ ¯^Zš¿
wbe©vPb cª_v ¯^xK„Z nq| Gi d‡j ivR‰bwZKfv‡e gymjgvbiv AviI mwµq n‡q I‡V|
cwi‡k‡l ej‡Z cvwi, weªwUk fvi‡Z gymjgvb‡`i ¯^v_© i¶v‡_© beve m¨vi mwjgyjøvni Ae`vb wPi¯§iYxq|

8. 'K' bvgK †bZv‡K GKwU †`‡ki ¯^vaxbZvi ¯’cwZ ejv nq| 1966 mv‡j wZwb KZK¸‡jv `vwe †ck K‡ib, hv H †`‡ki
gvby‡li Rb¨ gyw³i mb` wn‡m‡e we‡ewPZ| 1968 mv‡j Zvi weiæ‡× gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv n‡jI RbM‡Yi we‡¶v‡fi gy‡L
Zv‡K cieZ©x‡Z gyw³ †`Iqv nq| 1971 mv‡j Zvi ewjô †bZ„‡Z¡ GKwU ¯^vaxb iv‡óªi Rb¥ nq|
K. gRjyg Rb‡bZv †K?
L. †nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©x‡K †Kb MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ ejv nq?
M. DÏxc‡K †Kvb gnvb †bZvi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q? 1966 mv‡j Zvi †ckK„Z `vwe¸‡jv Kx wQj?
N. 1968 mv‡j Zvi weiæ‡× †Kvb gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq? Zvi gyw³i e¨vcv‡i RbM‡Yi we‡¶v‡fi ¯^iƒc eY©bv Ki|
8 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. gRjyg Rb‡bZv n‡jb gIjvbv Avãyj nvwg` Lvb fvmvbx|
L. msm`xq MYZvwš¿K ixwZbxwZ, MYZvwš¿K HwZn¨, AvB‡bi kvmb, AvBbmfvi ¯^vaxbZv Ges wbqgZvwš¿K ivRbxwZi cªwZ
†nv‡mb knx` †mvnivIqv`©xi Amxg kª×v wQj| MYZvwš¿K kvmb cªwZôvi Rb¨ wZwb mKj ivR‰bwZK `‡ji †bZ„e„›`‡K
HK¨e× Kivi cªqvm Pvjvb| 1962 mv‡j ZviB cª‡Póvq MYZš¿ cªwZôvi j¶¨‡K mvg‡b †i‡L National Democratic
Front (NDF) MwVZ nq| MYZ‡š¿ RbM‡Yi K_vB †h †klK_v Zv wZwb g‡bcªv‡Y wek¦vm Ki‡Zb| wZwb wek¦vm Ki‡Zb,
fv‡jv miKvi ¯^kvwmZ miKv‡ii weKí bq| Zvi my`xN© msMªvgx ivR‰bwZK Rxe‡b MYZš¿ cªwZôvq Avcmnxb jovB
Pvwj‡q †M‡Qb| Zvi Kg©gq Rxeb g~j¨vqb K‡iB Zv‡K MYZ‡š¿i gvbmcyÎ ejv nq|
M. DÏxc‡K gnvb †bZv e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi K_v ejv n‡q‡Q| wZwb 1966 mv‡j evOvwji gyw³i `vwe 6 `dv `vwe
†ck K‡ib|
G †`‡ki gvby‡li AwaKvi cªwZôvq wZwb AvRxeb msMªvg K‡i †M‡Qb| 1966 mv‡j e½eÜy evsjvq evOvwji gyw³i mb`
6 `dv `vwe †ck K‡ib| Gi gva¨‡g wZwb c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvby‡li ¯^vqËkvm‡bi AvRb¥ PvIqv‡K mK‡ji mvg‡b Zy‡j
a‡ib| hvi djkªæwZ‡Z Zv‡K 1968 mv‡j wg_¨v gvgjvq KviveiY Ki‡Z nq| wKš‘ MYgvby‡li Av‡›`vj‡bi gy‡L
¶gZvmxbiv Zv‡K gyw³ w`‡Z eva¨ nq| cieZ©x‡Z Zvi ewjô †bZ„‡Z¡B evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxbZv jvf K‡i| DÏxc‡Ki eY©bvq
gnvb †bZv e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡biB
cªwZ”Qwe cªKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| Zvi †ckK„Z 6 `dv `vwe¸‡jv n‡jv-
1. hy³ivóªxq e¨e¯’vax‡b msm`xq c×wZi miKvi n‡e| me©Rbxb †fvUvwaKv‡ii wfwˇZ cªvßeq¯‹‡`i †fv‡U wbe©vPb
Abyôvb|
2. †K›`ªxq miKv‡ii nv‡Z gvÎ `ywU welq _vK‡e, cªwZi¶v I ciivóª gš¿Yvjq| Ab¨ mKj wel‡q A½ivR¨¸‡jvi
c~Y© ¶gZv _vK‡e|
3. mviv‡`‡k nq Aev‡a wewb‡qvM‡hvM¨ `yB ai‡bi gy`vª , bv nq we‡kl kZ© mv‡c‡¶ GKB ai‡bi gy`vª i cªPjb
_vK‡Z n‡e|
4. mKj cªKvi Ki avh© Kivi ¶gZv _vK‡e AvÂwjK miKv‡ii nv‡Z| AvÂwjK miKv‡ii Av`vqK„Z ivR‡¯^i
GKUv wbw`©ó Ask †K›`ªxq miKvi‡K †`Iqvi e¨e¯’v _vK‡e|
5. A½ivR¨¸‡jv wb‡R‡`i AwR©Z ˆe‡`wkK gy`ªvi gvwjK n‡e, Gi wba©vwiZ Ask Zviv †K›`ª‡K †`‡e|
6. A½ivR¨¸‡jv‡K AvÂwjK wbivcËvi Rb¨ AvavmvgwiK evwnbx MVb Kivi ¶gZv w`‡Z n‡e|
N. 1968 mv‡j e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingv‡bi weiæ‡× AvMiZjv gvgjv `v‡qi Kiv nq| G gvgjv †_‡K Zv‡K gyw³ w`‡Z
RbM‡Yi Av‡›`vjb msMªvg MYAf¨yÌv‡b iƒc jvf K‡i|
1966 mv‡j e½eÜy †kL gywReyi ingvb 6 `dv `vwe †ck Ki‡j cvwK¯Ívwb kvmKPµ fxZ n‡q e½eÜy I Zvi 6 `dv
`vwe‡K bm¨vr Kivi Rb¨ PµvšÍ Ki‡Z _v‡K| ZviB avivevwnKZvq e½eÜy‡K ivóª‡`ªvnx wn‡m‡e †NvlYv K‡i 1968 mv‡j
AvMiZjv gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i| e½eÜy‡K cªavb Avmvwg K‡i †gvU 35 R‡bi weiæ‡× G gvgjv `v‡qi K‡i Zv‡`i †MªdZvi
 Kiv nq| c~e© evsjvi RbMY wcªq †bZvi gyw³i `vwe‡Z RbMY ivRc‡_ †b‡g Av‡m| m„wó nq 1969 mv‡ji HwZnvwmK
MYAf¨yÌvb| RbM‡Yi we‡¶vf †_‡K m„ó G MYAf¨yÌv‡bi cªfve wQj my`~icªmvix| G MYAf¨yÌvb wQj cvwK¯Ív‡bi
huvZvKj †_‡K gyw³ cvIqvi msMªvg| G Av‡›`vj‡bi ¸iæZ¡c~Y© welq n‡jv c~e© cvwK¯Ív‡bi gvby‡li Av‡›`vjb Kivi
†hvM¨Zv jvf, cvwK¯Ívwb kvmK‡Mvôxi ˆelg¨bxwZi weiæ‡× Zxeª cªwZev`, ivR‰bwZK cUcwieZ©b, AvgjvZvwš¿K RwUjZv
nªvm, AvMiZjv gvgjv †gvKvwejv Kivi my‡hvM, ¯^vaxb evsjv‡`‡ki Af¨y`‡qi cªv_wgK c`‡¶c, RbM‡Yi †PZbvi
ˆecøweK cwieZ©b I kvmb KvVv‡gvi cwieZ©b| Gme Kvi‡Y '69-G evOvwj RvwZi Av‡›`vj‡bi wfZ A‡bK k³ nq|
1969-Gi c~‡e© AvBqye Lvb wb®‹ÈKfv‡e c~e©e½‡K †kvlY K‡i AvmwQ‡jb; wKš‘ 1969-Gi ci Zvi ¶gZvi `¤¢ wbt‡kl
n‡q hvq| ivRbxwZ‡Z GK weivU cwieZ©b m~wPZ nq| AvMiZjv gvgjv cªZ¨vnvi Ki‡Z AvBqye miKvi eva¨ nq| ïay
ZvB bq, Bqvwnqv Lv‡bi wbKU ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi K‡i wZwb c`Z¨vM K‡ib| †Mvj‡Uwej ˆeVK, 1970-Gi wbe©vPb, mvgvwRK
†¶‡Î ¯^vaxbZvi cUf~wgmn cªvq †¶‡ÎB '69- Gi MYAf¨yÌvb ¸iæZ¡c~Y© cªfve †d‡j| Gi †cªw¶‡Z 1971 mv‡ji
gyw³hy‡× evOvwjiv Rqjvf K‡i ¯^vaxbZvi jvj m~h© wQwb‡q Av‡b|

9. ÒK' iv‡óªi msweav‡b ivóª cwiPvjbvi 4wU g~jbxwZ ivLv n‡q‡Q| G¸‡jv n‡jv RvZxqZvev`, MYZš¿, mgvRZš¿ Ges
ag©wbi‡c¶Zv|
K. †gŠwjK AwaKvi Kx?
L. b¨vqcvj ej‡Z Kx †evSvq?
M. DÏxc‡Ki mv‡_ †Zvgvi cwVZ †Kv‡bv msweav‡bi mv`„k¨ Av‡Q wK? e¨vL¨v Ki|
N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z msweavb RbM‡Yi mve©‡fŠgZ¡ ¯^xKvi K‡i- we‡kølY Ki|
9 b¤^i m„Rbkxj cª‡kœi DËi
K. †gŠwjK AwaKvi n‡jv ivóª cª`Ë †mme my‡hvM-myweav hv bvMwiK‡`i e¨w³Z¡ weKv‡ki Rb¨ Acwinvh©|
L. b¨vqcvj kãwUi Bs‡iwR cªwZkã n‡jv 'Ombudsman' hvi A_© cªwZwbwa ev gyLcvÎ| we‡k¦i wewfbœ †`‡ki AbyKi‡Y
evsjv‡`‡k b¨vqcvj c`wU msweav‡bi 77bs by‡”Q‡`i gva¨‡g m„wó Kiv nq| b¨vqcvj n‡jv †mB c`, c`vwaKvi e‡j
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n‡Z me©cªKvi †kvl‡Yi Aemvb K‡i †kvlYgy³ b¨vqvbyM mgvR cªwZôv Ges mK‡ji mgvb A_©‰bwZK AwaKvi cªwZôv
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a‡i‡Q| 1972 mv‡j cªYxZ msweav‡b ag© cvj‡b RbM‡Yi c~Y© ¯^vaxbZv cª`v‡bi GKwU Ask wn‡m‡e ivóª‡K ag© wbi‡c¶
ivóª wn‡m‡e †NvlYv Kiv nq| 1972 mv‡ji msweav‡bi PviwU ivóªxq g~jbxwZi mv‡_ DÏxc‡Ki ÔKÕ iv‡óªi msweav‡bi
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AvaywbK Kj¨vYg~jK iv‡óª MYZš¿ cªwZôvi gva¨‡g RbM‡Yi mvgvwRK, ivR‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK cªf„wZi ¯^iƒc weavb Kiv
n‡q _v‡K| Avi DÏxc‡K ewY©Z 'K' iv‡óªi msweav‡b G MYZš¿‡K ivóªxq g~jbxwZ‡Z AšÍfy³ © Kiv n‡q‡Q hv D³ †`‡k
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Av‡Q| Z`bymv‡i, †kªwY †kvlYgy³ mgvR Mo‡Z mK‡ji A_©‰bwZK †¶‡Î mgvb AwaKvi wbwðZ weavb Ki‡Z evsjv‡`‡k
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N. DÏxc‡K ewY©Z cªwZôv‡bi f~wgKvi Ici iv‡óªi Dbœqb wbf©ikxj- we‡kølY Ki|
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DÏxc‡Ki msweav‡bi 137bs Aby‡”Q` Abyhvqx evsjv‡`k miKvwi Kg©Kwgkb MwVZ| Avi evsjv‡`k msweav‡bi 140
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