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ADVANCE MATHEMATICS for ME
(Matrices)
Engr. Miguel Albert D. Calizar
Matrix
• A matrix is a rectangular array of numbers (or functions) enclosed in
brackets. These numbers (or functions) are called the entries (or
elements) of the matrix.
• Size: m x n = rows x columns
Matrix in Operation
• Adding: To add two matrices, add the numbers in the matching positions.

• Note: Two matrices must be the same size: the rows must match in size, and
the columns must match in size.
• Example: a matrix with 3 rows and 5 columns can be added to another matrix
of 3 rows and 5 columns.
• But it could not be added to a matrix with 3 rows and 4 columns (the
columns don’t match in size)
Matrix in Operation
• Subtracting: To subtract two matrices, subtract the numbers in the matching
positions.

• Note: Same with addition, two matrices must be the same size.
Matrix in Operation
• Multiply by a Constant: we call the constant a scalar, so officially this is
called “scalar multiplication”.
Types of Matrix
• Square: A square matrix has the same number of rows as columns.

• Identity Matrix: An identity matrix has 1’s on the main diagonal and 0’s
everywhere else.
Types of Matrix
• Triangular Matrix: All entries above or below the main diagonal are zero.

• Symmetric Matrix: In a symmetric matrix matching either side of the main diagonal
are equal.

• Note: It must be square, and is equal to its own transpose. (A = AT)

How to Multiply Matrices
• To multiply a matrix by another matrix we need to do the “dot product” of rows and
columns.
When we do multiplication:
• The number of columns of the 1st matrix must equal the number of rows of the 2nd
matrix.
• And the result will have the same number of rows as the 1st matrix, and the same
number of columns as the 2nd matrix.

In general:
To multiply an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑛 matrix by an 𝑛 𝑥 𝑝 matrix, the n’s must be the same
and the result is an 𝑚 𝑥 𝑝 matrix.

𝑚𝑥𝑛 x 𝑛𝑥𝑝 →𝑚𝑥𝑝

Determinant of a Matrix:
• The determinant of a matrix is a special number that can be calculated from a
square matrix. It helps us find the inverse of a matrix, tells us things about the
matrix that are useful in systems of linear equations, calculus and more.
• The symbol for determinant is two vertical lines either side.
• A means the determinant of the matrix A.
Determinant of a Matrix:
Determinant of a Matrix:
Determinant of a Matrix:
Inverse of a Matrix:
• The inverse of a matrix is the same idea as the reciprocal of a number but we write
it A-1
• Why not 1/A ? Because we don’t divide by a matrix.
• When we multiply a number by its reciprocal we get 1. Like → 8 x (1/8) = 1
• When we multiply a matrix by its inverse we get the Identity Matrix, I
• A x A-1 = I
• Therefore, the inverse of A is A-1 only when: A x A-1 = A-1 x A = I (Identity Matrix)
Inverse of a Matrix:
Inverse of a Matrix:
Thank You