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2.the Mate Screening Motive How Women Use Luxury Consumption To Signal To Men
2.the Mate Screening Motive How Women Use Luxury Consumption To Signal To Men
QIHUI CHEN
YAJIN WANG
NAILYA ORDABAYEVA
because men value non-status-related qualities such as so- the growing literature on the role of mating motives in con-
ciability in potential partners. Consistent with this notion, sumption choices (Hasford, Kidwell, and Lopez-Kidwell
prior research finds that a mating motive neither increases 2018; Van den Bergh, Dewitte, and Warlop 2008).
nor decreases women’s desire for luxury goods in the rela- Moreover, it addresses recent calls (Otterbring et al. 2020)
tionship formation stage (Griskevicius et al. 2007; Wang for more research on how consumers’ romantic goals, part-
and Griskevicius 2014). Related work on the relationship ners, and relationships influence consumption decisions
maintenance stage examining the behavior of non-single (Dahl, Sengupta, and Vohs 2009; Mende et al. 2019;
women suggests that these women display luxury to guard Simpson, Griskevicius, and Rothman 2012). Our findings
their existing romantic partner from female competitors make additional contributions to research on luxury con-
(Wang and Griskevicius 2014). Against this backdrop, an sumption, which previously focused on how luxury con-
important open question is what overlooked factors might sumption can attract customers, followers, and employers
drive women’s luxury consumption in their romantic rela- (Desmichel, Ordabayeva, and Kocher 2020; Lee, Ko, and
Griskevicius et al. 2007; Li et al. 2012), individuals may of the mate screening motive for women’s consumption
have more specific priorities in some romantic contexts to behavior, as well as the relevant boundary conditions.
support their broader mating objective. Specifically,
enriching prior work on the broad conceptualization of Consequences of Mate Screening Motive for
consumers’ mating motive as a unilateral desire to procure Women’s Luxury Consumption
(any) mate, we posit that when individuals face excessive
mating options (e.g., when women receive a lot of roman- As argued above, in the early stages of romantic rela-
tic attention), they may prioritize narrowing down their ro- tionship formation, women often encounter situations in
mantic options and deterring undesirable pursuers. We which they receive a lot of attention from many potential
conceptualize this as a mate screening motive and propose pursuers. This may happen, for example, when there is a
that it has unique implications for consumption vis-a-vis higher proportion of single men relative to single women
the more general mating motive considered in previous in the environment due to a male-biased sex ratio (Durante
signal that she is highly selective (i.e., “out of your league” abundant options (e.g., a large assortment, excessive
for the masses of suitors). That is, because consumption search) can increase consumers’ uncertainty about quality,
choices often indicate what consumers value, particularly and lower their confidence in the quality of their choices
in symbolic domains (Escalas and Bettman 2005), wom- (Chernev 2003; Diehl 2005; Malhotra 1982). Therefore,
en’s luxury consumption may signal to potential mates the we reason that if the quality of the mating pool is known to
woman’s prioritization and expectations of high financial be high, then the need to further eliminate pursuers who do
capability in a romantic partner and, hence, their availabil- not meet the woman’s standards should be attenuated.
ity only to a limited set of pursuers who are financially Accordingly, women’s need to engage in luxury consump-
sound. Formally, we hypothesize: tion as a screening tool is reduced.
H1: Activating a strong (vs. weak) mate screening motive H3: When the quality of men in the mating pool is known
increases women’s desire for luxury consumption. to be high (vs. mixed), the effect of a strong (vs. weak) mate
demonstrated that a stronger mate screening motive among online messaging platform that the agency frequently uses
actual female customers of a real-world dating service led to contact their subscribers. Women were asked to provide
to women’s stronger preference for luxury brands. Study 2 feedback about a future singles event for Chinese
tested hypothesis 1 in a controlled lab setting and showed Valentine’s Day. A total of 172 women (Mage ¼ 31.74,
the proposed effect is driven by the positive effect on lux- SD ¼ 7.88) completed the study in exchange for a small
ury consumption of a stronger mate screening motive, monetary compensation (10 RMB/about $1.40). The study
rather than the negative effect of a weaker mate screening used a two-cell (mate screening motive: strong vs. weak)
motive. Studies 3–5 explored the three theory-driven between-subjects design.
boundary conditions (hypotheses 2–4). They showed that
Motive Manipulation. Participants read a description of
the effect is attenuated when external screening tools are
an offline singles event on Chinese Valentine’s Day. To in-
present (vs. absent) (study 3), the quality of men is high
duce a strong (vs. weak) mate screening motive, we varied
(vs. mixed) (study 4), and a selection (vs. rejection) mind-
manipulation. The strong (vs. weak) mate screening motive and spending time with someone to whom they felt imme-
manipulation bolstered the mate screening motive (Mstrong diately attracted at the event. In the non-mating control
¼ 5.48, SD ¼ 0.88 vs. Mweak ¼ 4.92, SD ¼ 1.15, F(1, 148) condition, in line with extant work (Griskevicius, Cialdini,
¼ 11.03, p ¼ .001, gP2 ¼ 0.069). (See web appendix C for and Kenrick 2006; Griskevicius et al. 2007), participants
full details.) read about wanting to make new friends, going to a movie
with potential candidates, losing the tickets, and missing
Luxury Consumption. Participants expressed a signifi-
the movie. This condition sought to rule out the role of
cantly stronger preference for luxury brands in the strong
negative mood.
(vs. weak) mate screening motive condition, both for the
website promotion (Mstrong ¼ 4.47, SD ¼ 1.96 vs. Mweak ¼ Luxury Consumption Measures. Participants read that
3.72, SD ¼ 1.89, F(1, 170) ¼ 6.53, p ¼ .012, gP2 ¼ 0.037) 1 week after the described event, they would be attending a
and the incentive-compatible gift card choice (Mstrong vs. similar event for which they were buying an outfit. Two
Mweak ¼ 48.72% vs. 32.98%, v2 (1) ¼ 4.40, p ¼ .043, u ¼
p < .001, Cohen’s d ¼ 0.50). This was consistent with hy- reasons. First, friendships are less exclusive than romantic
pothesis 1. There was no difference between the weak relationships as romantic relationships are often considered
mate screening motive and the non-mating control condi- monogamous while friendships are not. That is, when
tions (t(299) ¼ 0.65, p ¼ .516, Cohen’s d ¼ 0.09). women receive a lot of attention from friends, they do not
An ANOVA on preference for luxury (vs. non-luxury) necessarily need to narrow down their friend options; in-
items in the outfit also revealed a significant effect (F(2, stead, they can make friends with as many people as they
299) ¼ 6.64, p ¼ .002, g2p ¼ 0.042). Women had a signifi- want. Second, financial capability might not be as impor-
cantly stronger preference for luxury items in the strong tant in selecting a friend as it is in selecting a date
mate screening motive condition (Mstrong ¼ 3.15, (Sprecher and Regan 2002). Thus, luxury products are less
SD ¼ 1.72) than in the weak mate screening motive condi- likely to be used as a signaling tool in non-romantic friend-
tion (Mweak ¼ 2.53, SD ¼ 1.74, t(299) ¼ 2.66, p ¼ .008, ships. Therefore, this study design would enable us to as-
Cohen’s d ¼ 0.38) or the non-mating control (Mcontrol ¼ sess the uniqueness of the focal phenomenon within
context (i.e., a social friendship platform), viewers’ (i.e., SD ¼ 0.62, F(1, 188) ¼ 6.32, p ¼ .013, gp2 ¼ 0.033), but it
users’) quality should not impact luxury consumption in did not impact women’s mate screening motive in the non-
this way because financial capability is less critical when mating control condition (Mhigh ¼ 4.85, SD ¼ 1.14 vs.
choosing friends than romantic partners (Sprecher and Mmixed ¼ 4.76, SD ¼ 0.94, F(1, 188) ¼ 0.29, p ¼ .590, gp2
Regan 2002). It is possible that high (vs. mixed) quality of ¼ 0.002; motive quality interaction: F(1, 188) ¼ 4.66, p
the audience might even increase luxury consumption in ¼ .032, gp2 ¼ 0.024). (Web appendix G provides the full
non-romantic friendship settings, as it might motivate details.)
women to fit in with the high-quality audience through
Luxury Consumption. As in study 3, we used the total
high spending (Mead et al. 2011).
number of luxury brands chosen across categories (count:
from 0 to 3) as the dependent measure. A 2 2 ANOVA
Method revealed a significant interaction effect (F(1, 396) ¼ 47.07,
Results
Pre-Test. A pre-test (N ¼ 192 females, Mage ¼ 21.86,
SD ¼ 3.17) confirmed the effectiveness of the manipula-
tions. High (vs. mixed) audience quality lowered women’s
mate screening motive in the high mate screening motive
condition (Mhigh ¼ 5.25, SD ¼ 0.73 vs. Mmixed ¼ 5.71,
312 JOURNAL OF CONSUMER RESEARCH
Specifically, a high (vs. mixed) quality social environment instructed to narrow down the choice set by identifying the
may create a stronger expectation for individuals’ high- six products that they liked the most. In contrast, partici-
status consumption due to a desire to affiliate with and con- pants in the rejection condition were instructed to narrow
form to the elite audience, resulting in greater luxury down the set by identifying the six products that they liked
displays. This further underscores the uniqueness of our the least. Following Ross et al. (2021), to check the effec-
predictions to the mating context. Luxury consumption tiveness of the manipulation, participants indicated to what
may be used to affiliate with others in the friendship con- extent they focused on selecting the products that they
text; however, it serves the reverse function of deterring wanted versus eliminating the products that they did not
undesirable pursuers in the romantic context at the early want (1 ¼ “definitely the products I wanted to select,” 7 ¼
stages of romantic relationship formation. Study 5 reports “definitely the products I wanted to get rid of”).
an additional test of the process underlying the phenome- Brand Recognizability Manipulation. After completing
non by examining the moderating effect of activating a se-
Finally, our findings contribute to the broader literature data suggest that women increasingly display pet owner-
on the dynamics of mate selection in social psychology ship on dating platforms (Sullivan 2019). A popular dating
and related fields (Fletcher et al. 2004; Li et al. 2002; app OkCupid reported that 84% of their female customers
Sprecher, Sullivan, and Hatfield 1994). Extant research has highlighted their current and aspired dog ownership in their
focused on the mating criteria that individuals adopt and profiles (Sullivan 2019). Could such displays help women
prioritize. In contrast, our findings establish consumption detract suitors who lack empathy and patience (typically
as an appealing tool that can help individuals communicate required for pet ownership)? Examining how women use
their mating criteria to potential partners. This is important, consumption to communicate their mating standards, par-
as communicating relationship expectations is a key to the ticularly within less visible domains (e.g., personality traits
success of romantic relationships (Thomas and Fletcher such as kindness), is another fruitful area for future
2003). However, direct verbal signals of individuals’ mat- research.
ing standards can be uncomfortable, especially when they
important to him/her. Another possibility is that both part- Given the importance and prevalence of the mate screening
ners within a non-heterosexual relationship take on gender motive for women’s romantic pursuits, managers could
roles similar to their heterosexual counterparts (Lawson create features and tools to help women screen and elimi-
et al. 2014). In this case, both partners may play the role of nate potentially undesirable suitors. For example, dating
either the chooser or the pursuer in the mating market sites could allow individuals to configure their audience
(depending on their sex) (Gotta et al. 2011), and their se- screening options and customize their screening criteria as
lectiveness may be determined by other factors such as a way to eliminate subpar candidates. As shown in study 3,
specific mate characteristics (Regan 1998). Exploring these the presence of such features can lower the need for
possibilities would be interesting in future research. women to send their own screening signals to potential
candidates; this can increase women’s engagement with
Additional Mating Subgoals. Importantly, our work
these platforms. For segments who perceive that they are
highlights the importance of examining specific mating
in high demand, it would be valuable to develop special-
5 data were collected on Amazon Mechanical Turk (M Desmichel, Perrine, Nailya Ordabayeva, and Bruno Kocher
Turk) by the first author in November 2021. Study 6 data (2020), “What If Diamonds Did Not Last Forever? Signaling
Status Achievement through Ephemeral versus Iconic
were collected on M Turk by the first author in November
Luxury Goods,” Organizational Behavior and Human
2019. The first author did the data analysis for all studies. Decision Processes, 158, 49–65.
All authors jointly designed the studies and discussed the Diehl, Kristin (2005), “When Two Rights Make a Wrong:
analyses and the results. The data are currently stored in a Searching Too Much in Ordered Environments,” Journal of
project directory on the Open Science Framework under Marketing Research, 42 (3), 313–22.
the management of all authors. Dion, Delphine and Stephane Borraz (2017), “Managing Status:
How Luxury Brands Shape Class Subjectivities in the
Service Encounter,” Journal of Marketing, 81 (5), 67–85.
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