Ex.

No :01 OXALIC ACID vs 𝐊𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒

Aim:
To determine the concentration of potassium permanganate by titrating it against the standard solution
of 0.1M oxalic acid.
Theory:
Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidising agent and in the presence of sulphuric acid it acts as a
powerful oxidising agent. In acidic medium the oxidising ability of KMnO4 is representedby the following
equation.
In acidic solution,
MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O
Solution containing MnO4– ions are purple in colour and the solution containing Mn2+ ions are
colourless and hence permanganate solution is decolourised when added to a solution of a reducing agent.
Thus, KMnO4serves as self indicator in acidic solution.
Potassium permanganate is standardized against pure oxalic acid. It involves a redox reaction. Oxalic
acid is oxidised to carbon dioxide by losing 2 electrons. KMnO 4 which itself gets reduced by gaining 5
electrons.
[MnO4– + 8H+ + 5e– → Mn2+ + 4H2O] x 2[C2O2− →
2CO
4 2 + 2e– ] x 5
2MnO− + 16H+ + 5C2O2− → 2Mn2+ + 10CO2 + 8H2O
4 4

Materials Required:

Oxalic acid, Potassium permanganate solution, 1.0M sulphuric acid, Chemical balance, Burette,
Burette stand, Pipette, Conical flask, Funnel, Measuring flask, Weighing bottle, White tile, Burner, Wire
gauze.

Procedure:

(a) Preparation of 0.1M standard solution of oxalic acid:

The molecular mass of oxalic acid =126 g
In order to prepare M/10 oxalic acid solution, 12.6 g of oxalic acid should be dissolved per litre ofsolution.
Alternatively, 12.6 /4 = 3.15 g of oxalic acid crystals should be dissolved in water and the solution be made
exactly 250 ml.
For the preparation of 1 litre of M/10 oxalic acid solution amount of oxalic acid required = 3.15g

1. Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.

2. Weigh 3.15g of oxalic acid accurately in the watch glass.
3. With the help of a funnel transfer the oxalic acid into the measuring flask.
4. Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.
5. Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the oxalic acid is
fully dissolved.
6. This solution is 0.1M standard solution of oxalic acid.
(b) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard oxalic acid solution:

1. Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette with
potassium permanganate solution.
2. Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to
find the end point correctly.
3. Pipette out 20ml of 0.1M standard oxalic acid solution in a conical flask.
4. Add 20 ml sulphuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese to form manganese
dioxide.
5. Heat the mixture upto 60oC before titrating with potassium permanganate.
6. Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting the titration.
7. The hot solution is titrated against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneously
swirl the solution in the flask gently.
8. Initially the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with oxalic acid. The appearance of
permanent pink colour reveals the end point.
9. Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.

Result

1. Molarity of KMnO4 is
2. The Strength of KMnO4 is
Ex.NO: 02 MOHR’S SALT vs 𝐊𝐌𝐧𝐎𝟒

Aim:
To determine the concentration of a given potassium permanganate solution against a standard ferrous
ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s salt) solution.

Theory:

Potassium permanganate is a strong oxidant in the presence of sulfuric acid. Mohr salt is a double salt
forming a single crystalline structure having the formula (NH4)2. FeSO4. 6H2O. The chemical name for Mohr’s
salt is ferrous ammonium sulphate.

In this titration Mohr salt acts as a reducing agent and potassium permanganate acts as an oxidizing agent. So, the
reaction between Mohr’s salt and potassium permanganate is a redox reaction. In this redox reaction, ferrous ion
from Mohr’s salt gets oxidised by losing 1 electron. potassium permanganate reduced by gaining 5 electrons.
Potassium permanganate act as a self indicator.

[𝐹𝑒2+ → 𝐹𝑒3+ + 𝑒– ] 𝑥 5
𝑀𝑛𝑂− + 8𝐻+ + 5𝑒– → 𝑀𝑛+ + 4𝐻2𝑂
4 2

𝑀𝑛𝑂− + 8𝐻+ + 5𝐹𝑒+ → 𝑀𝑛2 + + 5𝐹𝑒+ + 4𝐻2𝑂

4 2 3

Materials Required:

Mohr’s salt (ferrous ammonium sulphate), Potassium permanganate solution, Dilute sulfuric acid,
Chemical balance, Burette, Burette stand, Pipette, Conical flask, Funnel, Measuring flask, Weighing bottle, White
tile, Burner, Wire gauze.

Procedure:

(a) Preparation of 0.05M standard solution of ferrous ammonium sulphate:

The quantity of Mohr’s salt required for the 250ml of the solution having a normality of 0.05 𝑀 can be calculated
as follows.

The molar mass of Mohr’s salt = 392 g/ mol

For preparing 250ml of M/20 Mohr’s salt solution, Mohr salt required
= (19.6/1000) × 250 = 4.9 𝑔𝑚

1. Weigh an empty watch glass using a chemical balance.

2. Weigh accurately 4.9gm of Mohr’s salt in a chemical balance.

3. With the help of a funnel, transfer the Mohr’s salt into the measuring flask.

4. Now wash the funnel with distilled water without removing the funnel from the flask.

5. Make the solution up to the marked point with distilled water and make sure the Mohr’s salt is fully
dissolved.

6. This solution is 0.05M standard solution of Mohr’s salt.

(b) Titration of potassium permanganate solution against standard ferrous ammonium sulphate (Mohr’s
salt) solution:

1. Wash and rinse the burette and pipette with distilled water and then rinse with the corresponding
solution to be filled in them.

2. Rinse the burette with the potassium permanganate solution and fill the burette with potassium
permanganate solution.

3. Fix the burette in the burette stand and place the white tile below the burette in order to find the
endpoint correctly.

4. Rinse the pipette and conical flask with standard ferrous sulphate solution.

5. Pipette out 20ml of 0.05M standard Mohr’s salt solution into the conical flask.

6. Add 20 ml sulphuric acid in order to prevent oxidation of manganese to form manganese dioxide.

7. Note down the initial reading in the burette before starting the titration.

8. Now start the titration, titrate against potassium permanganate solution and simultaneously swirl the
solution in the flask gently.

9. Initially, the purple colour of KMnO4 is discharged with ferrous ammonium sulphate. The appearance
of a permanent pink colour reveals the endpoint.

10. Repeat the titration until concordant values are obtained.

11. Note down the upper meniscus on the burette readings.

Result
1. Molarity of given KMnO4 solution is moles / litre

2. The strength of given potassium permanganate solution is g/L

Ex.NO:03 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 1

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation)

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Amorphous
iii) Odour - Pungent smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in dil.HCl
v) Flame test - No characteristic colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of dil.HCl and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion
S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Dilute sulphuric acid Brisk Carbonate may be

test effervescence with present.
A little of the salt is treated with colourless, odourless gas
1-2ml of dil. turning lime
H2SO4 water milky

Confirmatory test for carbonate

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
BaCl2 test:- White precipitate Presence of
A little of the salt solution is treated with soluble in dil. HCl carbonate is
few drops of BaCl2 solution and dil HCl is confirmed
added to it.

Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. A little of the solid Pungent Ammonia smelling gas

salt is heated with conc. gives white fumes when glass Presence of
NaOH rod dipped in Ammonium cation
conc.HCl is shown identified.
Confirmatory test for ammonium cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Nessler's reagent test: Reddish brown ppt is Presence of
obtained. ammonium (NH4+) is
To the salt solution add Nessler’s confirmed.
reagent followed by excess of KOH.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Ammonium Carbonate.

Cation – NH4+

Anion - Co32-
Ex.NO: 04 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 2

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation)

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Amorphous
iii) Odour - Pungent smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in dil.HCl
v) Flame test - No characteristic colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of dil.HCl and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated reaction
with 1-2ml of dil.
H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated Colourless pungent smelling gas is Presence of chloride
with 2-3ml of conc. H2SO4. evolved which gives white fumes
Identify the gas evolved in the when a glass rod dipped in NH4OH
cold and then on heating. solution is shown on its mouth.

Confirmatory test for chloride

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. AgNO3 test :-
To a little of the water White curdy ppt which is soluble in Presence of chloride
extract add few drops of ammonium hydroxide solution is confirmed
AgNO3 solution.
Identification test for cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. A little of the solid Pungent Ammonia smelling gas

salt is heated with conc. gives white fumes when glass Presence of
NaOH rod dipped in Ammonium cation
conc.HCl is shown identified.

Confirmatory test for ammonium cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Nessler's reagent test: Reddish brown ppt is Presence of
obtained. ammonium (NH4+) is
To the salt solution add Nessler’s confirmed.
reagent followed by excess of KOH.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Ammonium Chloride.

Cation – NH4+

Anion - Cl-
Ex.NO: 05 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 3

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation).

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour - Vinegar smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in Water
v) Flame test - No characteristic colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction
2ml of dil. H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated with 2- Colourless vapours with Presence of acetate
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the smell of vinegar
gas evolved in the cold and then on turns blue litmus red
heating.

Confirmatory test for acetate

1. Oxalic acid test:

Take a small quantity of the salt on a Smell of vinegar or Presence of acetate
watch glass and mix it with solid oxalic acetic acid confirmed
acid and make a paste with few drops of
water. Rub the paste and smell.
Identification test for cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. A little of the solid Pungent Ammonia smelling gas

salt is heated with conc. gives white fumes when glass Presence of
NaOH rod dipped in Ammonium cation
conc.HCl is shown identified.

Confirmatory test for ammonium cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Nessler's reagent test: Reddish brown ppt is Presence of
obtained. ammonium (NH4+) is
To the salt solution add Nessler’s confirmed.
reagent followed by excess of KOH.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Ammonium Acetate.

Cation – NH4+

Anion – CH3COO-
Ex.NO: 06 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 4

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation).

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour - Vinegar smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in Water
v) Flame test – Dull blue colour is observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of dil.HCl and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction
2ml of dil. H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated with 2- Colourless vapours with Presence of acetate
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the smell of vinegar
gas evolved in the cold and then on turns blue litmus red
heating.

Confirmatory test for acetate

1. Oxalic acid test:

Take a small quantity of the salt on a Smell of vinegar or Presence of acetate
watch glass and mix it with solid oxalic acetic acid confirmed
acid and make a paste with few drops of
water. Rub the paste and smell.

Identification test for cation

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
 1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH
No characteristic reaction Absence of Ammonium.

2. To a little of the original White precipitate which is Presence of Lead

solution added dil.HCl soluble in hot water when cation is identified.
boiled but reappears on
cooling is obtained.

Confirmatory test for lead cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. Potassium chromate test:- Yellow precipitate Presence of Lead ions

obtained is confirmed
To one ml of the original solution few
drops of potassium chromate solution is
added

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Lead Acetate.

Cation –Pb2+

Anion – CH3COO-
Ex.NO: 07 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 5

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation)

1. PHYSICAL EXAMINATION
i) Colour - White Flesh colour
ii) State - Solid (Crystalline) Amorphous
iii) Odour - No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in water
v) Flame test - No characteristic colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of distilled water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction salt
2ml of dil.
H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid

test Reddish brown gas with
A little of the salt is treated with 2- pungent smell is evolved Presence of nitrate
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the when heated with Cu
gas evolved in the cold and then on turnings
heating.

Confirmatory test for nitrate

1. Brown ring test:-

To a little of the water extract add A dark brown ring is Presence of nitrate
equal quantity of freshly prepared formed at the junction of confirmed
FeSO4 and then pour conc. H2SO4 the layers of the acid and
slowly along the sides of the test tube the solution

Identification test for cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
 1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.

2. To a little of the original

solution added dil.HCl No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

3. To a little of the original No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

solution added dil. HCl and cation
passed H2S gas

4. To a little of the original solution White gelatinous precipitate Presence of

added ammonium Aluminium
chloride and added ammonium identified.
hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia

Confirmatory test for Aluminium cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. To the salt Solution add sodium White ppt soluble in Presence of

hydroxide solution. excess sodium aluminium is
hydroxide is obtained. confirmed.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Aluminum nitrate.

Cation – Al3+

Anion – NO2-
Ex.NO: 08 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 6

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation).

Physical Examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour – No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in Water
v) Flame test – No characteristic colour is observed.
Preparation Of Original Solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction
2ml of dil. H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated with 2- No characteristic Absence of chloride,
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the nitrate and acetate
gas evolved in the cold and then on reaction
heating.

3. BaCl2 test:- White precipitate Presence of sulphate

A little of the salt solution is insoluble in conc. HCl
treated with few drops of BaCl2
solution and conc. HCl is added to
it
Confirmatory test for sulphate

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
Lead acetate test
To a little of the water extract 1ml A white ppt is formed which is Presence of sulphate
of lead acetate solution is added. soluble in excess of hot confirmed
ammonium
acetate solution & insoluble in
conc.HCl
Identification test for cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.

2. To a little of the original

solution added dil.HCl No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

3. To a little of the original No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

solution added dil. HCl and cation
passed H2S gas

4. To a little of the original solution White gelatinous precipitate Presence of

added ammonium Aluminium
chloride and added ammonium identified.
hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia

Confirmatory test for Aluminium cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. To the salt Solution add sodium White ppt soluble in Presence of

hydroxide solution. excess sodium aluminium is
hydroxide is obtained. confirmed.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Aluminum sulphate.

Cation – Al3+

Anion – (SO4)2-
Ex.NO: 09 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 7

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation).

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour – No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in Water
v) Flame test – Green flashes observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction
2ml of dil. H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated with 2- No characteristic Absence of chloride,
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the nitrate and acetate
gas evolved in the cold and then on reaction
heating.

3. BaCl2 test:- White precipitate Presence of sulphate

A little of the salt solution is insoluble in conc. HCl
treated with few drops of BaCl2
solution and conc. HCl is added to
it
Confirmatory test for sulphate

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Lead acetate test
To a little of the water extract 1ml A white ppt is formed which is Presence of sulphate
of lead acetate solution is added. soluble in excess of hot confirmed
ammonium
acetate solution & insoluble in
conc.HCl
Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.

2. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

added dil.HCl

3. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

added dil. HCl and passed H2S gas cations

4. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of

added ammonium Aluminium.
chloride and added ammonium
hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia

5. To a little of the original solution Dirty white precipitate Presence of zinc

added ammonium identified
chloride and added ammonium
hydroxide till the
solution smells of
ammonia.

Confirmatory test for Zinc cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Sodium hydroxide test:-
A white precipitate
To one part of the original solution add
is formed which Presence of zinc
sodium hydroxide solution drop wise
first & then add more of NaOH. dissolves in excess cation confirmed
of NaOH solution

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Zinc sulphate.

Cation – Zn2+

Anion – (SO4)2-
Ex.NO: 10 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 8

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation).

Physical examination
i) Colour - Flesh colour
ii) State - solid
iii) Odour – No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in water
v) Flame test – No characteristic colour is observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction
2ml of dil. H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated with 2- No characteristic Absence of chloride,
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the nitrate and acetate
gas evolved in the cold and then on reaction
heating.

3. BaCl2 test:- White precipitate Presence of sulphate

A little of the salt solution is insoluble in conc. HCl
treated with few drops of BaCl2
solution and conc. HCl is added to
it

Confirmatory test for sulphate

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Lead acetate test
To a little of the water extract 1ml A white ppt is formed which is Presence of sulphate
of lead acetate solution is added. soluble in excess of hot confirmed
ammonium
acetate solution & insoluble in
conc.HCl
Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.

2. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

added dil.HCl

3. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

added dil. HCl and passed H2S gas cations

4. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of

added ammonium Aluminium.
chloride and added ammonium
hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia

5. To a little of the original solution Flesh coloured precipitate Presence of

added ammonium Manganese identified
chloride and added ammonium
hydroxide till the
solution smells of
ammonia.

Confirmatory test for Manganese cation

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Sodium hydroxide test:-
Presence of
A white precipitate
To one part of the original solution add manganese cation
is formed which
sodium hydroxide solution drop wise confirmed
first & then add more of NaOH. turns into brown on
exposure to air.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Manganese sulphate.

Cation – Mn2+

Anion – (SO4)2-
Ex.NO: 11 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 9

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation)

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour - No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in water.
v) Flame test – Grassy green colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated reaction
with 1-2ml of dil.
H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated Colourless pungent smelling gas is Presence of chloride
with 2-3ml of conc. H2SO4. evolved which gives white fumes
Identify the gas evolved in the when a glass rod dipped in NH4OH
cold and then on heating. solution is shown on its mouth.

Confirmatory test for chloride

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. AgNO3 test :-
To a little of the water White curdy ppt which is soluble in Presence of chloride
extract add few drops of ammonium hydroxide solution is confirmed
AgNO3 solution.
Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH
No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.
2. To a little of the original solution
added dil.HCl No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

3. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

added dil. HCl and passed H2S gas cations

4. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of
ammonium hydroxide till the Aluminium.
solution smells of ammonia

5. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of Zinc.
ammonium hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia.

6. To a little of the original solution White precipitate Presence of group v

added ammonium chloride and added cations it may be
ammonium hydroxide till the solution barium or calcium
smells of ammonia. Then add
ammonium carbonate solution to it.

CONFIRMATORY TEST FOR BARIUM

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. To the salt solution add acetic acid Yellow precipitate Presence of barium
and potassium chromate cation confirmed.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Barium chloride.

Cation – Ba2+

Anion – Cl-
Ex.NO: 12 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 10

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation)

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Amorphous
iii) Odour - No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in dil.HCl.
v) Flame test – Brick red colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of dil.HCl and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion
S.No Experiment Observation Inference

1. Dilute sulphuric acid Brisk Carbonate may be

test effervescence with present.
A little of the salt is treated with colourless, odourless gas
1-2ml of dil. turning lime
H2SO4 water milky

Confirmatory test for carbonate

S.No Experiment Observation Inference
BaCl2 test:- White precipitate Presence of
A little of the salt solution is treated with soluble in dil. HCl carbonate is
few drops of BaCl2 solution and dil HCl is confirmed
added to it.

Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH
No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.
2. To a little of the original solution
added dil.HCl No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead
 3. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group II
added dil. HCl and passed H2S gas cations

4. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of
ammonium hydroxide till the Aluminium.
solution smells of ammonia

5. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of Zinc.
ammonium hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia.

6. To a little of the original solution White precipitate Presence of group v

added ammonium chloride and added cations it may be
ammonium hydroxide till the solution barium or calcium
smells of ammonia. Then add
ammonium carbonate solution to it.
Confirmatory test for calcium

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. To the salt solution add acetic acid White precipitate Presence of calcium
and ammonium oxalate solution. cation confirmed.

RESULT

The given salt is identified as Calcium carbonate.

Cation – Ca2+

Anion – CO32-

Ex.NO: 13 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 11

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation)

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour - No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in water.
 v) Flame test – Brick red colour observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated reaction
with 1-2ml of dil.
H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated Colourless pungent smelling gas is Presence of chloride
with 2-3ml of conc. H2SO4. evolved which gives white fumes
Identify the gas evolved in the when a glass rod dipped in NH4OH
cold and then on heating. solution is shown on its mouth.

Confirmatory test for chloride

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. AgNO3 test :-
To a little of the water White curdy ppt which is soluble in Presence of chloride
extract add few drops of ammonium hydroxide solution is confirmed
AgNO3 solution.

Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. A little of the solid
salt is heated with conc. NaOH
No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.
2. To a little of the original solution
added dil.HCl No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

3. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

added dil. HCl and passed H2S gas cations

4. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of
ammonium hydroxide till the Aluminium.
solution smells of ammonia
 5. To a little of the original solution
added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of Zinc.
ammonium hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia.

6. To a little of the original solution White precipitate Presence of group v

added ammonium chloride and added cations it may be
ammonium hydroxide till the solution barium or calcium
smells of ammonia. Then add
ammonium carbonate solution to it.
Confirmatory test for calcium

S.No EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. To the salt solution add acetic acid White precipitate Presence of calcium
and ammonium oxalate solution. cation confirmed.

RESULT
The given salt is identified as Calcium chloride.

Cation – Ca2+

Anion – Cl-
Ex.NO: 14 SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF SIMPLE SALT- 12

AIM

To analyse the given salt for acidic (anion) and basic radical (cation).

Physical examination
i) Colour - White colour
ii) State - Crystalline
iii) Odour – No characteristic smell
iv) Solubility - Soluble in water
v) Flame test – No characteristic colour is observed.
Preparation of original solution
A little of the salt is shaken well with 2-3ml of water and is called as original solution.
Identification test for anion

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
1. Dilute sulphuric acid
test No characteristic Absence of carbonate
A little of the salt is treated with 1- reaction
2ml of dil. H2SO4

2. Conc. sulphuric acid test

A little of the salt is treated with 2- No characteristic Absence of chloride,
3ml of conc. H2SO4. Identify the nitrate and acetate
gas evolved in the cold and then on reaction
heating.

3. BaCl2 test:- White precipitate Presence of sulphate

A little of the salt solution is insoluble in conc. HCl
treated with few drops of BaCl2
solution and conc. HCl is added to
it
Confirmatory test for sulphate

S. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.
Lead acetate test
To a little of the water extract 1ml A white ppt is formed which is Presence of sulphate
of lead acetate solution is added. soluble in excess of hot confirmed
ammonium
acetate solution & insoluble in
conc.HCl
Identification test for cation

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. A little of the solid

salt is heated with conc. NaOH
No characteristic reaction Absence of
Ammonium.
2. To a little of the original solution
added dil.HCl No characteristic reaction Absence of Lead

3. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group II

added dil. HCl and passed H2S gas cations

4. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of
ammonium hydroxide till the Aluminium.
solution smells of ammonia

5. To a little of the original solution

added ammonium chloride and added No characteristic reaction Absence of Zinc.
ammonium hydroxide till the
solution smells of ammonia.

6. To a little of the original solution No characteristic reaction Absence of group v

added ammonium chloride and added cations.
ammonium hydroxide till the solution
smells of ammonia. Then add
ammonium carbonate solution to it.
7. To a little of the original solution White crystalline Presence of
added ammonium chloride and added precipitate Magnesium identified.
ammonium hydroxide till the
Solution smells of ammonia, then
added ammonium hydrogen
phosphate or sodium hydrogen
phosphate and scratch the sides of the
test tube with a glass rod.
Confirmatory test for magnesium

Sl. EXPERIMENT OBSERVATION INFERENCE

No.

1. To a little of the salt solution add White ppt insoluble in Presence of magnesium
aq.NaOH solution first a little then in excess NaOH solution cation confirmed
excess.

RESULT
The given salt is identified as Magnesium sulphate.
Ex.NO: 15 TEST FOR HYDROCARBONS – UNSATURATION
AIM:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Bromine Test
To the compound add few Disappearance of orange-red Compound is
drops of bromine water and colour of bromine. unsaturated.
shake well.

2.Baeyer's Test (Alkaline

KMnO4Test)
Decolourization of pink colour Compound is
To the compound add few of KMnO4. unsaturated.
drops of alkaline solution of
KMnO4 to it and shake well.

RESULT
The given organic compound is identified as unsaturated.
Ex.NO: 16 TEST FOR ALCOHOLIC GROUP
AIM:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Sodium metal Test

To the compound add 1gram of anhydrous calcium Brisk Presence of
sulphate and shake well to remove water. Filter the effervescence is alcoholic
liquid into another clean dry test tube and add a small produced. group.
piece of sodium metal.

2.Ester Test
To the compound add about 1 ml glacial acetic acid Presence of
A fruity smell is
and 2-3 drops of conc. sulphuric acid. Warm the alcoholic
produced.
mixture on a water bath for about 10 minutes. Pour it group.
into of cold water taken in a beaker and smell.

3.Ceric ammonium nitrate Test Pink or red Presence of

To the compound add few drops of ceric ammonium colour is alcoholic
nitrate reagent and shake it well. developed. group.

4.Iodoform test
Presence of
To the compound add 1 ml of 1% iodine solution and Yellow alcoholic
add dil. NaOH solution drop wise until brown colour precipitate. group.
disappear then warm the solution.

Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and tertiary Alcohols

Experiment Observation Inference

Presence of tertiary
If cloudiness appears immediately.
Lucas Test alcohol.

To the compound add If cloudiness appears within five Presence of

8-10 drops of Lucas minutes. secondary alcohol.
reagent. Shake the
mixture well. If cloudiness appears only upon Presence of
heating. primary alcohol.

RESULT
The given organic compound contains Alcoholic functional group.
Ex.NO: 17 TEST FOR PHENOLIC GROUP
AIM:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Litmus Test Presence of

Blue litmus turns to
Place a drop of the given compound on a phenolic
red.
moist blue litmus paper. group.

2.Ferric chloride Test

Presence of
Take about 1 ml of neutral ferric chloride Formation of violet
phenolic
solution in a clean test tube and add 2-3 drops colour group.
of given compound.

A deep blue or green

3.Liebermann’s Test
colouration is seen.
 i) Take a small quantity of sodium nitrite in a
test tube and add about 1 ml of the given
compound. Heat the test tube very gently for
half a minute and allow it to cool. Then add
about 1 ml of conc. H2SO4 and shake the test Presence of
tube to mix the contents.
phenolic
group.
ii) Add distilled water carefully to the test
Colour turns to red.
tube.

iii) Add excess of sodium hydroxide solution Deep blue or green

to the test tube. colour appears.

4. Phthalein Dye Test

To the compound add 1-2 drops of conc. Presence of
H2SO4. Heat the test tube for about 1 minute Pink colour is seen.
phenolic
in an oil bath. Cool and pour the reaction group.
mixture carefully into a beaker containing 15
ml of dil. sodium hydroxide solution.

RESULT
The given organic compound contains Phenolic functional group.
Ex.NO: 18 TEST FOR ALDEHYDIC AND KETONIC GROUP
AIM:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observation Inference

1.2,4-Dintrophenyl hydrazine Test

To the compound add rectified spirit until the Yellow or orange Presence of
compound just dissolves. Then add few drops of 2, precipitate is carbonyl
4-dinitrophenyl hydrazine solution. Cork the test formed. group.
tube, shake the mixture and allow it to stand for 5
minutes.

2. Sodium bisulphite Test

Take about 2 ml of saturated solution of sodium White crystalline Presence of
bisulphite in a clean test tube and add a small precipitate is carbonyl
quantity of the given compound. Cork the test tube, formed. group.
shake and leave it for 15-20 minutes.

Differentiating Tests for Aldehydes

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Schiff’s Test
Dissolve a small quantity of the given Presence of
compound in a clean test tube and add Pink colour is seen. aldehydic group is
about 1 ml of Schiff’s reagent and confirmed.
shake it well.

2. Tollen’s Test (Silver mirror test) Presence of

Shining silver mirror is
To the compound add 3 to 4 drops of aldehydic group is
formed.
tollen's reagent confirmed.

3.Fehling’s Test
Take 1 ml each of Fehling’s solution A Red precipitate is Presence of
and B in a test tube. Add 4-5 drops of formed. aldehydic group is
the given compound and warm the test confirmed.
in a water bath for 4-5 minutes.

RESULT
The given organic compound A contains Aldehyde functional group and compound B
contains Ketone functional group
Ex.NO: 19 TEST FOR CARBOXYL GROUP
AIM:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Litmus Test
Blue litmus turns Presence of
Place a drop of the given compound on a moist to red. carboxylic group.
blue litmus paper.

2.Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate Test

Brisk
Take 1 ml of the given organic compound in a Presence of
effervescence is
test tube and add a pinch of sodium carboxylic group.
observed.
bicarbonate to it.

3.Ester Test
Take a small quantity of the given organic
compound in a test tube, add 1 ml of ethyl Presence of
alcohol and 1-2 drops of conc. H2SO4 into it. Fruity smell.
carboxylic group.
Heat the reaction mixture on a water bath for
about 5 minutes. Pour the mixture into a beaker
containing water.

RESULT
The given organic compound contains Carboxylic functional group.
Ex.NO: 20 TEST FOR AMINO GROUP
AIM:
To identify the functional group present in the given organic compound.

Experiment Observation Inference

1.Solubility Test Compound is Compound

Take a small quantity of the given compound in a clean test soluble in may be
tube and add 2-3 ml of dil.HCl and shake the test tube well. dil.HCl. amine.

2 Litmus Test. Compound

Red litmus turns
Place a drop of the given compound on a moist red litmus may be
to blue.
paper. amine.

3.Carbylamines Test
Take a small quantity of solid KOH in a dry test tube and An unpleasant Presence of
add about 2 ml of ethanol. Warm the test tube until the smell is primary
pellets dissolve. To this add a few drops of chloroform and produced. amine.
small amount of the given compound and warm gently.

4.Azo-Dye Test
Take three test tubes A, B and C. In test tube A, dissolve a Presence of
small quantity of the compound in 2 ml of HCl. In test tube Formation of a aromatic
B, prepare an aqueous solution of sodium nitrite. In test red or orange primary
tube C, dissolve a small quantity of β-naphthol in dilute dye. amine is
sodium hydroxide. Place all the three test tubes in an ice confirmed.
bath. Now add sodium nitrite solution into test tube A and
the resulting solution is added to test tube C.
 Distinguishing Tests for Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Amines
Experiment
1.Hinsberg Test.
To the compound in a add about 2
ml of 25% NaOH, 2 ml of water
and 1 ml of benzene sulphonyl
chloride. Shake the mixture for
about 10 minutes and then cool
formation of precipitate. Treat the
precipitate with 2 ml of conc.HCl.
RESULT
The given organic compound contains Amine functional group.
Observation Inference
No precipitate (clear solution).
Presence of primary
On addition of conc. HCl,
amine.
insoluble material is seen.
Presence of
secondary amine.
Precipitate is formed in the test
tube. It does not dissolve in conc.
HCl.
Precipitate is formed in the test Presence of tertiary
tube. It dissolves in conc. HCl. amine.
Ex.NO: 21 QUALITATIVE TESTS OF CARBOHYDRATES
AIM
To study simple tests of carbohydrates in the given food sample.

EXPIRIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.MOLISCH’S TEST
To the sample solution add few drops Formation of purple or Presence of
of Molisch’s reagent and add 1 ml of violet ring at the junction carbohydrates.
conc. H2SO4. of two layers.
2.FEHLING’S TEST
To the sample solution add 1-2 ml of Formation of red Presence of reducing
Fehling’s solution A and B. Keep the precipitate. sugars.
tube in water bath.
3.BENEDICT’S TEST
To the sample solution add 1-2 ml of
Benedict’s reagent. Keep the tube in Formation of red Presence of reducing
water bath. precipitate. sugars.

4.TOOLEN’S TEST
To the sample solution add 1-2 ml of A shining silver mirror Presence of reducing
Toolen’s reagent. Keep the tube in formed. carbohydrates.
water bath for 10 minutes.

5.IODINE TEST
To the sample solution add 1-2 ml of Appearance of blue colour Presence of Starch.
Iodine solution.

RESULT

The given food stuff contains Carbohydrates.

Ex.NO: 22 QUALITATIVE TESTS OF OILS AND FATS
AIM
To study simple tests to identify the presence of oils and fats in the given food sample.
EXPIRIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1. Solubility test
i) To the sample add water and mix Immiscible. Presence of oil or fat.
well.
ii) To the sample add alcohol and Sample forms layer, Presence of oil or fat.
mix well. which dissolves on
heating.
iii) To the sample add chloroform Miscible Presence of oil or fat.
and mix well.

2. Translucent spot test

Place a little of the substance in the Appearance of greasy Presence of oil or fat.
folds of filter paper. spot on the paper.
3. Acrolein test
To the sample add crystals of KHSO4 A pungent irritating Presence of oil or fat.
and heat. odour of acrolein
RESULT

The given food stuff contains oil or fat.

Ex.NO: 23 QUALITATIVE TESTS OF PROTEINS
AIM
To study simple tests to identify the presence of Proteins in the given food sample.
EXPIRIMENTS OBSERVATION INFERENCE

1.Biuret test
To the sample add 2ml of NaOH add 4-5 Bluish violet colouration. Prescence of
drops of 1% of CuSO4 solution .Warm the protein.
solution for about 5 minutes.
2.Xeanthoproteic test
To the sample add 3-4 drops of conc.HNO3 Appearance of yellow Prescence of
and heat. precipitate. protein.
3.Ninhydrin test
To the sample add 3-4 drops of ninhydrin Formation of intense blue Prescence of
solution. Then boil. colouration. protein.
4. Millon’s test Formation of white
To the sample add 2 drops of millon’s precipitate. Which Prescence of
reagent. changes to brick red on protein.
boiling.

RESULT
The given food stuff contains Protein.