14-Jan-24

MATH-2205

Lecture-14

Heat Transfer

Course Teacher: DR. MD. ASHIKUR RAHMAN KHAN

Heat Transfer:

that predicts

The following methods, of heat transfer, from one body to

another, are important from the subject point of view:

1
 14-Jan-24

Methods or Modes of Heat Transfer

It is a process of heat transfer from one

particle of the body to another in the direction of fall of
temperature.

2.
.

3.
, ,
.

Methods or Modes of Heat Transfer (Contd.)

2
 14-Jan-24

Methods or Modes of Heat Transfer (Contd.)

Methods or Modes of Heat Transfer (Contd.)

3
 14-Jan-24

Methods or Modes of Heat

Transfer (Contd.)

Thermal conductivities of materials

The order of decreasing thermal conductivity is as follows:

• Metals
• Non-metals
• Liquids and
• Gases

4
 14-Jan-24

FIGURE 1–
26 The
range of
thermal
conductivity
of various
materials at
room
temperature.

Thermal conductivities of
materials (Contd.)

5
 14-Jan-24

The variation of the thermal

conductivity of various solids,
liquids, and gases with
temperature

6
 14-Jan-24

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction

the (Q in W) (or heat

flux, q (W/m2) resulting from thermal conduction
(dT/dx)
and

Fig 1.5 Heat conduction through gas separating two solid walls.

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction (Contd.)

Q = Amount of heat flow through the body in a unit time or heat transfer rate
A = Surface area of heat flow. It is taken at right angles to the direction of
flow.
dT = Temperature difference on the two faces of the body.

dx = - Thickness of the body through which the heat flows.

It is taken along the direction of heat flow.
k = Constant of proportionality known as thermal conductivity of the body

7
 14-Jan-24

Fourier’s Law of Heat Conduction (Contd.)

Or

Heat Flux and Thermal Conductivity

8
 14-Jan-24

Thermal Conductivity
Thermal conductivity (k) is a material property describing the
ability to conduct heat.

Thermal conductivity can be defined as

"

Thermal conductivity units is W/(m K) in the SI system

and Btu/(hr ft °F) in the Imperial system.

9
 14-Jan-24

Case # 1: Heat Transfer by Conduction through a Slab or Single Wall

Figure Heat transfer through a slab

The glass windows of a room have a total area of 10 m2 and the

glass is 4 mm thick. Calculate the quantity of heat that escapes
from the room by conduction per second when the inside
surfaces of windows are at 25°C and the outside surfaces at 100
C. The value k is 0.84 W/m K.

Given:
A= I0 m2;
x=4mm=0.004mm;
T1 =25°C=298K; T2=, 10°C=283K;
k=Q.84W/mK

10
 14-Jan-24

Conductive Heat Transfer through an Aluminum Pot Wall with

thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80oC

Thermal conductivity for aluminum is 215 W/(m K).

Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as

Q/ A = (215 W/(m K)) (80 oC) / (2 10-3 m)

= 8600000 (W/m2)
= 8600 (kW/m2)

Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall

with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80oC
Thermal conductivity for stainless steel is 17 W/(m K).

Conductive heat transfer per unit area can be calculated as

Q/ A = (17 W/(m K)) (80 oC) / (2x10-3 m)

= 680000 (W/m2)
= 680 (kW/m2)

11
 14-Jan-24

A plane wall is constructed of solid iron with thermal

conductivity 70 W/moC. Thickness of the wall is 50 mm and
surface length and width is 1 m by 1 m. The temperature
is 150 oC on one side of the surface and 80oC on the other.

The conductive heat transfer through the wall can be calculated

Q = (70 W/m oC) (1 m) (1 m) ((150 oC) - (80 oC)) / (0.05 m)
= 98000 (W)
= 98 (kW)

Example # 5 [1.1 (From Book)]

12
 14-Jan-24

Case # 2: Heat Transfer by Conduction through a composite wall

Case # 2: Heat Transfer by Conduction through a composite wall

(Contd.)

13
 14-Jan-24

Case # 2: Heat Transfer by Conduction through a composite wall

(Contd.)

Example # 6 [1.2 (From Book)]

A Heat Transfer Textbook by John H Lienhard

14
 14-Jan-24

Example # 6 (Contd.)

Example # 6 (Contd.)

15
 14-Jan-24

Example # 6 (Contd.)

Case # 3 Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system

For such as in pipes as shown in following figure, the equation becomes:

Figure : Conduction through a cylinder

Heat transfer across a rectangular solid is the most direct application of

Fourier’s law. Heat transfer across a pipe or heat exchanger tube wall
is more complicated to evaluate.
Across a cylindrical wall, the heat transfer surface area is continually
increasing or decreasing. Figure 3 is a cross-sectional view of a pipe
constructed of a homogeneous material.

16
 14-Jan-24

Case # 3 Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system (Contd.)

The heat transfer through boiler tubes 'r refrigerator piping are
the examples of conduction of heat transferred radially through
the walls of hollow thick cylindrical pipes.
Consider a thick pipe of length, l carrying Steam or a hot liquid
at a higher temperature as shown in Fig 34.4.

Case # 3 Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system (Contd.)

Let the temperature drop across the thickness be dT.

17
 14-Jan-24

Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system (Contd.)

Case # 3 Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system (Contd.)

Example # 7:
A stainless steel pipe with a length of 35 ft has an inner diameter of 0.92 ft
and an outer diameter of 1.08 ft. The temperature of the inner surface of the
pipe is 122oF and the temperature of the outer surface is 118oF. The thermal
conductivity of the stainless steel is 108 Btu/hr-ft-oF. Calculate the heat
transfer rate through the pipe. Calculate the heat flux at the outer surface of
the pipe.

18
 14-Jan-24

Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system (Contd.)

Example # 8:
A 10 ft length of pipe with an inner radius of 1 in and an outer radius of
1.25 in has an outer surface temperature of 250°F. The heat transfer rate
is 30,000 Btu/hr. Find the interior surface temperature. Assume k = 25
Btu/hr-ft-°F.

Case # 4 Heat Transfer Rate For a Composite cylindrical system

The evaluation of heat

transfer through a
cylindrical wall can be
extended to include a
composite body
composed of several
concentric, cylindrical
layers, as shown in
Figure 4.

In case of a composite
cylinder, the heat
transfer is

Figure : Conduction through a composite cylindrical layers

19
 14-Jan-24

Case # 4 Heat Transfer Rate For a composite cylindrical

system (Contd.)

Example # 9:
A thick-walled nuclear coolant pipe (ks = 12.5 Btu/hr-ft-°F) with 10 in.
inside diameter (ID) and 12 in. outside diameter (OD) is covered with a 3
in. layer of asbestos insulation (ka = 0.14 Btu/hr-ft-o F) as shown in Figure
5. If the inside wall temperature of the pipe is maintained at 550°F,
calculate the heat loss per foot of length. The outside temperature is
100°F.

Case # 3 Heat Transfer Rate For a cylindrical system (Contd.)

Example # 9 (Contd.):

20
 14-Jan-24

Thermal resistance and electrical analogy

Equivalent Resistance Method:
It is possible to compare heat transfer to current flow in electrical circuits.

The heat transfer rate may be considered as a current flow and the
combination of thermal conductivity, thickness of material, and area as a
resistance to this flow.

The temperature difference is the potential or driving function for the heat
flow, resulting in the Fourier equation being written in a form similar to Ohm’s
Law of Electrical Circuit Theory.

If the thermal resistance term ∆x/k is written as a resistance term where the
resistance is the reciprocal of the thermal conductivity divided by the
thickness of the material, the result is the conduction equation being
analogous to electrical systems or networks.

The electrical analogy may be used to solve complex problems involving both
series and parallel thermal resistances.

Thermal resistance and electrical analogy (Contd.)

The student is referred to Figure 2, showing the equivalent resistance circuit.

A typical conduction problem in its analogous electrical form is given in the
following example, where the "electrical" Fourier equation may be written as
follows
q
where
q q=I

21
 14-Jan-24

Thermal resistance and electrical analogy (Contd.)

Figure 2.9 The one dimensional flow of current

22
 14-Jan-24

Thermal resistance and electrical analogy (Contd.)

Thermal resistance and electrical analogy (Contd.)

Example # 10:

23
 14-Jan-24

Thermal resistance and electrical analogy (Contd.)

Example # 10 (Contd.):

24
 14-Jan-24

Thanks

Prof. Dr. Md. Ashikur Rahman Khan

25