Lesson 2: Translation Processes (English/Arabic and Arabic/English

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Key Differences between English and Arabic

REMEMBER
Translation is important in bridging language and cultural gaps. It also emphasised the structural and
grammatical differences between English and Arabic and the significance of context and cultural
nuances in translation. Skilled translators with language proficiency and cultural awareness play a
critical role in effective language communication.

1.3. Challenges in Translation

REMEMBER
The challenges in translating between Arabic and English include linguistic differences, cultural
expressions, pronouns, time references, idiomatic expressions, religious texts, poetry, and honorifics.
Successful translation requires linguistic expertise, cultural understanding, and sensitivity to convey
accurate meaning across languages.

1.4.The main Foundation Methods of Translation

REMEMBER
the main foundation methods of translation are literal translation, dynamic equivalence, and
transcreation. Literal translation aims for accuracy and is suitable for technical content, while dynamic
equivalence focuses on conveying meaning and adapting to the target audience. Transcreation is a
creative approach used for artistic works and branding.

1.5. Techniques and Strategies of English - Arabic Translation

REMEMBER
Two main approaches are Direct Translation Techniques and Indirect (Oblique) Translation
Techniques.
Direct Translation Techniques involve straightforward transfers of words or phrases from English to
Arabic without major alterations. These techniques include Borrowing, Calque, and Transliteration.
Indirect Translation Techniques involve some adaptation to suit the target language's linguistic and
cultural requirements. These techniques include Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation.
Mastering these techniques is essential for accurate and culturally appropriate translations, fostering
effective communication between English and Arabic speakers.

RECAP OF THE LESSON:

This lesson explored English-Arabic translation techniques, focusing on Direct Translation
Techniques and Indirect (Oblique) Translation Techniques. Direct techniques involve straightforward
transfers of words or phrases, including Borrowing, Calque, and Transliteration. Indirect techniques
involve adaptation for a better cultural context, including Modulation, Equivalence, and Adaptation.
The lesson emphasised choosing the right approach based on content and target audience.
The following videos will help you consolidate what you have studied in
this lecture. Please, take a moment to watch them. The link is provided
to you below. Enjoy!

‫ إجراءات الترجمة وفقا للعالم نيومارك‬Translation procedures (Newmark)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=D36_GINT8U0

methods of translation: adaptation translation and free translation ‫الترجمة المالئمة‬

‫والترجمة الحرة‬

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BLsnKSQgGT8

Here is another link where you can learn some words and expressions
used in “the language of the law”

https://www-s3-live.kent.edu/s3fs-root/s3fs-
public/file/Legal%20Glossary%20English%20Arabic%202020%20%282%29.pdf?Ve
rsionId=OMDkAUHJ0A2UeXeK3ykrZGITJNcFIxJg

An example of this list is shown to you in this screenshot:

Références bibliographiques et webographiques

1. Ba’alabaki, M., (1967/2004). Al-Mawrid: a modern English-Arabic dictionary. Beirut:

Dar El-Ilm LilMalayen.
2. Baker, M. (2018). In other words: A coursebook on translation (3rd ed.). London and
New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315619187
3. Baker, M. & Gabriela, S. (2009). Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (2nd
Ed), London: Routledge.
4. Ballard, M. (2013). Histoire de la traduction: repères historiques et culturels. De
Boeck Superieur.
5. Bassnett, S. (2013). Translation studies. Routledge.
6. Catford, J. C., A Linguistic Theory of Translation, Oxford University Press, 2nd
edition, 2000.

7. Dickins, J; Hervey, S; and Higgins, I (2002). Thinking Arabic Translation. A course in

Translation Method: Arabic to English. Routledge: London and New York.
 8. Hatim, B. (1997), English-Arabic/Arabic-English Translation: A Practical Guide.
Saqi Books.
9. Hatim, B. & Munday, J. (2004). Translation: an Advanced Resource Book. Routledge.

10. Husni, R., & Newman, D. L. (2015). Arabic-english-arabic-english Translation:

Issues and Strategies. Routledge.

11. Ladmiral, J. R. (1979). 1994 Traduire, Théorèmes pour la traduction. Gallimard.

12. Ladmiral, J. R. (1998). Le prisme interculturel de la traduction. Palimpsestes. Revue

de traduction, (11), 15-30.

13. Laplace, C. (1991). Théorie du langage et théorie de la traduction: les concepts-clefs

de trois auteurs: Kade (Leipzig), Coseriu (Tübingen), Seleskovitch (Paris) (Doctoral
dissertation, Paris 3).

14. Mohammed, A. (2008). A Practical Guide to Translation: Arabic to English & Vise
Versa. Horus International Institution, 2008.

15. Munday, J. (2012). Introducing Translation Studies, 3rd Edition. New York:
Routledge.

16. Najeeb, E . M. (2005). Translation from English into Arabic and Vice Versa. Cairo

17. Pym, A. (2010). Exploring Translation Theories. New York: Routledge.

18. Radó, G. (1964). La traduction et son histoire. Babel, 10(1), 15-16.

19. 2003 ،‫ الشركة المصرية العالمية للنشر– لونجمان‬،‫ نظرية الترجمة الحديثة‬.‫ محمد‬،‫عناني‬

20. Nida, E., & Chales, T. (1969). The Theory and Practice of Translation. Brill Leiden:
Boston
Online Resources:

https://www.cambridgescholars.com/resources/pdfs/978-1-5275-3754-5-sample.pdf

Supplementary reading material is provided by the instructor.