BIOLOGY 102

Taxonomy and
Phylogeny of Algae
Patrick James F. Penales
University of the Philippines
Baguio
 Outline

I. Three Fields of Systematics

A. Taxonomy
B. Binomial Classification
C. Phylogeny

II. Basis of Algal Classification

III. Algal Groups

 Objectives

By the end of the lecture discussion, the students should

have been able to:

• Identify and describe the three field of systematics

• Enumerate and understand the bases of algal classification
• Investigate the relationships among algal taxa and
construct a simplified summary of these
• Gain a deeper sense of appreciation for the overall
phylogeny and taxonomy of algae
Three Fields of • “Biological nomenclature”
Systematics
• Goals:
o 1 kind of organism : only1 correct
Taxonomy name
o No 2 kinds of organisms bear the
same name
Binomial Classification

• Carolus Linnaeus, 1758

Phylogeny o “binomen”
o Latin
o Should be consistent with the rules
of I.C.B.N.
Three Fields of • Process of classifying
Systematics
• Taxon
o Category
Taxonomy
o Any named group of organisms
sufficiently distinct
Binomial
Binomial Classification
Classification
• Standard Botanical Hierarchical
Classification System
Phylogeny
Phylum: “phyta”
Class: “phyceae”
Order: ”ales”
Family: “aceae”
Genus
Species
Three Fields of • Caulerpa racemosa (Lamouroux, 1809)
Systematics • Common name: Sea grapes

Taxonomy Kingdom Plantae

Division Chlorophyta
Binomial
Binomial Classification
Classification
Class Ulvophyceae
Phylogeny Order Bryopsidales

Family Caulerpaceae

Genus Caulerpa

Species racemosa
Three Fields of • Monophyletic
Systematics • Paraphyletic
• Polyphyletic

Taxonomy

Binomial Classification

Phylogeny
Phylogeny
(Keeling, 2004)
 Outline

I. Three Fields of Systematics

II. Basis of Algal Classification

A. Morphology
B. Cellular Structures
C. Biochemical Similarities
D. Gene Sequencing
E. Synthesizing Evidences

III. Algal Groups

 Outline

I. Three Fields of Systematics

II. Basis of Algal Classification

III.Algal Groups
A. The Theory of Endosymbiosis
B. Types of Chloroplasts
C. Algal Classification Based on Chloroplast
D. Four Major Algal Groups
 Types of Chloroplasts

1. One thylakoid per band, no chloroplast ER

q Rhodophyta
 Types of Chloroplasts

2. Two to six thylakoids per band, no chloroplast ER

q Chlorophyta
 Types of Chloroplasts

3. Three thylakoids per band, one membrane of chloroplast

ER
q Dinophyta
q Euglenophyta
 Types of Chloroplasts

4. Two thylakoids per band, two membranes of chloroplast

ER
q Cryptophyta
 Types of Chloroplasts

5. Three thylakoids per band, two membranes of chloroplast

ER
q Heterokontophyta
 Algal Classification Based on
Chloroplast
1. Prokaryotes

2. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by two

membranes of chloroplast envelope

3. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by one

membrane of chloroplast ER

4. Eukaryotic algae with chloroplasts surrounded by two

membranes of chloroplast ER
(Keeling, 2004)
Four Major Algal v Cyanophyta
Groups
q Chlorophyll a

q Phycobilisome
Autotrophic
Group 1
q Peptidoglycan
Group 2 q Myxophycean starch

Group 3

Group 4

Nostoc
(Keeling, 2004)
Four Major Algal v Glaucophyta
Groups
q Microscopic, freshwater

q Represent an intermediate
Group 1
position
Group
Group 2
2 q Chlorophyll a and
phycobilisome
Group 3

Group 4

Glaucocystis nostochinearum
Four Major Algal v Rhodophyta
Groups
q Microscopic and

macroscopic
Group 1
q Aquatic environment
Group
Group 2
2 q Chlorophyll a and
phycobilisome
Group 3
q Floridean starch

Group 4

Porphyra Gelidiella
Four Major Algal v Chlorophyta
Groups
q Predominantly freshwater
algae
Group 1
q Chlorophyll a and b
Group
Group 2
2 q Starch within chloroplasts

Group 3

Group 4

Ulva lactuca
(Keeling, 2004)
Four Major Algal v Euglenophyta
Groups
q Marine and freshwater
flagellates
Group 1
q One flagellum with fibrillar

Group 2 hairs (spiral row)

q Green alga derived plastid

Group 3
Group 3 (chlorophyll a and b)

q Paramylon
Group 4

Euglena Phacus
Four Major Algal v Dinophyta
Groups
q Red alga derived plastid

q Chlorophyll a and c
Group 1
q Helical transverse flagellum
Group 2 q Unusual diversity of plastid
types
Group 3
Group 3

Group 4

Ceratium
Four Major Algal v Apicomplexa
Groups
q Heterotrophic flagellates

q Red alga derived plastid

Group 1
q Colorless apicoplasts
Group 2

Group 3
Group 3

Group 4

Plasmodium vivax
(Keeling, 2004)
Four Major Algal v Cryptophyta
Groups
q Red alga derived plastid

q Cryptomonads
Group 1
q Aquatic flagellates
Group 2 q Chlorophyll a and c;
Phycobilisomes
Group 3
q Nucleomorph

Group 4

Rhodomonas salina
The Nucleomorph
Four Major Algal v Heterokontophyta
Groups
q Red alga derived plastid

q Photosynthetic and non-

Group 1
photosynthetic

Group 2 q Chlorophyll a and c;

Fucoxanthin
Group 3
q Anterior tinsel and

Group posterior whiplash

Group 4
4
Four Major Algal v Heterokontophyta
Groups
q Eight Families

Ø Bacillariophyceae
Group 1
Ø Chrysophyceae
Group 2 Ø Dictyophyceae

Ø Pelagophyceae
Group 3
Ø Phaeophyceae
Group
Group 4
4 Ø Prymnesiophyceae

Ø Raphicophyceae

Ø Xanthophyceae
(Keeling, 2004)
 Gymnochlora
stellata

http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Chlorarachniophyceae/GYMNOCHLORA/Gymnochlora_Image_page.htm
• Coccolithophore
Sheward, Rosie. (2016). Cell size, coccosphere
geometry and growth in modern and fossil
coccolithophores.
 Paramecium
caudatum

http://protist.i.hosei.ac.jp/PDB/Images/Ciliophora/Paramecium/caudatum/intactcells/sp_14.html
Paulinella
chromatophora
https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2012/06/how-an-endosymbiont-earns-tenure.html

http://cfb.unh.edu/phycokey/Choices/Cyanobacteria/cyano_unicells/SYNECHOCOCCUS/Synechococcus_Image_page.htm
 Primary Secondary Symbiosis Tertiary and Serial
Endosymbiosis Secondary
Symbiosis
1. Glaucophytes 1.Euglenids 1. Some
dinoflagellates
2. Red algae 2.
Chlorarachniophytes
3. Green algae 3. Prymnesiophytes/
Haptophytes
4. Heterokonts/
Stramenophiles
5. Dinoflagellates
6. Apicomplexans
(Keeling, 2004)