Business Communication

eëmvq †hvMv‡hvM
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†Kvm© †KvW BBS 2502

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cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt Avjxb~i ingvb
cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt †gvkviid †nv‡mb
cÖ‡dmi †gvt Avãym mvjvg
†gvt †gvZvnviyj Bmjvg
†gvt Lvqiyj Bmjvg
m¤úv`bvq
cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt GKivgyj nK
mgb¦qKvix
cÖ‡dmi W. †gvt Avjxb~i ingvb
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION
BBS PROGRAMME
I‡cb ¯‹zj
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
MvRxcyi-1705|
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KvRx mvBdzÏxb AveŸvm
Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Ges †W¯‹Uc cÖ‡mwms

†gvt wmwÏKzj Bmjvg
KvRx †gvÏv‡”Qiyj nK
cÖ”Q` MÖvwd·
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cÖKvkbv, gy`ªY I weZiY wefvM
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq
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XvKv-1100|
BUSINESS COMMUNICATION, A 5 credit course book for the BBS Programme. Written by Professor Dr. Md.
Alinoor Rahman, Professor Dr. Md. Mosharraf Hossain, Professor Md. Abdus Salam, Md. Motaharul Islam, Md.
Khairul Islam. Course Co-ordinator : Professor Dr. Md. Alinoor Rahman. This book has been published by the
recommendation of a referee who reviewed the book anonymously.
ISBN 984-34-3092-1
m~wPcÎ
BDwbU GK t †hvMv‡hvM cwiwPwZ 1-22
cvV 1 t †hvMv‡hvM I eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv, AvIZv Ges D‡Ïk¨¡ .................... 2
cvV 2 t eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ I bxwZgvjv ............................................... 7
cvV 3 t dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ................. 11
cvV 4 t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi ............................................... 18
BDwbU `yB t †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g / c×wZ 23-48
cvV 1 t †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g I wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM ................................................. 24
cvV 2 t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ......................................................................... 32
cvV 3 t Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM .......................................................................... 45
BDwbU wZb t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f` 49-80
cvV 1 t AvšÍte¨w³K I AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM ................................................. 50
cvV 2 t MY-†hvMv‡hvM ............................................................................... 55
cvV 3 t wbæMvgx I DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM ........................................................... 59
cvV 4 t mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM ....................................................................... 65
cvV 5 t Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM ......................................................... 68
cvV 6 t AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM ................................................... 72
cvV 7 t GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM I wØgyLx †hvMv‡hvM ................................................. 75
cvV 8 t †MÖcfvBb I Bnvi KviYmg~n ............................................................. 77
BDwbU Pvi t mfv 81-94
cvV 1 t mfv I mfvi †kªYxwefvM ................................................................. 82
cvV 2 t †bvwUk ........................................................................................ 87
cvV 3 t G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP .................................................................... 89
cvV 4 t mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx .......................................................................... 91
BDwbU cuvP t evwYwR¨KcÎ 95-118
cvV 1 t evwYwR¨K c‡Îi msÁv I êwkó¨ ........................................................ 96
cvV 2 t evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv ............................................... 97
cvV 3 t evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wewfbœ Ask I KvVv‡gv web¨vm ....................................... 99
cvV 4 t cÖvwZôvwbK I Avav cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ .................................................... 101
cvV 5 t PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ......................................................................... 103
cvV 6 t mv¶vrKvicÎ, wb‡qvMcÎ Ges PvKzwi‡Z †hvM`vbcÎ ................................ 105
cvV 7 t weµq cÖ¯Íve, eëmvq AbymÜvb (g~j¨ wRÁvmv), ì D‡jøL I digv‡qk cÎ.... 108
cvV 8 t Awf‡hvM I gxgvsmv msµvšÍ cÎ ........................................................ 112
cvV 9 t Z_¨vbymÜvb/†hvM¨Zv AbymÜvbcÎ I Gi DËi ....................................... 114
cvV 10 t cwiPq cÎ Ges mycvwik cÎ ............................................................. 116
BDwbU Qq t cÖwZ‡e`b 119-138
cvV 1 t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi msÁv, ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv .............................................. 120
cvV 2 t DËg cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨, êwkó¨ I Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx ............................. 123
cvV 3 t GKwU Av`k© cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki ¸Yvejx I DËg cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi ev cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î cvjbxq
bxwZgvjv ..................................................................................... 126
cvV 4 t cÖwZ‡e`b wjLvi wewfbœ c×wZ I GKwU we‡kølYÍK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ Ask..... 129
cvV 5 t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †kªYxwefvM ................................................................... 132
cvV 6 t wewfbœ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi bgybv .................................................................. 134
BDwbU mvZ t evwYwR¨K kãvejx I kã ms‡¶c 139-166
cvV 1 t evwYwR¨K kãvejx .......................................................................... 140
cvV 2 t evwYwR¨K kã ms‡¶c .................................................................... 160
bgybv cÖkœ t 167
BDwbU
1
†hvMv‡hvM cwiwPwZ
(Introduction to Communication)
Avgiv †hLv‡bB _vwKbv †Kb, hvnvB wKQz Kwi bv †Kb, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ i‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì AvZ¥vi AvwZ¥K
m¤úK©| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †Kvb KvR, eëmvq ev Ab¨ †Kvb wKQz KLbB Avgv‡ì c‡¶ Kiv m¤¢e bq| ZvB
eëmvqmn me©‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
GB BDwb‡U i‡q‡Q †hvMv‡hvM, eëmvq †hvMv‡hvM, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa, D‡Ïk¨, ¸iyZ¡, bxwZgvjv, dj`vqK
†hvMv‡hvM I Bnvi c~e©kZ©, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Ges †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evavmg~n|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†hvMv‡hvM I eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv, AvIZv Ges D‡Ïk¨
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb -
†hvMv‡hvM I eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv ev cwiwa eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†hvMv‡hvM (Communication)
mnR K_vq fve, aviYv I Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb ev wewbgq‡K ejv nq †hvMv‡hvM| e¨vcK A‡_© D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi
Rb¨ ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ †Kvb wel‡q fve, aviYv, gZvgZ, Z_¨, wb‡`©kbv BZ¨vwì wewbgq‡K ejv nq
†hvMv‡hvM| †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© KÕwU msÁv Avcbvi AeMwZi Rb¨ wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv t
wbDg¨vb I mvgvi Gi g‡Z †hvMv‡hvM n‡”Q `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ Z_¨, fve, AwfgZ ev Av‡eM-
AbyfywZi wewbgq|
Av‡gwiKvb eë¯’vcbv mwgwZi g‡Z †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Ggb me AvPiYB Avgiv ey‡S _vwK hv †Kvb A_© ev
fv‡ei wewbgq NUvq|
KzÄ Ges DwqPwi‡Pi g‡Z †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv ‡cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU Z_¨ ¯’vbvšÍi, †h Z_¨ Øviv
cÖvcK AeMZ n‡Z cv‡i|
myZivs g~j D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ GKR‡bi wbKU †_‡K Ab¨ R‡bi wbKU Z_¨, fve, aviYv, msev`, gZvgZ
†cÖiY cÖwµqvB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| †gŠwLK, wjwLZ, AvKvi-Bw½Z, †Uwj‡dvb, d¨v·, GmGgGm, †U‡j·,
wPwVcÎ, cÎ-cwÎKv, msev` BZ¨vw` †h †Kvb gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨
wbwðZKi‡Yi Rb¨ cÖvc‡Ki wbKU Zv †evaMg¨ n‡Z n‡e Ges cÖZz¨Ëi _vK‡Z n‡e|
Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM (Business Communication)

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© AskB n‡jv Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM| GKK_vq Kvievi cwiPvjbv msµvšÍ
†hvMv‡hvM‡K Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_© Kvievi cwiPvjbvq Drcv`b, eÈb I G‡ì mnvqK
Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ fve, aviYv I Z‡_ï
Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© KwZcq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© msÁv Gevi Avgiv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡ev -
Aa¨vcK †R. nv÷ e‡jb- myôzfv‡e Kvievi cwiPvjbv I msMV‡bi Rb¨ `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h
†hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq, Zv‡K Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-2
Aa¨vcK †eªbvb e‡jb wkí I evwYR¨ msµvšÍ aviYvi cÖKvk, †cÖiY, msMÖn I cvi¯úwiK Av`vb-cÖ`vbB
n‡jv Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM|
Aa¨vcK †P÷vi AvB evb©vW e‡jb, †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv Kvievi cwiPvjbvi †K›`ª we›`y| Avi eë¯’vc‡Ki mKj
Kvh©B n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM †K›`ªxK|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbvi Av‡jv‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Kviev‡ii mKj c‡¶i e¨w³ I
cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ fve, aviYv I Z‡_ï wewfbœ cÖKvi Av`vb-cÖ`vbB n‡jv Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM| Kviev‡ii
mvwe©K mdjZv myôz Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DciB wbf©i K‡i|
Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Business Communication)

Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ wbwð‡Zi Rb¨ mKj c‡¶i mv‡_ Kvh©Ki I dj`vqK
†hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv| Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨‡K Avgiv wbgœiƒ‡c Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi t-
1. Z_¨, fve, aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb t eë¯’vcbv Kvh© myôziƒ‡c cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ eë¯’vcbvi KvRB n‡jv
Z_¨, fve, aviYv msMÖn, wePvi-we‡kølK Ges wewbgq| mwVK mg‡q mwVK Z_¨ msMÖn I mwVK ¯’v‡b
wewbgq Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©b m¤¢e bq| Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zv mwVKiƒ‡c
wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e|
2. wb‡`©kbv I civgk© `vb t Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Aaxb¯’‡ì wb‡`©kbv Ges mnKwg©‡ì civgk©
†`qv hvq| d‡j mwVK wb‡`©kbv I civgk© †c‡q mK‡jB hvi hvi Kvh© m¤úv`‡b Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
3. `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv t Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡ii Kwg©‡ì
`vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZb Kiv hvq| d‡j mK‡j mKj welq Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges me©¯Í‡ii
m‡PZbZv e„w× cvq|
4. AskMÖnYg~jK eë¯’vcbvq mnvqZv t †hvMv‡hvM Qvov AskMÖnYg~jK eë¯’vcbv Am¤¢e| DËg
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g kªwgK I eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ we‡Øl I wØav-Ø›Ø `~i Kiv m¤¢e nq Ges AskMÖnYg~jK
eë¯’vcbv wbwðZ Kiv hvq|
5. wm×všÍMÖnY I ev¯Íevqb t mwVK wm×všÍMÖnY I Zv ev¯Íevq‡bi †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
†Kbbv, evwn¨K wewfbœ e¨w³, cÖwZôvb Ges Af¨šÍixY wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii ÷vd‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Qvov
h_vh_fv‡e mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges Zv mwVKiƒ‡c ev¯Íevqb Kiv hvq bv|
6. mgš^qmvab t eë¯’vcbv Kvh© myôziƒ‡c m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡b wewfbœ wefvM, Dc-wefvM Ges kvLv-
cÖkvLv _v‡K| G¸‡jvi g‡a¨ myôz mgš^‡qi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvMB GKgvÎ cš’v|
7. D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Kwg©‡ì ÁvZ Kiv‡bv t cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Kwg©‡ì Rvbv‡Z nq|
G‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AwZ Avek¨K| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov Kwg©‡ì D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Rvbv‡bv m¤¢e bq|
8. Kwg©‡ì cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`vb t Kwg©‡ì cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`vb Qvov D‡Ïk¨
AR©b wbwðZ Kiv hvq bv| wKš‘ †hvMv‡hvM Qvov cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`v‡bi K_v wPš—vB Kiv
hvq bv|
9. wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb t kªwgK-gvwj‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK©B n‡jv wkí m¤úK©| GB m¤úK© cÖwZôv I Dbœq‡bi
Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Acwinvh©| †hvMv‡hvM h‡Zv fvj n‡e, GB m¤úK©I Z‡Zv fv‡jv n‡q _v‡K|
BDwbU GK c„„ôv-3
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
10. cwiKíbv I wbqš¿‡Y mnvqZv t cwiKíbv cÖYq‡bi Rb¨ wewfbœ ¯’vb †_‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_¨
msMÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K wbqš¿Y wbwð‡Zi RbÏ me©Î †hvMv‡hvM ivL‡Z nq| ZvB myôz cwiKíbv
cÖYqb Ges wbqš¿‡Y †hvMv‡hvM Avewk¨K|
11. ‡h †Kvb mgm¨v `ªyZ mgvavb t cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i me©`vB †Kvb bv †Kvb mgm¨v †j‡M _v‡K| G
mKj mgm¨v `ªyZ mgvav‡bi †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h, cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K Dfq †¶‡ÎB †hvMv‡hvM
AwZ Avek¨K|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa (Scope of Communication)

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…wZ, Kv‡Ri aviv, AvqZb, Ae¯’vb cÖf„wZi cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx ¶z`ª ev e„nr †h
†Kvb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY n‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa ev AvIZv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM t gvby‡li Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ Rxe‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i †hvMv‡hvM ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| e¨w³MZfv‡e evj¨Kvj n‡Z ïiy K‡i QvÎRxeb, Kg©Rxeb, ivR‰bwZK Rxeb ev
Ab¨ †h †Kvb †ckvq RwoZ _vKzK bv †Kb, Zv‡K me©mgqB †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z nq| GB me ¯Íi ev
mg‡q †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K, Gi meUvB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZvfy³|
2. ag©xq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM t †hvMv‡hvM gvby‡li ag©xq Rxe‡bI m¤úK©hy³| wewfbœ ag© cÖPviKMY
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡gB ¯^ ¯^ a‡g©i evYx Ges g~jgš¿ mªóvi wbKU n‡Z cÖvß n‡q‡Qb, Avevi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
gva¨‡gB Zv mvaviY gvby‡li wbKU cÖPvi K‡i‡Qb|
3. mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM t gvbyl mvgvwRK Rxe Ges Zv‡K mgvRe× n‡q evm Ki‡Z nh| ZvB Zv‡K
mgv‡Ri wewfbœ e¨w³, cwievi, cÖwZôvb QvovI wewfbœ Abyôvbvw` I Kg©Kv‡Ûi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ †_‡K
me©¶Y †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i Pj‡Z nq|
4. ivóªxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM t iv‡óªi wewfbœ gš¿Yvjq, wefvM, `ßi Ges cwi`ß‡i wewfbœgyLx Kg©KvÛ mPj
ivLvi Ges mgš^q Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| ivóªxq †hvMv‡hvM `yB cÖKvi h_v t (K) Af¨šÍixY I
(L) ê‡`wkK| Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM iv‡óªi Af¨šÍ‡i mKj miKvwi Awdm I cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ n‡q
_v‡K Ges ê‡`wkK †hvMv‡hvM †`‡ki evB‡ii †Kvb iv‡óªi mv‡_ n‡q _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq miKv‡ii
mKj ch©v‡qi Kg©KvÛ mPj ivLvi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
5. eëmvq RM‡Z †hvMv‡hvM t eëmvq †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ges cÖwZwU cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ I
D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY Ges Zv ev¯Íevq‡b Drcv`b, eÈb Ges G‡ì mnvqZvKvix e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_
me©mgqB †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| eëmvq †hvMv‡hvM wewfbœ cÖKvi n‡Z cv‡i t-
K) Drcv`‡bi †¶‡Î t ‡Kvb cY¨ Drcv`b Ki‡Z KuvPvgvj msMÖn I KuvPvgvj gRyZ Ki‡Z nq|
gRyZK…Z KuvPvgvj I Ab¨vb¨ DcKi‡Yi mvnv‡h¨ Drcv`b Avi¤¢ nq| GRb¨ Drcv`b cwiKíbv,
KviLvbvi hš¿cvwZ web¨vm, Drcv`b wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvnvh¨ wb‡Z nq|
L) eÈ‡bi †¶‡Î t cY¨ ev †mev Drcv`‡bi ci Zv cÖK…Z †fv³vi wbKU †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z nq| Drcvw`Z
cY¨ †fv³vi Kv‡Q †cuŠ‡Q †`qvi j‡¶¨ weÁvcb, cÖPvi Ges eÈ‡b mvnvh¨Kvix cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_
Pzw³ m¤úv`b BZ¨vw` me©‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-4
M) Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©Kjv‡c †hvMv‡hvM t Drcv`b I eÈ‡b mnvqZvKvix

Kvh©Kjvc †hgb, e¨vsK, exgv, cwienY I ¸`vgRvZKiY cÖf„wZ †¶‡Î wbqZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvnvh¨
wb‡Z nq| Ab¨_vq eëmvq wVKgZ cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq bv|
6. eë¯’vcbvq †hvMv‡hvM t AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvi me‡P‡q eo nvwZqvi n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| eë¯’vcbvq mKj
Kvh©µ‡gi myôz ev¯—evqb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci wbf©ikxj| †hgb t-
K) cwiKíbvq t eë¯’vcbvi cÖ_g KvR n‡jv cwiKíbv cÖYqb| cwiKíbv cÖYq‡b wewfbœ cÖKvi DcvË
I Z_¨vwì Dci wbf©i Ki‡Z nq| GB me Z‡_ï msMÖn, wePvi-we‡kølY I cÖ‡qv‡Mi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb|
L) msMVb t msMVb ej‡Z Drcv`‡bi DcKiYvw`, †hgb - f~wg, kªg, g~jab, cÖhyw³ cÖf„wZi msMÖn
Kiv‡K eySvq| Avi GUv m¤¢e nq DËg †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g|
M) wb‡`©kbvq t Drc`v‡bi DcKiYvw` †hvMvo Kivi ci D”P¯Íi †_‡K wbgœ¯Í‡i Kvh© ïiy Kivi wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| Giƒc wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î eë¯’vcbv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi DciB wbf©i Ki‡Z nq|
N) mgš^q t Kv‡h©i myweav Ges `¶Zv wbwðZ Ki‡Z KvR‡K Kv‡Ri cÖK…wZ Abyhvqx wef³ K‡i †`qv
nq| msMV‡bi g~j j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ Avevi G¸‡jvi msnwZ I ms‡hvR‡biI cÖ‡qvRb
nq| GB cÖwµqv‡K ejv nq mgš^q mvab| ZvB ejv hvq Kvh© wefw³ I mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv AZ¨vek¨K|
O) cÖ‡Yv`bvq t kªwgK Kwg©‡ì g‡bvej, B”Qv, AvMÖn, Kg©kw³ Ges DÏxcbv e„w×i GKwU †KŠkj n‡jv
cÖ‡Yv`bv| Zviv hLb KvR Ki‡Z Ki‡Z K¬všÍ, Aembœ nq ZLb Zv‡ì cÖ‡Yvw`Z Ki‡Z nq|
kªwgK-Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ myôz cÖ‡Yv`bv cÖ`vb †hvMv‡hvM ØvivB m¤¢e|
P) wbqš¿Y t eë¯’vcbvi †kl cÖwµqv n‡jv wbqš¿Y| c~e© cwiKwíZ j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ nvwmj n‡”Q wK bv
Zv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| Drcv`bKvix cY¨ I †mevi gvb wVK ivLvi Rb¨
wbqš¿‡Yi gva¨‡g wewfbœ eë¯’v MÖnY K‡i _v‡K| ZvB ejv hvq myôz wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ DbœZ
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ìKvi|
7. wkí m¤úK© i¶vq †hvMv‡hvM t eëmv‡qi gvwjK-gRy‡i †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© m¤ú‡K©i Dci AvaywbK eëmvq
eë¯’vcbvq h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| Kv‡RB gvwjK-kªwg‡K myôz wkí m¤úK© cÖwZôv I
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
ZvQvov AvaywbK eëmv‡q Rbms‡hvM wefvM, MYZ_¨ wefvM BZ¨vw` †hvMv‡hvM i¶‡Yi Rb¨ †Lvjv n‡q
_v‡K| Z_¨ msMÖn I mieivn KivB G‡ì g~j KvR|
8. evwn¨K I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvq †hvMv‡hvM t †h †Kvb eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K evwn¨K e¨w³, cÖwZôvb,
Z_v mieivnKvix ms¯’v, miKvwi wefvM BZ¨vwì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K
AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvqI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv Ab¯^xKvh©| wewfbœ AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vi mv‡_
(K‚U‰bwZK, A_©‰bwZK, evwYwR¨K I Z_¨ ev msev` G‡RwÝ cÖf„wZ) †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv Qvov Pjv hvq
bv| G‡¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v hZ DbœZ n‡e, ZZB g½jRbK|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K ejv hvq, wewfbœ e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ fve, Z_¨, aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨
†hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM GKwU mve©Rbxb welq Ges Bnvi cwiwaI e¨vcK|
cvV ms‡¶c
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Z_¨, fve, aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vbB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM| Avi GKvR hLb Kvievi ev eëmvq
cwiPjvbvi Rb¨ Kiv nq ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM| Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Z_¨,
fve aviYvi Av`vb-cÖ`vb, wb‡`©kbv I civgk© `vb, `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, AskMÖnYg~jK
eë¯’cbvq mnvqZv, wm×všÍMÖnY I ev¯Íevqb, mgš^qmvab, D‡Ïk¨ I bxwZgvjv Kwg©‡ì ÁvZ Kiv‡bv,
Kwg©‡ì cÖwk¶Y, ZË¡veavb I †cÖlYv cÖ`vb Ges wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwaI e¨vcK| hvi
g‡a¨ i‡qQ e¨w³Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM, ag©xq †hvMv‡hvM, mvgvwRK †¶‡Î †hvMv‡hvM, ivóªxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hvM,
eëmvq RM‡Z †hvMv‡hvM (Drcv`b, eÈb, Drcv`b I eÈ‡b mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©Kjvc), eë¯’vcbvq
†hvMv‡hvM (cwiKíbv, msMVb, wb‡`©kbv, mgš^q, cÖ‡Yv`bv, wbqš¿Y), wkí m¤úK© i¶vq †hvMv‡hvM Ges
evwn¨K I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© cÖwZôvq †hvMv‡hvM|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.1

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b|
1. eëmvq cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ hLb fve, aviYv I Z‡_ï Av`vb-cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq -
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) Z_¨ wewbgq
M) Av`vb-cÖ`vb N) eëmvq †hvMv‡hvM
2. Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv -
K) Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb L) cwiKíbv
M) msMVb N) wbqš¿Y
3. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa AZ¨šÍ -
K) msKxY© L) e¨vcK
M) ga¨g cÖK…wZi N) meKwU
4. e¨w³, mgvR, ag©xq, ivóªxq Rxebmn me©‡¶‡Î i‡q‡Q wK‡mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv?
K) Z_¨ cÖhyw³i L) †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
M) wPšÍvavivi N) meKwU|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-6
eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ I bxwZgvjv

(Importance and Principles of Business
Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb-
eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv K‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ (Importance of Communication)
gvbeRxe‡bi mKj ¯Í‡iB †hvMv‡hvM Nwbó fv‡e m¤ú„³| Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ cÖwZwU gvby‡liB cÖ‡qvRb
c~i‡Yi Rb¨ †hgb †hvMv‡hvM Avek¨K, †Zgwb eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi ïiy †_‡K D‡Ï‡kï ¯^v_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi
RbÏ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ØvivB fve, Z_¨, msev`, gZvgZ, Afve-Awf‡hvM cwi‡ekb Kiv
nq| cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c/wm×všÍ †bqv nq Ges Zv h_v¯’v‡b †cuŠ‡Q †`qv nq| ZvB e¨w³Rxeb, eëmv I
mgvR Rxeb, ag©xq Ges RvZxq Rxe‡b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
wb‡gœi c‡q›U¸‡jvi Av‡jv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡‡K we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1. j¶¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨
2. `¶ eë¯’vcbv
3. mgš^q mvab
4. wb‡`©kbv
5. êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvq fywgKv
6. Kwg©i `¶Zv e„w×
7. †cÖlYv I g‡bvej e„w×
8. †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb
9. Kvh© m‡š‘vwó weavb
10. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w×
11. Z_¨vbymÜvb I M‡elYv
12. `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY
13. cÖPvi BZ¨vw`|
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. j¶¨ AR©‡b mvnvh¨ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi g~j j‡¶ï Av‡jv‡K wewfbœ e¨w³ I `‡ji j¶¨
m¤ú‡K© AewnZ Kiv nq Ges Zv‡ì AbycÖvwYZ Kivi gva¨‡g Zv‡ì mw¤§wjZ cÖ‡Póvi Kvg¨
(optimum) wb‡qvM wbwðZ Kiv nq| d‡j j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wbwðZ nq|
2. `¶ eë¯’vcbv t eë¯’vcbv‡K `¶ Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Avek¨K| myôz I kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM Qvov
eë¯’vcbv Kvh©vewj (h_v t cwiKíbv, msMVb, cwiPvjbv, †cÖlYv, mgš^q I wbqš¿Y) mym¤úbœ n‡Z cv‡i
bv| cÖwZwU Kv‡h©i mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bB eë¯’vcbv `¶ nq Ges GRb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Acwinvh©|
3. mgš^qmvab t cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi me©¯Í‡ii wb‡qvwRZ Kwg© Ges Zvì
Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ myôz mgš^q GKvšÍ ìKvi Ges GRb¨ cÖ‡qvRb kw³kvjx †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
4. wb‡`©kbv t D”P eë¯’vcbvi cwiKíbv, Kg©m~wP cÖf„wZ ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ bvbv cÖKvi wb‡`©kbv, civgk© I
Dc‡`kvejx ga¨ I wbgœ¯Í‡ii Kwg©‡ì wbKU †cÖiY Ki‡Z nq| KviY, D”P eë¯’vcbvi wb‡`©k bv †c‡j
Zviv h_vh_fv‡e Kvh© m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †Kvb wb‡`©k Ges civgk©B Dchy©³
¯’v‡b †cÖiY m¤¢e bq|
5. ‰eÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvq f~wgKv t ‰eÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvq Kwg©‡ì gvbexq w`‡Ki cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q _v‡K
h_v t Kwg©‡ì †cÖlYv cÖ`vb, wPË we‡bv`b, ‡Ljva~jv, wkí m¤úK© Dbœqb Ges G‡¶‡Î fyj eySveywSi
Aemvb K‡i mn‡hvwMZvi fve cÖwZóv I KviLvbvi Kvh© cwi‡e‡ki Dbœq‡bi cÖwZ h‡_ó ¸iyZ¡ †`qv nq|
G‡¶‡Î myôz †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv me©v‡MÖ|
6. Kwg©i `¶Zv e„w× t myôz †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kwg©iv D”P I ga¨ eë¯’vcbvi cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©kvejx Qvov
Zv‡ì `vwqZ¡, KZ©e¨ I Zv m¤úv`‡bi DËg c×wZ I cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© c~‡e©B AewnZ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
Kwg©‡ì Kvh© `¶Zv, Kv‡h©i cwigvY I ¸YMZgvb e„w× cvq|
7. cÖ‡Yv`bv I g‡bvej e„w× t myôz I wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kwg©‡ì mv‡_ msMV‡bi m¤úK© wbweo
nq| msMV‡bi D‡Ïk¨ mva‡b Zv‡ì Kv‡h©i ¸iyZ¡ Ges Ae`vb m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z Zv‡ì
ˆbKU¨, AbyMZ¨, g‡bvej I cÖ‡Yv`bv e„w× cvq|
8. ‡bZ…Z¡ `vb t me‡¶‡ÎB `¶ †bZv m‡Ë¡I myôz †hvMv‡hvM Qvov †bZ…Z¡ e¨_© n‡Z eva¨| cÖwZôv‡bi †bZv
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Zvi wPšÍv-‡PZbv, a¨vb-aviYv, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ, civgk©, wb‡`©k Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡a¨
cÖPvi K‡i cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. Kvh© m‡š‘vwó weavb t myôz, `¶ I wbqwgZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Øviv Kwg©‡ì m‡e©v”P Kvh© m‡š‘vwó weavb Kiv
hvq| KviY, †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g gvwjK ev eë¯’vcK‡ì B”Qv, AvKv•¶v, evwÂZ Kg©, Kg© c×wZ
Kwg©iv Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j gvwjK I kªwg‡Ki g‡a¨ DËg gvbweK m¤úK© M‡o D‡V| Ef‡qi m‡e©v”P
¯^v_©-msi¶Y m¤¢e nq| d‡j Kv‡h©i cÖwZ AvMÖn I AvbyMZ¨ e„w×mn Kwg©‡ì me©vwaK Kvh© m‡š‘vwó e„w×
cvq|
10. cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w× t ¯^xq g‡bi fve Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hv‡Mi eë¯’v
Kwg©‡ì cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w× K‡i| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Kwg©iv Zv‡ì Afve-
Awf‡hvM‡K eë¯’vcbv‡K Rvbv‡Z cv‡i| d‡j eë¯’vcbv I Kwg©‡ì m¤úK© wbweo nq| hv cÖwZôv‡bi
mvdj¨ e‡q Av‡b|
11. Z_¨ AbymÜvb I M‡elYv t cÖwZôvb‡K eZ©gvb cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK evRv‡i wUK‡Z n‡j cÖwZ‡hvMx‡ì
Ae¯’vb, msL¨v, evRvi cwiwa, †µZv‡ì g‡bvfve BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z nq|
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v G mKj Z_¨ AbymÜvb, msMÖn Ges M‡elYv ev wePvi-we‡kølY K‡i eë¯’vcbv‡K
mwVK c`‡¶c I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ K‡i| d‡j, cÖwZôv‡bi DbœwZi c_ myMg nq|
12. `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY t AvaywbK RwUj I cwieZ©bkxj evRvi eë¯’vq wbZ¨ bZzb mgm¨vi m„wó nq| d‡j
eë¯’vcbv‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g welqvw` AeMZ n‡q `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY Ges ev¯Íevq‡bi gva¨‡g
cwiewZ©Z Ae¯’vi †gvKv‡ejv K‡i evRv‡i wU‡K _vK‡Z cv‡i|
13. cÖPvi t cÖwZôv‡bi cY¨ `ª‡eï cÖPvi I evRvi m„wó QvovI †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg cÖKv‡k
Ab¨Zg gva¨g wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| d‡j mgv‡Ri me©¯Í‡ii RbMY Z_v MÖvnK, AbyMÖvnK, c„ô‡cvlK I
m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì wbKU cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg e„w× cvq|
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv †_‡K Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi Kwg© I Kv‡h©i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab K‡i, †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© wkí m¤úK©
eRvqmn Kwg©‡ì m‡e©v”P cÖ‡Póv wb‡qv‡Mi gva¨‡g wgZe¨wqZvi mv‡_ Kvg¨ MwZ Kvh© Ae¨vnZ †i‡L Drcv`b
I Drcv`bkxjZv e„w× QvovI eÈ‡b me©vwaK wgZe¨wqZv AR©‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi g~j D‡Ïk¨ m‡e©v”P I
mv_©K ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv Acwimxg|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-8
‡hvMv‡hvM ïay Kvievi RM‡ZB bq, e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK Rxe‡bI Zv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| Bnv
e¨w³‡Z-e¨w³‡Z, mgv‡R-mgv‡R, wk¶v, ms¯‹…wZ I fv‡ei Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g e¨w³, mgvR Z_v RvwZi
DrKl© I kªxe„w×‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb Ki‡Q Ges djkÖywZ‡Z e¨w³, mgwó, mgvR I RvwZ w`b-w`b
mf¨Zvi Av‡jv‡K D™¢vwmZ n‡”Q|
eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Business Communication)
†hvMv‡hvM‡K mwVK, evavnxb I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ KZK¸‡jv bxwZ AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ Av`k© ev
DËg †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. cwiKíbvi bxwZ (Principle of Planning) t Kvh©Kifv‡e †hvMv‡hvM K‡i j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ c~e©
cwiKíbv AZ¨šÍ cÖ‡qvRb| KviY, †hvMv‡hvM †Kb Kiv n‡e, KLb Kiv n‡e, Kvi mv‡_ Kiv n‡e,
wKfv‡e Kiv n‡e G cÖkœ¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K c~‡e©B cwiKíbv cÖYqb K‡i AMÖmi n‡Z n‡e|
2. ¯úóZv I mijZvi bxwZ (Principle of Clearity and Simplicity) t mv_©K †hvMv‡hvM Aek¨B my¯úó
I cÖZ¨¶ n‡e| G‡Z †Kvbiƒc A¯úóZv, Ø¨_©‡evaKZv I RwUjZv _vK‡e bv| GUv Aek¨B mnR mij
n‡e| mnR kãvewj I fvlvi eënvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvij¨ wbwðZ K‡i| MÖvn‡Ki eySvi Dc‡hvMx fvlvqB
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. g‡bv‡hv‡Mi bxwZ (Principle of Attention) t msev‡ì welqe¯‘ I Gi D‡Ï‡kï cÖwZ c~Y© g‡bv‡hvM
cÖ`vb Av`k© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU bxwZ| evZ©vi ¯úóZv m‡Ë¡I c~Y© g‡bv‡hv‡Mi Afv‡e GUv weK…Z n‡Z
cv‡i| G bxwZ e³v Ges †kªvZv Df‡qi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨| e³v I ‡kªvZv Ef‡qiB âh©¨ I g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i
†hvMv‡hvM ïb‡Z n‡e|
4. fvlv eënvi bxwZ (Principle of Using Language) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv n‡e AZ¨š— mnR mij
me©Rb‡eva¨| Z‡e cÖ‡qvR‡b mvs‡KwZK fvlv eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| fvlv mnR mi‡ji mv‡_
e³e¨‡K ¯úó K‡i cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| A_©vr †hvMv‡hv‡Mi fvlv n‡e MwZkxj I ¯úó Ges mvay I
PwjZ ev AvÂwjK fvlvi wgkªY eR©b Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. msnwZi bxwZ (Principle of Intergrity) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ me©`vB cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨vewji
cwic~iK n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZôv‡bi D‡Ïk¨vewji mg‡SvZv I mvgÄm¨ weavb †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©Ki Kivi
†¶‡Î we‡kl f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
6. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM eënv‡ii bxwZ (Principle of Use of Informal Organisation) t
AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM‡K ¯úó, c~Y©v½ I Kvh©Ki Kivi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cvkv-cvwk
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~Zv e„w× cvq|
7. HK¨ I m¤ú~Y©Zvi bxwZ (Principle of Unity and Completeness) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZwU
e³e¨‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I e¨vL¨v-we‡kølYmn HKë×, myweb¨¯Í, myk„•Lj I ¯^qsm¤ú~Y©fv‡e †cÖiY
Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z †Kvbiƒc NvUwZ _vK‡j ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi †evaMg¨Zv e¨vnZ n‡e|
8. Dfq c‡¶i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i bxwZ (Principle of Presence of Both the Parties) t †hvMv‡hv‡M Aek¨B
`yB c‡¶i Aw¯ÍZ¡ _vK‡e| hvi GK c¶ msev` †cÖiK I Aci c¶ msev` MÖvnK| msev` MÖvn‡Ki
AeZ©gv‡b †cÖi‡Ki †hvMv‡hvM msev` n‡e wbi_©K Ges e¨_©|
9. Dchy³ gva¨g eënv‡ii bxwZ (Principle of Using Suitable Media) t Dchy³ gva¨g eënvi
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© bxwZ| †hvMv‡hvM evZ©v wbw`©ó gva¨g Øviv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq|
ZvB †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b Rb¨ Dchy³ gva¨g wbe©vPb AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
10. fve wewbg‡qi bxwZ (Principle of Exchange of Ideas) t †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î A_© ev fve wewbgq
Kiv nq| eë¯’vcK Zuvi Aaxb¯’‡ì wbKU A_© ev fve wewbgq K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z AwaK †hvMv‡hvM
†_‡K ‡ewk mydj jvf Kiv m¤¢e nq|
11. MwZkxjZvi bxwZ (Principle of Dynamism) t †hvMv‡hvM n‡e MwZkxj, Ab¨_vq MwZkxj c„w_exi
mv‡_ wgj ivLv hv‡e bv| cÖ‡qvR‡b fvlv I c×wZi cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡hgb, B‡jKUªwbK WvUv
cÖ‡mwms, †Uwj‡hvMv‡hvM Ges m¨v‡UjvBU †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v eënvi Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| d‡j ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi
MwZkxjZv e„w× cv‡e|
12. mgš^‡qi bxwZ (Principle of Co-ordination) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg bxwZ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi
cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi mv‡_ mgwš^Zfv‡e †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi j¶¨ I D‡Ïk¨ AR©b
mnR nq|
13. cÖ‡ivPbvi bxwZ (Principle of Persuasion) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j j¶¨ n‡jv MÖvn‡Ki wbKU e³e¨
MÖnYxq K‡i †Zvjv| ZvB †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K AZ¨šÍ †KŠk‡j evZ©vMÖvnK‡K cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z n‡e|
14. djveZ©‡bi bxwZ (Principle of Feedback) t evZ©v †cÖi‡Ki Z_¨, msev`, evZ©v MÖvnK †c‡q‡Qb
wKbv, ey‡S‡Qb wKbv Ges Gi Av‡jv‡K Zvi cÖwZwµqv wK BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ djveZ©‡bi bxwZ AbymiY
Kiv AwZ Riyix|
†hvMv‡hvMKvix I †hvMv‡hvM MÖnxZv DwjøwLZ bxwZ¸‡jv AbymiY K‡i Zv‡ì †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©µg m¤úv`b
Ki‡j `yB c‡¶iB eëmvwqK mvdj¨ wbwðZ n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
eëmv‡q †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Z_¨, aviYv I fve wewbgq, cwiKíbv I wb‡`©kbv,
†mŠnv`©¨c~Y© kªg eë¯’vcbv m¤úK©, j¶¨ AR©‡b mnvqK, `¶ eë¯’vcbv, mgš^q mvab, êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi
f~wgKv, Kwg©i `¶Zv e„w×, cÖ‡Yv`bv I g‡bvej e„w×, †bZ…Z¡ cÖ`vb, cvi¯úwiK mn‡hvwMZv I mg‡SvZv e„w×,
Z_¨ AbymÜvb I M‡elYv, `ªyZ wm×všÍ MÖnY, cÖPvi I AvšÍR©vwZK m¤úK© BZ¨vw`| Avevi ‡hvMv‡hvM‡K djcÖm~
Kivi Rb¨ KwZcq bxwZgvj †g‡b Pjv cÖ‡qvRb h_v t- cwiKíbv bxwZ, ¯úóZv I mijZvi bxwZ, g‡bv‡hv‡Mi
bxwZ, fvlv eënvi bxwZ, msnwZi bxwZ, AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM eënvi bxwZ, HK¨ I m¤ú~Y©Zvi bxwZ, Dfq
c‡¶i Aw¯Í‡Z¡i bxwZ, Dchy³ gva¨g eënv‡ii bxwZ, fve wewbg‡qi bxwZ, MwZkxjZvi bxwZ, mgš^‡qi bxwZ,
cÖ‡ivPbvi bxwZ Ges djveZ©‡bi bxwZ|

1. Rb¥ †_‡K g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ gvby‡li cÖwZwU †¶Î wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj-
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) cwiKíbv
M) msnwZ N) me¸‡jv
2. †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© kªg-eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© wK‡mi Dci wbf©ikxj?
K) cwiKíbv L) †hvMv‡hvM
M) `¶ eë¯’vcbv N) AvbyMZ¨
3. †hvMv‡hvM mwVK, evavnxb I djcÖm~ Kivi Rb¨ KwZcq wK ‡g‡b Pjv DwPZ?
K) bxwZ L) Kvh©µg
M) a¨vb-aviYv N) me¸‡jv|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-10
dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv (Essential

Qualities of Effective Communication and Communication
Process)
D‡Ïk¨
GB cvV †k‡l Avcwb
dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸Yvejx eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq Acwinvh© Dcv`vb eySv‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx (Essential Qualities of Effective Communication)
Av`k© Ges Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KZK¸‡jv kZ© i‡q‡Q| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdjZv Ges Kvh©KvwiZvi Rb¨ G
kZ©¸‡jv Acwinvh©| cÖL¨vZ †hvMv‡hvM weÁvb-wekvi` ‡gixû (Merrihue), j‡iÝ (Lawrence), RR© evU©b,
nPwKk I GWIqvW© †Rvbm& , Av‡gwiKvi eë¯’vcbv mwgwZ Ges RvZxq †hvM‡hvM Aa¨qb mwgwZi
(American Managment Association & National Society for the Study of Communication) gZvgZ
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i wbgœwjwLZ Dcv‡q DËg ev dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi kZ© ev êwkó¨ ev ¸Yvejxi D‡jøL Kiv
n‡jv -
1. aviYvi †kªYxweb¨vm
2. D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY
3. msw¶ßZv Ges fyjÎywU gy³Zv
4. mnR Dc¯’vcbv
5. Dchy³ mgq Ges cwi‡ek
6. gva¨g wbe©vPb
7. MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v I Ávb mbv³KiY
8. ‡hvMv‡hvM cwiKíbvi c~‡e© civgk©
9. KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y
10. ‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki m¤úK© cwigvc
11. cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_© msi¶Y
12. djveZ©b
13. K_v I Kv‡Ri msnwZ
14. DËg ‡kªvZvi f~wgKv
15. ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM
16. wPšÍvaviv
17. fvlv wbqš¿Y
18. e³‡eï ¯úóZv
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
19. cÖ‡ivPbv
20. m¤ú~Y©Z; Ges
21. mybvg m„wó I msi¶Y|
1. aviYvi †kªYxweb¨vm t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c~‡e©B †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Bnvi A_© ev eve m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYvR©b
Ki‡Z n‡e| AZtci AwR©Z aviYv‡K wbqggvwdK Ges myPviyiƒ‡c †kªYxweb¨vm Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K †Kb ev Kvi mv‡_ ev wK Kv‡Ri ev wK
D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡e Zv cix¶v-wbix¶v K‡i ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi j¶¨ ev D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY
Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. msw¶ß Ges fyjÎywU gy³Zv t `xN© e³…Zv I `xN© wb‡`©kbv ev weeiY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gvb ¶zYœ K‡i Ges
G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j welqe¯‘ w¯ÍwgZ n‡q c‡o| ZvB me©`vB †hvMv‡hvM msw¶ß Ges fyjÎywU gy³
n‡e| Ab¨_vq Zv cÖvc‡Ki g‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqv m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. mnR Dc¯’vcb t ¯úôiƒ‡c Ges mnR-mijfv‡e evZ©vMÖvn‡Ki Dc‡hvMx K‡i †hvMv‡hvM Dc¯’vcb
Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z †cÖiK hv eySv‡Z Pv‡”Qb, cÖvcK ZvB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e Dc¯’vcb KL‡bv RwUj I
`y‡e©va¨ n‡e bv, n‡e mnR-mij|
5. Dchy&³ mgq Ges cwi‡ek t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î we‡kl mgq Ges cvwicvwk¦©K cwi‡e‡ki cÖwZ j¶¨
ivL‡Z n‡e| mgq I cwi‡ek g‡Zv †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j Zv j¶¨ AR©‡b e¨_© n‡e| ZvB
j¶¨ ev mvdj¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K me©`vB mgq, ˆbmwM©K I gvbweK Abyf~wZ we‡ePbv
Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. gva¨g wbe©vPb t A‡bK gva¨g eënvi K‡i †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| h_v - †gŠwLK I wjwLZ, kvwãK I
kãnxb, wPwVcÎ, `~ivjvcbx, `jxq mfv, msev`cÎ, cÖPvi cÎ , n¨vÛwej BZ¨vw`| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© my`¶ †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K mew`K wePvi-we‡ePbv K‡i Dchy³ gva¨g wbe©vPb Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v I Ávb mbv³KiY t AZ¨šÍ weP¶YZvi mv‡_ bvg, c`gh©v`v, †hvM¨Zv, wPšÍvaviv, c~e©
BwZnvm ch©v‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvMMÖnxZvi wk¶v I Ávb m¤ú‡K© cwi®‹vi aviYv AR©b K‡i Zvi
†evaMg¨fv‡e fvlvq †hvMv‡hvM iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq AbyK‚j cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv hv‡e bv|
8. ‡hvMv‡hvM cwiKíbvi c~‡e© civgk© t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e© mswkøó wel‡q LyuwUbvwU ÁvZ Ges fyjÎywU
gy³ nIqv Avek¨K| GRb¨ cÖ‡qvR‡b welq m¤úwK©Z mK‡ji mv‡_ civgk© K‡i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I
hyw³ msMÖn Ki‡Z n‡e Ges ÎywU `~i Ki‡Z n‡e|
9. KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcbKv‡j †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Zvi KÉ¯^‡ii cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq Zv †kªvZvi/MÖnxZvi g‡b weiw³i D‡`&ªK Ki‡Z cv‡i|
10. ‡cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki m¤úK© cwigvc t evZ©v †cÖiK I evZ©v cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ m¤úK© wKiƒc Zv we‡ePbv K‡i
†hvMv‡hvM wjwc ev evZ©v cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e| G‡Z `ªyZ Ges Kvh©Ki cÖZy¨Ëi jvf Kiv hvq|
11. cvi¯úwiK ¯^v_© msi¶Y t cÖ‡Z¨‡KB ¯^xq ¯^v_© wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡K| ZvB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji
Rb¨ †hgb cÖvc‡Ki ¯^v_© mswkøó Ges Zvi wbKU g~jëvb n‡Z n‡e| wVK ‡Zgwb Zv †cÖi‡Ki ¯^v_©
mswkøóI n‡Z n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-12
12. djveZ©b t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi ciB Zv KZUzKz mdj ev e¨_© n‡jv Zv Abyave‡bi Rb¨ djveZ©b
cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM Ki‡Z n‡e| MÖvnK evZ©vi A_© ev Zvrch© ey‡S‡Q wKbv, G e¨vcv‡i Zvi cÖwZwµqv Rvbv
Ges cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖn‡Yi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM‡K Kvh©Kwi Ki‡Z djveZ©b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
13. K_v I Kv‡Ri msnwZ t †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Zvi K_vi mv‡_ ev¯Íe Kv‡h©i msMwZ ev wgj ivL‡Z n‡e|
K_vq I Kv‡R wgj bv _vK‡j †hvMv‡hvM `ye©j Ges nvjKv n‡e| Aci w`‡K †hvMv‡hvMMÖnxZvi g‡b
exZkª× fve RvM‡e, wek¦vm n«vm cv‡e Ges fwel¨‡Zi mKj †hvMv‡hvM‡KB †m nvjKvfv‡e MÖnY
Ki‡e|
14. DËg †kªvZvi f~wgKv t †hvMv‡hvM cÖ`vbKv‡j †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K fv‡jv †kªvZvI n‡Z n‡e| wg÷vi †Wj
Kv‡Y©Mx e‡j‡Qb - hw` Avcwb RbwcÖq n‡Z Pvb, Ab¨‡ì K_v ej‡Z Drmvn w`b| ZvB †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgq Ab¨vbïv wKQz ej‡Q wKbv ev ej‡Z Pv‡”Q wKbv, Zv j¶¨ K‡i †kªvZvi cÖwZwµqv
eyS‡Z n‡e Z‡eB Avkvbyiƒc mydj cvIqv hv‡e|
15. ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM t wgt j‡iÝ ewY©Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvZwU ¯Í‡¤¢i g‡a¨ GwU GKwU|
evZ©v‡cÖiK, †cÖiYgva¨g, evZ©vMÖvnK, cÖZz¨Ëi BZ¨vw` cÖwµqvi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM‡K Lvc LvIqv‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM djcÖm~ n‡e bv|
16. wPšÍvaviv ev aviYv t wPšÍv n‡ZB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m„wó Ges DËg wPšÍv DËg †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnvqK| ZvB
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K Gi welqe¯‘, gva¨g, fvlv, e³e¨, Dc¯’vcb fw½ Ges
cÖwµqvi wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw` e¨vcv‡i mwVKiƒ‡c wPšÍv-fvebv K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
17. fvlv wbqš¿Y t fvlv wbqš¿Y Kvh©Kwi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c~e©kZ©| †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K fvlvi gva¨‡gB wPšÍv K‡i,
Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i Ges cÖKvk K‡i| Aci w`‡K MÖvnKI fvlvi gva¨‡g msev` MÖnY K‡i,
Abyaveb/ü`q½g K‡i Ges cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ`vb K‡i| ZvB †hvMv‡hv‡M fvlv wbqš¿‡Yi ¸iyZ¡ AZ¨vwaK|
fvlvi mvgvb¨ GKUz eënviMZ I Dc¯’vcbMZ cÖ‡f‡ì Rb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi A_© e¨vcK i`-e`j n‡q
†h‡Z cv‡i|
18. e³‡eï ¯úôZv t MÖvn‡Ki fvlv Áv‡bi cÖwZ `„wó †i‡L Ges †Kvb cÖKvi fyj eySv-eywSi my‡hvM bv
w`‡q mnR-mij fvlvq ¯úó K‡i MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv
welqe¯‘ cwi®‹vi bv n‡j evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖZz¨Ëi Avkv Kiv Am¤¢e| GRb¨ `y‡eva©¨,
Ø¨_©‡evaK I Kvwe¨K fvlv ¯^h‡Zœ cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
19. cÖ‡ivPbv t cÖZ¨vwkZ mydj †c‡Z n‡j †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖ‡ivPbvi Dcv`vb _vK‡Z n‡e| †hvMv‡hv‡M
cÖ‡ivPbvi Dcv`vb‡K A‡b‡K weµwqKZv ev Salesmanship e‡j AwfwnZ K‡i‡Qb| A‡bK mgq
†hvMv‡hvMKvix MÖvnK‡K Awff~Z Kivi Rb¨ Av‡eMcÖeY fvlv eënvi K‡i _v‡K| G‡Z wbwðZfv‡eB
MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv hvq|
20. m¤ú~Y©Zv t ‡hvMv‡hvM‡K mv_©K Ki‡Z n‡j Bnv m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e| evZ©vi AvswkK Dc¯’vcb
MÖvnK‡K mwVK cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ`v‡b weiZ iv‡L|
21. mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶Y t †hvMv‡hv‡M mvdj¨vR©‡b mybvg GKwU g~jëvb DcKiY| GRb¨ cÖ‡Z¨K
†hvMv‡hvMKvix‡KB †hvMv‡hv‡M mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶Y Kiv DwPZ| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq mybvg fve
wewbg‡q mnvqZv K‡i Ges me©`vB ü`¨Zvc~Y© mn‡hvwMZv I cÖZz¨Ëi wbwðZ K‡i| GRb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡M
mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶Y GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© w`K|
mybvg cÖwZôv I msi¶‡Y KwZcq ¸Yvejx Av`k© Dcv`vb wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, h_v t -
K) mnvqK †mevi g‡bve„wË L) †mŠRb¨ cÖKvk M) Avkvev`
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
N) cÖMwZkxjZv O) Kjv-‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM P) mZZv

Q) AKcUZv R) †mŠ›`h© S) eÜzZ¡ T) gvbeZv|
GmKj ¸Yvejx †g‡b †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡j Zv Aek¨B djcÖm~ I mv_©K n‡e|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv (The Communication Process)

mnR K_vq Z_¨, msev`, aviYv †cÖiY †_‡K ïiy K‡i MÖnY ch©šÍ †h cÖwµqv AbymiY Kiv nq Zv‡KB
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ejv nq|
Aa¨vcK Koontz & Weihrich Gi g‡Z ‡h wbe©vwPZ P¨v‡b‡ji gva¨‡g †cÖiK Zvi msev` cÖvc‡Ki wbKU
†cÖiY K‡i Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡mm e‡j (Communication Process involves the sender who
transmits a massage through a selected channel to the receiver)| Zvn‡j Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi †h,
†cÖiK †_‡K MÖvnK Gi wbKU Z_¨ †cuŠQvi †h MwZ c_, †mUvB n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq
KZ¸‡jv c`‡¶c i‡q‡Q| wP‡Îi mvnv‡h¨ †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
djveZ©b
(Feedback)
Z_¨ †cÖiY cÖvwß MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Abyaveb cwieZ©b

wPš—v Z_¨ msMwVZ
(Transmission mvRv‡bv
(Thought) Kiv (Receiption) (Understanding) (Changing)
of Massage) (Dicoding)
(Encoding)
†cÖiK (Sender)
msev` MÖvnK
¸Re/†Mvj‡hvM
(Noise)
1. msev` †cÖiK (The Sender of the Message) t msev` †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡KB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi
DrcwË nq| msev‡ì welqwU/aviYvwU msev` †cÖi‡Ki g‡bi g‡a¨ cÖ_g D™¢e nq| wZwb
Z_¨/msev`/aviYvwU wb‡q wPšÍv K‡ib Ges Zv‡K msMwVZ K‡ib| AZtci w¯’i K‡ib Kvi wbKU Ges
wK iƒ‡c †cÖiY Ki‡eb| me©‡k‡l wZwb cÖvc‡Ki eySvi Dc‡hvMx K‡i msev`wU ˆZwi K‡ib|
2. Z_¨ †cÖi‡Y P¨v‡bj eënvi (Use of a Channel to Transmit the Message) t Z_¨, msev`,
aviYv GKwU P¨v‡bj w`‡q †cÖiK †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq| Bnv n‡Z cv‡i wjwLZ, gy‡L-
gy‡L, †dv‡b, †gvevB‡j, ‡UwjwcÖ›Uv‡i, †UwjMÖv‡g, wUwf, †iwWI‡Z| Awdwmqvj Kvq`vqI msev`wU †cÖiY
Kiv hvq| Avevi GKB mv‡_ GKvwaK P¨v‡bjI eënvi Kiv hvq| †Kbbv cÖwZ P¨v‡b‡jiB wKQz
†`vlÎywU Av‡Q| ZvB myweav-Amyweav we‡ePbv K‡i dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi P¨v‡bjwU †e‡Q wb‡Z n‡e|
KviY P¨v‡bj fv‡jv bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡q hvq|
3. msev` cÖvcK/msMÖvnK (The Receiver of the Message) t msev` cÖvcK ev MÖvnK msev` cvevi
Rb¨ me©`vB ˆZwi _v‡Kb| Zv‡K D‡Ïk¨ K‡iB msev` †cÖwiZ nq| wZwb Zv g‡bv‡hvM mnKv‡i †kv‡bb
BDwbU GK c„ôv-14
ev wjwLZ n‡j AvMÖn mnKv‡i c‡ob| msev` cvIqv gvÎB wZwb Zv wb‡Ri g‡Zv K‡i mvwR‡q †bb ev
decode K‡ib| mwVK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi kZ© n‡j †cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki wbKU msev`wU cwi®‹vi nIqv ev GKB
A_© cÖKvk Kiv| cÖK…Z Abyave‡bi c~‡e© †Kvb †hvMv‡hvMB cwic~Y© nq bv| GB Abyaveb ïay MÖvn‡Ki
bq, cÖvc‡Ki RbÏ Avek¨K| cÖvcK‡K cy‡iv msev` Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K wK
KiYxq Zv w¯’i ev mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Aciw`‡K †cÖiK‡K Abyaveb Ki‡Z n‡e msev`wU
cÖvcK †c‡q‡Q Ges cÖZz¨Ëi K‡i‡Qb| GRb¨ PvB Feed back|
4. †hvMv‡hvM †Mvj‡hvM/¸Re (Noise in Communication) t †cÖiK KZ©„K msev` †cÖiY †¶‡Î A_ev
MÖvnK KZ©„K msev` MÖn‡Yi †¶‡Î Noise Øviv †hvMv‡hvM AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| ‡hgb -
K) GKwU ¸Re ev mxgve× cwi‡ek my¯úó wPšÍvavivi Dbœq‡b evav †`q;
L) mshy³ m‡›`nRbK ev AwbwðZ kã, cÖZxK ev wPý eënv‡ii d‡j Encoding Ges Dceoding ÎywU
hy³ n‡Z cv‡i;
M) P¨v‡b‡ji MwZïb¨Zvq msev` †cÖiY evavi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| †hgb- Acv‡iU‡ii AwfÁZv Kg n‡j
†Uwj‡dvb ms‡hv‡M mgm¨vi m„wó n‡e;
N) Ag‡bv‡hvwMZvi Kvi‡Y Am¤ú~Y© msev`/Z_¨ MÖnY n‡Z n‡e;
O) c~e©aviYvi Øviv Abyaveb evavcÖvß n‡Z cv‡i; Ges
P) cwieZ©‡bi m¤¢ve¨ cÖfv‡ei Kvi‡Y cÖZ¨vwkZ cwieZ©b bvI n‡Z cv‡i|
D‡jøwLZ me©‡¶‡Î mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e hv‡Z ¸Re Øviv msev` MÖnY ev †cÖi‡Y mgm¨vi m„wó bv nq|
5. djveZ©b (Feed back) t †cÖi‡Ki msev` cÖvcK †c‡q‡Qb wKbv, GKB A‡_© ey‡S‡Qb wKbv Ges
cÖZz¨Ëi K‡i‡Qb wKbv BZ¨vw` Rvbvi Rb¨ PvB djveZ©b| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖ`Zv cix¶vi Rb¨
djveZ©b AZ¨vek¨K| djveZ©b Øviv msev` msMwVZ, Z_¨ Abyaveb, Z_¨ †cÖiY, MÖnY m¤ú‡K©
cÖvc‡Ki g‡bvfve m¤ú‡K© Rvbv, eySv Ges wbwðZ nIqv hvq| Bnv Qvov djveZ©b Øviv eySv hvq cÖvcK
(e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb) wK ai‡bi c`‡¶c wb‡”Q|
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb (Essential Elements of Communication Process)

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi KZK¸‡jv Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q, h_v t
1. Z‡_ï Drm (Source of Information)
2. †cÖiK (Sender)
3. †cÖiY‡hvM¨ mvRv‡bv (Encoding)
4. msev` (Message)
5. gva¨g (Channel)
6. MÖvnK/cÖvcK (Receiver)
7. MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv (Decoding)
8. djveZ©b (Feedback)
9. ¸Re (Noise)
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
1. Z‡_ï Drm (Source of Information) t Z_¨ Qvov †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq bv| fv‡jv †hvMv‡hvM
Ki‡Z †M‡j fv‡jv Z_¨ Avek¨K| †Kvb bv †Kvb Drm †_‡K Zv msMÖn Ki‡ZB n‡e| Drm n‡Z cv‡i
e¨w³, cÖwZôvb, cwÎKv, wUwf, †iwWI cÖf„wZ| D‡jøL¨ †h, Z_¨B n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM Gi cÖ_g Dcv`vb|
Z_¨ Qvov Avgv‡ì Ae¯’vb nq AÜKv‡ii b¨vq|
2. †cÖiK (Sender) t †hvMv‡hvMKvix ev †cÖiKB msev`, aviYv I Z_¨ msMÖn K‡ib, Zv wb‡q wPš—v I
KvR K‡ib Ges †Kvb& †Kvb& e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡eb ZvI w¯’i K‡ib| †cÖi‡Ki
wbKU †_‡KB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv ïiy nq|
3. †cÖiY‡hvM¨ mvRv‡bv (Encoding) t †hvMv‡hvMKvixi wPšÍv-‡PZbv, a¨vb-aviYv‡K cÖvc‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨
†cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv nq| †hvMv‡hvM K_vq n‡j wK wK K_v ej‡j cy‡iv eySv‡bv hv‡e, †hvMv‡hvM
wjwLZ n‡j †KvbUvi ci †KvbUv Ges wKfv‡e wjLv n‡e BZ¨vw` w¯’i KivB n‡jv Encoding ev
MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv|
4. msev` (Message) t Z_¨ ev msev`B †hvMv‡hvM Gi cÖvY ev g~j welq| gy‡L ev wj‡L hv wKQz cvVv‡bv
nq, ZvB msev`| msev` Qvov †hvMv‡hvM nq bv| †hvMv‡hvM mv_©K n‡Z n‡j msev` cwic~Y© n‡Z n‡e
Ges Dc¯’vcb Ggb n‡e †hb cÖvcK mn‡RB eyS‡Z cv‡ib| Avevi msev‡ì welqwU cÖvcK I †cÖi‡Ki
wbKU Zv GKB A_© cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
5. gva¨g (Channel) t cÖvc‡Ki Kv‡Q msev` †cuŠQvi c_B n‡jv gva¨g| mivmwi, †gŠwLK, †Uwj‡dvb,
†gvevBj Øviv, wjwLZfv‡e wPwV, †UwjMÖvg, †UwjwcÖ›Uvi, d¨v· Øviv, Avevi wUwf, †iwWI I cÎ-cwÎKvi
gva¨‡gI †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| wKš‘ cÖwZwU gva¨‡giB wKQz myweav-Amyweav i‡q‡Q| ZvB †cÖiK‡K ¯^xq
myweav g‡Zv mv_©K I dj`vqK P¨v‡bj †e‡Q ‡b‡e| P¨v‡bj h_chy³ bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM ev msev` h‡Zv
fv‡jvB nDK Zv e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
6. MÖvnK (Receiver) t MÖvn‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨B msev` †cÖiY Kiv nq| wZwb msev` MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ m`v cÖ¯‘Z
_v‡Kb| Zvi nv‡Z msev` †cuŠQv gvÎB †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv mgvß nq|
7. MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv (Decoding) t msev` cvevi ci wZwb Zv eySvi †Póv K‡ib| GRb¨
MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i, wb‡Ri K‡i, ¯^xq a¨vb-aviYvi Av‡jv‡K mvwR‡q †bb| A_©vr cy‡iv e¨vcviwU wZwb
eySvi †Póv K‡ib|
8. djveZ©b (Feedback) t M„nxZ Z_¨ cy‡iv eySvi ci wZwb wPšÍv K‡ib †cÖiK‡K wK Rvbv‡eb| Ôn¨vÕ ev
ÔbvÕ ev ms‡kvab Kivi Aby‡iva K‡i †cÖi‡Ki wbKU wZwb ¯^xq cÖwZwµqv e¨³ K‡ib, hv‡K ejv nq
djveZ©b| cÖwZwµqv Rvbv‡bvi g‡a¨ w`‡q †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv e„ËvKv‡i Ny‡i _v‡K| djveZ©b Qvov
†cÖiK eyS‡Z cv‡i bv Zvi msev` cÖvcK †c‡q‡Q wKbv, †c‡jI cÖ¯Ív‡e ivRx n‡q‡Q wKbv| ZvB mv_©K
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ djveZ©b AZ¨vek¨K|
9. ¸Re (Noise) t ¸Re ev †Mvj‡hvM n‡jv †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi A`„k¨, A¯úk©bxq, aiv †Qvqvi evB‡ii
Dcv`vb| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni †¶Î †_‡K djveZ©b MÖnY ch©šÍ me©ÎB Gi A`„k¨ wePiY| GUv Øviv †hvMv‡hvM
AcÖZ¨vwkZfv‡e cÖfvweZ nq| ZvB Z_¨ msMÖn †_‡K me©‡¶‡Î G‡K Gov‡bvi Rb¨ mRvM `„wó w`‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-16
†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv mwVK, mv_©K I Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z n‡j DwjøwLZ Acwinvh© Dcv`vb¸‡jv †g‡b Pj‡Z n‡e|
Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM †_‡K cÖK…Z mydj cvIqv hv‡e bv|
cvV ms‡¶c
cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi i‡q‡Q KwZcq ¸Yvejx, h_v- aviYvi †kªYx web¨vm,
D‡Ïk¨ wba©viY, msw¶ßZv I fyjÎywU gy³Zv, mnR Dc¯’vcb, Dchy³ mgq I cwi‡ek, gva¨g wbe©vPb,
MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v I Ávb mbv³KiY, c~e© civgk©, KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y, †cÖiK-cÖvc‡Ki m¤úK© cwigvc, cvi¯úwiK
¯^v_© msi¶Y, djveZ©b, K_v I Kv‡Ri msMwZ, DËg †kªvZvi f~wgKv, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi cÖ‡qvM, wPšÍvaviv,
fvlv wbqš¿Y, e³‡eï ¯úôZv, cÖ‡ivPbv, m¤ú~Y©Zv Ges mybvg m„wó I msi¶Y| hvi gva¨‡g msev`, Z_¨,
aviYv, †cÖi‡Ki wbKU n‡Z cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq Zv‡K ejv nq †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv| †hvMv‡hvM
cÖwµqvi i‡q‡Q cÖavbZ 5wU avc, h_v t †cÖiK, msev`, cÖvcK, ¸Re Ges djveZ©b| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
dj`vqK n‡Z n‡j Bnv‡Z KZ¸‡jv Dcv`vb we`¨gvb _vK‡Z n‡e| h_v t Z‡_ï Drm, †cÖiK, †cÖiY‡hvM¨
K‡i mvRv‡bv, msev` gva¨g, cÖvcK/MÖvnK MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bv, djveZ©b Ges ¸Re|

1. cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KwZcq wK _vKv DwPZ?
K) ¸Yvejx L) Kvh©µg
M) D‡Ïk¨ N) Z_¨
2. hvi gva¨‡g Z_¨, aviYv, msev` †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY Kiv nq, Zv‡K ejv nq ....
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv
M) djveZ©b N) meKÕwU
3. †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi KwU Dcv`vb i‡q‡Q?
K) 6wU L) 7wU
M) 9wU N) 13wU
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi (Barriers and Overcome of

Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
cÖwZeÜKZv cÖwZKv‡ii cš’v Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv (Barriers/Problems of Communication)
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi e¨_©Zv eë¯’vcbvi GKwU cÖavb mgm¨v| †h me Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq †m¸‡jv wbgœiƒc t
1. myôz cwiKíbvi Afve t mv_©K I djcÖm~ †hvMv‡hvM Gi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRb cwiKíbv| wKš‘ eë¯’vcbv
memgq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î myôz cwiKíbvi ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡ib bv| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM Kvw•¶Z j¶¨
AR©b Ki‡Z e¨_© nq|
2. A¯úó AbywgwZ t †cÖwiZ Z‡_ï g~j aviYv I e³e¨mg~n MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q A¯úó ev Ae¨³ _vK‡j
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ Abyave‡b e¨_© nq| d‡j †hvMv‡hvMI e¨_© nq|
3. kãv_©MZ weK…wZ t kãv_©MZ weK…wZ †Kvb c‡¶i †MvP‡i ev A‡MvP‡i n‡Z cv‡i| GgZve¯’vq cÖZz¨Ëi
GKBiƒc ev Avkvbyiƒc nq bv| d‡j G‡Z †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
4. evZ©vi `y‡e©va¨Zv t evZ©v †cÖiK I MÖvn‡Ki wbKU evZ©vi A_© †evaMgv bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
5. `ye©j kªeY, `ªyZ g~j¨vqb I Lvg-‡Lqvjxcbv t MÖvnK evZ©vi mwVK A_© g‡bv‡hvM w`‡q bv ïb‡j ev
evZ©vi g~j¨vqb bv Ki‡j ev Lvg †Lqvjx Ki‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ ¯úó n‡e n‡e bv| d‡j Zv e¨_©
n‡e|
6. myôz cwi‡e‡ki Afve t evZ©v cwi‡ek‡bi mgq hw` †Lvjv‡gjv ev gy³ cwi‡ek eRvq bv _v‡K, Z‡e
†hvMv‡hvM evavMÖ¯’ n‡e, e¨_© n‡e|
7. Awek¦vm, ûgwK I fxwZ t Awek¦vm, ûgwK I fxwZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~Zv‡K e¨vnZ K‡i| mPivPi
D”P¯—‡ii mvgÄm¨nxb AvPi‡Y Gme AbvKvw•¶Z mgm¨vi m„wó nq|
8. gwbe‡K Lywk Ki‡Z evZ©vi weK…wZ t Aaxb¯’iv gwb‡ei AvbyK~j¨ I AbyMÖn cvevi Avkvq gwb‡ei
cQ›`gZ e³e¨ KvUQvU K‡i, Zvi K_v ejvi Xs, fvefw½, bxieZv BZ¨vw`‡K ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡i| d‡j
g~j e³e¨ Dc¯’vwcZ nq bv, evZ©vi weK…wZ nq| ZvB †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
9. gvÎvwZwi³ Z_¨ t A‡bK mgq mswkøó msev‡` gvÎvwZwi³ Z‡_ï AšÍfy©w³i Kvi‡YI †hvMv‡hvM
e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-18
10. cwieZ©‡b cÖwZeÜKZv t gvbyl ¯^vfvweKfv‡eB cwieZ©b‡K, bZzb †Kvb wKQz‡K MÖnY Ki‡Z Pvq bv|
myZivs, nVvr K‡i †Kvb cwieZ©b Avm‡j †m me©kw³ w`‡q evav †`q| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î
cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó nq|
11. Kg©e¨¯—Zvi evav t eë¯’vcKMY me mgqB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb| d‡j Aaxb¯’iv wVKgZ
Zv‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv| myZivs eë¯’vcbvi Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hM e¨vnZ nq|
12. eë¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii AvwaK¨ t e„n`vqZb Kvievi msMV‡b eë¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii msL¨vwaK¨, `xN© †hvMv‡hvM
jvBb, RwUj jvBb ÷vd m¤úK© _v‡K| d‡j eë¯’vcbv I kªwgK‡ì `~iZ¡ †ewk nq, †hvMv‡hvM RwUj
nq|
13. wb‡`©kbv I `vwqZ¡ eÈb t msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z wK fv‡e †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡e Zvi mwVK w`K wb‡`©kbv
Ges Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡a¨ G m¤úwK©Z KZ©„Z¡ I `vwqZ¡ myôziƒ‡c eÈ‡bi Afv‡e ¯^v_©K I `¶ †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vc‡b evavi m„wó nq|
14. ZË¡veavb I mgš^‡qi Afve t eë¯’vcbK I kªwgK-Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ myôz ZË¡veavb I mgš^‡qi Afv‡e
†hvMv‡hvM evavi m¤§yLxb nq| d‡j Zv mdj nq bv|
15. AvÂwjK I mvs‡KwZK kã eënvi t e³v ev †kªvZviv hw` AvÂwjK fvlv ev mvs‡KwZK kã Øviv
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡i, Z‡e AwaKvsk †¶‡Z Zv e¨_© nq| KviY, e³vi AvÂwjK ev mvs‡KwZK fvlv
nq‡Zv †kªvZviv eyS‡e bv, Avevi †kªvZv‡ì AvÂwjK fvlvI e³v Abyaveb Ki‡Z cvi‡e bv| d‡j
†hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
16. e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK evavmg~n t †kªvZv‡ì iywP, wk¶v, fvlvÁvb, AvPvi-AvPiY BZ¨vwì wewfbœZvi
Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hv‡M evavi m„wó nq| G QvovI e¨w³MZ Ø›Ø-we‡Øl, g‡bvgvwjb¨, c¶cvwZZ¡, KcUZv
BZ¨vw` †hvMv‡hv‡M myôz evavi m„wó K‡i|
17. Ab¨vb¨ evav t Dc‡iv³ evav¸‡jv QvovI Av‡iv eû ai‡bi evav †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î weNœ m„wó K‡i, h_v -
Av‡eM-Abyf~wZi cÖwZwµqv, evwn¨K cwiw¯’wZ, e³‡eï Awgj, mg‡qi Afve, cÖwk¶Y, †Mvjgvj ev ˆn-‰P
BZ¨vw`|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i/wbimb Kivi Dcvq (Means of Overcoming/Removing Barriers of

Communication)
†hvMv‡hvM hZ mnR, mij, mvewjj, cÖvYešÍ I `¶ n‡e msMV‡bi mg„w×I ZZ‡ewk e„w× cv‡e|
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evavmg~n `~i Kivi Rb¨ eë¯’vcK we‡kl KZ¸‡jv †KŠkj Aej¤^b K‡ib, hv wbgœiƒc t-
1. myôz cwiKíbv MÖnY t †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B Gi welqe¯‘ wba©viY, Dchy³ gva¨g wbe©vPb Ges
Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î mywbw`©ó cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. msMVb KvVv‡gv mnRxKiY t msMVb KvVv‡gv‡Z ZË¡veavb ¯Í‡ii msL¨vwaK¨, KZ©„Z¡ I `vwq‡Z¡i
AmvgÄm¨Zv `~i K‡i G‡K mnR-mij Ki‡Z n‡e|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
3. ‡hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj/gva¨g cÖwk¶Y t ¯^v_©K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Kwg©‡ì‡K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kjv-‡KŠkj, fve
wewbgq, welqe¯‘, gva¨g, Dc¯’vcb fw½, Kvh©Ki kªeY BZ¨vw` wel‡q c~‡e©B cÖwk¶Y cÖ`vb Ki‡Z
n‡e|
4. KvR †ewk, K_v Kg t †hvMv‡hv‡M eo eo Avùvjb I evMvo¤î c~Y© K_v ej‡j Kv‡Ri †P‡q AKvRB
n‡e †ekx| KviY K_vi mv‡_ Kv‡Ri wgj bv _vK‡j †kªvZviv Av¯’v I wek¦vm nvwi‡q †d‡j| G Awek¦vm
`~i Kivi Rb¨ †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K K_vi †P‡q KvR †ewk Ki‡Z n‡e Ges K_vq I Kv‡R wgj ivL‡Z
n‡e|
5. KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y t †hvMv‡hvMKvixi KÉ¯î kÖywZgayi n‡Z n‡e| KviY KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z cvi‡jB
welqe¯‘i cÖwZ †kªvZv g‡bv‡hvMx, Drmvnx I AvK…ó n‡e|
6. mwVK A½fw½ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evnb wn‡m‡e e³vi A½-cÖZ¨‡½i mwVK I Dchy³ mÂvjb Øviv
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i Kiv hvq|
7. fyj aviYv cwinvi t e³‡eï e¨vcv‡i hw` †Kvb Awek¦vm, AjxK ev åvšÍ aviYv _v‡K Z‡e Zv e³‡eï
weK…wZ NUvq| GRb¨B cÖ_‡g cÖK…Z NUbv eY©bv K‡i Zv cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. A¯^xK…wZ cwinvi t †cÖi‡Ki B”QvgZ cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv bv †M‡j A_ev Zv mv‡_ mv‡_ A¯^xKvi Ki‡j
MÖvn‡Ki g‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| Kv‡RB AZ¨šÍ webxZfv‡e I ‡KŠk‡j †cÖiK Zv
cwinvi Ki‡e|
9. AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© cÖwZôv t AbvbyôvwbK Dcv‡q †hgb - cvwievwiK Abyôvb, cÖxwZ‡fvR BZ¨vw`
Abyôv‡b eë¯’vcK Kg©Pvwi‡ì wewfbœ mgm¨v wb‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i GKUv mg‡SvZvq †cuŠQ‡Z cv‡i|
d‡j †hvMv‡hvM mdj nq|
10. wbqwgZ Kwg© m‡¤§jb t wbqwgZfv‡e Kg©Pvwi‡ì m‡¤§jb AvnŸvb K‡i cvi¯úwiK gZ wewbg‡qi
gva¨‡g RwUj wel‡qI Lye mn‡R g‰Z‡K¨ †cuŠQv m¤¢e nq| KviY G ai‡Yi m‡¤§j‡b Kwg©iv ¯^vaxb I
gy³ gb wb‡q †Lvjv‡gjv Av‡jvPbv K‡i| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdjZv I MwZkxjZv e„w× cvq|
11. eë¯’vcbv Dbœqb t eë¯’vcbv Dbœqb mvab K‡i msMV‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dbœqb mvab Kiv m¤¢e|
we‡K›`ªxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g ¶gZv Ac©Y K‡i Kwg©‡ì `¶Zv e„w× Kiv m¤¢e|
12. Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY t Kw¤úDUvi Ges AvaywbK Ab¨vb¨ h‡š¿i gva¨‡g Z_¨ cÖwµqvRvZ K‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
wb‡qvwRZ e¨w³‡ì g‡a¨ Zv †cÖiY Kiv hvq| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi MwZ I mdjZv e„w× cvq|
13. djveZ©b t GKgvÎ djveZ©‡bi eë¯’v _vK‡jB †cÖiK †hvMv‡hvMMÖnxZvi cÖwZwµqv Rvb‡Z cv‡i Ges
†m g‡Z cieZ©x c`‡¶c †bqv mnR nq|
14. fvlv ev kã eënvi t AvÂwjK ev †UKwbK¨vj fvlv ev kã eënvi bv K‡i †hvMv‡hvM‡K †kªvZvi
†evaMg¨ K‡i mnR, mij I cÖvÄj K‡i Zyj‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB Zv e¨_© bv n‡q mdj n‡e|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-20
15. †hvMv‡hvM wbix¶Y t †hvMv‡hvM wbix¶Y ej‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwjwm, †bUIqvK©, Kvh©vejx BZ¨vwì cix¶v-
wbix¶v Kiv‡K eySvq| D‡jøL¨ †h, cÖwZôv‡bi Dbœqb I Kvh©KvwiZv eûjvs‡k †hvMv‡hvM wbix¶‡Yi DciB
wbf©ikxj|
16. Ab¨vb¨ evav t †Kv¤úvbxi D‡Ïk¨, bxwZ, c×wZ, Kvh©µg BZ¨vwì mv‡_ cwiPq Kiv, †Mvjgvj I ˆn-‰P
`~i Kiv, MÖvn‡Ki Rxeb I RMZ m¤ú‡K© aviYv †bqv, Z_¨ fvivµvš— Ae¯’vb wbimb Kiv cÖf„wZ
c`‡¶c †hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i Ki‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K|
cvV ms‡¶c
myôz I dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv evav ev cÖwZeÜKZv i‡q‡Q| h_v t (1) myôz
cwiKíbvi Afve (2) A¯úó AbywgwZ (3) kãv_©MZ weK…wZ (4) evZ©vi `y‡e©va¨Zv (5) `ye©j kªeY I
`ªyZ g~j¨vqb I Lvg‡Lqvjxcbv (6) myôz cwi‡e‡ki Afve (7) Awek¦vm, ûgwK I fxwZ (8) gwbe‡K Lywk
Ki‡Z evZ©vi weK…wZ (9) gvÎvwZwi³ Z_¨ (10) cwieZ©‡b cÖwZeÜKZv (11) Kg©e¨¯ÍZvi evav (12)
eë¯’vcbv ¯Í‡ii AvwaK¨ (13) wb‡`©kbv I `vwqZ¡ eÈb (14) ZË¡veavb I mgš^‡qi Afve (15) AvÂwjK
I mvs‡KwZK kã eënvi (16) e¨w³MZ I mvgvwRK evavmg~n| GB cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jvi cÖwZKvi bv n‡j
†hvMv‡hvM mdj I Kvh©Ki nq bv| cÖwZeÜKZv¸‡jv `~i Kivi Dcvq n‡jv t (1) myôz cwiKíbv MÖnY (2)
msMVb KvVv‡gv mnRxKiY (3) ‡hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj/gva¨g cÖwk¶Y (4) KvR †ewk, K_v Kg (5) KÉ¯î
wbqš¿Y (6) mwVK A½fw½ (7) fyj aviYv cwinvi (8) A¯^xK…wZ cwinvi (9) AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© cÖwZôv
(10) wbqwgZ Kwg© m‡¤§jb (11) eë¯’vcbv Dbœqb (12) Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY (13) djveZ©b (14) fvlv ev
kã eënvi (15) ‡hvMv‡hvM wbix¶Y BZ¨vw`|

1. myôz I dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK¸‡jv wK i‡q‡Q?
K) cÖwZeÜKZv L) bxwZ
M) D‡Ïk¨ N) j¶¨
2. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb cÖwZeÜKZv n‡jv --
K) myôz cwiKíbvi Afve L) Kg©e¨¯—Zvi evav
M) `ye©j kªeY N) cwieZ©b cÖwZeÜKZv
3. wK `~i bv n‡j †hvMv‡hvM djcÖm~ nq bv?
K) cÖwZeÜKZv L) e¨_©Zv
M) A¯úóZv N) me¸‡jv
4. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv `~i Kivi cÖavb cš’vB n‡jv-
K) msMVb mnR Kiv L) KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y
M) Z_¨ cÖwµqvKiY N) myôz cwiKíbv MÖnY|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1| †hvMv‡hvM I eëmvq †hvMv‡hvM wK?
2| †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi wPÎwU AsKb Kiyb|
3| dj`vq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸Yvejx wK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| Kvievix †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
2| eëmvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb|
3| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi¸‡jv Av‡jvPbvq Kiyb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.1 t 1| L 2| K 3| L 4| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.2 t 1| K 2| L 3| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.3 t 1| K 2| L 3| 5wU
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-1.4 t 1| 2| 3| 4|
BDwbU GK c„ôv-22
BDwbU
2
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g/c×wZ
(Channels / Methods of Communication)
fve, Z_¨ ev aviYv, wPšÍvaviv, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡bi †¶‡Î cÖ‡qvRb nq gva¨g ev c×wZ| gva¨g
Qvov †hvMv‡hvM KivB hvq bv| gva¨g Øviv †cÖiK cÖvc‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM K‡i Ges gva¨g ØvivB cÖvcK
Zvi cÖZz¨Ëi K‡i _v‡Kb| †cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ wewfbœ gva¨‡g GB †hvMv‡hvM Kiv n‡q _v‡K| †hgb-
wjwLZ, †gŠwLK Ges Ab¨vb¨| GB BDwb‡Ui wZbwU cv‡V Avgiv †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g¸‡jv Rvbvi †Póv Ki‡ev|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g I wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Channel of Communication and

Written Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g Gi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †kªYxweb¨vm eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav Ges Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
gva¨g t †cÖiK Zvi g‡bi fve, aviYv, Abyf~wZ, ms‡KZ †h cÖwµqv ev Dcvq Øviv cÖvcK‡K AewnZ K‡ib,
Zv‡K ejv nq gva¨g| gva¨g Qvov KL‡bvB †cÖiK Zvi wba©vwiZ cÖvc‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i bv|
mwVK gva¨‡gi ØvivB cÖvcK Z_¨, msev`, Abyf~wZ Rvb‡Z cv‡ib Ges Gi Av‡jv‡KB wb‡Ri gZvgZ e¨³
Ki‡Z cv‡ib| gva¨g Qvov †cÖiK I cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ dj`vqK †hvMv‡hvM KL‡bvB m¤¢e bq| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
mdjZv g~jZ mwVK gva¨g eënv‡ii Dci wbf©i K‡i| †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g cÖavbZ 3 (wZb) cÖKvi| h_v Ñ
1. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM;
2. ‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM; Ges
3. Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM|
GB wZbwU gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ KLb †KvbwU eëüZ n‡e Zv wbf©i K‡i g~jZ cwi‡ek I cwiw¯’wZi Dci|
1. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Witten Communication) t †hvMv‡hvM Gi welq/aviYv, Abyf~wZ‡K hLb
wjwLZfv‡e cÖKvk Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM ev wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| wb‡`©kbvg~jK
†hvMv‡hvM g~jZ wjwLZ n‡q _v‡K| Avevi wbgœMvgx ev DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvMI wjwLZ n‡Z cv‡i| eo
cÖwZôv‡b Gi cÖPjb †ewk| wjLv GKwU AvU©, GRb¨ ìKvi - mywk¶v, `¶Zv, AwfÁZv, my›ì Kjv-‡KŠkj
ev n¯ÍvšÍi| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM me‡P‡q dj`vqK c×wZ| KviY Bnv weK…Z nq bv, wbqš¿Y mnR nq Ges
†iKW© wnmve _v‡K| ZvB Bnv `xN© ¯’vqx †idv‡iÝ wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq Ges AvBbMZ wbivcËv cÖ`vb
K‡i| GKvi‡Y cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© me †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ nIqv DwPZ| cÖwZôv‡b bxwZ I c×wZ, cwiKíbv
I wb‡`©kbvi g‡a¨ mvgÄm¨Zv Avbvi †¶‡Î GB †hvMv‡hvM m‡e©vËg| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM dj`vqK Ges
wgZe¨qx| mvaviYZ wPwV, wi‡cvU©, †U‡j·, wee„wZ cÖf„wZ Øviv GB †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| Z‡e cÖvcK
Awkw¶Z n‡j GB †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c e¨_© n‡e|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †kªYx ev c×wZ (Types/Methods of Written Communication) t wjwLZ

†hvMv‡hvM c×wZ g~jZ `yB cÖKvi
K) eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Commumication for Management)
BDwbU `yB c„ôv-24

L) Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Communication for Employees)
K) eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Commumication for Management) t †h me

†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³ ev wbe©vnx‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ nq ev Zv‡ì mv‡_B m¤ú„³, Zv‡K
eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dcvq¸‡jv n‡jv t-
1. mvsMVwbK welqvw` †hvMv‡hvM (Organization Matters Communication) t msMV‡bi †NvlYv,
bxwZ, c×wZ, Kvh©µg I wb‡`©kbvejx msµvšÍ †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ n‡Z n‡e| KviY, G¸‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi
wbgœ¯Íi ch©šÍ cvVv‡Z nq| `xN©w`b G¸‡jv hv‡Z weK…Z bv nq, †mRb¨B wjwLZ AvKv‡i G¸‡jv Kiv
nq|
2. we‡kl eë¯’vcbv ey‡jwUb (Special Management Bulletins) t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM we‡kl
eë¯’vcbv ey‡jwUb ØvivI n‡Z cv‡i| GRb¨ eë¯’vcbv mvgwqKx cÖKvk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| Avevi Riyix
wee„wZ I mgv‡jvPbvI wee„wZ cÖKvk Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| mvaviYZ t cÖK…Z Z_¨ weK…wZ Qvov Ges `ªyZ
eë¯’vcbv m`m¨‡ì wbKU †hvMv‡hvM Gi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j, GB c×wZi Avkªq †bqv nq|
3. eë¯’vcbv msev` wjwc (Management News Letter) t Gi gva¨‡g mvaviYZ Kg ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
welqvw` mvaviY Kwg©‡ì Rvbv‡bvi c~‡e© eë¯’vcbv m`m¨‡ì gva¨‡g Rvbv‡bv nq| GB wPwV mvßvwnK
n‡q _v‡K|
4. AvbyôvwbK eë¯’vcbv wi‡cvU© (Formal Managment Report) t cwiKíbv, msMVb Ges mgš^‡qi
mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³ ev wbe©vnxMY Zv‡ì DaŸZ©b KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kivi Rb¨ GB cš’v
Aej¤^b K‡i _v‡Kb| †hgb - wefvMxq cÖavbMY Zv‡ì Drcv`b, µq, weµq, e¨q I AcPq BZ¨vwì
Dci cÖavb wbe©vnxi wbKU wbqwgZ wi‡cvU© w`‡q _v‡Kb| Avevi Z`šÍ KwgwU Zvi AbymÜv‡bi DciI
GB gva¨‡g wi‡cvU© w`‡q _v‡Kb|
5. ZË¡veavq‡Ki n¨vÛeyK (Supervisor's Handbook) t cÖwZôv‡bi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh©µg cwiPvjbvi Ges
†QvU LvU wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨ Kivi Rb¨ ZË¡veavqK‡ì wb‡`©kbv cy¯ÍK †`qv nq| GB cy¯ÍK
Zvi ˆ`bw›`b Kvh© cwiPvjbv I wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqK ev c_ wb‡`©kK| Bnv‡Z _v‡K cÖwZôv‡bi bvbv
cÖKvi AvBb-Kvbyb, Kvh©-c×wZ, Kv‡h©i myweav, kªwgK ms‡Ni KZ©e¨, AwaKvi, kªwgK ms‡Ni m‡_
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb c×wZ Ges Zv‡ì Awf‡hvM c×wZ D‡jøL _v‡K|
6. ZË¡veavq‡Ki Rb¨ we‡kl cÖKvkbv (Special Publication for Supervisors) t A‡bK mgq eo-
eo cÖwZôvb¸‡jv‡Z ZË¡veavq‡Ki Rb¨ we‡kl cÖKvkbvi eë¯’v K‡i _v‡K| Bnv‡Z _v‡K e¨q-AcPq
n«vm Kiv, c‡Yï gvb Dbœqb, `yN©Ubv n«vm Ges Gov‡bvi, mwVK wbivcËv c×wZ BZ¨vw` msµvšÍ wel‡q
mwVK wb‡`©kvejx| G¸‡jv ZË¡veavqK‡K Zvi Kvh© m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i _v‡K|
L) Kg©Pvwi‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Communication for Employees) t Kg©Pvwi‡ì

mv‡_ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi A‡bK c×wZ i‡q‡Q| h_v t-
1. Kwg© ey‡jwUb (Employees Bulletins) t †Kvb Riyix Ges ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q ¯^í mg‡q Ges AwZ`ªyZ
(2/1 N›Uvi g‡a¨) Kwg©‡ì Rvbv‡bv Rb¨ GB c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq| ZË¡veavqKMY GB ey‡jwUb wewj
K‡ib ev ey‡jwUb †ev‡W© jvwM‡q w`‡q _v‡Kb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ msev`-mvgwqKx (Employees News Paper) t GUvI eûj cÖPwjZ gva¨g| G ai‡bi
msev` mvgwqKx cÖwZ mßv‡n cÖKvk Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g Kwg©‡ì Rvbv‡bv nq t-
K) cÖwZôv‡bi cwjwm, D‡Ïk¨, cwiKíbv, mgm¨v m¤ú‡K©;
L) Zv‡ì Kvh©vewj I Drcvw`Z cY¨-`ªe¨ m¤ú‡K©; Ges
M) Zv‡ì mv‡_ RwoZ A_©‰bwZK, mvgvwRK I ivR‰bwZK NUbvejx m¤ú‡K©|
3. gvwmK M„n cwÎKv cÖKvk (Published the Monthly Inhouse Journal) t A‡bK mgq eo-eo
†Kv¤úvwb wbR¯^ gvwmK cwÎKv cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| Bnv‡Z cÖwZôv‡bi f~wgKv, cwiKíbv I Ab¨vb¨ welq
m¤ú‡K© g~jëvb Ges mywPwšÍZ cÖev` I msev` cwi‡ekb Kiv nq|
4. ‰`wbK msev` ms‡¶c (Abstract of Daily News) t e„n`vqZb A‡bK cÖwZôvb GUv K‡i _v‡K|
Bnv kªwgK-eë¯’vcbv we‡iva n«vm Ges m¤ú‡K©i Dbœq‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb iv‡L| Gi gva¨‡g kªwgK
ms‡Ni Afve Awf‡hv‡Mi DËi, Kv‡h©i AMÖMwZ, mgm¨v m¤ú‡K© wjwLZ ‡bvwUk cÖavb †M‡U jvwM‡q
†`qv nq|
5. bZzb Kwg©‡ì wbKU wPwV (Letters to New Employees) t Kwg© I eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK
m¤ú‡K©i Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ A‡bK mgq cÖwZôv‡bi Zid †_‡K GUv Kiv nq| Gi gva¨‡g bZzb Kwg©‡ì
wbKU ¯^vMZ/Awfb›`b cÎ cvVv‡bv nq|
6. Kwg©‡ì M„‡n cÎ-‡cÖiY (Letter to Employees Houses) t A‡bK mgq cÖavb wbe©vnx KZ…©K
Kwg©‡ì evmfe‡b cÖwZgv‡m ev cÖwZ c‡Yi w`‡b ev †h †Kvb mg‡q wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Z_¨ w`‡q cÎ †cÖiY
Kiv nq| mvaviYZ Gi †Kvb DËi PvIqv nq bv|
7. Kg©Pvwi‡ì Rb¨ cyw¯ÍKv (Booklets for Employees) t A‡bK cÖwZôvb Zvi cÖwZwU Kwg©‡K K‡g©
†hvM`v‡bi mgq GKwU K‡i booklet cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K, hv‡K ejv nq Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ cyw¯ÍKv| G‡Z
_v‡K cÖavb wbe©vnxi Awfb›`b, cÖwZôv‡bi BwZe„Ë ev BwZnvm, cwiKíbv, cwjwm, c×wZ, wbqwgZ
cÖwk¶Y c×wZ Ges ¯^-Dbœq‡bi myweav BZ¨vw`|
8. cVb-ZvK (Reading Pack) t A‡bK cÖwZôvb Zv‡ì Af¨šÍixY i¨vK ev Zv‡K wKQz cwÎKv, eB,
`wjj mvwR‡q iv‡L| d‡j Kwg©iv G¸‡jv †`L‡Z cv‡i Ges B‡”Q I mgqg‡Zv cvV Ki‡Z cv‡i|
9. msw¶ß evwl©K wi‡cvU© (Short Annual Report) t cÖwZôv‡bi c¶ †_‡K Kwg©‡ì wbKU mnR I
cÖvÄj fvlvq evwl©K wi‡cvU© cÖKvk Kiv nq| hv‡Z Kwg©iv cÖwZôv‡bi cÖK…Z Ae¯’v Rvb‡Z cv‡i| d‡j
msMV‡bi cÖwZ Zv‡ì Av¯’v I wek¦vm e„w× cvq Ges kªg eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb nq|
10. ey‡jwUb †evW© (Bulletin Board) t GwU AwZ cyivZb c×wZ| Gi gva¨‡g ey‡jwUb, wej ev Z_¨
m¤ú„³ †cv÷vi jvMv‡bv nq| wbw`©ó GKwU ¯’v‡b Bnv ¯’vwcZ _v‡K| mvaviYZ GB †ev‡W© ˆ`bw›`b
msev`, wb‡`©k, †bvwUk jvMv‡bv nq|
11. Pv¶yl gva¨g (Visual Method) t wjwLZ †hvM‡hv‡Mi cwic~iK wn‡m‡e A‡bK †Kv¤úvwb‡Z Pv¶zl
gva¨g eënvi Kiv nq| †hgb- Pjw”PÎ, wUwf, cÖ‡R±i, ¯øvBW, gvwëwgwWqv BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g Z_¨vw`
Kwg©‡ì AewnZ Kiv hvq|

12. Dc‡`k c×wZ (Suggestion Method) t EaŸ©Mvgx wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M GUv eëüZ nq| Aaxb¯’iv
Kvh© m¤ú‡K© ev¯Íe mgm¨v ev AwfÁZvi Øviv cÖK…Z Z_¨vw` e‡mi wbKU Dc‡`k/civgk© AvKv‡i cÖ`vb
K‡i _v‡K| d‡j Zviv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y Ae`vb ivL‡Z cv‡i|
13. cÖkœ-ev· (Question Box) t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M GwU GKwU we‡kl ev AwZwi³ c×wZ| ‡h †Kn †h
†Kvb cÖkœ Gi g‡a¨ ivLvi my‡hvM cvq Ges Zv‡ì DËi †`qv nq|
14. iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv (Eassy Competition) t GUvI Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM Gi GwKU
AwZwi³ gva¨g| Gi gva¨‡g mgm¨v, welq m¤ú‡K© iPbv AvnŸvb Kiv nq|
15. ¯§viKcÎ (Memorandum) t mvaviYZ Kwg©‡ì PvKzwi msµvšÍ c‡`vbœwZ, Bbwµ‡g›U, QywU, k„•Ljv
f‡½i kvw¯— BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Rvbv‡bvi Rb¨ GB c×wZ eënvi Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
16. weÁwß (Notice) t cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvwRZ Kwg©‡ì we‡kl mfvq Dcw¯’wZ _vKvi Rb¨ Ges we‡kl wel‡qi
Dci e³e¨ ivLvi Rb¨ GB c×wZ eënvi Kiv nq|
17. ‡bvU kx‡Ui eënvi (Use of Note Sheet) t Aaxb¯’ Kwg©‡ì we‡kl †Kvb KvR Kivi Rb¨ †bvU
kx‡Ui gva¨‡g wb‡`©k cÖ`vb Kiv nq|
18. we‡kl cÖwZ‡e`b (Special Report) t mvaviYZ we‡kl NUbv Dcj‡¶ we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY wjwce× fv‡e
eë¯’vcbv KZ©„c‡¶i Zid †_‡K GUv cÖKvk I cÖPvi Kiv nq|
19. K…ZÁZvg~jK wee„wZ (Thankfulness Statement) t mKj Kwg©i me©vZ¥K mn‡hvwMZv I
HKvwšÍKZvq D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi ci Kwg©‡ì K…ZÁZv Rvwb‡q, e¨w³MZ bv‡g bv‡g cvVv‡bv nq|
20. Awf‡hvM LvZv (Complain Book) t cÖwZ wefv‡M ev †K›`ªxqfv‡e GKwU ¯’v‡b GUv ivLv nq|
cÖ‡Z¨K Kwg© Zv‡Z Zvi Afve, Awf‡hvM wj‡L Rgv †`q| cÖwZgv‡m ev wbw`©ó mgq ci ci eë¯’vcbv
H LvZv ch©v‡jvPbv K‡ib Ges Zvi Av‡jv‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq c`‡¶c MÖnY K‡ib|
21. Af¨šÍixY mvKy©jvi (Internal Circular) t †Kvb we‡kl wel‡q mKj Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvwi‡ì
Rvbv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j Gi Avkªq ‡bqv nq| mvaviYZ Bnv †bvwUk †ev‡W© jvMv‡bv nq ev wefv‡M
cvVv‡bv nq| cieZ©x‡Z wefvMxq cÖavb Aaxb¯’‡ì Zv Rvwb‡q †`b|
22. Kvh©ZvwjKv I Kvh© m¤úv`b c×wZ eY©bv (Statement on Worth List and Work
Performance) t GUv GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| Gi Øviv Kwg©‡ì Rvbv‡bv nq, Zv‡ì †Kvb KvR KLb
I wKfv‡e Ki‡Z n‡e| d‡j Kwg©‡ì `¶Zv I Drcv`b e„w× Ges e¨q, AcPq n«vm cvq Ges
mvgwMÖKfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg e„w× cvq|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav Ges Amyweav (Advantages and Disadvantages of Written

Communication)
AvaywbK eë¯’vcbvq wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g| GB gva¨g eënv‡ii †¶‡Î wKQz myweav Ges
Amyweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ myweav Ges Amyweav we¯ÍvwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav (Advantages of Written Communication) t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
eënv‡ii †¶‡Î A‡bK myweav i‡q‡Q, hv wb‡gœ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
1. ¯’vqx †iKW© t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM GKwU ¯’vqx †iKW©| cÖ‡qvRb n‡j †h †Kvb mg‡q, †h †Kvb wel‡q
AZx‡Z wK †hvMv‡hvM n‡qwQj Zv †iKW© †_‡K Lyu‡R †ei K‡i †`Lv hvq| Ab¨ †Kvb gva¨‡g GUv m¤¢e
bq|
2. cÖvgvY¨ `wjj t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e A_©nxb| †Kvb wel‡q AvB‡bi Avkªq wb‡Z
n‡j Av`vj‡Z cÖvgvY¨ `wjjcÎ `vwLj Ki‡Z nq| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M GUv Lye mn‡R Kiv m¤¢e nq|
3. mnR‡eva¨ I MÖnY‡hvM¨ t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM A‡c¶v wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvMB mnR‡eva¨ I MÖnY‡hvM¨
gva¨g| cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a evievi cvV K‡i e³e¨ D×vi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
4. wbfy©jZv hvPvB Kiv hvq t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wbfy©jZv wbwðZ Kivi Rb¨ G‡K cix¶v-wbix¶v Kiv
†h‡Z cv‡i|
5. kw³kvjx I wbf©i‡hvM¨Zv t e¯‘Zc‡¶ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I wbf©i‡hvM¨ †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ nIqvB DwPZ|
6. mnR Dc¯’vcbv t RwUj welqmg~n wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g mn‡RB Zz‡j aiv hvq|
7. msev` weK…wZi m¤¢vebv Kg t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †Kvb msev` ev NUbv weK…Z Kivi my‡hvM
_v‡K bv|
8. evûj¨ eR©b I mg‡qi AcPq Kg nq t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M evûj¨ eR©b nq Ges mgq Kg e¨q nq|
G‡¶‡Î Abvek¨K hyw³Z‡K©i AeZviYv ev` w`‡q msw¶ßvKv‡i e³e¨ †ck Kiv hvq|
9. KZ©„Z¡vc©Y mnR t KZ©„Z¡vc‡Y©i †¶‡Î wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨vek¨K| GB cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡M cwi®‹viiƒ‡c
Kwg©i Kg©`¶Zv I KZ©e¨mg~‡ni msÁv wbiƒcY Kiv nq| Kwg©iv cwi®‹viiƒ‡c Zv‡ì Kg©cwiwa I ¶gZv
m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
10. e³e¨ †c‡ki myweav t A‡bK eë¯’vcK Zvi e³e¨ fvjfv‡e ej‡Z cv‡ib bv| wKš‘ wZwb Zv mvwR‡q
¸wQ‡q wjL‡Z cv‡ib|
11. cÖPvi gva¨g t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM †Kv¤úvwbi cÖPviYvi KvR K‡i| A‡bK mgq GUv evRv‡i †Kv¤úvwbi
mybvg cÖwZôvq mnvqZv K‡i|
12. e¨w³MZ ms‡hv‡Mi weKí t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨w³MZ ms‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv‡K cwinvi Ki‡Z GKwU
Dchy&³ weKí wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i| Gi d‡j GKRb e¨¯Í wbe©vnx wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ gva¨‡g
AmsL¨ Aaxb¯—‡ì mv‡_ AwZ ¯^í mg‡q †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡Z cv‡ib|
13. ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡h AwaK Kvh©Ki t cÖwZôv‡bi bxwZ, j¶¨, µq-weµq I Drcv`b c×wZ eY©bv, wb‡`©k
cÖ`vb, cÖ‡Yv`bv ev Ab¨ †h †Kvb ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ev `xN©¯’vqx wel‡q wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM m‡e©vËg|
14. Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y t wbgœ¯Í‡ii ZË¡veavqK‡ì Kv‡Q wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM LyeB Kvh©Ki| GUv Z`viK I
wbqš¿Y Kvh©Ki Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
15. Kvh©Ki Dc¯’vcbv t GB c×wZi †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖ_‡gB e³e¨wUi Lmov wjLv nq| d‡j cwiKíbvbyhvqx
e³e¨ welq‡K cÖ¯‘Z K‡i AvKl©Yxqfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq|

wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav (Disabvantages of Written Communication) t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

wKQz wKQz ÎywU-wePz¨wZ Av‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1. e¨qeûj t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM e¨qeûj| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z KvMR, Kvwj, Kjg, Kw¤úDUvi,
UvBcivBUvi, UvBc wjLK, mvB‡K¬v÷vBj †gwkb, wcÖw›Us †gwkb BZ¨vw` eënv‡ii ìKvi nq| ZvB
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M e¨q A‡bK ‡ewk nq|
2. mg‡qi AcPq t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡b AwaK mgq e¨q nq| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mvgbv-mvgwb ev
†Uwj‡dv‡b Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i Aí¶‡YB m¤úbœ Kiv hvq| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM iPbv I †cÖi‡Yi
e¨vcv‡i wKQz AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb Ki‡Z nq, hvi Rb¨ G‡Z AwaK mgq e¨q nq|
3. wbe©vnxi ¯^v_© i¶v t eëmvq msMV‡bi m`m¨‡ì A‡b‡KB G‡K A‡bï Dci †`vl Pvwc‡q _v‡K|
GRb¨ †jv‡K wb‡R‡K ¯’v‡b †i‡L †hvMv‡hvM wjwc ˆZwi K‡i, G‡Z †m A‡bK mgq A‡bK cÖ‡qvRbxq
K_v ev` w`‡q A‡bK AcÖ‡qvRbxq K_v wj‡L wb‡Ri Ae¯’vb wVK ivLvi †Póv K‡i| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ nq|
4. c‡iv¶ m¤úK© ¯’vcb t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡M evZ©v ‡cÖiK I evZ©v cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ mivmwi ev cÖZ¨¶ m¤úK©
¯’vwcZ nq bv| myZivs cÖvc‡Ki wbKU n‡Z A‡bK wej‡¤^ cÖwZ DËi cvIqv hvh| Kv‡RB †hvMv‡hv‡M
†Kvb cÖKvi ÎywU-wePz¨wZ n‡j mv‡_ mv‡_ ms‡kvabg~jK eë¯’v MÖnY Kiv hvq bv|
5. Awkw¶Z MÖvn‡Ki wbKU A_©nxb t evZ©v cÖvcK me©`v wkw¶Z n‡e Zv ejv hvq bv| evZ©v MÖvnK Awkw¶Z
n‡j wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c A‡K‡Rv n‡q c‡o|
6. MwZkxjZvi Afve t wjwLZ e³‡eï A‡bK mgq cybte¨vL¨v I we‡kølY cÖ‡qvRb nq Ges †m‡¶‡Î
†hvMv‡hvM MwZkxjZv I `ªyZ cÖ‡qv‡Mi kw³ nvwi‡q †d‡j|
7. ‡MvcbxqZvi Afve t eëmv‡qi †MvcbxqZvi †¶‡Î GUv GKwU AevwÂZ gva¨g| †hvMv‡hvM wjwc
†Mvcb Z_¨ duvm Ki‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
8. mn‡R HKg‡Z¨ †cuŠQvb hvq bv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î e³e¨ wel‡q e³v I †kªvZv hZ mn‡R
HKg‡Z¨ Avm‡Z cv‡i, wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Zv A‡bK mgqB m¤¢e nq bv|
9. RwUjZv I `xN©m~ÎZv t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î SzuwK n«v‡mi Rb¨ DaŸ©Zb `vwqZ¡kxj Kg©KZ©vMY
wewae× c×wZ Abymi‡Yi Øviv †hvMv‡hvM K‡ib| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡M RwUjZv I mgm¨v †`Lv †`q Ges
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv `xN©m~ÎZv †`v‡l `yó nq|
10. AcwieZ©bkxj t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †cÖwiZ evZ©v msev‡ì cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡hvRb, we‡qvRb, ms‡kvab
ev we‡køl‡Yi †Kvb AeKvk _v‡K bv| d‡j Zvr¶wYK †Kvb fyj cwinvi ev ms‡kvab m¤¢e nq bv|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV ms‡¶c
†h cÖwKqvi g‡a¨ w`‡q fve, aviYv, AbyfywZ †cÖi‡Ki wbKU †_‡K cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cuŠ‡Q Zv‡K †hvMv‡hvM
gva¨g ejv nq| †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ, †gŠwLK Ges Ab¨vb¨ gva¨‡g n‡Z cv‡i| †cÖiK hLb wjwLZ AvKv‡i
Zvi Z_¨, fve, aviYv, Abyf~wZ MÖvn‡Ki wbKU †cÖiY K‡ib, Zv‡K ejv nq wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM| wjwLZ
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vcbv I Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ n‡Z cv‡i| eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t (1)
mvsMVwbK welqvw` †hvMv‡hvM, (2) we‡kl eë¯’vcbv ey‡jwUb, (3) eë¯’vcbv msev` wjwc, (4) AvbyôvwbK
eë¯’vcbv wi‡cvU©, (5) ZË¡veavq‡Ki n¨vÛeyK, (6) ZË¡veavq‡Ki Rb¨ we‡kl cÖKvkbv BZ¨vw`| Avevi
Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q (1) Kwg© ey‡jwUb, (2) Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ msev` mvgwqKx, (3)
gvwmK M„n cwÎKv cÖKvk, (4) ˆ`wbK msev` ms‡¶c, (5) bZzb Kwg©‡ì wbKU wPwV †cÖiY, (6) Kwg©‡ì
M„‡n cÎ †cÖiY, (7) Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ cyw¯ÍKv, (8) cVb ZvK, (9) msw¶ß evwl©K wi‡cvU©, (10) ey‡jwUb †evW©,
(11) Pv¶zl gva¨g, (12) Dc‡`k c×wZ, (13) cÖkœ ev·, (14) iPbv cÖwZ‡hvwMZv, (15) ¯§viKcÎ, (16)
weÁwß, (17) †bvU kx‡Ui eënvi, (18) we‡kl cÖwZ‡e`b, (19) K…ZÁZvg~jK weeiYx, (20) Awf‡hvM
LvZv, (21) Af¨šÍixY mvKz©jvi, (22) Kvh©ZvwjKv I Kvh©-m¤úv`b c×wZ eY©bv|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wKQz myweav i‡q‡Q, h_v t (1) ¯’vqx †iKW©, (2) cÖvgvY¨ `wjj, (3) mnR‡eva¨ I
MÖnY‡hvM¨, (4) wbfy©jZv hvPvB, (5) kw³kvjx I wbf©i‡hvM¨, (6) mnR Dc¯’vcbv, (7) msev` weK…wZ
m¤¢vebv Kg, (8) evûj¨ eR©b I mg‡qi AePq Kg, (9) KZ©„Z¡vcY© mnR, (10) e³e¨ †c‡ki myweav, (11)
cÖPvi gva¨g, (12) e¨w³MZ ms‡hv‡Mi weKí, (13) ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq AwaK Kvh©Ki, (14) Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y,
(15) Kvh©Ki Dc¯’vcbv|
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi A‡bK mgm¨v i‡q‡Q, h_v t (1) e¨q eûj, (2) mg‡qi AcPq, (3) wbe©vnxi ¯^v_© i¶v,
(4) c‡iv¶ m¤úK© ¯’vcb, (5) Awkw¶Z MÖvn‡Ki wbKU A_©nxb, (6) MwZkxjZvi Afve, (7) †MvcbxqZvi
Afve, (8) mn‡R HK¨g‡Z †cuŠQv hvq bv, (9) RwUjZv I `xN© m~ÎZv, (10) AcwieZ©bkxj|


mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1. †h cÖwµqvi ga¨ w`‡q fve, aviYv, Abyf~wZ †cÖi‡Ki wbKU n‡Z cÖvc‡Ki wbKU †cÖwiZ nq Z‡K ejv
nq -
K) †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g L) †hvMv‡hvM mvab
M) †hvMv‡hvM evnb N) cwienY
2. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g cÖavbZ KZ cÖKvi?
K) 2 cÖKvi L) 3 cÖKvi
M) 4 cÖKvi N) 5 cÖKvi
3. wjwLZ AvKv‡i hLb Z_¨, fve Abyf~wZ †cÖwiZ nq Zv‡K e‡j -
K) bxie †hvMv‡hvM L) wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
M) kvwãK †hvMv‡hvM N) meKÕwU
4. †h †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vcbvi mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³/wbe©vnx‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ nq Zv‡K ejv nq ........
†hvMv‡hvM|
K) Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ L) eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨
M) wjwLZ N) D”P ch©v‡qi
5. †h wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM Øviv eë¯’vcbv Kwg©‡ì mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i, Zv‡K ejv nq ....... wjwLZ
†hvMv‡hvM|
K) Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ L) eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨
M) wbgœ¯Í‡ii N) D”P ¯Í‡ii
6. eë¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g n‡jv ...... †hvMv‡hvM|
K) mvsMVwbK welqvw` L) eë¯’vcbv ey‡jwUb
M) eë¯’v msev` wjwc N) meKÕwU
7. Kwg©‡ì Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g n‡jv ..........|
K) eë¯’vcbv ey‡jwUb L) Kwg© ey‡jwUb
M) cvVK ZvK N) ey‡jwUb †evW©
8. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb myweav n‡jv........
K) ¯’vqx †iKW© L) KZ©Z¡c©b mnR
M) cÖPvi gva¨g N) mnR Dc¯’vcbv
9. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb Amyweav n‡jv ..
K) e¨qeûj L) AcwieZ©bkxj
M) MwZkxjZvi Afve N) †MvcbxqZvi Afve|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM (Oral Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
†gŠwLK ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †KŠkj eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©Zvi KviY eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mdjZvi c~e©kZ© eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dchy³ †¶Î eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav-Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†gŠwLK ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv (Definition of Oral/Verbal Communication)
GK K_vq †gŠwLK K_v-evZ©v ev Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| Zv‡K †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hvM e‡j| e¨vcK A‡_© D‡Ïk¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ †cÖiK hLb Zvi g‡b fve, aviYv, evZ©v, Abyf~wZ, Z_¨,
K_v-evZ©v ev Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g MÖvnK‡K Rvbvq, Zv‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| ‡hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î GUv
AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g|
cÖwZôv‡bi AwaKvsk †hvMv‡hvMB †gŠwLKfv‡e n‡q _v‡K| †KŠkj wn‡m‡e G‡¶‡Î kã, KÉ¯î, fvlvi
eënvi Kiv nq| KvMR-Kj‡gi eënvi GB †hvMv‡hv‡M †bB| †hvMv‡hvMB †gŠwLK fv‡e n‡q _v‡K|
†KŠkj wn‡m‡e G‡¶‡Î kã, KÉ¯î, fvlvi eënvi Kiv nq| KvMR-Kj‡gi eënvi GB †hvMv‡hv‡M †bB|
wgt j‡iÝ e‡jb e„n`vqZb cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wjwLZ `wjj cÎmg~n cÖvqB kÖywZwjL‡bi Øviv ˆZwi Kiv
nq|
eig¨vb eëmvq †hvMv‡hvM Abykxj‡bi Dci M‡elYv K‡i †`‡L‡Qb †h, †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ax‡i ax‡i
AwaK _v‡K AwaKZi ¸iyZ¡ jvf Ki‡Q| Avevi cvI‡qj I ¸wWb e‡jb †h, †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡M
eë¯’vcbvq wbhy³ e¨w³eM© †ewki fvM mgq e¨q K‡ib|
‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AwaKvsk †¶‡ÎB e³v I †kªvZvi g‡a¨ cÖZ¨¶ ev mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq|
cvi¯úwiK Av‡jvPbvi Øviv mn‡RB cÖwZwµqv eySv hvq Ges mg‡SvZvq †cuŠQv hvq| †KŠkj wn‡m‡e cÖZ¨¶
Av‡jvPbv, †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj, B›UviKg, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, MY m‡¤^vab BZ¨vw` eëüZ nq| GB
†hvMv‡hv‡M †Kvb †iKW© ivLv nq bv| `xN© †gqv`x †hvMv‡hv‡M GB c×wZ Dchy³ bq| Z‡e Awkw¶Z
†kªvZvi Rb¨ GB †hvMv‡hvM gva¨‡g m‡e©vËg|

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj (Techniques of Oral Communication)

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î A‡bK †KŠkj eënvi Kiv nq| hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q -
1. K‡_vcK_b (Conversation) t AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB wKQz msL¨K †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †h Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv
Kiv nq, Zv‡K K‡_vcK_b ejv nq| e³v I †mªvZvi g‡a¨ mym¤úK© I mg‡SvZv Avbvq GUvB m‡e©vËg
cš’v| K‡_vcK_b mv_©K Kivi Rb¨ wKQz wbqg †g‡b Pjv Avek¨K, h_v t
K) †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZv _vK‡e bv, AvKl©Yxq I Av‡gv`c~Y© K‡i †Zvj‡Z n‡e;
L) Ab¨vb¨ e³v‡ì e³‡eï cÖwZ AvMÖn †`Lv‡Z n‡e, g‡bv‡hvM w`‡Z n‡e evav †`qv hv‡e bv;
M) †mŠRb¨Zv m¤§vb (wkóvPvi) cÖ`k©‡bi wbqg cvjb Ki‡Z n‡e; Ges
N) mywPwš—Z gZvgZ e¨³ Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. †Uwj‡dvb (Telephone) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jv †Uwj‡dvb| Kvievix m¤úK© ¯’vcb
I m¤cÖmvi‡Yi e¨vcv‡i Bnv e¨vcK eëüZ nq| Bnvi gva¨g ev eënvi Qvov AvaywbK Kvievi
cwiPvjbv wPš—vB Kiv hvq bv| †Uwj‡dvb `~i‡Z¡i evav AwZµ‡g mvnvh¨ K‡i| Bnvi gva¨‡g
†jb‡`‡bi m~ÎcvZ I wb®úwË Kiv hvq|
K) †Uwj‡dvb †hvMv‡hvM mdj Kivi †¶‡Î †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e;
L) fv‡jv ejvi Af¨vm _vK‡Z n‡e;
M) ¯^xq Ges cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPq cÖ_‡g cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e;
N) f`ªZv I web‡qi mv‡_ mwVK DËi w`‡Z n‡e; Ges
O) mg‡qi cÖwZI †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e|
3. †gvevBj †dvb (Mobile Phone) t †Uwj‡dv‡bi AvaywbK ms¯‹iY n‡jv †gvevBj †dvb| Gi Øviv
hLb Lywk ZLbB †cÖiK cÖvc‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z cv‡i| fve, Z_¨ Av`vb-cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cv‡i|
d‡j †hvMv‡hvM `ªyZZi nq| †Uwj‡dv‡bi †P‡q †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î †gvevBj Gi eënvi A‡bK †ekx|
4. B›UviKg (Intercom) t e„n`vqZb Awd‡m Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖvqB GB c×wZ eënvi
nq| B›UviK‡gi gva¨‡g ¯^xq ¯’v‡b †_‡K `ªyZ Avjvc Kiv hvq| ¯’vcbv msµvš— e¨q Qvov G‡Z †Kvb
LiP †bB|
5. mv¶vrKvi (Interview) t c~e© †NvwlZ welq/D‡Ïk¨ wb‡q K‡_vcK_bB n‡jv mv¶vrKvi| GB
cÖwµqvq wbw`©ó mg‡q evZ©v †cÖiK-cÖvcK GKÎ n‡q Av‡jvPbv K‡i| Kvievix RM‡Z GB c×wZ
cÖwZwbqZB eëüZ nq|
mv¶vrKv‡ii cÖKvi‡f` (Types of Interview) t
K. wbe©vPb I wb‡qvM mv¶vrKvi t cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvM, Kvh© g~j¨vqb, ¯’vqxKiY, c‡`vbœwZ ev we‡kl
wb‡`©kbvi Rb¨ GUv Kiv nq|
L. M‡elYv msµvšÍ t M‡elYv Kv‡h©i cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GUv Kiv nq|
M. Awf‡hvM mv¶vrKvi t Kwg© I MÖvnK‡ì Afve Awf‡hvM, Pvwn`v, `vwe BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Ávb jvf
Ges mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ Awf‡hvM mv¶vrKvi †`qv nq|
N. k„•Ljv‡eva mv¶vrKvi t Kwg©‡ì mZK© Kiv, wbôvevb Kiv, KvR K‡g© AvMÖnx Kiv Ges ms‡kvab
Kivi Rb¨ G ai‡bi mv¶vr †bqv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
O. †evW© mv¶vrKvi t cÖK…Z cÖv_©x evQvB ev cÖK…Z Z_¨ †ei Kivi Rb¨ KwgwU MVb K‡i GB mv¶vrKvi
MÖnY Kiv nq| wewfbœ cÖkœ K‡i cÖK…Z Z_¨ I cÖK…Z cÖv_©x hvPvB-evQvB Kivi Rb¨ GB c×wZ MÖnY
Kiv nq|
P. `jxq mv¶vrKvi t wbw`©ó D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ Ges †Kvb e¨vcv‡i †Kvb `j‡K wRÁvmvev` Kivi
Rb¨ GUv Kiv|
mv¶vrKvi MÖnY †KŠkj (Techniques of Interview) t mv¶vrKvi MÖn‡Yi A‡bK †KŠkj i‡q‡Q|
D‡j- L‡hvM¨ 3wU n‡jv t-
K. mivmwi cÖkœ c×wZ t GB †KŠkj Aej¤^‡bi †¶‡Î mv¶vrcÖ`vbKvix‡K mivmwi G‡Ki ci GK cÖkœ Kiv
nq| Z‡e, Zv‡K †Kvb cÖwZwµqv cÖ`k©‡bi my‡hvM †`qv nq bv|
L. wb‡`©kwenxb I †Lvjv mv¶vrKvi c×wZ t GB c×wZ‡Z mv¶vr cÖ`vbKvix‡K †Kvb cÖkœ bv K‡i
¯^Ztù~Z©fv‡e Zvi gZ cÖKv‡ki ¯^vaxbZv cÖ`vb Kiv nq| mv¶vr cÖ`vbKvix hv fv‡jv e‡j K‡i ZvB †m
¯^vaxbfv‡e ej‡Z cv‡i|
M. wb‡`©wkZ mv¶vrKvi t GB c×wZ‡Z mv¶vZ cÖ`vbKvix‡K cÖwZwµqv cÖ`k©b I gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM
†`qv nq|
6. gÂ e³…Zv (Dias Speech) t eëmvq RM‡Z A‡bK mgq eëmvqx ev eë¯’vcbv Rbmg‡¶ †Kvb Z_¨
Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ gÂ e³…Zv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| GB cš’vq †hvMv‡hvMKvix g‡Â `vwo‡q GKmv‡_ A‡bK
†jv‡Ki D‡Ï‡k¨ e³e¨ w`‡Z cv‡i| †kªvZvi mv‡_ mivmwi gZ wewbg‡qi my‡hvM Kg _v‡K| GB cš’v
Aej¤^‡b †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e †hvMv‡hvMKvixi c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ Avek¨K| welq m¤ú‡K© ¯úó aviYv ìKvi|
e³…Zv Z_¨g~jK nevi mv‡_ mv‡_ nvm¨-imvZ¥K nIqv DwPZ Ges Zv `xN© bv nIqv DËg|
7. `je× Av‡jvPbv (Group Meeting) t †Kvb wel‡q `jMZ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Rb¨
`je× Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| mK‡jB Av‡jvPbvi my‡hvM cvq e‡j ev¯—eagx© wm×vš— M„nxZ nq| ZvB
†hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î GUv `ªyZ RbwcÖqZv jvf Ki‡Q| wb‡gœi 5wU D‡Ïk¨ nvwm‡ji Rb¨ GUv Kiv nq t-
K. gvbexq m¤úK© Dbœqb;
L. aviYv hvPvB;
M. aviYv m„wó;
N. mgm¨v mgvavb; Ges
O. cÖwk¶Y|
8. ‡iwWI-wUwf Kw_Kv (Radio-Television Talk) t †iwWI-‡Uwjwfkb Kw_Kv cv‡Vi gva¨‡g evZ©v
†cÖiK wecyj Rb‡Mvôxi wbKU Zviv evZ©v `ªyZ †cuŠ‡Q w`‡Z cv‡i| c~e© †_‡KB Bnvi ˆZwi welqe¯‘ cÖPvi
Kiv nq| cwiPvjK ev D”P eë¯’vcbv G‡Z Ask †bq| GUv g~jZ GKgywL| Bnvi gva¨‡g MÖvn‡Ki
cÖwZwµqv eySv hvq bv| D‡jøL¨ †iwWI Kw_Kv n‡jv kªeY †hvMv‡hvM Ges wUwf Kw_Kv n‡jv kªeY `k©b
†hvMv‡hvM|
9. AvbyôvwbK cÖwk¶Y †Kvm© (Formal Traning Course) t cÖwZôv‡b Gi gva¨‡g Kvh©Kifv‡e
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| cÖwZôv‡b `¶ Kwg© evwnbx M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨ Ges nv‡Z bv‡Z cÖwk¶Y

cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ AvbyôvwbK cÖwk¶Y †Kv‡m©i eë¯’v Kiv nq| Kv‡h©i wewfbœ w`K m¤ú‡K© evZ©vMÖnxZv‡K
Rvbv‡bv nq| K_v ejvi my‡hvM †`qv nq Ges KL‡bv cix¶v †bqv nq| ZvB GwU GKwU djcÖm~
c×wZ|
10. N‡ivqv Drme (Family Festival) t cÖwZôv‡bi Kwg© I eë¯’vcK‡ì g‡a¨ GKwU wbw`©ó wel‡q
N‡ivqv Av‡jvPbvq GKwÎZ KivB-G Drm‡ei D‡Ïk¨| m¤ú~Y© N‡ivqv cwi‡e‡k mevB Av‡jvPbv Kivi
Ges e¨w³MZfv‡e cwiwPZ nevi my‡hvM cvq| †hgb evwl©K †fvR mfv Gi cÖK…Z D`vniY| GB
Drm‡ei Kg©m~wPi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t
K. cÖavb wbe©vnx KZ…©K ¯^vMZ fvlY
L. Avc¨vqb
M. Kwg©‡ì KÕRb Ges eë¯’vcbvi KÕR‡bi e³…Zv
N. mvs¯‹…wZK Abyôvb Ges
O. cyi¯‹vi weZiY|
11. wbe©vwPZ Kwg©‡ì mv‡_ ga¨vý †fvRb (Feast Within Selected Employees) t g~j D‡Ïk¨‡K
mvg‡b †i‡L cÖavb wbe©vnx gv‡S g‡a¨ wKQz Kg©KZ©v‡ì mv‡_ ga¨vý †fvR K‡ib| d‡j Lvevi ‡Uwe‡j
AvbyôvwbKZv QvovB ¸iyZ¡c~Y© ev eëmvwqK Av‡jvPbv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z Kv‡Ri MwZ I AvšÍwiKZv e„w×
cvq|
12. we‡kl cyi¯‹vi Abyôvb (Special Prize Giving) t K…wZZ¡c~Y© Kv‡Ri Rb¨ Kwg©‡ì we‡kl cyi¯‹vi
cÖ`v‡bi D‡Ïk¨ GwU Kiv nq| GLv‡b eë¯’vcbv I Kwg©iv GKwÎZ n‡Z cv‡ib Ges AvbyôvwbKZv Qvov
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc cyi¯‹vi weZi‡Yi d‡j Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ Kg©¯ú„nv I g‡bvej e„w×
cvq|
13. wbivcËv mfv (Security Meeting) t wbivcËv wel‡q mvaviYZ ZË¡veavqK Aaxb¯’‡ì wb‡q GB
êVK K‡ib| GB mfvi g~j¨ D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ wbivcËv wel‡q †hvMv‡hvM Dbœqb Ges
ZË¡veavq‡Ki †hvM¨Zv e„w×KiY| ¯^í mg‡qi Rb¨ Ges KviLvbvq ‡h †Kvb GK †Kv‡YB GB mfv n‡Z
cv‡i|
14. Dc‡`óv mfv (Advisory Meeting) t D”P, ga¨ Ges wbgœ GB 3wU eë¯’vcbv wb‡q Giƒc mfv
AbywôZ nq| wewfbœ mg‡q m`m¨‡ì wb‡q Giƒc mfv AbywôZ nq| m`m¨MY GB mfvi gva¨‡g wbR
wbR Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡a¨ Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ civgk© I Dc‡`k w`‡q _v‡Kb|
15. KwgwU ch©v‡jvPbv mfv (Committee Discussion) t KwgwU g~jZ wefvMxq cÖavb‡ì wb‡q ev wbw`©ó
Kv‡h©i mv‡_ RwoZ e¨w³e‡M©i Øviv MwVZ GKwU MÖyc ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ GUv Kiv nq|
Gi gva¨‡g m`m¨‡ì cvi¯úwiK mvgbv-mvgwb Avjv‡c mn‡hvwMZv, mg‡SvZv, mgš^q e„w× cvq|
16. civgk©`vb (Counselling) t wkí g‡bvweÁvbx ev AwZ`¶ e¨w³‡K GB `vwqZ¡ cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †m
cÖ‡qvR‡b Kwg©, mycvifvBRi, KviLvbv eë¯’vcK I wefvMxq cÖavb‡ì Kvh©-cÖwµqv I bxwZ-c×wZ
wb‡q civgk© cÖ`vb K‡ib| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨‡K wbR wbR Kvh© m¤úv`‡b `¶ nq|
17. ZË¡eavqK KZ©„K cwi`k©b (Inspection by Supervisor) t A‡bK mgq ZË¡eavqK Aaxb¯’ Kwg©‡ì
Awdm I evm¯’vb cwi`k©b K‡ib| G‡Z K‡i Zv‡ì g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK gvbweK m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
18. AvbyôvwbK Kwg© †hvMv‡hvM (Informal Employees Communication) t A‡bK mgq c~e©
cwiKíbv Qvov wbe©vnx ev ZË¡eavqK Zuvi Aaxb¯’‡ì e¨w³MZ, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK †LuvR-Lei ‡bq|
G‡Z gvbweK m¤ú‡K© Dbœqb nq|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavmg~n (Advantages of Oral Communication)

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvMB me©v‡c¶v djcÖm~ Ges me©vwaK eëüZ c×wZ ZviciI Bnvi wKQz Amyweav i‡q‡Q|
wb‡gœ Gi myweav¸‡iv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1. e³e¨ Abyaveb t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq †kªvZv bvbvwea cÖkœ wRÁvmv K‡i e³vi wbKU n‡Z
e³‡eï Zvrch© cwi®‹viiƒ‡c ey‡S wb‡Z cv‡i|
2. mg‡SvZv I m™¢ve AR©b t GUv e³v I †kªvZvi g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv I m™¢ve e„w× K‡i|
3. ‡kªvZvi cÖwZwµqv eySv t e³v †kªvZvi wbKU e³e¨ †ck Kivi Kv‡j Zvi nve-fve †`‡L Zvi cÖwZwµqv
eyS‡Z cv‡i|
4. fyjÎywU ms‡kvab t `yB c¶ mvgbvmvgwb Dcw¯’Z _vKvi d‡j e³e¨ ev Z‡_ï †Kvb iKg fyj ev ÎywU
n‡j ev e³‡eï ‡Kvb wKQz ev` co‡j Zv aiv c‡o|
5. Awkw¶‡Zi Rb¨ dj`vqK t Awkw¶Z e¨w³‡ì wbKU †gŠwLK K_vevZ©vi Øviv †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv
evÂbxq| †Kbbv †jLvcov Rv‡b bv e‡j Zv‡ì wbKU wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM g~j¨nxb I A_©nxb|
6. mn‡R cwieZ©b‡hvM¨ t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb‡ev‡a nVvr K‡i cwieZ©b Kiv hvq| G‡Z mg‡qi
ìKvi nq bv ev †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZviI cÖ‡qvRb c‡o bv|
7. g‡bvej e„w× K‡i t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡bvej e„w× K‡i| eë¯’vcK ev cwiPvjK mivmwi
kªwgK-Kg©Pvwi‡ì mv‡_ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i wb‡`©kvewji e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb Ki‡j Ges mgm¨vwì
mgvavb cÖ`vb Ki‡j Zviv AwaK mš‘ó nq| G‡Z Zv‡ì g‡bvej I Kg©¯ú„nv ew× cvq|
8. mg‡qi wgZe¨wqZv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v mg‡qi AcPq †iva K‡i| Aí mg‡qi g‡a¨ †gŠwLK
Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv K‡i I †Uwj‡dv‡b K_vevZ©v e‡j †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|
9. e³‡eï weK…wZ †iva t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e³v I †kªvZvi mvgbv-mvgwb Ae¯’vb e³‡eï weK…wZ ‡iva
K‡i|
10. mnR I Aí e¨q t Bnv `ªyZZg, mnR I ¯^íe¨qx †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ| e³v ev †cÖiK cÖ‡qvR‡b B”Qv
Ki‡jB †kªvZv ev MÖvn‡Ki wbKU Zvi e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z cv‡i| GB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb AvbyôvwbKZv cvjb
ev †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ ¯Íi cvi nIqvi Rb¨ mgq e¨q Ki‡Z nq bv| †Uwj‡dvb, †gvevBj †dvb Gi
eënvi GB cÖwµqv‡K Av‡iv mnR K‡i‡Q|
11. mnR mgš^q I ms‡hvM mvab t GUv e³vi mv‡_ †kªvZvi AvbyôvwbK m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i| ZvQvov
cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM I ¯—‡ii g‡a¨ AwaKZi mgš^q I ms‡hvM ¯’vc‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
12. e³‡eï mnR ms‡kvab t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Øviv e³v `ªyZ †kªvZvi cÖwZDËi cvq ev cÖwZwµqv j¶¨
Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j e³v cÖ‡qvR‡b Zvi e³‡eï cÖ‡qvRbxq ms‡kvab Ki‡Z m¶g nq|

13. wb‡`©‡ki cwieZ©bkxjZv t cwiw¯’wZi cwieZ©‡bi mv‡_ mv‡_ †h mKj wb‡`©k evwZj ev ms‡kvab
GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb nq, †mB mKj ‡¶‡Î †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki| ‡Kbbv GB mKj †¶‡Î
†gŠwLK wb‡`©k mn‡RB cwieZ©b ev evwZj Kiv hvq|
14. HK¨gZ cÖwZôv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g e³v I †kªvZvi g‡a¨ mn‡RB HKgZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq|
KviY Df‡qB mvgbv-mvgwb †_‡K cvi¯úwiK eySv-covi gva¨‡g Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cv‡i|
15. e¨vcK gvbweK m¤úK© t GwU e¨w³MZ, gvbweK Ges e¨vcK MYm¤úK© ¯’vcb I Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|
d‡j cvi¯úwiK †mŠnv`©¨ e„w× cvq|
16. cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨vR©b t GUv Kwg© I eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ cvi¯úwiK †gŠwLK Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi
j¶¨vR©b mnR K‡i †Zv‡j|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav ev ÎywU-wePz¨wZ (Disadvantages of Oral Communication)

†gŠwLK ev evPwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KZK¸‡jv ÎywU-wePz¨wZI i‡q‡Q| wb‡gœ †m¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. ¯§iYkw³i mxgve×Zv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kvb †iKW© _v‡K bv| gvby‡li ¯§iYkw³i mxgve×Zvi
ìyY †m `xN©w`b mewKQz ¯§„wZc‡U a‡i ivL‡Z cv‡i bv| GRb¨ †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM‡K Awdwmqvj †iKW©
ev `wjj wn‡m‡e eënvi Kiv hvq bv| A‡bK †¶‡Î Amvay e¨w³ ¯^v_©wmw×i Rb¨ Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi
welqe¯‘ weK…ZI Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j e³v I †kªvZvi g‡a¨ we‡iva †`Lv w`‡Z cv‡i|
2. ÎywUc~Y© I Ø¨_©‡evaK t `xN©‡gqvw` I ¯’vqx †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi f~wgKv
¸iyZ¡nxb| `xN©‡gqvw` bxwZgvjv, cwiKíbv BZ¨vw` wjwLZ nIqvB evÂbxq| G †¶‡Î GUv wbwðZfv‡eB
wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM A‡c¶v AwaK åvwšÍc~Y© I Ø¨_©‡evaK|
3. wm×vš— MÖn‡Y wej¤^ NUvq t A‡bK †¶‡Î †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mg‡qi AcPq e„w× K‡i Ges wm×všÍ
MÖnY wejw¤^Z K‡i| †kªvZviv A‡bK mgq e³v‡K Av‡evj-Zv‡evj cÖkœ K‡i bv‡Rnvj Kivi †Póv K‡i|
G‡Z mg‡qi AcPq nq Ges welqe¯‘ `y‡e©va¨ †_‡K hvq|
4. e³‡eï `y‡e©va¨Zv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvMKv‡j A‡bK †¶‡Î g~j welq ev` w`‡q †QvULv‡Uv I ¸iyZ¡nxb
wel‡qi Dci AwaK Av‡jvPbv nq| G‡Z g~j welq †kªvZv‡ì wbKU `y‡e©va¨ †_‡K hvq|
5. e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Dci AwaK ¸iyZ¡ t e³…Zv cÖ`vb Kv‡j e³v A‡bK mgq ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iy‡Z¡i Dci
†Rvi bv w`‡q Zvi e³…Zv †mŠ›`‡h©i w`‡K AwaK †Rvi †`q| G‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Avmj D‡Ïk¨ wkw_j
n‡q hvq|
6. e¨qeûj t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK †¶‡Î e¨qeûj| †kªvZv‡ì Avmv-hvIqv, LvIqv I emvi eë¯’v
Kivi Rb¨ A‡bK LiP n‡Z cv‡i|
7. Lye †ewk mnR‡eva¨ nq bv t e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK ‡¶‡ÎB mnRmva¨ nq bv| e³v I †kªvZv‡K
mgq K‡i GKm‡½ e‡m Avjvc-Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z nq| A‡bK mgq cÖ‡qvRb n‡jI Aaxb¯’ AbygwZi
Afv‡e gwb‡ei K‡¶ cÖ‡ek K‡i †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z m¶g nq bv|
8. †¶Î we‡k‡l Kvh©Ki t †Kvb we‡kl mg‡h KZK¸‡jv msev` Z_¨, wm×všÍ, welqe¯‘ wewbg‡qi Rb¨
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©Ki n‡jI Ab¨ mg‡q Zv A‡K‡Rv e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
9. A¯úó e³e¨ fyj aviYvi m„wó K‡i t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î e³‡eï eY©bv Kv‡j A‡bK mgq
e³vi e¨w³MZ fvev‡eM, D”Q¡vm, e³‡eï e¨vKzjZv I cyb‡ivw³ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| Bnv e³‡eï g~j
welqe¯‘‡K †X‡K `~iƒn K‡i †Zv‡j| d‡j †kªvZvi wbKU e³e¨ A¯úó I weiw³Ki n‡q I‡V, hv e³vi
e¨w³Z¡ m¤ú‡K© †kªvZv‡K fyj aviYv †`q|
10. ¸iyZ¡nxbZv t AwaKvsk †¶‡Î ‡gŠwLK e³e¨, wb‡`©k I Av‡`k Kg ¸iy‡Z¡i mv‡_ MÖnY Kiv nq|
11. wm×všÍ ev¯Íevq‡b RwUjZv t QvUvB, eiLv¯Í, jK&-AvDU, †jAd, wb¯‹„wZ, e`wj BZ¨vw` AwcÖq Ges
K‡Vvi wb‡`©k I c`‡¶cmg~n †gŠwLK bv n‡q wjwLZ n‡Z nq|
12. Ace¨vL¨v t †gŠwLK Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘ I M„nxZ wm×všÍ m¤ú‡K© †hvMv‡hvMKvix c¶Ø‡qi †h †KD
cieZ©x‡Z Ace¨vL¨vi Avkªq wb‡Z cv‡i| ¯^v_©wmw×i LvwZ‡i A_ev wbR m¤§vb euvPv‡bvi Rb¨ Zv‡ì †h
†KD wg_¨vi Avkªq wb‡q M„nxZ wm×všÍ‡K weK…Z Ki‡Z cv‡i|
13. AvBbvbyM wfwËnxbZv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †Kvb wjwLZ I ¯’vqx †iKW© _v‡K bv e‡j Gi ‡Kvb
AvBbvbyM wfwË †bB| G Kvi‡YB †gŠwLK Av‡jvPbv‡K AvB‡bi Av`vj‡Z cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e cÖwZôv
Kiv KwVb|
14. Amg‡SvZv t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK mgq mnhvMxZvi cwie‡Z© †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡ì g‡a¨
g‡bvgvwjb¨, K_v KvUvKvwU I ZK©-weZ‡K©i m„wó K‡i| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ m¤cÖxwZ webó nq|
‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mydj †c‡Z n‡j Amyweavmg~n‡K KvwU‡q Zzj‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mdj
n‡e|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM eënv‡ii dj`vqK Ae¯’v/cwiw¯’wZ/cwi‡ek

(More Effective Sitution/ Conditions/Circumstances for the use of Oral Communication)
1. AwZ `ªyZ Kv‡iv mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb n‡j;
2. ‡Kvb wb‡`©kbv (cwjwm, bxwZ, c×wZ) †gŠwLKfv‡e e¨vL¨vi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j;
3. evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki mv‡_ mivmwi m¤úK© cÖwZôv Riyix n‡j;
4. evZ©v/Z‡_ï †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv Acwinvh© n‡j;
5. Zvr¶wYK cÖZz¨Ëi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j;
6. cvi¯úwiK mg‡SvZv m„wói ìKvi n‡j;
7. evZ©vMÖvnK Awkw¶Z n‡j;
8. AvbyôvwbKZv ev` w`‡q cÖvY †Lvjv Avjv‡ci B”Qv n‡j;
9. `xN©m~ÎZv cwinvi cÖ‡qvRb n‡j; Ges
10. kªwgK eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb Avek¨K n‡j|

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Oral Communication)

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM‡K my›ì, mv_©K Ges dj`vqK Kivi gva¨‡g D‡Ïk¨ AR©b wbwðZ Ki‡Z n‡j wKQz
bxwZgvjv AbymiY Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv n‡jv -
1. c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ
2. HK¨, msnwZ I ¸iyZ¡cÖ`vb
3. ejvi `¶Zv
4. e³„Zv ˆZwi
5. KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y
6. Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿Y
7. AsMmÂvjb wbqš¿Y
8. mijZv
9. hyw³hy³Zv
10. mwVKZv I wbcyYZv
11. e¨w³Z¡ eRvq
12. BwZevPK g‡bvfve MÖnY
13. mveavbZv Aej¤^b
14. mwVK ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb|
1. c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ (Pre-plan) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi c~‡e©B fv‡jv ejvi Rb¨, j¶¨ AR©‡bi Rb¨ c~e©
wPšÍv, cwiKíbv, cÖ¯‘wZ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †hvMv‡hvM mdj n‡e|
2. HK¨, msnwZ I ¸iyZ¡cÖ`vb (Unity, Coherence and importance) t fv‡jv ejvi g‡a¨ D‡Ï‡kï
HK¨, m½wZ I wgj _vK‡Z n‡e| Avevi g~j e³‡eï Dci ¸iyZ¡ w`‡q e³e¨ mvRv‡Z Ges †ck Ki‡Z
n‡e|
3. ejvi `¶Zv (Speaking Effeciency) t MÖvn‡Ki wbKU ¯úó I †evaMg¨ Kivi Rb¨ cÖ¯—vweZ wel‡q
K_v ejvi g‡Zv `¶Zv, †hvM¨Zv I AwfÁZv _vK‡Z n‡e| k‡ãi D”PviY mwVK I my¯úó n‡Z n‡e|
4. e³…Zv ˆZwi (Drafting the Speech Matter) t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ïiyi c~‡e©B e³v‡K e³‡eï
welqe¯‘ my¯úó, my›ì Ges kÖywZgayi fvlvq ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y (Voice Control) t e³e¨‡K AvKl©Yxq I ü`qMÖvnx Kivi Rb¨ ejvi mgq KÉ¯î
wbqš¿Y ivL‡Z n‡e| d‡j Bnvi †kªvZv AbyK‚j cÖfve †djZ|
6. Av‡eM Abyf~wZ wbqš¿Y (Control of Emotion) t Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ‡K wbqš¿‡Y †i‡L
†hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †kªvZv weiw³ n‡Z cv‡i| d‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB wbR Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Y †i‡L †kªvZvi Av‡eM-Abyf~wZi cÖwZ mviv
w`‡q e³e¨ †ck Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. A½fw½ wbqš¿Y (Control of Gesture) t dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Rb¨ Ah_v I A‡hŠw³K A½
mÂvjb ev` w`‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv Bnv Øviv †kªvZvi g‡bv‡hvM bó n‡Z cv‡i|
8. mijZv (Simplicity) t †hvMv‡hvM hv‡Z †evaMg¨ nq †mw`‡K ‡Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ †kªvZvi
cÖwZ j¶¨ †i‡L e³e¨‡K mnR, mij I ¯úóiƒ‡c Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
9. hyw³hy³Zv (Reasonable/Logical) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welq Aek¨B †hŠw³hy³fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z

n‡e| AvBbMZ w`K †Lqvj †i‡L cÖwZwU K_vi †cQ‡b hyw³ †i‡L Zv Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡e Zv
me©Î MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|
10. mwVKZv I wbcyYZv (Accuracy and Efficiency) t e³e¨‡K mwVK I wbcyYfv‡e Ges mv‡_ mv‡_
c~e©vci avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| GRb¨ e³e¨ wjwLZ n‡Z n‡e| D‡jøL¨ hw`
e³e¨ mymsMwVZ I mywjwLZ nq Z‡eB Dc¯’vcbvq avivevwnKZv eRvq _vK‡e|
11. e¨w³Z¡ eRvq (Ensure Personality) t †kªvZvi wbKU e³e¨ AvKl©Yxq I Kvh©Kifv‡e Dc¯’vc‡b
e¨w³Z¡ GKwU we‡kl Dcv`vb| e¨w³Z¡ mvaviYZ nve-fve, Pvj-Pjb, K_v ejv, †cvlvK, †mŠRb¨‡eva
BZ¨vw` wb‡q MwVZ nq| ZvB G¸‡jvi cÖwZ j¶¨ ivL‡jB e¨w³Z¡ AvKl©Yxq n‡e|
12. BwZevPK g‡bvfve MÖnY (Accept Positive Attitude) t e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡b, †kªvZv‡K ¯úóKi‡Y,
†kªvZv‡K ivwR ev GKg‡Z Avbvi e¨vcv‡i BwZevPK g‡bvfve _vK‡Z n‡e|
13. mveavbZv Aej¤^b (Maintance of Carefulness) t Z_¨ msMÖn,cwiKíbv, Dc¯’vcb BZ¨vw`
me‡¶‡Î h‡_ó mveavbZv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z n‡e| GK †¶‡Îi AmveavbZv me©‡¶‡Îi mveavbZv‡K Le©
Ki‡Z cv‡i| hv D‡Ïk¨‡K e¨vnZ Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB me©ÎB mZK© _vK‡Z n‡e|
14. mwVK ¸iyZ¡v‡ivc (Proper Importance) t avivevwnKZv eRvq †i‡L Ges me©‡¶‡Î mwVK ¸iyZ¡
w`‡q Z_¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e| ‡Kv_vI Kg, †Kv_vI †ewk ev K‡gi ¯’‡j †ewk, †ewki ¯’‡j Kg ¸iyZ¡
w`‡q e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Ki‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ e¨vnZ n‡e|
G me bxwZgvjv †g‡b Pj‡j †hvMv‡hvM mv_©K I djcÖm~ n‡e|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©Zvi KviY (Causes of Failure of Oral Communication) t †gŠwLK

†hvMv‡hvM GKwU dj`vqK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g n‡jI A‡bK †¶‡Î Zv e¨_©Zvq ch©ewmZ nq, weiƒc
cÖwZwµqvi m„wó K‡i| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©Zvi KviYmg~n wbgœiƒc t-
1. Av¯’vwaK¨ 9. ¯^‡ii n«vm-e„w×
2. e¨¯ÍZv 10. e³‡eï `xN©m~wÎZv
3. cwiKíbvnxbZv 11. evZ©vMÖvn‡Ki cÖwZeÜKZv
4. ¯úó wPšÍvi Afve 12. e³‡eï djcÖm~Zv ch©v‡jvPvi Afve
5. A‡bï e³e¨ bv ïbv 13. c`gh©v`vRwbZ Amyweav
6. myôz evPbfw½i Afve 14. ÎywUc~Y© Dc¯’vcb
7. e¨w³Z¡ 15. ch©‡e¶Y I AbymÜv‡bi Afve
8. Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Yi Afve
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t-

1. Av¯’vwaK¨ (Over Confidence) t e³vi e³‡eï Dci †ewk Av¯’vkxj nIqv hv‡e bv| †hgb wR
ûRyi, n¨v ûRyi, Avi ejv ìKvi †bB ey‡SwQ| Gme Pj‡e bv| †kªvZv‡ì cÖwZI †ewk Av¯’v ivLv hv‡e
bv, Zv‡ì GKUz aviYv w`‡jB eyS‡Z cvi‡e, Gme wPšÍv cwieZ©b Ki‡Z n‡e| wKš‘ ev¯Í‡e cwieZ©b
Kiv nq bv e‡jB †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|

2. e¨¯—Zv (Emgorssment) t c~e©vcvi wPšÍv bv K‡i e¨¯ÍZvi g‡a¨ e³e¨ †ck Ki‡j Pj‡e bv| G‡Z
fyj n‡Z cv‡i, ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡q›U ev` co‡Z cv‡i| e³e¨ ¯úó I ¸iyZ¡nxb n‡q co‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
Gme wel‡q †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM cÖZ¨vwkZ cÖwZwµqv m„wó‡Z e¨_© n‡e|
3. cwiKíbvi Afve (Lack of Planing) t A‡bK mgq †hvMv‡hvM Kivi c~‡e© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welq/e³e¨
m¤ú‡K© cwiKíbv Kiv nq bv| Gi A‡bK KviY _vK‡Z cv‡i| †hgb g‡b Kiv nq mivmwi †`Lv
mv¶vr n‡e| Avevi cwiKíbv †Kb? D‡jøL¨ `ªyZZv, Ae‡njv, †ewk AvZ¥wek¦vm BZ¨vw` Kvi‡Y GgbwU
n‡q _v‡K|
4. ¯úó wPšÍvi Afve (Absence of Proper Thinking) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c~‡e© cwi®‹vi I ¯úó wPšÍvi
Afv‡e Bnv e¨_© n‡e| A‡bK e¨¯ÍZvi Kvi‡Y ¸iyZ¡c~Y© c‡q›U Dc¯’vcb ‡KŠkj I fvlvi eënvi,
cÖwZwµqv (AbyK‚j ev cÖwZK‚j) Ges Zvi c`‡¶c wb‡q wPšÍvi my‡hvM _v‡K bv| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©
nq|
5. A‡bï e³e¨ bv ïbv (Inattention to Others Presentation) t A‡bK mgq e³v †kªvZv‡ì
e³‡eï cÖwZ `„wó †`b bv| ¯^xq gh©v`v, hyw³, AwfÁZv BZ¨vw` cÖ`k©b wb‡q e¨¯Í _v‡Kb d‡j
†hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq Ges cÖwZK‚j cÖwZwµqv m„wó K‡i|
6. myôz evPbfw½i Afve (Lack of Good Manner of Speaking) t myôz evPbfw½i Øviv we`¨v-eyw×
cÖ‡qv‡Mi Dci djcÖm~Zv wbf©i K‡i| Avevi we`¨v-eyw× fv‡jv _vK‡jI hyw³hy³ I mwVKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb
Kiv bv n‡j Zv e¨_© nq|
7. e¨w³Z¡ (Personality) t ‡kªvZviv A‡bK mgq e³vi e¨w³Z¡‡K cÖvavb¨ †`q| Ggb †¶‡Î Zv‡ì
†Pv‡L e³v e¨w³Z¡nxb e‡j g‡b n‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|
8. Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Yi Afve (Lack of Control of Emotions) t GUv AwZ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿Y Ki‡Z bv cvi‡j D‡ëv-cvëv e³e¨ ‡ck ev †eudvm K_v
ejv n‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e| GRb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I hyw³hy³ e³‡e¨ †ewk †Rvi w`‡Z n‡e
Ges Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Y ivL‡Z n‡e|
9. KÉ¯^‡ii n«vm-e„w× (Fluctuation of Voice) t Ah_v ev cÖ‡qvRb Qvov AvKw¯§Kfv‡e nVvr KÉ¯^‡ii
n«vm-e„w× Kiv hv‡e bv| Giƒc n‡j ‡kªvZviv weiw³ †eva K‡i, Zv‡ì g‡bv‡hvM bó nq Ges †hvMv‡hvM
e¨_© nq|
10. e³‡eï `xN©m~wÎZv (Procrastination of Speech) t mvgvb¨ welq wb‡q `xN© mgq e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb
ev ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq wb‡qI cÖ‡qvR‡bi †ewk e³e¨ A_©nxb| †Kbbv †kªvZviv ms‡¶‡c Ges ¯^í mg‡q
e³e¨ ïb‡Z Pvq| Ab¨_vq âh©¨ nvwi‡q †d‡j| KviY `xN© mgq Zv‡ì nv‡Z _v‡K bv|
11. evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki cÖwZeÜKZv (Barrier of Receiver) t MÖvnK e³vi mKj e³e¨B wb‡Ri êwkó¨
fve-Av‡eM Øviv eySvi †Póv K‡i, G‡Z e³‡eï g~j welq A‡bK mgq weK…Z n‡q aiv c‡o|
12. e³‡eï djcÖm~Zv ch©v‡jvPbvi Afve (Lack of Evaluation of Results) t †hvMv‡hvM Kivi ci
e³v Zvi e³e¨ MÖvnK ey‡S‡Q wKbv Ges djcÖm~ n‡”Q wKbv †mw`‡K bRi †`q bv| G Kvi‡Y e³‡eï
Kvh©KvwiZv g~j¨vqb nq bv| g~j¨vqb I ch©v‡jvPbvi Afv‡e †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
13. c`gh©v`vRwbZ Amyweav (Egoism of Status) t A‡bK mgq e³v Zvi e³‡eï ¯^xq c`gh©v`v I
m¤§vb‡K †ewk ¸iyZ¡ †`q| wKš‘ †kªvZv‡ì cÖvc¨ m¤§vb I kª×v cÖ`k©b K‡i bv| d‡j †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©
nq|
14. wel‡qi ÎywUc~Y© Dc¯’vcb (Defective Presentation of Conteset) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î D”P
wbe©vnxi wb‡`©k, evZ©v, msev` BZ¨vw` Ggbfv‡e Aaxb¯’‡ì wbKU Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mK‡ji
wbKU Zv cwi®‹vi I †evaMg¨ nq| D‡jøL¨ †h mnR mij fvlvq cÖ‡qvR‡b D`vniYmn Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z
n‡e| Ab¨_vq †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
15. ch©‡e¶Y I AbymÜv‡bi Afve (Lack of Observation and Investigation) t me mgqB
†hvMv‡hvM Kivi ci Bnvi Kvh©KvwiZv cÖ‡qvM, cÖwZwµqv, †evaMg¨Zv BZ¨vw` ch©‡e¶Y, AbymÜvb I
ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv ìKvi| KviY e³vi Kv‡Q Bnv cwi®‹vi n‡jI †kªvZvi Kv‡Q bvI n‡Z cv‡i| ZvB
†hvM‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ mv‡_ AbymÜvb bv Ki‡j cieZ©x‡Z cÖPzi mgq, A_© I ¶wZ ¯^xKvi K‡i wb‡Z n‡e|
Gme Kvi‡Y †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© nq| G¸‡jv cÖwZ my`„wó w`‡jB e¨_©Zv KvwU‡q DVv hv‡e Ges
†hvMv‡hvM mdj I djcÖm~ n‡e|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mdjZvi c~e©kZ© (Preconditions for the Success of Oral Communication)
1. msev` MÖvn‡Ki Av¯’v t †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î MÖvn‡Ki wk¶v, Ávb, AwfÁZv, B”Qv MÖnY ¶gZv,
Dcjw× cÖf„wZi cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡ w`‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB †hvMv‡hvM mdj n‡e|
2. †cÖwiZ msev‡ì ¯úóZv t msev`/Z_¨ mnR, mij fvlvq ¯úó K‡i Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. mwVK Z_¨ †cÖiY t †cÖwiZ Z_¨ Aek¨B mwVK, wbf©yj ÎywUgy³ n‡Z n‡e| †Kvb g‡ZB †kªvZv‡K fyjZ_¨
†`qv hv‡e bv|
4. Av‡e‡Mi †P‡q hyw³i cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡ t †hvMv‡hvM †¶‡Î Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ m¤ú~Y© cwinvi Ki‡Z n‡e Ges
welqe¯‘i fv‡jv hyw³hy³ w`K¸‡jvi cÖwZ AwaK ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e| e³e¨ hyw³hy³ nevi A_©B
n‡jv - e³e¨ avivevwnK n‡e Ges welqe¯‘i cÖwZ †kªvZv †ewk g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e|
5. wbqwgZ Abykxjb t e³e¨ ¯úó I myôzfv‡e Zz‡j aivi Rb¨ e³‡e¨ welq wb‡q e³v‡K wbqwgZ
Abykxjb Ki‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv wbqwgZ Abykxjb e³‡eï myôz Dc¯’vcb AwZ Riyix|
6. welqe¯‘i cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡cÖ`vb t e³v I †kªvZv Dfq‡KB e³‡eï welqe¯‘i Dci †Lqvj ivL‡Z n‡e, ¸iyZ¡
w`‡Z n‡e| e³v‡K e³e¨ ¯úó K‡i Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e Ges mv‡_ mv‡_ †kªvZv‡KI e³e¨ ¯úó K‡i
eyS‡Z n‡e|
7. c~e© aviYv bv Kiv t e³vi e³e¨ m¤ú‡K© †kªvZv KL‡bvB c~e© aviYv/Abygvb Kiv Pj‡e bv| e³vi
`„wó‡KvY †_‡K e³e¨ eySvi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. Ag‡bv‡hvMx bv nIqv t gb‡hvM mnKv‡i e³e¨ ïb‡Z n‡e| kªeYKv‡j Ag‡bv‡hvMx nIqv Pj‡e bv|
Giƒc n‡j e³e¨ eySv hv‡e bv| †hvMv‡hvM e¨_© n‡e|
9. wbi‡c¶ _vKv t e³e¨ kªeY †¶‡Î †kªvZv‡K memgqB wbi‡c¶Zv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e| e³vi e³‡e¨‡K
KL‡bv A‡nZzK I AcÖvmw½K ejv hv‡e bv Ges wbi‡c¶Zvi `„wó‡KvY †_‡K wePv‡ii †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. c~e© wm×všÍ t e³e¨ bv ï‡b ev bv ey‡S c~e© wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv Pj‡e bv-hv e³vi e³e¨‡K cÖfvweZ
Ki‡Z cv‡i| Giƒc n‡j Ab¨vb¨ †kªvZv‡KI Zv cÖfvweZ Ki‡e Ges mwVK wm×všÍ †bqv hv‡e bv|

11. †cÖiY †KŠkj t e³e¨ †cÖi‡Yi A‡bK †KŠkj Av‡Q| ZvB cÖ‡qvRb, cwiw¯’wZ I †kªvZvi cÖ‡qvRb
we‡ePbv K‡i hyw³hy³ †KŠkj eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
12. †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ m¤ú‡K© e³vi ¯úó aviYv bv _vK‡j †m myôziƒ‡c e³e¨
Dc¯’vc‡b e¨_© nq|
13. AbymÜvb I ch©‡e¶Y t †hvMv‡hvM Kivi ci Zv AbymÜvb I ch©‡e¶Y Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi gva¨‡g
MÖvn‡Ki cÖwZwµqv I MÖnY‡hvM¨Zv Rvbv hv‡e| cÖ‡qvR‡b cybt eY©bv I we‡kølY †`qv hv‡e|
14. c~e© cwiKíbv t e³v ev †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡K e³‡eï welq, †kªvZv‡ì Ae¯’v, Dc¯’vcb c×wZ,
†hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj m¤ú‡K© c~e© cwiKíbv Aek¨B _vK‡Z n‡e|
15. mnbkxjZv t e³e¨ †c‡ki mgq mnbkxj n‡Z n‡e Ges †kªvZv‡ì e³eÏ âh©¨ I AvMÖnmnKv‡i
ïb‡Z n‡e|
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Kivi c~‡e©B GmKj welq¸‡jv wPšÍvfvebv Ki‡Z n‡e| Z‡eB Zv mv_©K I dj`vqK
n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
†gŠwLK K_v-evZ©v ev Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq, Zv‡K †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
g‡bi fve, aviYv, evZ©v, Abyf~wZ, Z_¨ BZ¨vw` K_v-evZ©v ev Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡gB †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hv‡M MÖvnK‡K Rvbv‡bv nq| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM †KŠk‡ji g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q K‡_vcK_b, †Uwj‡dvb,
†gvevBj, B›UviKg, mv¶vrKvi, gÂe³…Zv, `je× Av‡jvPbv, †iwWI-wUwf Kw_Kv, AvbyôvwbK cÖwk¶Y
†Kvm© BZ¨vw` cÖavb|
‡gŠwLK ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb myweav n‡jv- e³e¨ Abymvaveb, mg‡SvZvI m™¢ve AR©b| †kªvZv‡ì cÖwZwµqv
eySv, fyjÎywU ms‡kvab, Awkw¶‡Zi Rb¨ dj`vqK, mn‡R cwieZ©b‡hvM¨, g‡bvej e„w× K‡i, mg‡qi
wgZe¨wqZv, e³‡eï weK…wZ‡iva BZ¨vw` cÖavb| Avevi Amyweavi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q ¯§iYkw³i mxgve×Zv,
ÎywUc~Y© I Ø¨_©‡evaK, wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^, e³‡eï `y‡e©va¨Zv, e³e¨ Dc¯’vc‡bi Dci AwaK ¸iyZ¡,
e¨qeûj BZ¨vw` cÖavb|
‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb cÖavb bxwZgvjv n‡jv c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ, HK¨, msnwZ I ¸iyZ¡cÖ`vb, ejvi `¶Zv,
e³…Zv ˆZwi, KÉ¯î wbqš¿Y, Av‡eM Abyf~wZi wbqš¿Y, A½mÂvjb wbqš¿Y BZ¨vw`| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM
e¨_©Zvi Kvi‡Yi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q Av¯’vwaK¨, e¨¯ÍZv, cwiKíbvnxbZv, ¯úó wPšÍvi Afve, A‡bï e³e¨ bv ïbv,
myôz evPb fw½i Afve, e¨w³Z¡, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ wbqš¿‡Yi Afve BZ¨vw`| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM mdjZvi c~e©
k‡Z©i g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t- msev` MÖvn‡Ki Av¯’v, ‡cÖwiZ msev‡ì ¯úóZv, mwVK Z_¨ †cÖiY, Av‡e‡Mi †P‡q
hyw³i cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡, wbqwgZ Abykxjb, welqe¯‘i cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡cÖ`vb, c~e© aviYv bv Kiv BZ¨vw`| †gŠwLK
†hvMv‡hvM eënv‡ii dj`vqK cwiw¯’wZi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q t `ªyZ †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb, wb‡`©kbv cÖ‡qvRb, mivmwi
m¤úK© ¯’vcb, Z‡_ï †MvcbxqZv i¶v, Zvr¶wYK cÖZz¨Ëi, mg‡SvZv m„wó, evZ©v MÖvnK Awkw¶Z, †Lvjv-
‡gjv Avjvc cÖ‡qvRb BZ¨vw`|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK (√) wPý w`b t
1. †gŠwLK K_v-evZ©v ev Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM nq, Zvn‡jv
K) †hvMv‡hvM L) †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM
M) wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM N) nvefve †hvMv‡hvM
2. †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb †KŠkj n‡jv -
K) K‡_vcK_b L) mv¶vrKvi
M) B›UviKg N) †gvevBj ‡dvb
3. †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb myweav n‡jv -
K) e³e¨ Abyaveb L) g‡bvej e„w×
M) MÖvnK Awkw¶Z N) mg‡qi wgZe¨wqZv
4. †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb Amyweav n‡jv -
K) ¯§iY kw³i mxgve×Zv L) ÎywUc~Y©Zv
M) e¨qeûj N) e³e¨ `~‡e©va¨Zv
5. †KvbwU †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM bxwZ bq?
K) c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ L) mn‡hvwMZv
M) HK¨, msnwZ N) Av‡eM wbqš¿Y
6. †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©Zvi g~j KviY wK?
K) ¯úó wPšÍvi Afve L) Av¯’vwaK¨
M) mwVK Z_¨ †cÖiY N) c~e© aviYv bv _vKv

Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM (Others Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
†Pnvivi fvefw½ I Pv¶zl †hvMv‡hvM e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acivci gva¨g¸‡jv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM (Others Communication)
wjwLZ I †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM QvovI †Pnvivi fvefw½, A½fw½, bxieZv, Kv‡h©i gva¨g BZ¨vw` cš’vq
†hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| G mKj gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM n‡j Zv‡K Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
eënvi †ek cÖPwjZ| Z‡e G‡¶‡Î fyj eySveywSi AeKvk _v‡K Ges AvBbMZ g~j¨ Lye Kg| †Kbbv cÖgvY
bv _vK‡j AvBbMZfv‡e Zv cÖwZôv Kiv hvq bv|
†kªYx wefvM (Types) t Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM‡K Avgiv wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ Ki‡Z cvwi| h_v t-
1. †Pnvivi fvefw½‡Z †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Facial Expression)
2. A½mÂv‡j‡b †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Gesture/Body Movement)
3. Pv¶zl ev `k©b †hvMv‡hvM (Visual Communication)
4. kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM (Audio-visual Communication)
5. B‡jKUªwb· †hvMv‡hvM (Electronics Communication)
6. bxieZvi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Passive)
7. Kv‡h©i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Action)
8. Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Implication); Ges
9. c‡iv¶ †hvMv‡hvM (Indirect Communication)
wb‡gœ G¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t
1. †Pnvivi fvefw½‡Z †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Facial Expression) t †Pnvivi
fvefw½ Øviv Lye mn‡RB A‡bï mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| gy‡L K_v bv e‡j †Pnviv cwieZ©b K‡iB GUv
Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb - †PvL eo K‡i ZvKv‡bv, Kcv‡ji Pvgov KzPwK‡q, fyiy †b‡o, nVvr †Pnviv Kv‡jv
ev nv‡m¨v¾¡j K‡i, bvK dzwj‡q BZ¨vw` gva¨‡g AwZ `¶Zvi mv‡_ A‡bï K_vi DËi †`qv hvq ev g‡bi
fve cÖKvk Kiv hvq| Z‡e GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi me‡P‡q ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jv Ô‡PvLÕ| †PvL n‡jv g‡bi
Avqbv| Avgv‡ì g‡bi K_vB †Pv‡L †f‡m D‡V|
2. A½-mÂv‡j‡b †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Gesture/Body Movement) t †`‡ni
wewfbœ A½ mÂvjb K‡iI †hvMv‡hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| hLb †Kvb K_vevZ©v bv e‡j ïay AvKvi Bw½‡Z
g‡bi fve cÖKvk Kiv nq Zv‡KB AsM mÂvjb †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| †hgb - nvZ †b‡o, Wv÷vi Øviv

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†Uwej †UvKv w`‡q, Rvbvjv w`‡q nvZ †ei K‡i †cQ‡bi Mvwo‡K mvBW †`qv ev bv †`qv, UªvwdK
cywj‡ki nvZ DVv‡bv ev bvgv‡bv, nv‡Z ev cv‡q evRbvi myi †Zvjv, K_vi gv‡S gywóe× nvZ Kiv
BZ¨vw` gva¨‡g mv_©Kfv‡e GB †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq| D‡jøL¨ †h, †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgq hw` A½
mÂvjb †hvMv‡hvM hy³ nq Z‡e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~j¨ e„w× cvq Ges Zv dj`vqK nq|
3. Pv¶zl ev ev `k©b †hvMv‡hvM (Visual Communication) t `„k¨gvb †Kvb wKQzi mvnv‡h¨ †h
†hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| Zv‡K Pv¶zl ev `k©b ev `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| mvaviYZ wPÎ, Qwe, bKgv,
g¨vc, cÖZxK, †cv÷vi BZ¨vwì gva¨‡g AwZ mn‡R Ges `¶Zvi mv‡_ GB †hvMv‡hvM mgwš^Z n‡j
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi djcÖm~Zv e„w× cvq| evZ©vMÖvnK hLb Awkw¶Z ev Aí wkw¶Z nq ZLb GB †hvMv‡hvMB
m‡e©vËg|
GB c×wZ‡Z c‡Yï Drcv`b, µq-weµq, Pvwn`v, mieivn, `ªe¨g~j¨ n«vm-e„w× BZ¨vw` welqvw` AZ¨šÍ
mnR I my›ìfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kiv hvq Ges evZ©v MÖvnK‡K Rvbv‡bv hvq| d‡j `yB c‡¶iB mgq Kg
jv‡M|
4. kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM (Audio-visual Communication) t †h †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ‡Z wjwLZ I
†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ `k©b ev `„k¨gvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgš^q N‡U, Zv‡K kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM ejv
nq| cÖwZôv‡bi †Kvb wb‡`©kbv, Z_¨, ZË¡, msev`‡K cÖ_‡g gyw`ªZ K‡i evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ eÈb Kiv
nq| cieZ©x‡Z evZ©vMÖvnK cÖvß †hvMv‡hvM‡K cÖ‡qvR‡bi Av‡jv‡K †kªvZv‡ì wbKU wewj eÈb K‡ib|
GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †m‡nZz wPÎ, PvU©, bKkv, MÖvd BZ¨vwì eëüZ nq, d‡j cÖK…Z †kªvZv Zv mn‡RB
eyS‡Z cv‡i| GB †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wjwLZ, †gŠwLK I `k©b †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ¸‡jvi ÎywU¸‡jv `~i
Kiv hvq Ges myweav¸‡jv AR©b Kiv hvq| ZvB Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM c×wZi Zzjbvq GB c×wZ AwaK
Kvh©Ki Ges djcÖm~| GKvi‡Y evsjv‡`‡k Audio-Visual Ges School Broadcasting
Programme Pvjy Kiv n‡q‡Q| kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM c×wZi gva¨g¸‡jv n‡jv -
K) wm‡bgv, wm‡bgv ¯øvBW, wbqb mvBb
L) wUwf I wfwmAvi; Ges
M) ‡W‡gv‡b‡÷ªkb|
5. B‡jKUªwb· †hvMv‡hvM (Electronics Communication) t B‡jKUªwbK cÖwµqv/gva¨g eënvi K‡i
hLb †hvMv‡hvM m¤úbœ Kiv nq, ZLb Zv‡K B‡jKUªwb· †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| †hgb - †iwWI, wUwf,
†dvb, †gvevBj †dvb, d¨v·, B-‡gBj BZ¨vw`| AvaywbK we‡k¦ G gva¨gwU LyeB RbwcÖq| KviY GB
gva¨‡g †h †Kvb mgq c„w_exi †h †Kvb cÖv‡šÍ Aew¯’Z MÖvn‡Ki mv‡_ AwZ `ªyZ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv Ges
cÖZz¨Ëi cvIqv hvq|
6. bxieZvi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Passive) t bxieZvi gva¨‡g evZ©v
cÖvcK I evZ©v MÖvn‡Ki g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM Kiv m¤¢e| †hgb - Awd‡mi eo mv‡n‡ei M¤¢xi †Pnviv †`‡L
Aaxb¯’iv eyS‡Z cv‡i wZwb mgm¨vq Av‡Qb| K¬v‡m wk¶v_©x‡ì gwjb I welYœ †Pnviv †`‡L wk¶K
eyS‡Z cv‡ib Zviv wk¶‡Ki K_v eyS‡Z cvi‡Q bv; Aaxb¯’‡ì welbœ gyL †`‡L eë¯’vcbv eyS‡Z
cv‡ib Zviv mgm¨vq i‡q‡Q ev †mŠnv`©¨g~jK m¤ú‡K©i Afve i‡q‡Q BZ¨vw`| Avevi bxieZv m¤§wZi
j¶Y e‡jI GKwU K_v cÖPwjZ i‡q‡Q| Z‡e GUv ïay cvÎ-cvÎx evQvB‡qi †¶‡Î ‡ewk eëüZ nq|
7. Kv‡h©i gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Action) t Kv‡h©i gva¨‡gI A‡bK mgq
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq| †hgb eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨ hw` mZZv, mnbkxjZv, b¨vq civqb Ges KZ©e¨
wbôv _v‡K, Z‡e Zvi Aaxb¯’ivI GmKj ¸Y AR©b Kivi †Póv K‡i _v‡K| Avevi eë¯’vcbvi g‡a¨
G¸‡jvi Afve †`Lv w`‡j Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡aÏ G¸‡jvi Afve †`Lv †`q| ZvB Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi
gva¨‡gI †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv hvq|

8. Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM (Communication Through Implication) t Abygv‡bi Dci wfwË

K‡i A‡bK mgq wewfbœ e¨w³i g‡a¨ Avcbv-Avcwb †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ n‡q _v‡K| GB c×wZ‡Z evZ©v
†cÖiK †Kvb evZ©v MÖvnK‡K †cÖiY K‡ib bv| wKš‘ evZ©v MÖvnK †cÖi‡Ki e¨w³Z¡, Pjv‡div, K_v ejvi
aib, cQ›`-AcQ›` BZ¨vw` Abygvb K‡i evZ©v †cÖiK m¤ú‡K© aviYv †cvlY K‡ib| †hgb Aaxb¯’iv
e‡mi, mš—v‡biv wcZv-gvZvi, wk¶v_©xiv wk¶‡Ki e¨w³Z¡, Pjv‡div, K_v ejvi aib, cQ›`-AcQ›`
BZ¨vw` ‡`‡L Ges AbyKiY K‡i _v‡K|
9. c‡iv¶ †hvMv‡hvM (Indirect Communication) t hLb evZ©v‡cÖiK evZ©vMÖvn‡Ki mv‡_ mivmwi
†hvMv‡hvM bv K‡i Ab¨ gva¨‡g eënvi K‡i, Zv‡K c‡iv¶ †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| †hgb †kªYx K‡¶
covïbv wel‡q wk¶v_©x wk¶‡Ki mv‡_ K_v bv e‡j mgš^qKvixi mv‡_ K_v ej‡Z cv‡ib| GUv c‡iv¶
†hvMv‡hvM, Z‡e GB †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK mgq fyj eySveywSi m„wó nq|
cvV ms‡¶c
wjwLZ I †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Qvov Ab¨ cš’vq †h †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡K Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
hvi g‡a¨ i‡q‡Q †Pnvivi fvefw½, A½mÂvjb, Pv¶zl ev `k©b, kªeY-`k©b, B‡jKUªwb·, bxieZv, Kv‡h©i
gva¨‡g, Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g Ges c‡iv¶ †hvMv‡hvM|
†Pnvivi fvefw½ t †Pnvivi gva¨‡g A_©vr †PvL eo K‡i ZvKv‡bv, fyiy †b‡o, Kcv‡ji Pvgov KzPwK‡q GB
†hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|
AsM mÂvjb t nvZ cv †b‡o, Wv÷vi Øviv †Uwej AvNvZ K‡i GB †hvMv‡hvM Kiv hvq|
Pv¶zl ev `k©b t `„k¨gvb †Kvb wKQzi mvnv‡h¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq, Zv‡K Pv¶zl ev `k©b †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
kªeY-`k©b t wjwLZ I ‡gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ `k©b †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgš^‡q GB ‡hvMv‡hvM m¤úbœ nq| GB
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv I djcÖm~Zv me‡P‡q ‡ewk| Avevi B‡jKUªwbK cÖwµqv eënvi Øviv, bxieZvi
Øviv, Kv‡h©i gva¨‡g, Abygv‡bi gva¨‡g Ges c‡iv¶fv‡eI †hvMv‡hvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i|

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b|
1. wjwLZ I †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM Qvov Ab¨ gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM nq, Zv‡K ejv nq?
K) Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hvM L) weKí †hvMv‡hvM
M) MY †hvMv‡hvM N) AvPiY †hvMv‡hvM
2. †Pnvivi fvefw½ ev g~jZ †Pv‡Li gva¨‡g †h †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq -
K) †Pnvivi fvefw½‡Z †hvMv‡hvM L) †PvL †hvMv‡hvM
M) Pv¶zl †hvMv‡hvM N) AvPiwYK †hvMv‡hvM
3. nvZ-cv-gv_v †b‡o †h †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq, Zv‡K ejv nq -
K) A½fw½ L) A½mÂvjb †hvMv‡hvM
M) `k©b †hvMv‡hvM N) meKÕwU
4. wjwLZ I †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ hLb `k©b c×wZ hy³ nq, ZLb Zv‡K ejv nq -
K) mKj †hvMv‡hvM L) djcÖm~ ‡hvMv‡hvM
M) kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM N) meKÕwU
5. wewfbœ †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ ev gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ Kvh©KvwiZv Ges djcÖm~Zv ‡ewk †Kvb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi?
K) kªeY-`k©b †hvMv‡hvM L) wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
M) †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM N) meKÕwU|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav¸wj wK wK?
2| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv wjLyb|
3| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav¸‡jv wK wK?
4| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mdjZv wK wK wel‡qi Dci wbf©i K‡i|
5| kªeY I `k©b †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z wK eySvq?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1| wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †KŠkj¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
3| †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.1 t 1| K 2| L 3| L 4| L 5| K
6| K 7| L 8| K 9| K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.2 t 1| L 2| K 3| N 4| K 5| L 6| L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-2.3 t 1| K) 2| K) 3| L) 4| L) 5| K)

BDwbU
3
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖKvi‡f`
(Type of Communication)
mgvRe× gvby‡li Rxe‡bi me©¯Í‡i †hvMv‡hvM Awe‡”Q`¨ cÖwµqv wnmv‡e KvR K‡i _v‡K| gvbe Rb¥ n‡Z
g„Zz¨ ch©šÍ mg¯Í Rxe‡bi cÖwZwU gyû‡Z© †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dcw¯’wZ j¶¨ Kiv hvq| †hvMv‡hvM ïay e¨w³MZ
Rxe‡bB bq, cvwievwiK, mvgvwRK, ag©xq, ivóªxq I AvšÍR©vwZK †¶‡Î f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
GKRb e¨w³‡K Zvi wb‡Ri I cÖwZôv‡bi cÖ‡qvR‡b wewfbœ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| D³ wm×všÍ
MÖnY hv‡Z ev¯ÍegyLx nq, †mRb¨ cÖvmw½K wewfbœ ai‡bi Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni cÖ‡qvRbxqZv †`Lv †`q| gvbyl
wewfbœfv‡e Gme Z_¨ msMÖn K‡i _v‡K| Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni Rb¨ gvby‡li †hvMv‡hvM wewfbœfv‡e m¤úbœ nq|
ev¯ÍeZvi Av‡jv‡K GKwU cÖwZôvb wewfbœ cÖKvi †hvMv‡hvM cÖYvjx eënvi K‡i _v‡K| Z‡_ï Drmg~j
A_ev cÖevn we‡ePbvq †hvMv‡hvM n‡Z cv‡i wbgœgyLx, DaŸ©gyLx, AvšÍte¨w³K, mgvšÍivj, Dj¤^, Af¨š&ÍixY,
evwn¨K, AvbyôvwbK, AbvbyôvwbK, GKgyLx I wØgyLx cÖf„wZ|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
AvšÍte¨w³K I AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM (Interpersonal and Intrapersonal

Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
AvšÍte¨w³K I AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvšÍte¨w³K wfwËmg~n m¤ú‡K© aviYv cv‡eb;
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgm¨vejx wPwýZ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i Dcvq eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi GKRb e¨w³i mv‡_ Ab¨ e¨w³ ev e¨w³‡ì †h
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq Zv‡K AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| cÖwZôv‡b mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wewfbœ c`gh©v`vi
A‡bK e¨w³i mgš^‡q MwVZ nq| kªwgK Kwg© †_‡K Avi¤¢ K‡i DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v ch©šÍ GB e¨w³ msMV‡b
Kg©iZ ‡_‡K eëmv‡qi j¶¨vR©‡b wbR wbR f~wgKv cvj‡b K‡i| mK‡j wg‡j mg D‡Ïk¨ cv‡b avweZ nq
e‡j Zv‡ì gv‡S wµqvMZ m¤úK© cÖwZwôZ nq hvi Kvi‡YB msMV‡b AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM
(Interpersonal Communication) Gi m„wó nq|
AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t hLb †Kvb †hvMv‡hvM GKRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ msNwUZ nq ZLb Zv‡K
AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| G‡¶‡Î GKRb e¨w³ wb‡RB †cÖiK I MÖnxZv wnmv‡e KvR K‡i| GKRb
e¨w³i ms‡e`bkxj A½ G‡¶‡Î gw¯Í‡®‹ Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i Ges gw¯Í®‹ Zv‡K GKwU mywbw`©ó cš’vq KvR Kivi
Rb¨ wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| Gfv‡eB AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM m¤úbœ nq|
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AšÍte¨w³K wfwËmg~n (Interpersonal foundations for interpersonal

communication) t GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ we`¨gvb cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv Avš—
te¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM| †hvMv‡hvM m¤ú‡K© †hvMv‡hvMKvixi ¯^xq g‡bi gv‡S weivRgvb Abyf~wZ I
AwfcÖvq¸‡jv ev AšÍte¨w³ Dcv`vb¸‡jv AvšÍte¨w³K †hvM‡hv‡Mi wfwË cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡K| gvby‡li Abyf~wZ
I AwfcÖvq¸‡jv‡K wZb fv‡M fvM Kiv †h‡Z cv‡i| †hgb-
i) cÖ‡Yv`bv (Motivation)
ii) aviYv Abyf~wZ (Perception)
iii) Av‡eM (Emotion)
gvby‡li g‡bi GB wZbwU Dc`vbB n‡”Q AšÍte¨w³K PjK †h¸‡jv AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i|
cÖ‡Yv`bv
Aš—te¨w³K PjK aviYv Abyf~wZ
Av‡eM
BDwbU wZb c„ôv-50

1) cÖ‡Yv`bv (Motivation) t Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ Drmvn, DÏxcbv ev Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó n‡”Q cÖ‡Yv`bv ev †cÖlYv, hvi
gva¨‡g Zv‡ì Kg©`¶Zv c~Y© mØënvi wbwðZ Kiv m¤¢e nq| Avw_©K I Abvw_©K DÏxcKmg~n, †hgb-
†eZb, †evbvm, PvKzwii wbivcËv, mvgvwRK gh©v`v BZ¨vw` cÖ‡Yv`bv m„wói Ab¨Zg mnvqK| cÖ‡Yv`bv ev
†cÖlYv Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î Kwg©i g‡bi GK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© PjK|
2) aviYv (Perception) t mvaviYZ †Kvb GKwU wel‡qi djvdj m¤ú‡K© c~e© n‡Z †h wPšÍv Kiv nq
Zv‡K aviYv Abyf~wZ e‡j| G aviYv mwVK n‡Z cv‡i, Avevi bvI n‡Z cv‡i| Z‡e GKwU mwVK aviYv
GKwU cÖwZôvb‡K Zvi j¶¨ AR©‡b mnvqZv K‡i| cÖwZôv‡bi DaŸ©Zb eë¯’vcKMY ev cwiPvjKMY
eëmv‡qi wewfbœ Kv‡h©i djvdj ev mgm¨v m¤^‡Ü aviYv K‡i _v‡Kb Ges †m me aviYvi Dci wfwË
K‡i wm×vš— MÖnY K‡ib| ZvB cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcK‡ì `¶Zvi Dci aviYvi mwVKZv A‡bKvs‡k
wbf©i K‡i|
3) Av‡eM (Emotion) t gvbe g‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i bvbv Kvi‡Y Av‡eM m„wó nq, hv AvšÍte¨w³K ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Ab¨Zg DcKiY wnmv‡e AwfwnZ nq| DrKÉv, wPËPvÂj¨ ev e¨vKzjZv gvbe g‡b Av‡e‡Mi m„wó K‡i|
Av‡eM AvšÍte¨w³K wµqv-cÖwZwµqv Ges †mB mv‡_ AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci h‡_ó cÖfve we¯Ívi
K‡i|
GB wZb AšÍte¨w³K PjK e¨w³i Af¨šÍ‡i mwµq _vK‡j Giv AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dci cÖf~Z cÖfve
we¯Ívi K‡i| ZvB †cÖlYv, aviYv I Av‡eM m¤^‡Ü m‡PZbZvB G †hvMv‡hv‡M ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i
_v‡K|
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgm¨vejx (Problem Aruss in Interpersonal) t GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ
¯Í‡ii Kg©KZ©v I Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ weivRgvb cvi¯úwiK †hvMv‡hvMB n‡jv AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM| DbœZ I
myôy AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K AMÖMwZi Rb¨ Avek¨K| wKš‘ G †hvMv‡hvM‡K
DbœZ Ki‡Z n‡j me© cÖ_‡g eë¯’vcKMY‡K Gi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡e| Zvici Zviv mgm¨v¸‡jv
cÖwZKv‡ii gva¨‡g AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dbœqb mva‡bi Rb¨ Zrci n‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgm¨v¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z n‡j Avgv‡ì‡K me©cÖ_g AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM
g‡Wj m¤ú‡K© aviYv ivL‡Z n‡e| D³ g‡Wj we‡kølY K‡i Avgiv AvšÍte¨w³K I AšÍte¨w³K ¯Í‡ii †Kvb
GjvKvi mgm¨v ev fv½b msNwUZ n‡”Q Zv wPwýZ Kie|
AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖvq evZ©v K-Gi AwfcÖvq cÖwZwµqv, Abyf~wZ

AwfcÖvq I fve wnmv‡e †cÖiY‡hvM¨ MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i ev fvev‡eM
cÖeYZv K‡i mvRv‡bv mvRv‡bv AvšÍte¨w³K
aviYv
cÖwZwµqv, Abyf~wZ L-Gi AwfcÖvq AwfcÖvq evZ©v AvšÍte¨w³K

ev fvev‡eM e¨w³ MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i wnmv‡e †cÖiY‡hvM¨ AwfcÖvqmg~n
K mvRv‡bv K‡i mvRv‡bv e¨w³
L
wPÎ t AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡Wj

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Dc‡iv³ g‡WjwU‡Z Giƒc GKwU Abywm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡q‡Q †h, †h †Kvb cÖKvi AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM
GKwU AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖvq e¨³ _v‡K| G ai‡bi AwfcÖvq mPivPi AcÖKvk¨ _v‡K| AvšÍte¨w³K
†hvMv‡hv‡M wK cÖKv‡ii AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖvq cÖ”Qbœ _vK‡Z cv‡i Zv A‡b‡KB m‡PZb ev Ae‡PZb g‡b
Abygvb Ki‡Z cv‡i ev K‡i _v‡K| GB ai‡bi Abygvb AvšÍte¨w³K aviYv bv‡g cwiwPZ| D`vniY¯îƒc
GKRb Kg©KZ©v hw` g‡b K‡ib †h, Zvi DaŸ©Zb Zv‡K cQ›` K‡i bv, Zv n‡j †mI Zvi DaŸ©Z‡bi †Kvb
Dc‡`k Avg‡j Avb‡Z PvB‡e bv| Giƒc AvšÍte¨w³K aviYv n‡Z fvecªeYZvi m„wó nq| G fvecÖeYZv ev
cÖwZwµqv AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖvq‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i _v‡K|
myZivs Avgiv †`L‡Z cvB, Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wbðqZv weav‡bi Rb¨ eë¯’vcK‡K Aek¨B AšÍte¨w³K
Dcv`vb¸‡jvi mv‡_ mv‡_ AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KviY¸‡jvi cÖwZ AZ¨šÍ mRvM _vK‡Z n‡e|
DcwiD³ g‡Wj ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi, AšÍte¨w³K Dcv`vb¸‡jvi cÖwZ D`vmxb _vK‡j ev
G¸‡jv D‡cw¶Z n‡j wb‡¤œv³ †¶Î¸‡jv‡Z AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM wedj n‡Z cv‡i t
1) AwfcÖvq m¤ú‡K© Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv t GKRb e¨w³ Zvi AwfcÖvq ev AwfmwÜ m¤ú‡K© AbewnZ _vK‡Z
cv‡ib| Giƒc Ae¯’vq `yÕe¨w³i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv m¤¢e n‡e bv|
2) AwfcÖvq †cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRvevi Kv‡j mgm¨v t gvbe g‡bi AwfcÖvq †cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRv‡bvi mgq
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi wedjZv m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| AšÍte¨w³K ch©v‡qI Gb‡KvwWs msµvšÍ mgm¨vi m„wó nq| fq-
fxwZ Ges AvZ¥wek¦v‡mi Afve BZ¨vwì Rb¨ †Kvb e¨w³‡K Zvi mwZ¨Kvi PvIqv-cvIqv cÖKvk Ki‡Z
wbiyrmvwnZ K‡i|
3) c~e© aviYvi Aev¯ÍeZv t AvšÍte¨w³K aviYv †_‡KI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi weNœ m„wó n‡Z cv‡i| cÖvß msev`
MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i mvRvevi mgq AvšÍte¨w³K aviYv Lye †ewk cwigv‡Y cÖfve we¯Ívi Ki‡Z cv‡i|
mvaviYZ †`Lv hvq †h, †Kvb e¨w³ m¤ú‡K© c~e© aviYv Abyhvqx Avgiv Zvi wbKU n‡Z msev` MÖnY
Kwi| Giƒc cwiw¯’wZ‡ZI †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ e¨nZ n‡Z cv‡i|
4) Av‡e‡Mi A¯^xK…wZRwbZ mgm¨v t †Kvb e¨w³i Av‡eM‡K h_vh_ Dcv‡q gh©v`v ev ¯^xK…wZ †`qv bv
n‡jI AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM wewNœZ n‡Z cv‡i| †h mKj e¨w³i g‡a¨ †hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq Zviv
wb‡R‡ì Abyf~wZ ev fvev‡eM m¤ú‡K© IqvwKenvj bv _vK‡j Ges h_vh_ ¯^xK…wZ bv w`‡j †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Avmj D‡Ïk¨ wedj n‡e|
Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i Dcvq t c~‡e©i Av‡jvPbvq Avgiv AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
†¶‡Î D™¢yZ mgm¨vejx wPwýZ K‡iwQ| GLv‡b Avgiv Gi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i KwZcq c_wb‡`©k m¤ú‡K©
Av‡jvPbv Kie t
K) AvZ¥m‡PZbZv e„w× t GKRb e¨w³ wb‡Ri AwfcÖvq m¤ú‡K© wb‡RB hw` m‡PZb bv _v‡K Zvn‡j
AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AšÍivq m„wó nIqv LyeB ¯^vfvweK| ZvB cÖ‡Z¨K e¨w³‡KB AvZ¥m‡PZbZv e„w×i
Rb¨ m‡Pó n‡Z n‡e|
L) Abyf~wZ m¤úwK©Z m‡PZbZv t GKRb e¨w³ ¯^xq Abyf~wZi cÖwZ g‡bv‡hvMx bv n‡j AvšÍte¨w³K
†hvMv‡hvM wewNœZ n‡e| G Kvi‡Y †m wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ m¤ú‡K© we‡kl g‡bv‡hvMx n‡e Ges †Kvb NUbv
m¤ú‡K© wbR¯^ Abyf~wZi Av‡jv‡K Ab¨ e¨w³i wbKU Zvi AvPiY cÖKvk Ki‡e|

M) Abyf~wZi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖKvk t GKRb e¨w³i Abyf~wZ, g‡bvfve I AwfcÖvq cÖKvk Kiv n‡j Zv‡K D³
e¨w³i ¯^cÖKvk (Self disclosure) ejv hvq| ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖKvk, AvZ¥m‡PZbZv I Ab¨ e¨w³ KZ©„K
mwVKfv‡e we‡ewPZ nIqvi m¤¢vebv e„w× K‡i Avš—te¨w³K †hvM¨Zvi Dbœqb mvab K‡i _v‡K| e¨w³i
AwfcÖvq I g‡bvfv‡ei ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖKv‡ki Rb¨ Zv‡K fq-fxwZ †_‡K gy³ n‡Z n‡e| ZvB AvšÍte¨w³K
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gvb DbœZ Kivi Rb¨ fq-fxwZ cwinvi K‡i wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ‡K cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
N) AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖv‡qi ¯^-cÖKvk t e¨w³ we‡k‡li AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖvqmg~n cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g
AvZ¥m‡PZbZv I AvšÍte¨w³K aviYv e„w× Kiv hvq| GKRb e¨w³i wb‡Ri AwfcÖvq A‡bï wbKU
cwi®‹vifv‡e cÖKvk Kiv ìKvi| Ab¨_vq Abïv Zvi AwfcÖvq m¤ú‡K© AÜKv‡i †_‡K hv‡e| ZvB
Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ wbR¯^ AwfcÖvq A‡bï wbKU cÖKvk Ki‡Z n‡e|
O) Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mwVKZv e„w× t AvšÍte¨w³K aviYvi mwVKZv e„w×i GKwU Ab¨Zg Dcvq
n‡jv Abyf~wZ Ges AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖv‡qi ¯^-cÖKvk wbwðZ Kiv| GKRb e¨w³ hw` Ab¨ GKR‡bi
Abyf~wZ I Pvwn`v Rvb‡Z cv‡i, Z‡e Zvi Øviv wØZxq e¨w³i Kvh©vejx‡K fyj e¨vL¨v Kivi m¤¢vebv Kg
_v‡K| AvšÍte¨w³K aviYvi mwVKZv e„w×i Av‡iKwU Dcvq n‡jv A‡bï KvR e¨vL¨v Kivi mgq wb‡R
ch©‡e¶Y Kiv| wb‡Ri ch©‡e¶Y RwbZ wm×všÍ mg~n KZUzKz mwVK ZvI we‡ePbv Ki‡Z n‡e| mPivPi
fyj AbywgwZi `viyY AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM wewNœZ nq| myZivs AbywgwZmg~n wePvi-we‡kølY Kivi ci
wb‡Ri Abyf~wZ I AwfcÖvq cÖKvk Kivi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM e¨vnZ nevi m¤¢vebv eûjvs‡k n«vm cvq|
cvV ms‡¶c
• GKRb e¨w³i mv‡_ Ab¨ GKRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM nq Zv‡K AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
• GKRb e¨w³i wb‡Ri g‡a¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM nq Zv‡K AšÍte¨w³K ‡hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
• AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wfwËmg~n n‡jv cÖ‡Yv`bv, aviYv I Av‡eM|
• AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgm¨v ¸‡jv n‡jv AwfcÖvq m¤ú‡K© Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv, AwfcÖvq †cÖiY‡hvM¨ K‡i
mvRveviKv‡j mgm¨v, c~e© aviYvi Aev¯ÍeZv, Av‡e‡Mi A¯^xK…wZRwbZ mgm¨v|
• Avš&&Íte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i Dcvq¸‡jvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨ n‡jv; AvZ¥m‡PZbZv e„w×,
Abyf~wZ m¤ú‡K© m‡PZbZv, Abyf~wZi ¯^Ztù~Z© cÖKvk, AvšÍte¨w³K AwfcÖv‡qi ¯^cÖKvk, AvšÍte¨w³K
aviYvi mwVKZv e„w× BZ¨vw`|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý (√) w`b-
1) GKRb e¨w³i g‡a¨ †h †hvMv‡hvM msNwUZ nq Zv‡K e‡j-
K) AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM L) AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM
M) ¯^-‡hvMv‡hvM N) GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM
2) AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AšÍte¨w³K wfwË n‡jv-
K) 1 wU L) 2wU
M) 3wU N) 4wU
3) AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AšÍte¨w³K wfwË †KvbwU?
K) g‡bvej L) aviYv
M) †bZ…Z¡ N) †KvbwU bq|
4) AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mgm¨v¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg mgm¨v-
K) AwfcÖvq m¤ú‡K© Ag‡bv‡hvwMZv L) Av‡e‡Mi ¯^xK…wZRwbZ mgm¨v
M) c~e© aviYvi ev¯ÍeZv N) †KvbwUB bq|
5) AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i Ab¨Zg Dcvq n‡jv-
K) AvZ¥m‡PZbv e„w× L) Abyf~wZ m¤ú‡K© AvZ¥m‡PZbv
M) Abyf~wZi ¯^Ztù~Z© AcÖKvk N) †KvbwUB bq|

MY-†hvMv‡hvM (Mass Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
MY-†hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
MY-†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ, cÖwµqv I D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
MY-†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv I ¸iyZ¡ wbiƒcY Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t mvaviY fv‡e †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z Avgiv ci¯ú‡ii fve ev Z‡_ï Av`vb-cÖ`vb‡K
ey‡S _vwK| GUv MY-‡hvMv‡hvM †_‡K wew”Qbœ wKQy bq| MY-‡hvMv‡hvM mvaviY †hvMv‡hv‡MiB GKwU Ask|
hLb ‡cÖiK ev msev``vZv ev †hvMv‡hvMKvix †Kvb Z_¨, msev`, a¨vb-aviYv ev wm×všÍ GKB mg‡q AwaK
msL¨K kªeYKvix Rbmvavi‡Yi wbKU cwi‡ekb ev Ávcb K‡i Zv‡K MY-‡hvMv‡hvM e‡j| G‡¶‡Î msev`
MÖvn‡Ki msL¨v mywbw`©ó _v‡K bv| mvaviY RbMY ev wewfbœ ai‡bi mvaviY †kªvZve‡M©i D‡Ï‡k¨ msev` ev
Z_¨ cwi‡ekb Kiv nq| Aa¨vcK g¨vKdvid¨vÛ e‡jb, ÒGUv Øviv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ A_©mg~‡ni Abyf~wZ
mÂvi Kiv Ges fve ev wPšÍv aviv †cuŠQv‡bvi cÖwµqv we‡kl‡K eySvqÓ|
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ t MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ mvaviYZ `yÕwU| GKwU e¨w³K ev cÖvwZôvwbK Ges
AciwU mve©Rbxb| hLb †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb mxwgZfv‡e Zvi KvRKg©, wm×všÍ, fve ev AwfgZ †Kvb
e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi kªwgK Kwg©‡ì Ávcb Kivq, ZLb Zv e¨w³iƒc jvf K‡i| Avevi hLb †Kvb e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôvb wbR¯^ MwÛi evB‡ii †jvKRb, mgvR Z_v ivóª wek¦ mgv‡Ri mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM i¶v K‡i ZLb Zv
mve©Rbxb iƒc aviY K‡i| Z`ycwi, ivóªxq Z_v wek¦ mgv‡Ri †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZI mve©Rbxb MY-
‡hvMv‡hvM|
A‡b‡K MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi Dc‡iv³ `yÕwU iƒc‡K e¨wóK ev mgwóK MY †hvMv‡hvM e‡jI AvL¨vwqZ K‡ib|
GQvov eZ©gvb we‡k¦ MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AviI `yÕwU ivR‰bwZK iƒcI i‡q‡Q| h_v-mgvR Zvwš¿K
(Socialistic) MY-‡hvMv‡hvM Ges abZvwš¿K ev MYZvwš¿K ev gy³ we‡k¦i MY-‡hvMv‡hvM| G‡ì GKwU
wbqwš¿Z A‡_© Ges AciwU e¨vcKfv‡e eënvi Kiv nq|
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv t M‡elKe„&›` MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi PviwU wel‡qi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb-
K) †hvMv‡hvMKvix, L) msev`, M) P¨v‡bj Ges N) †kªvZv|
M‡elK‡ì fvlvq, †hvMv‡hvMKvix‡ì ejv nq Gb‡KvWvi, msev`‡K ejv nq wm¤^j, P¨v‡bj‡K ejv nq
MYgva¨g Ges †kªvZv‡K wRKvMi ejv nq| Ab¨vb¨ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi b¨vq MY-‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq †Kvb
Ò†MvjgvjÓ ev weNœ NU‡Z cv‡i GUv‡K P¨v‡bj weNœ ejv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ t GKRb MY-‡hvMv‡hvMKvix cÖavbZ wb‡æv³ D‡Ïk¨ mva‡bi Rb¨ MY-†hvMv‡hv‡Mi
Avkªq wb‡q _v‡Kb -
1) Avcb gZvgZ Rbmvavi‡Y cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g Ab¨‡ì gZvgZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ AR©b
Kiv;
2) ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î RbgZ M‡o †Zvjv;
3) Drcv`‡bi MwZ Ae¨vnZ †i‡L Ges eÈb Kvh© m¤cÖmvwiZ K‡i A_©bxwZ‡K ¯^”Qj ivLvi D‡Ï‡k¨
cY¨ I †mevi weÁvcb cÖPvi Kiv;
4) RbmvaviY‡K †`k-we‡`‡ki nvjPvj m¤ú‡K© AewnZ ivLv;
5) RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Avb›` mÂvi K‡i my¯’ mvgvwRK cwi‡ek m„wó Kiv;
6) wk¶vg~jK Kv‡h©i cwiwa m¤cÖmvwiZ Kiv;
7) GKB †`‡ki wewfbœ †MvÎ ev mgv‡Ri g‡a¨ m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i e„nËi mvgvwRK ms‡hvM M‡o †Zvjv;
8) AvšÍR©vwZK evRv‡i AbycÖ‡ek Kiv;
9) AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZ‡Z ¯^xq cÖfve we¯Ívi K‡i AvšÍR©vwZK KzUbxwZ‡Z wewkó ¯’vb `Lj Kiv;
10) cÖvwZôvwbK †¶‡Î Ggb †Kvb mgm¨vi D™¢e n‡j hv mg¯Í Kwg©‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i, Zvi mgvav‡bi c_
†ei Kiv;
11) miKvix bxwZ, Kvh©m~wP †`kevmxi mg‡¶ Zz‡j aiv Ges
12) cÖvK…wZK `y‡h©vM I RvZxq `yw`©‡b mgMÖ †`kevmx‡K HKë× K‡i †Zvjv|
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv I ¸iyZ¡ t wek¦ mf¨Zvi DbœwZi mv‡_ mv‡_ MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwaI w`b w`b
m¤cÖmvwiZ n‡”Q| Avw`g hy‡M AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡MiB cÖvavb¨ wQj| wKš‘ Kvjµ‡g mf¨Zvi weeZ©‡b
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv KíbvZxZfv‡e e„w× †c‡q‡Q| wb‡æi Av‡jvPbv †_‡K MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv
m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv m„wó n‡e| GKB mv‡_ Gi ¸iyZ¡ wbiƒcYI mnRZi n‡e|
1) mvgvwRK †¶Î t mgv‡Ri cÖvq cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB AvR MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq| MY-
‡hvMv‡hvM `~i‡K K‡i‡Q wbKU, Avi wbKU‡K K‡i‡Q wbKUZi| Zvi d‡j mgMÖ wek¦ AvR gvbe mgv‡R
cwiYZ n‡q‡Q|
2) ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î t AvR‡Ki MYZ‡š¿i hy‡M MY-‡hvMv‡hvM ivRbxwZi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi| MY-
‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡gB ivRbxwZwe`MY RbM‡Yi gZvgZ MVb K‡ib, wbe©vPbx hy‡× AeZxY© nb Ges
mfv-mwgwZi gva¨‡g †fvUvi‡K cÖfvweZ K‡ib|
3) Avš—R©vwZKZv t MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j wek¦ †bZ…Z¡ cÖfvweZ nq| AvšÍR©vwZK MY-‡hvMv‡hvM wek¦
ivRbxwZ‡K mPjZi K‡i †i‡L‡Q| Gi gva¨‡g †`kx I AvšÍR©vwZK ivRbxwZi mgš^q mvwaZ n‡q‡Q|
4) ivóªxq Kvh© cwiPvjbv t ivóªxq Kvh© cwiPvjbv I bxwZ wba©viY MY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZvf~³| Gi d‡j
GLb A‡bK †`‡k Avjv`v Ò†hvMv‡hvM gš¿YvjqÓ †`Lv hvq|
5) eëmv-evwYR¨ t AvaywbK eëmv evwYR¨ MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡MiB dmj| Gi gva¨‡g evwY‡Rï Avg~j
cwieZ©b N‡U‡Q| eëmvqxiv ¯^í e¨‡q I mg‡q Zv‡ì c‡Yï cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, †fv³v‡ì mv‡_ wbweo
m¤úK© M‡o †Zv‡j, wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g~‡j¨ KuvPvgvj msMÖn Ges wek¦ evRv‡i cÖ‡e‡ki
my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|

6) Kvievi eë¯’vcbv t Kvievi eë¯’vcbvI wewfbœfv‡e MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZvfy³| eë¯’vcbv

cÖwZôv‡bi mdj cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ Dcv‡q MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvnvh¨ MÖnY K‡i|
7) wecYb †¶Î t AvaywbK evwYR¨ RM‡Z MY-‡hvMv‡hvM e¨ZxZ cY¨ ev †mevi wecY‡bi K_v KíYvB Kiv
hvq bv| Gi gva¨‡g †`‡ki cÖZ¨šÍ AÂ‡j ev we‡`‡kI cY¨ ev †mev weZiY Kiv m¤¢e|
8) wk¶v‡¶Î t †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, B›Uvi‡bU Gi gva¨‡g MY-‡hvMv‡hvM wk¶v †¶‡ÎI D‡jøL‡hvM¨ f~wgKv
cvjb Ki‡Q|
MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g t MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖvPxbZg gva¨g n‡jv gyw`ªZ kã Ges Qwe hv `„wói gva¨‡g Z_¨
Abyave‡b mnvqZv K‡i| eZ©gv‡b eû cÖKv‡ii MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g †`Lv hvq, Zvi g‡a¨ D‡jøL‡hvM¨
gva¨g¸‡jv wb‡æ eY©bv Kiv n‡jv t
1) gyw`ªZ e¯‘ t gyw`ªZ gva¨‡gi g‡a¨ mvßvwnK, gvwmK, ˆÎgvwmK BZ¨vw` mvgwqKx, ˆ`wbK msev`cÎ, eB,
cv¤ú‡jU, B¯Ívnvi, cÖZ¨¶ WvK-cÖPvi cÎ I wej‡evW© cÖf„wZ Ab¨Zg|
2) kªeY gva¨g t †iwWI, †iKW© †cøqvi BZ¨vw` G †kªYxi gva¨g| G¸‡jv n‡Z ïay Z_¨ ïb‡Z cviv hvq
e‡j Giv kªeY gva¨g e‡j cwiwPZ|
3) kªeY `k©b gva¨g t †Uwjwfkb, Pjw”PÎ I wfwmAvi-G †Kvb e³e¨ ev welq GKB mv‡_ ‡kvbv I †`Lv
hvq e‡j G‡K kªeY-`k©b gva¨g ejv nq| G gva¨g¸‡jv AwaK msL¨K †jv‡Ki mv‡_ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
GKwU Kvh©Ki gva¨g|
4) MZvbyMwZK gva¨g t †jvK-b„Z¨, hvÎv, w_‡qUvi, Kwei Avmi, cvjv Mv‡bi Avmi, bvUK cÖf„wZ
MZvbyMwZK MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g|
5) ‡gŠwLK MY-‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g t Rbmfv, `jxq Av‡jvPbv, e¨w³MZ †hvMv‡hvM, †Uwj‡dvb BZ¨vw`|
6) gyw`ªZ I `k©bxq Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g t †cv÷vi, wm‡bgv, ¯øvBW †evwW©s, wbqb mvBb BZ¨vw`|
cvV ms‡¶c
• MY-‡hvMv‡hvM Øviv RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ A_©mg~‡ni Abyf~wZ mÂvi Kiv Ges fve ev wPšÍvaviv †cŠuQv‡bvi cÖwµqv
we‡kl‡K eySvq|
• MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ mvaviYZ `yÕwU: GKwU e¨w³K ev cÖvwZôvwbK Ges AciwU mve©Rbxb|
• MY‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv PviwU wel‡qi cÖwZ we‡kl ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Q| h_v: †hvMv‡hvMKvix, msev`,
P¨v‡bj I †kªvZv|
• MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Avcb gZvgZ Rbmvavi‡Y cÖPv‡ii gva¨‡g Ab¨‡ì
gZvgZ‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i Kvw•¶Z j¶¨ AR©b Kiv|
• mvgvwRK †¶‡Î, mgv‡Ri cÖvq cÖwZwU †¶‡ÎB AvR MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖfve cwijw¶Z nq|
• ivR‰bwZK †¶‡Î AvR‡Ki MYZ‡š¿i hy‡M MY-‡hvMv‡hvM ivRbxwZi Ab¨Zg nvwZqvi|
• Avš—R©vwZKZvq MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi d‡j wek¦ †bZ…Z¡ cÖfvweZ nq|
• ivóªxq Kvh© cwiPvjbv I bxwZ wba©viY MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZvfy³|
• eëmv-evwY‡Rï gva¨‡g eëmvqxiv ¯^í e¨‡q I mg‡q Zv‡ì c‡Yï cÖPvi Ki‡Z cv‡i, †fv³v‡ì
wbweo m¤úK© M‡o ‡Zv‡j, wewfbœ Drm †_‡K cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK g~‡j¨ KuvPvgvj msMÖn Ges wek¦ evRv‡i
cÖ‡e‡ki my‡hvM MÖnY Ki‡Z cv‡i|
• MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨gmg~n n‡jv: gyw`ªZ e¯‘, kªeY gva¨g, kªeY-`k©b gva¨g, MZvbyMwZK gva¨g,
†gŠwLK MY-‡hvMv‡hvM gva¨g, gyw`ªZ I `k©bxq Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

mwVK DË‡ii cv‡k wUK wPý w`b-
1) †KvbwU MY-‡hvM‡hv‡Mi gva¨g?
K) gyw`ªZ e¯‘ L) AkªeY gva¨g
M) †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g N) †KvbwUB bq|
2) MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ mvaviYZ
K) 1wU L) 2wU
M) 3wU N) 4wU
3) M‡elKe„›` MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi KqwU wel‡qi cÖwZ ¸iyZ¡ Av‡ivc K‡i‡Qb?
K) 4wU L) 2wU
M) 3wU N) †KvbwUB bq|
4) †Kvb †¶‡Î MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb †bB?
K) mvgvwRK †¶Î L) ivR‰bwZK †¶Î
M) eëmv-evwYR¨ N) e¨w³MZ †¶Î|

wbæMvgx I EaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM

(Downward and Upward Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
wbæMvgx I DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
wbæMvgx ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav I Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
wb¤œMvgx I DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t mvaviY A‡_©, DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v Zvi Aaxb¯’ Kg©Pvwi‡ì mv‡_ †h †hvMv‡hvM
K‡i, Zv‡K wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡M Z_¨vw` cÖwZôv‡bi D”P¯Íi n‡Z n‡Z Avi¤¢ K‡i
wewfbœ gaëZ©x ch©v‡q Ny‡i cÖwZôv‡bi wbæZg av‡c †cuŠQvq| †hgb GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi g¨v‡bRvi GwKU wb‡`©k
kªwgK‡ì mycvifvBRv‡ii wbKU †cuŠQv‡Z Pvb| cÖ_‡g wZwb Zv mswkøó †WcywU g¨v‡bRv‡ii wbKU †cÖiY
K‡ib Ges ‡WcywU g¨v‡bRvi GB wb‡`©k h_vixwZ mnKvix g¨v‡bRv‡ii wbKU cvwV‡q †`b| cieZ©x‡Z Zv
mycvi fvBRv‡ii wbKU †cŠ‡Q| Gfv‡e GKwU Z_¨ hLb D”P c`¯’ Kg©KZ©vi wbKU n‡Z wb¤œ c`¯’ Kg©Pvwii
wbKU †cŠ‡Q, ZLb Zv‡K wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM
†kqvi‡nvìvi
↓
cwiPvjbv cwil`
↓
eë¯’vcbv cwiPvjK
↓
mwPe
↓
cÖavb wbe©vnx
↓
wefvMxq eë¯’vcKe„›`
↓
wefvMxq ZË¡veavqKe„›`
↓
kªwgK-Kwg©e„›`
DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t mvaviY A‡_©, DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Z_¨ cÖevn wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K
cÖevwnZ n‡Z _v‡K| cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©Pvwiiv hLb Zv‡ì e‡mi mv‡_ msev` wewbgq K‡i ev wb¤œc`¯’ e¨w³

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
hLb D”Pc`¯’ †h †Kvb e¨w³i mv‡_ Z_¨ wewbgq K‡i ZLb †mB msev` ev Z_¨ DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g
we‡ewPZ nq| DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM g~jZ wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wecixZ MwZ cÖevn †hgb-GKRb kªwgK Zvi
†eZb e„w×i Rb¨ Av‡e`b Ki‡Z PvB‡j †m cÖ_‡g Zvi mycvifvBRv‡ii mv‡_ Avjvc Ki‡Z cv‡i|
cieZ©x‡Z G Av‡e`b mnKvix g¨v‡bRvi, †WcywU g¨v‡bRvi, g¨v‡bRvi nvZ Ny‡i †Rbv‡ij g¨v‡bRv‡ii nv‡Z
†cuŠ‡Q| myZivs DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m~ÎcvZ nq wb¤œ¯Í‡i Ges cwimgvwß N‡U D”P ¯Í‡i|
DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM
kªwgK-Kwg©e„›`
↓
wefvMxq ZË¡veavqKe„›`
↓
wefvMxq eë¯’vcKe„›`
↓
cÖavb wbe©vnx
↓
mwPe
↓
eë¯’vcbv cwil`
↓
cwiPvjbv cwil`
↓
†kqvi‡nvìvi
wbævMgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ t wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KwZcq †gŠwjK D‡Ïk¨ Av‡Q| wb‡æ Zv Av‡jvPbv Kivi
†Póv Kiv n‡jv-
1) wb‡`©k cÖ`vb t eë¯’vcbvi mKj wm×všÍ mKj ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq| Kvh©
msµvšÍ mywbw`©ó wb‡`©kvejx cÖ`vb Kiv nq, hv‡Z Kwg©iv wbw`©ó wbqg †gvZv‡eK `vwqZ¡ m¤úv`b Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
2) Z_¨ mieivn t wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Aci GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kwg©‡ì Z_¨ mieivn Kiv hv‡Z
Zviv Zv‡ì ¯^xq `vwqZ¡ I cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri mv‡_ wbR KvR I `vwq‡Z¡i m¤úK© myôyfv‡e Abyaveb
Ki‡Z cv‡i|
3) AewnZKiY t cÖwZôv‡bi D”P¯Í‡i M„nxZ bxwZmg~n, Kg©m~Px, cwiKíbv, wm×všÍmg~n BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K©
Aa¯Íb‡ì‡K AewnZ Kiv‡bvi Rb¨ wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRb|
4) `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eÈb t cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wewfbœ wefvMxq Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ `vwqZ¡ I KZ©e¨ eÈb
Kivi cÖ‡qvRb| wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hvM Zv wbwðZ K‡i|
5) Kv‡Ri g~j¨vqb t Aa¯Íb Øviv m¤úvw`Z Kv‡Ri h_vh_ g~j¨vqb K‡i Zv‡K AewnZ Kivi Rb¨ G
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq| d‡j Kwg©iv Zv‡ì Kv‡Ri mvdj¨ ev ÎywU m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cv‡i|
6) Kv‡Ri mgš^qmvab I wbqš¿Y t cwiKíbv Abyhvqx hv‡Z Kvh© m¤úv`b nq Zvi Rb¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq mgš^q
mvab I wbqš¿‡Yi Rb¨ wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM Acwinvh©|
7) Aby‡cÖiYv m„wó t cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ nvwmj Kivi Rb¨ Drmvn m„wói wewfbœ cÖKvi my‡hvM-myweav cÖ`vb K‡i
Kv‡Ri cÖwZ AvMÖn m„wó Ges AbycÖvwYZ Kivi nvwZqvi n‡jv wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hvM|

wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavmg~n t wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖwZôv‡bi DaŸ©Zb e¨w³ Zvi wbqš¿vax‡b Kg©iZ
wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Kg©Pvwii wbKU Av‡`k-wb‡`©k cvwV‡q _v‡K| wb‡¤œ wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ myweavmg~n
Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t-
1) Kv‡Ri `¶Zv e„w× t wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ ch©v‡qi Kwg©iv D”Pc`¯’
Kg©KZ©v‡ì wbKU n‡Z Kvh© m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Av‡`k, wb‡`©k, e¨vL¨v, wee„wZ cÖf„wZ †c‡q _v‡K|
djkÖywZ‡Z Aa¯Íb‡ì KvR m¤úv`b Kiv mnR nq| G‡Z Aa¯Íb‡ì Kv‡Ri `¶Zv e„w× cvq|
2) bxwZ I cwjwm AewnZ Kiv t Gi gva¨‡g mn‡R cÖwZôv‡bi Dc‡ii ¯Í‡i M„nxZ cwjwm I bxwZmg~n
Aa¯—b‡ì AewnZ Kiv hvq|
3) k„•Ljv eRvq ivLv t wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡M †h‡nZz Awdwmqvj ixwZ bxwZ †g‡b Pjv nq e‡j Awd‡mi
k„•Ljv eRvq _v‡K|
4) j¶¨vR©b mnR t j¶¨vR©‡bi Rb¨ ev¯Íe †¶‡Î wKfv‡e KvR Ki‡Z n‡e, Zv DaŸ©Zbiv Aa¯Íb‡ì
wb‡`©k cÖ`vb K‡i| d‡j j¶¨vR©b mnR nq|
5) KZ©„Z¡ I ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi t wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi AviI GKwU myweav n‡jv Aa¯Íb‡ì gv‡S mn‡R KZ©„Z¡
I ¶gZv n¯ÍvšÍi Kiv hvq|
6) e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb t G †hvMv‡hv‡M A‡bK mgq bxwZ ev cwjwmi e¨vLv cÖ`vb Kiv m¤¢e nq| djkÖywZ‡Z Zviv
mvwe©Kfv‡e KvR m¤úv`b Ki‡Z cv‡i|
7) m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb t wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g DaŸ©Zb‡ì wbKU n‡Z Z_¨vw` AvšÍwiKZvi mv‡_
Aa¯Íb‡ì g‡a¨ wewbgq NU‡j Dfq c‡¶i mym¤úK© M‡o D‡V|
8) msMVb KvVv‡gvi Dbœqb t G eë¯’vq cÖwZôv‡bi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi Dbœqb I DrKl©Zv e„w× cvq|
wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav t myweavi cvkvcvwk wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ek wKQy Amyweav i‡q‡Q| wb‡æ
wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KwZcq Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1) Kg©`¶Zv n«vm t wbæMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wewfbœ wb‡`©k cÖ`v‡bi µwU-wePz¨wZi Kvi‡Y Kwg©‡ì Kg©`¶Zv
n«vm cvq|
2) e¨vLvi Afve t wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡M cÖvqB DaŸ©Zb e¨w³iv Av‡`k-wb‡`©‡ki h_vh_ e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb
K‡ibv| d‡j Aa©¯Íbiv Z‡_ï mwVK A_© eyS‡Z e¨_© nq|
3) Kv‡Ri aviv I k„•Ljv e¨nZ nq t G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM wb‡`©kbvg~jK, d‡j A‡bK mgq Aa¯Íb Kwg©iv
Zv‡ì Av‡`k-wb‡`©k‡K m‡›`‡ni †Pv‡L †`‡L, djkÖywZ‡Z Kv‡Ri aviv I k„•Ljv e¨nZ nq|
4) djveZ©‡bi Afve t wb¤œMvgx †hvMv‡hvM GK Zidv n‡q _v‡K| Gi mv‡_ hw` ¯^Ztù~Z© djveZ©b‡K
DrmvwnZ Kiv bv hvq, Zv n‡j G †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…Z D‡Ïk¨ e¨_© n‡Z cv‡i|
5) g‡bvej nvwi‡q †djv t A‡bK mgq Z_¨ ev wb‡`©k cÖ`vb wej¤^ n‡j Kwg©iv Kv‡R Drmvn nvwi‡q
†d‡j| d‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ Kg©¯ú„nv K‡g hvq|
6) m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ t DaŸ©Zb‡ì †hvMv‡hv‡M A`¶Zv _vK‡j Kwg©‡ì g‡b weiƒc cÖwZwµqvi m„wó nq| G
Ae¯’vq `yB c‡¶i g‡a¨ kª×v‡eva n«vm cvq| d‡j cÖvqB eë¯’vcbv I Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ m¤ú‡K©i AebwZ
j¶¨ Kiv hvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav t DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v n‡jv wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡MiB wecixZ MwZ cÖevn|
DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM KvVv‡gv‡Z †cÖiK cÖvc‡Ki wb‡P Ae¯’vb K‡i| wb‡gœ DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi KwZcq
myweav Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1) msMÖn t DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb myweav n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi wbgœc`¯’ I kªwgK Kwg©‡ì wbKU n‡Z
cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi †h‡Kvb mgm¨vi mgvavb mnR nq|
2) wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djveZ©b t eë¯’vcbvq †hme Kg©KZ©vMY RwoZ _v‡Kb| Zviv Aaxb¯Í
Kg©Pvwi‡ì wbKU †K Z_¨ cvwV‡q‡Q, Zv wVKgZ †cŠ‡Q‡Q wK bv Ges Z_¨ cÖvcK wVKgZ eyS‡Z
†c‡i‡Q wKbv ev cÖvcK Zv MÖnb K‡i‡Q wKbv G m¤ú‡K© Kg©KZv©MY DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM †_‡K Rvb‡Z
cv‡i|
3) wm×všÍ MÖnY t DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g wbgœ c`¯’ Kwg©‡ì Afve Awf‡hvM, cÖ¯Íve, g‡bvfve,
Abyf~wZ BZ¨vw` eë¯’vcbvi wbKU †cÖwiZ nq| d‡j Zv mwVK wm×vš— MÖn‡Y mnvqK nq|
4) MVbgyjK civgk© t Gi gva¨‡g Aaxb¯’ Kwg©MY cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mvwe©K DbœwZ ev Kv‡Ri
c×wZ m¤ú‡K© DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©v‡ì‡K Zv‡ì AvšÍwiK I MVbg~jK civgk© w`‡q _v‡K| d‡j
cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨vR©b I DbœwZ Z¡ivwš^Z nq|
5) cÖ‡Yv`bv t DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg myweav n‡jv wbgœc`¯’ Kwg©‡ì †cÖwiZ civgk© I gZvgZ
M„nxZ I ev¯ÍevwqZ n‡j Zviv we‡klfv‡e DrmvwnZ nq| Gi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi cÖwZ AvšÍwiKZv I
Kv‡Ri Drmvn ev‡o, G‡Z mvdj¨ wbwðZ nq|
5) cwiKíbv ˆZwi I ev¯Íevqb t Kwg©‡ì †cÖwiZ Z‡_ï wfwË‡Z ‰Zix cwiKíbv I ev¯Íevq‡b DaŸ©Mvgx
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
6) AbyK~j cwi‡e‡ki m„wó t GB ai‡bi wbqwgZ ‡hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv I Aaxb¯’‡ì g‡a¨ my-
m¤úK© m„wói mnvqK nq| d‡j msMV‡bi AbyK~j Kv‡h©i cwi‡ek m„wó nq|
DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav ev mxgve×Zv t DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi A‡bK¸‡jv myweav _vKv m‡Ë¡I GB
cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡M wb‡gœv³ Amyweav we`¨gvb t
1) Z‡_ï weK…wZt GB ai‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖvqB †`Lv hvq, Aab¯ÍMY B”QvK…Zfv‡e mwVK Z‡_¨
DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c¶‡K mievin K‡ibv| d‡j cÖK…Z Z‡_ï weK…wZ N‡U|
2) AeÁv ev Ae‡njv t cÖvqBk †`Lv hvq, DaŸ© eë¯’vcbv GB ai‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖvß Z‡_ï
cÖwZ †Zgb ¸iyZ¡ cÖ`vb K‡ibv| d‡j cÖK…Z Z‡_ï weK…wZ N‡U|
3) Achv©ßZvt AwfÁZvq †`Lv ‡M‡Q DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ cÖwZ‡e`b ev Z_¨ AwaKvsk
†¶‡ÎB Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K| d‡j cÖK…Z Z_¨ msMÖn Kiv `yiƒn n‡q c‡o|
4) †Zvlvg`wcÖqZvt Aa¯Íb Kwg©MY memgq †Póv K‡i e‡mi wbKU wb‡R‡K ev wb‡R‡ì †hvM¨ Kiv, d‡j
Zviv Ggb ai‡bi Z_¨ cÖ`vb K‡i hv DciIqvjv‡K Lywk Ki‡Z cv‡i| G‡Z K‡i cÖK…Z Z_¨ ev`
covi m¤¢vebv _v‡K Ges msMV‡bi A`¶Zv †`Lv hvq|
5) DciIqvjvi Abxnvt wKQz wKQz †¶‡Î DciIqvjv ev em& cQ›` K‡ibv| wbgœ¯Í‡ii Kg©Pvwiiv Zvi mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM KiyK| d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi Kv‡R evavi m„wó nq|

wbgœMvgx I DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ t wewfbœ cÖKvi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ wbgœMvgx I DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM
we‡kl ¸iyZ¡c~Y©| wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv Ggb GK ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv hv‡Z †h †Kvb msev`, Z_¨,
a¨vb-aviYv, wPšÍv ev wb‡`©kbv msMV‡bi D”P¯Íi n‡Z wbgœ¯Í‡i †cÖwiZ nq|
c¶všÍ‡i Z_¨, msev`, mycvwik, Abyf~wZ, fvev‡eM D×Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î m¤ú~Y© wecixZ wPÎ
cwij¶xZ nq| myZivs cÖwµqvMZ w`K n‡Z G‡ì ¯úó cv_©K¨ †`Lv hvq| wb‡gœ G‡ì cv_©‡Kï eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv -
wfwË wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM

1) c×wZ msMVb KvVv‡gvi Dci ¯Íi n‡Z Aaxb¯Í‡ì wbKU n‡Z †hvMv‡hvM D”P
†hvMv‡hvM wb‡Pi ¯Í‡i cÖevwnZ n‡j
c`gh©v`v m¤úbœ Kg©Pvwii wbKU †cÖwiZ n‡j
Zv‡K wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
Zv‡K DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
2) MwZ wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi MwZ ¯^vfvweK|
DaŸ©Mvgxi †¶‡Î ¯^vfvweK bq, wecixZgyLx|
3) ms‡hvM Aaxb¯Í‡ì cÖwZ wb‡`©kvejx ¯îƒc|
Kg©KZv©‡ì wbKU Aaxb¯’‡ì wb‡e`b ev
Awf‡hvM|
4) eënvi GB ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM A‡bK †ewk DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msL¨v A‡c¶vK…Z Kg|
msMwVZ nq|
cvV ms‡¶c
• wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z eySvq DaŸ©Zb Kg©KZ©vi mv‡_ Zvi Aax¯’ Kg©Pvwi‡ì †hvMv‡hvM|
• DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡M Z_¨ cÖevn wbP †_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K cÖevwnZ _v‡K|
• eë¯’vcbvi mKj wm×všÍ mKj ¯Í‡i †cuŠQv‡bvi Rb¨ wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq|
• wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Aci GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv Kwg©‡ì Z_¨ mieivn Kiv, hv‡Z Zviv Zv‡ì
¯^xq `vwqZ¡ I cÖwZôv‡bi Ab¨vb¨ Kv‡Ri mv‡_ wbR KvR I `vwq‡Z¡i m¤úK© myôyfv‡e Abyaveb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|
• wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kv‡Ri `¶Zv e„w×, bxwZ I cwjwm AewnZ Kiv, k„•Ljv eRvq
ivLv, msMVb KvVv‡gvi Dbœqb cÖf„wZ D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
• wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Kg©`¶Zv, djveZ©‡bi Afve, g‡bvej nvwi‡q †djv, cÖf„wZ
D‡jøL‡hvM¨|
• DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav¸‡jv n‡jvt wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi djveZ©b, wm×všÍ MÖnY, MVbg~jK civgk©
cÖf„wZ|
• DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mxgve×Zv n‡”Q Z‡_ï weK…wZ, AeÁv ev Ae‡njv, †Zvlvg` wcÖqZv cÖf„wZ|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg

1| wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨
K. wb‡`©k cÖ`vb L. Z_¨ msi¶Y
M. Kv‡Ri cÖevn N. †KvbwU bq|
2| †h †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq Z_¨ cÖevn wbP ‡_‡K Dc‡ii w`‡K cÖevwnZ nq Zv‡K
K. wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hvM L. DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hvM
M. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM N. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
3| wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav †KvbwU-
K. Kv‡Ri `¶Zv e„w× L. Kg©`¶gZv n«vm cvq
M. e¨vL¨vi Afve N. †KvbwUB bq
4| DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav †KvbwU-
K. Z‡_ï weK…wZ L. DaŸ©Z‡bi AvMÖn
M. ch©vßZv N. †KvbwUB bq
5| wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi MwZ-
K. A¯^vfvweK L. ¯^vfvweK
M. mgvšÍivj N. †KvbwUB bq

MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM (Horizontal Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g eb©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav I Amyweav mg~n wbiycb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t AvaywbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© cÖwµqv n‡jv mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM|
mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM nj Ggb GK we‡kl ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv, hv‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘ eë¯’cbv
KvVv‡gvi Af¨šÍZ¡‡i Aew¯’Z wewfbœ wbe©vnx‡ì ev wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Kvh©, wb‡`©k I bxwZi ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡¶¨
mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ †cÖwiZ nq| GUv wØ-gyLxI n‡Z cv‡i| GUv eë¯’vcbv †mvcv‡bi mgc‡` AwawôZ
wewfbœ e¨w³ A_ev wewfbœ kvLv I wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ‡hgb- Drcv`b eë¯’vcK I eÈb
eë¯’vc‡Ki g‡a¨ evZ©v Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM ejv hv‡e|
wPÎ : mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM

mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g t wb‡gœi Q‡Ki mvnv‡h¨ mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM gva¨g¸‡jv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv-
MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g
‡gŠwjK gva¨g wjwLZ gva¨g hvwš¿K gva¨g
• mfv| • ¯§viKwjwc| • ‡Uwj‡dvb|

• mwgwZ| • cÖwZ‡e`b| • B›UviKg|
• mv¶vrKvi| • wPwV cÎ| • ‡U‡j·ª
• m‡¤§jb| • ZvwjKv/mviwY| • d¨v·
• ‡fvR Abyôvb| • weÁwß| • ‡Uwjd¨v·
• Kzkjvw` wewbgq| • ‡hvMv‡hvM dig| • wmM‡Kv †dvb|
• agx©q Abyôvb| • B›Uvi‡bU|
• Iqvi‡jm|
AvaywbK †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi g‡a¨ cÖvwZôvwbK ev mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv wfwË‡Z mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM AvaywbK
eë¯’vcbvi we‡kl nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eëüZ nq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav ev ¸iyZ¡ t wb‡gœ mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
1) my-m¤úK© I mg‡SvZv t mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi mgch©v‡qi Kg©KZ©v ev mg-wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ m¤úbœ
nq e‡j GK c¶ Ab¨ c‡¶i civgk© I mg‡SvZvi gva¨‡g KvR K‡ib| d‡j G‡ì g‡a¨ my-m¤úK©
M‡o D‡V|
2) Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab t eëmv‡qi wewfbœ wefvM Zv‡ì Kvh©vewji g‡a¨ mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ mgvÍivj
†hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸iyZ¡c~Y©|
3) wefvMxq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î t wefvMxq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
KviY, G‡Z K‡i mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gv Abyhvqx GKwU wefv‡Mi mv‡_ Ab¨vb¨ wefv‡Mi ch©vq µwgK I
cÖ‡qvRbxq Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM msi¶Y Kiv hvq|
4) fyj eySveywSi Aemvb t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖvqB we‡klÁ I ZË¡veavq‡Ki g‡a¨ wewfbœ wel‡q gZcv_©K¨
ev fyj eySveywS n‡Z cv‡i| DbœZ mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM G‡ì ga¨Kvi fyj eySveywSi Aemv‡b Kvh©Ki
f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
5) Kv‡h©i ¯^vfvweK MwZkxjZv t G‡¶‡Î mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi we‡kl f~wgKv i‡q‡Q|
6) †¯^”QvPvwiZv ‡iva t G‡¶‡Î mgvšÍivj ‡hvMv‡hvM AZ¨šÍ ¸i&Z¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav t mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †ek KZ¸‡jv myweav ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv _vK‡jI
G‡Z KZ¸‡jv Amyweav ev mxgve×Zv Av‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv eb©bv Kiv n‡jv-
1) mn‡hvwMZvi Afve t m‡n‡hvwMZv e„w×i Rb¨ Giƒc †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv eëüZ n‡jI Kvh©Z †`Lv hvq
cÖvqB Kwg© I wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Amn‡hvwMZvi m„wó nq|
2) c`gh©v`vMZ mgm¨v t GKvi‡Y mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM cÖvqB e¨_© nq| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY mgc`gh©v`vi
`yB e¨w³i g‡a¨ my-m¤ú‡K©i Afve|
3) c×wZMZ RwUjZv t wewfbœ Kvi‡Y Gai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y wej¤^ NUvq|
4) Z_¨ cÖev‡n we‡Nœi m„wó t KLbI KLbI mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ ¯Íi cvi n‡q Z_¨ cÖevnKv‡j
Z‡_ï weK…wZ ev evavi m„wó n‡q _v‡K|
5) Kv‡h©i wefvMxKiY t Kv‡h©i mgš^qmva‡bi †¶‡Î mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ Ab¯^xKvh© n‡jI mvsMVwbK
KvVv‡gv wewfbœ ¯Íi Ges Kv‡h©i Dc-wefvRb cÖwµqv cÖvqB mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î cÖwZeÜKZvi m„wó
K‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c
• MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM nj Ggb GK we‡kl ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv hv‡Z †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘
eë¯’cbv KvVv‡gvi Af¨šÍ‡i Aew¯’Z wewfbœ wbe©vnx‡ì ev wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ Kvh©, wb‡`©k I bxwZi
ev¯Íevq‡bi j‡¶¨ mgš^q mva‡bi Rb¨ †cÖwiZ nq|
• MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g¸‡jv n‡jv †gŠwjK, wjwLZ gva¨g, I hvwš¿K gva¨g|
• MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavmg~n n‡jv mym¤úK© I mg‡SvZv, Kv‡Ri mgš^q mvab, fyj †evSveywSi
Aemvb, Kv‡h©i ¯^vfvweK MwZkxjZv, I †¯^”QvPvwiZv †iva|

• MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweavmg~n n‡jv mn‡hvwMZvi Afve, c` gh©v`vMZ mgm¨v, Z_¨ cÖev‡n we‡Nœi
m„wó I Kv‡h©i wefvMx Ki‡bi cÖwZeÜKZv|

1| Drcv`b eë¯’vcK I eÈb eë¯’vc‡Ki g‡a¨ evZ©v Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv n‡j Zv‡K
K. Dj¤^ †hvMv‡hvM L. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM
M. GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM N. AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM
2| mgvš—ivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb gva¨g KqwU?
K. `yBwU L. wZbwU
M. PviwU N. QqwU
3| wb‡gœi †KvbwU mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †gŠwjK gva¨g?
K. mfv L. cÖwZ‡e`b
M. weÁwß N. d¨v·
4| wb‡gœi †KvbwU mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wjwLZ gva¨g?
K. mwgwZ L. †Uwj‡dvb
M. wPwVcÎ N. B›Uvi‡bU
5| wb‡gœi †KvbwU mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi hvwš¿K gva¨g?
K. †Uwj‡dvb L. ¯§viKwjwc
M. m‡¤§jb N. †KvbwU bq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM

(Internal and External Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c×wZ Ges gva¨g eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i GK e¨w³i mv‡_ Ab¨ e¨w³i A_ev GK wefv‡Mi mv‡_
Ab¨ wefv‡Mi DaŸ©Zb ev Aa¯Íb Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ mvsMVwbK wel‡q †h †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv cÖPwjZ _v‡K Zv‡K
Af¨šÍixY ev AvšÍt-‡hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
wgt Gm,wc A‡ivivi g‡Z, ÒDaŸ©Zb wbe©vnx I Aa¯Íb Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ msev` ev Z‡_ï Av`vb cÖ`vb‡K
Af¨šÍixb †hvMv‡hvM ejv nqÓ|
evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi b¨vq evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvMI GKwU cªwZôv‡bi mgvb
¸iyZ¡c~Y©| cÖ‡Z¨K cÖwZôvbB evB‡ii c„w_exi mv‡_ bvbv Kvi‡Y †hvMv‡hvM K‡i _v‡K| wewfbœ mn‡hvMx
cÖwZôvb, e¨vswKs †Kv¤úvbx, exgv †Kv¤úvwb, miKvwi G‡RwÝ, †P¤^vi Ae Kgvm©, wewfbœ cvIbv`vi I
†`bv`vi, †kqvi‡nvìvi cÖgy‡Li mv‡_ eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K cÖwZwbqZ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZôv‡bi
evB‡i ewnwe‡k¦ wb‡Ri Kvh©vewj cÖPvi K‡i mybvg e„w× I cÖvwZôvwbK j¶¨ AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë †h me †hvMv‡hvM
Kiv nq Zv‡K evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g/ c×wZ t Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvMi cÖwµqvq eëüZ KwZcq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g ev
c×wZ wb‡gœ ewY©Z n‡jv-
1) ¯§viKcÎ t GUv Awdwmqvj Kvq`vq Awd‡mi Kg©Pvwi‡ì wbKU cÖ`vb Kiv nq| ¯§viKc‡Î m‡¤^vab
m~PK kãvw` eënvi Kiv nqbv|
2) wb‡`©kbv eB t e„n`vqZb wkí ev evwYwR¨K cÖwZôv‡b mvaviYZ wb‡`©kbv cyw¯ÍKv Qvcv‡bv nq hv‡Z
Zv‡ì wewfbœ wefv‡Mi Kvh©-cÖYvjxi eY©bv _v‡K|
3) †Uwj‡dvb t GB c×wZ‡Z AvbyôvwbK fv‡e DaŸ©Zb ¯Íi n‡Z wbgœ¯Í‡i †Kvb wb‡`©kbv ev Z_¨ †cÖiY Kiv
nq|
4) B›UviKg t B›UviKv‡gi mvnv‡h¨ c`¯’ Kwg©iv wbR wbR wm‡U e‡m †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Ki‡Z
cv‡i|

5) mv¶vrKvi t mv¶vrKvi Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU Dcvq| Gi mvnv‡h¨ kªwgK-Kwg© m¤úK© ¯’vcb
fyj ms‡kvab, fyj eySveywS I gZv‰b‡Kï Aemvb NUv‡bv hvq|
6) K‡_vcK_b t K‡_vcK_b Gi ga¨‡g msMV‡bi eë¯’vcK I kªwgK-Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ Z_¨ I fv‡ei Av`vb
cÖ`vb nq|
7) cÖwZ‡e`b t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g I †h †Kvb welq Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM n‡Z cv‡i|
8) mycvwik t A‡bK mgq we‡kl KwgwU ev Aa¯’ Kwg©iv DaŸ©Zb KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU wee„wZi gva¨‡g wbw`©ó
wel‡q Zv‡ì mycvwik K‡i|
9) cÖwk¶Y MvBW t cÖ‡qvR‡b cÖwk¶Y MvBW ev cyw¯ÍKvi gva¨‡g Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM n‡Z cv‡i|
evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv/c×wZ t evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM wjwLZ ev †gŠwLK †h †Kvb ai‡bi n‡Z cv‡i|
ZvQvov †h wewfbœ c×wZ‡Z evwn¨K ‡hvMv‡hvM i¶v Kiv hvq, wb‡gœ Zv‡ì K‡qKwU msw¶ß eY©bv ‡Ìqv
n‡jv t
1) weÁvcb I cÖPvi t cÖwZôv‡bi mKj welqewj RbmvaviY I mswkøó mevB‡K Rvbv‡bvi cÖ_g I cÖavb
gva¨g n‡jv wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii weÁvcb I cÖPvi|
2) MY-gva¨‡gi eënvi t Kg mg‡q I Li‡P AmsL¨ RbM‡bi wbKU cÖwZôv‡bi Z_¨vewj †cuŠ‡Q †Ìqvi
Ab¨Zg mnR I mij evnb n‡jv wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii MY-gva¨‡gi eënvi| †hgb-msev`cÎ, g¨vMvwRb,
‡iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, wm‡bgv BZ¨vw`|
3) Z_¨ mieivng~jK †mev t A‡bK mgq evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î †Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb MÖvnK‡ì weµq
DËi †mev cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ cY¨`ª‡eï we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv c~e©K cyw¯ÍKv, cÖPvicÎ, KvW© BZ¨vw` RbM‡bi wbKU
weZiY K‡i|
4) gy³w`b I KviLvbv cwi`k©b t e¨w³MZ ch©v‡q cÖwZôvb I RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjvi Rb¨
†Kvb †Kvb cÖwZôvb RbM‡Yi cÖ`k©‡bi Rb¨ Ly‡j †`q|
Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxZv t AvaywbK RwUj I cÖwZ‡hvwMZvg~jK eëmvqx we‡k¦, we‡klZ
e„n`vqZb eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b GKwU Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi ¸iyZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q| wb‡gœ G
gva¨‡gi wewfbœ cÖKvi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1) Z_¨ †cÖiY t GKwU Kvh©Ki Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM eëmvi gva¨‡gB cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯Í‡i mn‡R
cwiKíbv, bxwZ I Kg©cÖYvjx m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e|
2) cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k t Kvh©m¤úv`b m¤ú‡K© Dc‡ii ¯Íi n‡Z wbgœ¯Í‡ii Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ cÖ‡qvRbxq wb‡`©k
‡cÖi‡Yi †¶‡Î Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb|
3) e¨vL¨v-we‡kølY t GB cÖwµqvq †cÖwiZ Z_¨ ev wb‡`©k m¤ú‡K© cÖ‡qvR‡b mn‡RB e¨vL¨v Kiv hvq|
4) mgš^qmvab t cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨vR©‡bi Rb¨ mvsMV‡bi cÖwZwU wefvM I kªwgK-Kwg©‡ì Kv‡h©i g‡a¨
mgš^qmvab Kivi Rb¨ GB cÖwµqvi weKí †bB|
5) mym¤úK© I mn‡hvwMZv e„w× t Gi gva¨‡g mK‡ji mv‡_ mym¤úK© eRvq †i‡L cÖwZôv‡bi Afxó j‡¶ï
mn‡hvMxZv e„w× Kiv hvq|
6) Kwg©‡ì †cÖlYv`vb I Kg©`¶Zv e„w× t G †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvq Aa¯Íb Kwg©‡ì‡K K‡g© AvMÖnx K‡i
†Zvjv nq; d‡j Zv‡ì Kg©`¶Zv e„w× cvq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
7) cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn t G cÖwµqvi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcbv cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cv‡i|
8) wbqš¿Y t cÖwZôv‡bi mKj ¯—‡ii Dci chv©qµwgK I Kvh©Ki wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi Rb¨ Af¨šÍixY
‡hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
9) mybvg e„w×t eëmv cÖwZôv‡bi mvdj¨ wbwð‡Zi cvkvcvwk mybvg e„w×‡ZI mnvqK f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ I D‡Ïk¨ t wb‡gœ evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ ev ¸iyZ¡ Z_v Gi Øviv wewfbœ
c¶¸‡jv wKfv‡e DcK…Z nq, Zv e¨vL¨v Kiv n‡jv-
1) mievinKvixt eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K cY¨`ªe¨, KvuPvgvj, hš¿cvwZ cÖf„wZ cÖ‡qvRbxq wRwbm c‡Îi Rb¨
wewfbœ cÖKvi mievinKvixi mv‡_ DËg †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z nq|
2) wewb‡qvMKvixt eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K g~jab I FY msMÖ‡ni RbÏ wewb‡qvMKvix Ges FY`vZv‡ì mv‡_
cÖwZwbqZ †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
3) evRvit eëmvqx cÖwZôvb‡K †Kej Drcv`b Ki‡jB Pj‡e bv, Drcvw`Z cY¨`ªe¨ wewµi Rb¨ evRviI
m„wó Ki‡Z n‡e Ges Zv GKgvÎ m¤¢e evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g|
4) kªwgK-Kwg©t ïaygvÎ cÖPzi g~jab, AvaywbK hš¿cvwZ n‡jB mdjfv‡e eëmv cwiPvjbv m¤¢e Kiv nq
bv| DËg evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g eëmvqx cÖwZôvb mn‡RB `¶ I wbôvevb kªwgK Kwg©‡K
cÖwZôv‡b KvR Ki‡Z AvMÖnx K‡i Zzj‡Z cv‡i|
5) miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvMt evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi gva¨‡g miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefv‡Mi gva¨‡g Anin
†hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq|
6) mgvRt Z`ycwi mgv‡Ri wewfbœ ¯Í‡ii e¨w³ I cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ eëmvq‡K cÖ‡qvRbxq AvbyK~j¨ I
¯^xK…wZ jv‡fi Rb¨ Kvh©Ki †hvMv‡hvM i¶v Ki‡Z nq| GUv eëmvqx‡K mvdj¨ jv‡f mnvqZv K‡i|
Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ t Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ wb‡gœv³ cv_©K¨ †`Lv
hvq-
1) msÁvMZ cv_©K¨ t GKwU cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i Kg©iZ wewfbœ e¨w³e‡M©i g‡a¨ Z_¨vw` wewbgq nIqv‡K
Af¨š—ixY †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| c¶všÍ‡i cÖwZôv‡bi wfZi Kg©iZ bb Ggb ai‡bi evB‡ii e¨w³i mv‡_
†hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv n‡j Zv evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM bv‡g cwiwPZ|
2) cÖK…wZMZ cv_©K¨ t Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM Aš—gyLx; evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM ewng~©Lx|
3) D‡Ï‡kï cv_©K¨ t cÖvwZôvwbK KvRK‡g©i MwZ cÖevn I mvejxjZv eRvq ivLv n‡jv Af¨šÍixY
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨| c¶všÍ‡i, evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jv cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i
ewnwe‡k¦ Gi mybvg e„w× I j¶¨ AR©b Kiv|
4) DcKvwiZv t Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM Kg©KZ©v I Kg©Pvwi‡ì Kv‡Ri ˆbc~Y¨ e„w× K‡i, cvi¯úwiK Z_¨
wewbg‡q mnvqZv K‡i|
5) †hvMv‡hvM c×wZ t ¯§viKwjwc, wb‡`©kbv cyw¯ÍKv, †Uwj‡dvb, K‡_vcK_b, ey‡jwUb, wPwVcÎ BZ¨vw`
Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ gva¨g| c¶všÍ‡i, †iwWI †Uwjwfk‡b m¤cÖPvi, cÎ cwÎKv, wbqb
mvvB‡bi eënvi, wej‡evW© BZ¨vw` evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g|

cvV ms‡¶c
• cÖwZôv‡bi Af¨šÍ‡i GK e¨w³i mv‡_ Ab¨ ew³i †h †hvMv‡hvM Zv‡K Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
• cÖwZôv‡bi evB‡i wb‡Ri Kvh©vejx cÖPvi K‡i mybvg e„w× I cÖwZôv‡bi j¶¨ AR©‡bi wbwg‡Ë †m
†hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq, Zv‡K evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
• Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g¸‡jv n‡jv ¯§viKcÎ, wb‡`©kbv eB, †Uwj‡dvb, B›UviKg,
mv¶vrKvi, K‡_vcK_b, cÖwZ‡e`b, mycvwik Ges cÖwk¶Y MvBW|
• evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv ev c×wZ¸‡jv n‡jvt weÁvcb I cÖPvi, MYgva¨‡gi eënvi, Z_¨
mieivng~jK †mev, gy³w`b I KviLvbv cwi`k©b|
• Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv¸‡jv n‡jvt Z_¨ †cÖiY, cÖ‡qvRbxqZv wb‡`©k, e¨vLv
we‡kølY, mgš^qmvab, mym¤úK© I mn‡hvwMZv e„w×, Kwg©‡ì †cÖlYv`vb I Kg©`¶Zv e„w×, cÖ‡qvRbxq
Z_¨ msMÖn, wbqš¿Y I mybvg e„w×|
• evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ I D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv n‡jvt mieivnKvix, wewb‡qvMKvix, evRvi, kªwgK Kwg©,
miKv‡ii wewfbœ wefvM I mgvR| Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM AšÍgyLx, evwn¨K †hvMv‡hvM ewn©gyLx,
cÖvwZôvwbK KvRK‡g©i MwZ cÖev‡n mvejxjZv eRvq ivLv n‡jv Avf¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~L¨ D‡Ïk¨|

1. Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM
K. ewngy©Lx L. AšÍgy©Lx
M. AšÍg©yLx N. †KvbwUB bq|
2. wb‡gœi †KvbwU Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g?
K. ¯§viKcÎ L. weÁvcb
M. MY-gva¨g N. †KvbwUB bq
3. evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi c×wZ †KvbwU?
K. cÖwZ‡e`b L. †Uwj‡dvb
M. weÁvcb I cÖPvi N. mv¶vrKvi
4. Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb ¸iyZ¡ n‡jv|
K. Z_¨ †cÖiY L. mieivn
M. evRvi N. †KvbwUB bq
5. evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg cÖavb D‡Ïk¨ n‡jvt
K. mievinKvix L. wb‡`©k cÖ`vb
M. e¨vL¨v- we‡kølY N. †Uwj‡dvb
6. evwn¨K ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g bq †KvbwU?
K. cÎ-cwÎKv L. wej‡evW©
M. †Uwjwfkb m¤cÖPvi M. †Uwj‡dvb

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM

(Formal and Informal communication)
D‡Ïk¨
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweavmg~n eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i †h me Z_¨ wewbgq cÖwµqv Awdwmqvjx Aby‡gvw`Z nq
Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v wm×všÍ MÖnY eë¯’viB bvgvšÍi| KviY,
Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ mgm¨vejx I mgm¨vi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Z_¨vw` eë¯’vcK‡ì
mvg‡b Dcw¯’Z Kiv nq| eë¯’vcKMY †mB Z‡_ï Av‡jv‡K mgm¨v mgvav‡bi †Póv K‡ib Ges mwVK
wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| GB fv‡e AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ mieivn K‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mvnvh¨
K‡i|
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i ev evB‡i cÖwZôv‡bi welqvw` m¤úwK©Z †h me ‡hvMv‡hvM
nq hv Awdwmqvjx Aby‡gvw`Z bq ev hv AvbyôvwbKfv‡e Kiv hvq bv, Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq| Avb
Awdwmqvj P¨v‡bji gva¨‡g Z_¨ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ AbvbyôvwbK m¤ú‡K© M‡o D‡V Ges AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi
DrcwË nq| hLb A‡bK ‡jvK GKB ¯’v‡b GK‡Î wg‡j wg‡k KvR K‡i ZLb †mLv‡b ¯^vfvweK wbq‡g
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m„wó nq|
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavmg~n t hwÌ A‡b‡K AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM cQ›` K‡ibv, Z_vwc G
c×wZi gva¨‡g msev`, Z_¨, fve, wPšÍv cÖf„wZ Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b wb‡gœi myweavmg~n j¶Yxq t
1) wb‡`©kbvejxi `ªyZ cÖPvi I e¨vLv cÖ`vb t GUv D”P eë¯’vcbvi AvbyôvwbK c×wZ‡Z †cÖwiZ wb‡`©kvejx
`ªyZ cÖPvi, e¨vL¨v, we‡køl‡Y we‡kl mvnvh¨ K‡i|
2) weKí c×wZ t eë¯’vcbv †Kvb msev` Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b e¨_© n‡j GUv AvbyôvwbK c×wZi Dchy³ weKí
wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
3) g‡bvfv‡ei mnR cÖKvk t GUv Kwg©‡ì g‡bvfve, Awf‡hvM I Av‡eM †gŠwLKfv‡e ci¯ú‡ii wbKU
wbf©‡q cÖKvk Ki‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i|
4) †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœqb t GUv mvsMV‡bi wewfbœ As‡k I ¯Í‡i mwVK †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœqb mvab
K‡i|
5) m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb t GUv msMV‡bi DbœZ eë¯’vcbv I kªg-eë¯’vcbv m¤ú‡K©i Dbœq‡b mvnvh¨ K‡i|

6) mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq t Gi gva¨‡g msMV‡bi I Kwg©‡ì mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq evZ‡j †`q|
7) mn‡hvwMZv I m¤úK© t GUv ci¯ú‡ii g‡a¨ wewfbœ Z_¨vewj wewbg‡qi gva¨‡g GK wbweo m¤úK© M‡o
†Zv‡j| d‡j msMV‡bi wewfbœ wel‡q mn‡hvwMZv Ges mgš^q mnR I `ªyZZi nq|
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweavmg~n t wb‡gœ AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav D‡jøL Kiv n‡jv-
1) Z_¨ ev fv‡e weK…wZ NUvq t GB eë¯’vq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g~jfve ev A_© cÖvqB weK…Z n‡Z †`Lv hvq|
2) ¸R‡ei Rb¥ †`q t GUv cÖvqB msMV‡b weK…Z Z_¨ I ¸R‡ei Rb¥ †`q|
3) AevwÂZ we‡ivax‡ì m„wó K‡i t GUv msMV‡bi eë¯’vcbv I kªwgK Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ ¸iyZ¡nxb I AevwÂZ
we‡iva I cv_©‡Kï m„wó K‡i|
4) KóKi wbqš¿Y t G c×wZi †hvMv‡hvM KvVv‡gv wbqš¿Y LyeB Kómva¨ e¨vcvi|
5) †MvcbxqZv duvm t Gfv‡e †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv Am¤¢e|
6) fyj eySveywSi m„wó K‡i t GUv msMV‡bi `vwqZ¡ I ¶gZv h_vh_fv‡e AbymiY K‡ibv e‡j fyj eySveywSi
m„wó nq|
7) Amn‡hvwMZvi m„wó t GUv cÖvqB weK…Z ¸Re, Aeva¨Zv I mvsMVwbK ixwZ eR©‡bi gva¨‡g mvgvwRK
Pµ I †KvUvix MÖy‡ci Rb¥ †`q, hv AbvKvw•¶Zfv‡e msMV‡bi g‡a¨ we‡iva I Amn‡hvwMZvg~jK
g‡bvfve m„wó K‡i| d‡j Kvh©`¶Zv n«vm cvq|
AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨

AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM, †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi `ywU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g n‡jI G‡ì g‡a¨ e¨vcK
cv_©K¨ we`¨gvb wb‡gœ G‡ì ga¨Kvi cv_©K¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv-
AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM

1| G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM msMV‡bi m`m¨‡ì 1| Gi gva¨‡g msMV‡bi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨
g‡a¨ AvbyôvwbK m¤úK© m„wó nq| AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© m„wó nq|
2| G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM Awdwmqvj wbqg Kvbyb 2| cÖvwZôvwbK Kvq`v ev wbqgKvbyb QvovB GB
I ixwZbxwZ †g‡b P‡j| †hvMv‡hvM m¤úv`b Kiv nq|
3| AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi my-wbav©wiZ c×wZ 3| GKB mv‡_ DVv-emv Pjv‡div Kivi mgq
Av‡Q| A_ev †Ljvi gv‡V, ågYKv‡j ev LvIqvi
4| AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnvqK wn‡m‡e †Uwe‡j Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM eën«Z nq| ¯’vwcZ nq|
5| G ai‡bi †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v ‡mŠnv`©¨c~Y© kªg 4| AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM AbvbyôvwbK
eë¯’vcbv m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ae`vb †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mnvqK bq|
iv‡Lbv| 5| †mŠnv`¨©c~Y© wkí m¤úK© cÖwZôvq AbvbyôvwbK
†hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ AZ¨vwaK|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cvV ms‡¶c
• cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i †hme Z_¨ Awdwmqvjx Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM e‡j|
• AvbyóvwbKfv‡e cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i ev evB‡i cÖwZôv‡bi welqvw` m¤úwK©Z †h me ‡hvMv‡hvM nq Zv‡K
AbybvôwbK †hvMv‡hvM ejv nq|
• AbvbyôwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡jøL‡hvM¨ myweavmg~nt wb‡`©kbvejxi `ªyZ cÖPvi I e¨vL¨v cÖ`vb, weKí
c×wZ, g‡bvfv‡ei mnR cÖKvk, †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi Dbœqb, m¤ú‡K©i Dbœqb, mgm¨v mgvav‡bi Dcvq
Ges mn‡hvwMZv I m¤úK©|
• AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav¸‡jv n‡jvt Z_¨ ev fv‡e weK…Z NUv, ¸R‡ei Rb¥ †Ìqv, AevwÂZ
we‡iv‡ai m„wó Kiv, KóKi wbqš¿Y, †MvcbxqZv dvum, fyj eySveywSi m„wó nIqv, Amn‡hvwMZvi m„wó|
• AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡M m`m¨‡ì AvbyôvwbK m¤úK© I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨
AbvbyôvwbK m¤úK© m„wó nq|
• AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡M mywba©vwiZ c×wZ Av‡Q|

1| cÖwZôv‡bi wfZ‡i †h me Z_¨ Awdwmqvjx Av`vb-cÖ`vb nq Zv‡K e‡j-
K. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM L. AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM
M. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM N. wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM
2| AvbyôvwbKfv‡e †m ‡hvMv‡hvM Kiv nq bv Zv‡K e‡j-
K. AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM L. AbvbyôwbK †hvMv‡hvM
M. Dj¤^ †hvMv‡hvM N. mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM
3| wb‡gœi †KvbwU AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav
K. m¤úK© Dbœqb L. KóKi wbqš¿Y
M. Z_¨ weK…wZ N. †MvcbxqZv
4| AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM Av‡Q-
K. Awba©v©wiZ c×wZ L. mywbav©wiZ c×wZ
M. Ae‡jvKb c×wZ N. †KvbwUB bq|
5| wb‡gœi †KvbwU AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav-
K. Z‡_ï weK…wZ L. mwVK wbqš¿Y
M. †MvcbxqZv i¶v N. weKí c×wZ

GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM I wØgyLx †hvMv‡hvM

(One way communication & Two way communication)
D‡Ïk¨
GKgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav I Amyweav eYb©v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb
welqe¯‘
GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM t ‡hvMv‡hvM GKw`‡K A_ev `yB w`‡K Kvh©Z m¤úvw`Z n‡Z cv‡i| †h †cÖiK ev
msev``vZv ïaygvÎ msev`MÖvn‡Ki Kv‡Q evZ©v †cuŠQvq Zv‡K GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM e‡j| G †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vq
MÖvnK Gi wbKU n‡Z †Kvb cÖZz¨Ë‡i Avkv Kiv nq bv | GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvMB Z_¨ ïaygvÎ GKw`‡K avweZ
nq| †hgb-‡iwWI ev ‡Uwjwfkb msev` cÖevn ev GKRb Kg©KZ©v Zvui Z_¨ †cÖiY K‡i wKš‘, Z‡_ï
cÖZz¨Ëi Gi my‡hvM †`q bv, GiKg †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM|
Drcv`b evZ©v weµq wefM
wPÎ t GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM

wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †¶‡Î wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM we‡kl ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I Kvh©Ki c×wZ wn‡m‡e
¯^xK…Z jvf K‡i‡Q| ÒwØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvMÓ K_vwUi Øviv †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mvgwMÖK cÖwµqv‡K eySv‡bv n‡q‡Q| Gi
Øviv cÖK…Z c‡¶ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi wØ-gyLx cÖwµqv‡K ev MwZ‡K wb‡`©k Kiv nq| A_©vr wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv
DaŸ©Mvgx I wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU mgwš^Z cÖwµqv hv eë¯’vcbvi D”P¯Íi n‡Z †Kvb msev`, Z_¨, wb‡`©k,
bxwZ c×wZ BZ¨vw`‡K wbgœ¯Í‡i cvVv‡bv nq Ges cÖvcK D³ msev` ev Z‡_ï cÖwZ DËi ‡cÖi‡Ki wbKU cvwV‡q
†`q|
e¯‘Z wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ m¤ú„³ Dfq c¶‡K RwoZ K‡i †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv‡K mvgwMÖK
I cwic~Y© iƒc`vb K‡i| g~jZ wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v‡K eywS‡q _v‡K|
Drcv`b evZ©v weµq
wefvM wefM
evZ©v
wPÎ t wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM

wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mydj ev myweavmg~n ev ¸iyZ¡ t Ab¨ †h †Kvb ai‡bi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Zzjbvq wØ-gyLx
†hvMv‡hvM A‡bK myweavRbK| wb‡gœ G m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡jv|
1) GKxf~ZKiY t wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ mswk- ó Dfq c¶‡K GKxf~Z Ki‡Z cv‡i| d‡j evZv©‡cÖiK
I cÖvc‡Ki g‡a¨ `ªyZ I mn‡R HK¨gZ¨ cÖwZwôZ nq hv cÖwZôv‡bi DbœZ eë¯’vcbvi m~Pbv K‡i|
2) MwZkxjZv t GB cÖwµqv ‡cÖi‡Ki wbKU n‡Z cÖvc‡Ki wbKU msev`, Z_¨, wb‡`©k, fve, wPšÍv, cÖf„wZ
`ªyZ Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi gva¨‡g myôy I MwZkxj †hvMv‡hvM cÖwZôvq mvnvh¨ K‡i|
3) cÖ‡bv`bv I wkí m¤úK© t Kwg©-cÖ‡Yv`bvi e¨vcv‡i wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM Kvh©Ki f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
4) DbœZ m¤úK© ¯’vcb t GUv cÖwZôv‡bi eë¯’vcbv Ges kªwgK Kwg©‡ì g‡a¨ DbœZ m¤úK© ¯’vcb Ki‡Z I
eRvq ivL‡Z we‡klfv‡e mvnvh¨ K‡i|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
5) fyj eySveywSi mgvavb t GB cÖwµqvq Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mswkøó‡ì g‡a¨ fyj eySveywSi Aemvb
mnR nq|
6) cÖwZwµqv Rvbv hvq t e¯‘yZ eë¯’vcbvi KvR n‡jv Aaxb¯Í‡ì Øviv Afxó j¶¨vR©‡bi Rb¨ mev©waK
KvR Av`vq K‡i †bIqv Ges wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Aaxb¯—‡ì cÖwZwµqv j¶¨ K‡i Afxó
j¶¨ AR©b Kiv hvq|
7) `ªyZ Kvh©m¤úv`b t GB cÖwµqvq `ªyZ Kvh© m¤úv`b Kiv hvq, †Kbbv GB cÖwµqvq kªwgK-Kwg©MY
‡KejgvÎ eë¯’vcbvi †cÖwiZ Av‡`k wb‡`©k cvjb K‡i bv, D³ wel‡q Zv‡ì mycvwik I Zv‡ì
cÖwZwµqvI cÖKvk Kivi my‡hvM cvq|
wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav ev mxgve×Zvmg~n t wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM GKK fv‡e KZ¸‡jv myweavB †fvM
K‡ibv| Gi we‡kl KZ¸‡jv AmyweavI Av‡Q| wb‡gœ G‡ì eY©bv †Ìqv n‡jv-
1) GUv mgq mv‡c¶ I e¨qeûj|
2) GUv Aa¯—b Kg©Pvwi‡ì g‡a¨ Aeva¨Zvi g‡bvfve m„wó Ki‡Z cv‡i, hv cÖwZôv‡bi wbqg k„•Ljv f½
K‡i Kv‡Ri cwi‡ek bó K‡i|
3) D”P ¯—‡ii eë¯’vcbv n‡Z wbgœ¯Í‡ii kªwgK-Kwg©‡ì wbKU †cÖwiZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welqe¯‘yi cÖZz¨Ëi cybivq
†cÖi‡Ki wbKU ‡diZ Avm‡Z eë¯’vcbvi mvsMVwbK KvVv‡gvi wewfbœ ¯Íi AwZµ‡g bvbv cÖKvi RwUjZv
m„wó K‡i|
4) GB eë¯’vq AZxe ¸iyZ¡c~Y© I Riywi †hvMv‡hvM ev¯Íevq‡b evuavi m„wó K‡i hv Kv‡Ri MwZ kø_ K‡i|
5) GB cÖwµqvq †cÖwiZ evZ©vi A‡bK mgq fyj e¨vL¨v Kiv nq|
cvV ms‡¶c
• GKgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡M Z_¨ ïaygvÎ GKw`‡K avweZ nq|
• wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM n‡jv DaŸ©gyLx I wbgœgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU mgwš^Z cÖwµqv|
• wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mv‡_ mswkøó Dfq c¶‡K GKÎxf~Z Kiv hvq|
• wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi mydj ev myweavmg~n n‡jvt GKxf~ZKiY, MwZkxjZv, cÖ‡Yv`Yv I wkí m¤úK©,
DbœZ m¤úK© ¯’vcb, fyj eySveywSi mgvavb, cÖwZwµqv Rvbv I `ªyZ Kvh©m¤úv`b|
• wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav ev mxgve×Zvmg~n t mgq mv‡c¶, Aa¯Íb‡ì Aeva¨Zv, Kv‡Ri MwZ kø_,
evZ©vi fyj e¨vL¨v cÖf„wZ|
1| †m †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ïaygvÎ Z_¨ †cÖiY Kiv nq wKš‘y Z‡_ï cÖfyË‡ii my‡hvM †Ìqv nqbv Zv‡K e‡j-
K. wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM L. DaŸ©gyLx †hvMv‡hvM
M. GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM N. wbgœgyLx †hvMv‡hvM
2| ¯^qs m¤ú~Y© †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v ej‡Z eySvq-
K. wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hvM L. GKgyLx †hvMv‡hvM
M.mgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hvM N. ‡KvbwUB bq
3| wb‡gœi †KvbwU wØgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav-
K. GKf~ZKiY L. fyj †evSveywS
M. wgZe¨qx N. †KvbwUB bq|
4| wb‡gœi †KvbwU wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav-
K. mgq mv‡c¶ L. wgZe¨qx
M. cÖwZwµqv Rvbv N. m¤úK© ¯’vcb

†MÖcfvBb I Bnvi KviYmg~n

(Grapvine & Its Causes)
D‡Ïk¨
†MÖcfvBb m¤ú‡K© mg¨K aviYv cv‡eb;
†MÖcfvB‡bi KviYmg~n Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
myweav-Amyweav eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†MÖcfvBb-Gi msÁv t Bs‡iRx Ò†MÖcfvBbÓ k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© n‡jv Av½y‡ii jZv | cwðgv RM‡Z
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM‡K Ò†MÖcfvBbÓ bv‡gI AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
Av‡gwiKvq 1860-65 mv‡j hLb M„nhy× Avi¤¢ nq, ZLb hy×‡¶‡Î Av½y‡ii jZvi g‡Zv †U‡b †U‡b MvQ
jvwM‡q †UwjMÖv‡di Zvi emv‡bv n‡Zv| MvQ †_‡K Mv‡Q Rwo‡q Rwo‡q †hfv‡e AmsMVZfv‡e Zvi Uvbv‡bv
n‡Zv, wVK †Zgwb AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ÒAmsMwZÓ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi iƒc cÖwZdwjZ nq| G Kvi‡Y
AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM‡K †MÖcfvBb bv‡g m‡¤^vwaZ Kiv nq| e¯‘Zt c‡¶ AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡MiB
Av‡iK bvg †MÖcfvBb KwgDwb‡Kkb|
Griffin e‡jb ÒGKwU msMV‡bi gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ †h AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM Zv‡K ‡MÖcfvBb e‡jÓ|
M‡elbvq †`Lv †M‡Q ‡h, ‡MÖcfvBb ev AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi PviwU aib i‡q‡Qt
1) GK e¨w³ †_‡K Av‡iK e¨w³i wbKU Z_¨ †cÖiY|
2) M‡íi fw½; GKRb ej‡e Abïv ïb‡e
3) m¤¢vebv ÷vBj; cÖ‡Z¨‡K A‡bï wbKU B”QvgZ ej‡e
4) ¸”Q ÷vBj; ‡KD †KD Ab¨ K‡qKRb wbw`©ó †jv‡Ki wbKU ej‡e|
Bnvi KviYmg~n t †h‡nZz †MÖcfvBb GKwU AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM, †h‡nZz eë¯’vcbvi AvbyôvwbK
†hvMv‡hvM eë¯’vi mv‡_ Bnv KvR Ki‡Z cv‡i| myZivs, Bnv msMV‡bi fv‡jvi Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
Ki‡Z cv‡i| wb‡gœv³ Kvi‡Y Bnvi eënvi cÖwZôv‡b †`Lv hvq-
1. hLb cÖwZôv‡bi Kg©iZ Kg©Pvwiiv PvKzwi‡Z AwbðqZv Abyfe K‡i ZLb †MÖcfvBb msMwVZ nq|
2. ‡MÖcfvBb msMwVZ nIqvi Av‡iKwU Ab¨Zg KviY n‡jv, hw` GKwU wm‡÷g G eÜziv ev mnKwg©iv
mswkøó _v‡K| †hgb-Awd‡m cÖ‡gvkb ev Kv‡iv PvKzwiPz¨‡Zi Lei `ªyZ Bnvi gva¨‡g we¯Ívi jvf K‡i|
3. m¤cÖxwZKv‡ji Z_¨ cÖevn `ªyZ cÖPv‡ii Rb¨ Bnvi eënvi cwijw¶Z nq|
4. e¨w³Z¡ A‡bK mgq †MÖcfvBb‡K cÖfvweZ K‡i| wKQz‡jvK †ewk K_v ej‡Z cQ›` K‡i|
Dc‡iv³ KviY¸‡jvi Rb¨ mvaviYZ †MÖcfvBb msNwUZ nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
†MÖ‡cfvB‡bi myweavmg~n (Advantages of Grapevine)

1. Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ cÖKvk t †MÖ‡cfvBb Kg©Pvwi‡ì Av‡eM-Abyf~wZ cÖKv‡ki gva¨‡g gb‡K nvjKv K‡i
†bqvi Rb¨ GKwU wbivc` eë¯’v|
2. `vwqZ¡ t G c×wZ †Kvb wbqg Kvbyb gv‡b bv e‡j mieivnK…Z Z‡_ï Rb¨ msMV‡bi Kv‡KI `vqx Kiv
hvq bv|
3. mgš^q t †MÖ‡cfvB‡bi gva¨‡g G‡K A‡bï myL-`ytL, fvjg›` BZ¨vwì e¨vcv‡i †LuvR Lei wb‡Z cv‡i
e‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ mgš^qmvab mnR| G‡K msMVb DcK…Z nq|
4. g‡bvej e„w× t Gi h_v_© eënv‡ii gva¨‡g Kwg©‡ì g‡bvej e„w× cvq|
5. my-m¤úK© t cÖwZôvwbK ev e¨w³MZ e¨vcv‡i G‡K A‡bï mv‡_ kjv civgk© K‡i e‡j Zv‡ì g‡a¨ my-
m¤úK© K‡i|
6. weKí t †h me Z_¨ AvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM †cÖiY Kiv m¤¢e bq †m me Z_¨ weKí wn‡m‡e †MÖ‡cfvB‡bi
gva¨‡g Z_¨ Lye `ªyZ Qwo‡q c‡o|
7. `ªyZZv t †MÖ‡cfvB‡bi gva¨‡g Z_¨ Lye `ªyZ Qwo‡q c‡o|
8. cÖZz¨Ëi t Gi gva¨‡g eë¯’vcK Zuvi †cÖwiZ Z‡_ï mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖZz¨Ëi †c‡q _v‡Kb hv wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y
LyeB mnvqK|
†MÖ‡cfvB‡bi Amyweavmg~n (Disadvantages of Grapevine)

1. weK…wZ t Gi gva¨‡g Z‡_ï weK…wZ NUvB ¯^vfvweK| d‡j KvswLZ j¶¨ AR©b m¤¢e bq|
2. wfwËnxb t †MÖ‡cfvB‡bi gva¨‡g wg_¨v I wfwËnxb Z_¨ `ªyZ Qwo‡q c‡o hv cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ ¶wZKi|
3. Am¤ú~Y© t Gi gva¨‡g †cÖwiZ Z_¨ A‡bK mgq Am¤ú~Y© _v‡K, hvi d‡j Z_¨wU cÖvc‡Ki †evaMg¨ nq
bv| G‡Z †hvMv‡hvMB e¨_© nq|
4. fyj-ÎywU t Giƒc †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g Z_¨ cwi‡ewkZ n‡j Zv KLbI KLbI cÖvc‡Ki wbKU fyj-
ÎywUc~Y© e‡j g‡b nq| d‡j Z_¨wU j¶¨ AR©‡b e¨_© nq|
5. `ªyZZv t †MÖ‡cfvB‡bi gva¨‡g wg_¨v I ¸Re GZ `ªyZZvi mv‡_ Qwo‡q c‡o †h, eë¯’vcK Zv ïbvi ci
h_vh_ eë¯’vMÖn‡Yi mgq I my‡hvMB cvb bv|
cvV ms‡¶c
• Bs‡iRx Ò†MÖcfvBbÓ k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© n‡jv Av½y‡ii jZv |
• GKwU msMV‡bi gvbyl‡ì g‡a¨ †h AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hvM Zv‡K ‡MÖcfvBb e‡j|
• †MÖcfvBb ev AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi PviwU aib i‡q‡Qt-
1. GK e¨w³ †_‡K Av‡iK e¨w³i wbKU Z_¨ †cÖiY|
2. GKRb ej‡e Abïv ïb‡e|
3. cÖ‡Z¨K A‡bï wbKU B”QvgZ ej‡e|
4. ‡KD †KD Ab¨ K‡qKRb wbw`©ó †jv‡Ki wbKU ej‡e|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-3.8
1| Bs‡iRx †MÖcfvBb k‡ãi AvwfavwbK A_© n‡jv-
K. Av½y‡ii jZv L. Av‡c‡ji jZv
M. wjPzi cvZv M. †KvbwUbq
2| †cÖcfvBb Gi KqwU aib Av‡Q?
K. QqwU L. PviwU
M. AvUwU N. `kwU
3| wb‡gœi †KvbwU †MÖcfvBb‡K A‡bK mgq cÖfvweZ K‡i?
K. g‡bvfve L. Av‡eM
M. e¨w³Z¡ N. †cÖlYv
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1. AvšÍte¨w³K I AšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z wK ey‡Sb?
2. ms‡¶‡c AvšÍte¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡M AšÍte¨w³K wfwËmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|
3. MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖK…wZ eY©bv Kiyb|
4. MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
5. wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ eY©bv Kiyb|
6. DaŸ©Mvgx I wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
7. MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g¸‡jv D‡jøL Kiyb|
8. Af¨šÍixY I evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨mg~n wjLyb|
9. AvbyôvwbK I AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi cv_©K¨ wjLyb|
10. AvbyôvwbK ‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv cÖ`vb Kiyb|
11. GKgyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. Avš—tew³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b| Gi mgm¨vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. Avš—te¨w³K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Kvh©KvwiZv e„w×i Dcvq¸‡jv eY©bv Kiyb|
3. MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi gva¨gmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|
4. MY-‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi AvIZv I ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Kiyb
5. wbgœMvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi myweav Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
6. DaŸ©Mvgx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi myweav Amyweav Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
7. MgvšÍivj †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi myweav Amyweav wbiƒcb Kiyb|
8. Af¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hvM ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb? Gi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiyb|
9. evwn¨K †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv eY©bv Kiyb|
10. Avf¨šÍixY †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨g ev c×wZmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
11. AbvbyôvwbK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi myweav Amyweavmg~n wjLyb|
12. wØ-gyLx †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv w`b Ges Gi myweav Amyweav eY©bv Kiyb|
13. †MÖcfvBb Gi msÁvw`b| Bnvi KviYmg~n eY©bv Kiyb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.1 t 1. L 2.M 3.L 4.K 5.K.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.2 t 1. K 2.L 3.K 4.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.3 t 1. K 2.L 3.K 4.K. 5.L
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.4 t 1. L 2.L 3.K 4.M 5.K.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.5 t 1. L 2.K 3.M 4.K 5.K. 6.N
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.6 t 1. M 2.L 3.K 4.L 5.K.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.7 t 1. M 2.K 3.K 4.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 3.8 t 1. K 2.L 3.M

BDwbU
4
mfv (Meeting)
AvaywbK we‡k¦ wewfbœ mgm¨vq RR©wiZ mgvR I eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi me©Î eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y©
nvwZqvi wnmv‡e mfvq cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Avek¨K| eëmvq msMVb, eë¯’vcbv, mgvR ms¯‹vi cÖf„wZ †h †Kvb
wel‡q mgm¨v Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g mgvavb Kivi AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki c×wZ n‡jv `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK e¨w³i mgv‡ek
ev Awa‡ekb ev mfv| †gvU K_v, †h †Kvb eëmvqx ev mvgvwRK cÖwZôvb cwiPvjbv, eë¯’vcbv I
Dbœq‡bi †¶‡Î mfv ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i _v‡K| Avi G Rb¨ †QvU eo †h †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ mfv
AZ¨šÍ Kvh©Ki|
mfvi Bs‡iwR kã Meeting hvi AvweavwbK A_© n‡jv †Kvb AvBbvbyM Kvh© m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ `yÕev Z‡ZvwaK
e¨w³i GKÎ wgjb| †Kvb †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨ ev cwiPvjKMY †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb wKsev cÖPwjZ cÖ_v
Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©vejxi mv‡_ mswkøó †h ‡Kvb wel‡q cÖ‡qvRwbq wm×všÍ MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ †h mfvq
wgwjZ nq, Zv‡K †Kv¤úvwb mfv (Company Meeting) e‡j| AvBbMZ fv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©vejx I
wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wewfbœ mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq| †Kv¤úvwb MVb n‡Z wejyß ch©šÍ †h mg¯Í mfv wewfbœ mg‡q
†Kv¤úvwb‡K Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq, Zv n‡jvt K. cwiPvjK‡ì mfv, †kqvi †nvìvi‡ì mfv I DËgY©‡ì mfv,
wewaeÜ mfv, evwl©K mvaviY mfv cÖf„wZ|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
mfv I mfvi †kªYxwefvM (Meeting and its Classficaion)
D‡Ïk¨
mfvi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
†Kv¤úvwb mfvi †kªYxwefvM ej‡Z cvi‡eb;
†Kv¤úvwbi ‰ea mfvi kZ©vejx Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
mfvi ¸iyZ¡ eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
†Kv¤úvwb mfvi msÁv (Definition of Company Meeting) t mvaviYZ †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx Ges
cÖPwjZ wewa Abymv‡i †Kv¤úvwbi eëmv m¤úwK©Z wel‡q wewfbœ mg‡q AbywôZ †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK ev
m`m¨‡ì mfv‡KB †Kv¤úvwb mfv e‡j| mfv †gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi GKwU Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© gva¨g|
†Kv¤úvwbi mfv Gi wewfbœ mgm¨vi mgvavb ev †Kvb wbav©wiZ wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ AvB‡bi weavb
Abyhvqx cwiPvjKe„‡›ì ev m`m¨‡ì A_ev Kg©KZ©v, cwiPvjK I m`m¨‡ì g‡a¨ AbywôZ nq|
Mr. Denyear says, “Company meeting means an organized assembly of persons (shareholders,
creditors, directors) according to law for transaction of business of common interest”.
wg÷vi †fwbqv‡ei g‡Z, Òmswkøó mK‡ji †hŠ_ ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ AvBb Abymv‡i †Kv¤úvwbi eëmvq msµvšÍ
wel‡q AbywôZ mfv‡KB †Kv¤úvwbi mfv e‡jÓ|
myZvivs †Kv¤úvwbi mfv
• AvB‡bi weavb cÖwZcvj‡bi wbwg‡Ë n‡Z cv‡i,
• †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ WvKv n‡Z cv‡i, wKsev
• †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v_© mswkøó wel‡q Z_¨ wewbg‡qi Rb¨ Av‡qvwRZ n‡Z cv‡i|
†Kv¤úvwb mfvi †kªYxwefvM (Classification of Meeting) t
AvBbMZfv‡e †Kv¤úvwbi Kvh©vewj cwiPvjbv I eë¯’vcbvi wewfbœ ¯Í‡i wewfbœ cÖKvi mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z
nq| †Kv¤úvwb MVb n‡Z wejyß ch©šÍ †h mg¯Í mfv wewfbœ mg‡q †Kv¤úvwb‡K Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq wb‡gœ Zv
wP‡Î †`qv n‡jvt
†Kv¤úvwbi mfv
cwiPvjK‡ì mfv †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mfv DËgY©‡ì
cl©` mfv KwgwU mfv
wewae× mfv evwl©K mvaviY we‡kl mvaviY ‡kªYx mfv

mfv mfv
BDwbU Pvi c„ôv-82
wb‡gœ wewfbœ cÖKvi mfv m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡jv t

1. cwiPvjK‡ì mfv (Meetings of Board of Director) t cwiPvjK gÛjxi mfv‡K `yB fv‡M fvM
Kiv hvq| h_v t (K) cl©` mfv (L) KwgwU mfv
K) cl©` mfv t cwi‡gj wbqgvejxi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfv AbywôZ nq| cwiPvjK
cl©‡ì mfv Abyôv‡bi c×wZ mvaviYZ cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z †jLv _v‡K| cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfvq
†Kv¤úvwbi ‰`bw›`b KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ bxwZ wbav©iY Ges M„nxZ wm×v‡šÍi ev¯Íevqb I Kv‡Ri
AMÖMwZ ch©v‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi weavb Abymv‡i cÖwZ gv‡m GKevi Ges eQ‡i Kgc‡¶ Pvievi
1
cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfv Av‡qvR‡bi weavb Av‡Q| mfvq †gvU cwiPvj‡Ki Ask ev Kgc‡¶ 2
3
(`yB) Rb wb‡q †Kvivg n‡e|
cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfvq †kqvi Av‡e`b, Bmy¨, n¯ÍvšÍi, FYcÎ Bmy¨, Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b, eiLv¯Í,
e`wj, Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| cÖ‡Z¨K cwiPvjK 1wU
K‡i †fvU w`‡Z cv‡ib| Z‡e †fvU mgvb n‡j mfvcwZ 1wU Kvw÷s †fvU w`‡q wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
L) KwgwU mfv t †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z cÖ`Ë ¶gZve‡j cwiPvjK cl©` A‡bK mgq
†Kv¤úvwbi we‡kl †Kvb wel‡q we‡ePbvi Rb¨ GKvwaK cwiPvjK‡ì wb‡q GKwU ¯’vqx ev A¯’vqx
KwgwU MVb K‡i _v‡K| GB KwgwUi m`m¨MY Zv‡ì Dci b¨¯Í `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© wewfbœ mg‡q †h
mfv K‡i _v‡K Zv‡K KwgwU mfv e‡j| GB mfvq KwgwUi Dci Awc©Z `vwqZ¡ m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv
I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
2| †kqvi †nvìvi ev m`m¨‡ì mfv (Shareholders Meeting) t †Kv¤úwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì AskMÖn‡Y
AbywôZ mfv‡K †kqvi‡nvìvi ev m`‡mï mfv e‡j| wb‡gœ †kqvi gvwjK‡ì wewfbœ cÖKvi mfvi eY©bv
†Ìqv njt
K) wewae× mfv t 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 77 aviv Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwbi eëmvq KvR ïiyi
AbygwZ cvevi Kgc‡¶ GKgvm ci Ges Qq gv‡mi g‡a¨ †Kv¤úvwbi MVb msµvšÍ welq wb‡q Ges
cieZx© Kvh©vewj m¤^‡Ü mvaviY m`‡mï AewnZ Kivi Rb¨ †h eva¨Zvg~jK mfv AbywôZ nq Zv‡K
wewae× mfv e‡j| GwUB †Kv¤úvwbi cÖ_g mfv| GB mfv †Kv¤úvwbi Rxe‡b GKeviB AbywóZ
n‡e| GRb¨ Kgc‡¶ 21w`b c~‡e© †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|
cwiPvjK cl©` wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ GB mfv Avnevb bv Ki‡j AvBbMZ `vqx _vK‡eb Ges
m`m¨Mb †Kv‡U©i gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwbi wejywßi Rb¨ 14 w`‡bi †bvwUkI w`‡Z cvi‡eb| GB mfvq
M„nxZ wm×vš—‡K wewae× wm×vš— e‡j|
L) evwl©K mvaviY mfv t †hŠ_-g~jabx eëmvq‡K Zvi wbeÜ‡bi 18 gv‡mi wfZi Aek¨B cÖ_g evwl©K
mvaviY mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z nq| Gi ci cÖwZeQi GKevi evwl©K mvaviY mfv Abyôvb Ki‡Z nq|
weš‘ `yB Awa‡ek‡bi g‡a¨ weiwZ 15 gv‡mi †ewk n‡Z cvi‡ebv| GB mfv‡K †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì
evwl©K mvaviY mfv ejv nq| KviY †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì wb‡qB G mfv AbywôZ n‡q _v‡K|
M) we‡kl mvaviY mfv t †h †Kvb mg‡q †Kv¤úvwbi m`m¨‡ì we‡kl mvaviY mfv Kiv nq| Riyix
†Kvb Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ GB cÖKvi wgwUs AvnŸvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib| GK-`kgvsk Av`vqK…Z
†kqvi K¨wcUvj g~ja‡bi gvwj‡Kiv GKgZ n‡q cwiPviKgÛjx‡K Riyix mfv AvnŸvb Kivi
“Requisition” w`‡q _v‡Kb| G mfvq M„nxZ wm×všÍ‡K we‡kl wm×všÍ e‡j|
N) †kªYx mfv (Class Meeting) t †Kv¤úvwb‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi ‡kqvi _v‡K| KLbI we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b
we‡kl †Kvb †kªYxi †kqvigvwjK‡ì AbywôZ mfv‡K †kªYxmfv ejv nq| A_©vr AMÖvwaKvi ev

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
mvaviY †kqigvwjK‡ì AwaKvi, my‡hvM-myweav, ev †kªYx cwieZ©‡b Zv‡ì m¤úwË cvevi Rb¨ †h
mfv Kiv nq Zv‡KB †kªYx mfv e‡j|
3| DËgY© ev FY`vZv‡ì mfv (Creditors Meeting) t GB ai‡bi mfv cwiPvjKMY A_ev Zv‡ì
Øviv wbhy³ AvBbÁ A_ev Zv‡ì Øviv wbhy³ AvBbÁ Øviv AvnŸvb Kiv nq| Av`vj‡Zi wb‡`©‡kI GUv
AvnŸvb Kiv n‡q _v‡K| G‡Z †Kv¤úvwb cybM©Vb, AcmviY BZ¨vwì wel‡q wewfbœ cÖKvi DËgY©‡ì
m‡½ †kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì Av‡cvl wggvsmv nq|
A‡bK mgq DËgY©‡ì wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z wef³ K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K †kªYxi Rb¨ Avjv`v mfv WvKv n‡q _v‡K|
†hgb, FY`vZv‡ì mfv Ges Ab¨vb¨ cvIbv`vi‡ì mfv|
†gvUK_v, †Kv¤úvwb cybM©Vb, GKÎxKiY, wejywßKiY, cÖf„wZ mg‡q wW‡eÂvi †nvìvi, gi‡MR‡nvìvi,
cvIbv`vi cÖf„wZ †kªYxi DËgY©‡ì AwaKvi I ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ cÖK…Z ¶gZvcÖvß e¨w³i Øviv GB ai‡bi mfv
AvneŸvb Kiv nq|
†Kv¤úvwbi êa mfvi kZ©vewj (Condtions for vaild Meeting of the Company) t me ai‡bi
mfv Abyôvb Ki‡jB Zv êa nqbv| ‰ea mfvi Rb¨ we‡kl KZK¸‡jv kZ© Av‡Q| wb‡gœ Zv eY©bv Kiv
n‡jv-
1) mwVK KZ©„c¶ KZ©„K mfv AvneŸvb t mwVK KZ©„c¶ Øviv †Kv¤úvwb mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z n‡e|
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mvaviY mfv Avnev‡bi cÖK…Z KZ©„c¶ cwiPvjKgÛjx| Zviv cl©` mfvq GKwU
wm×všÍ wb‡q †m Abymv‡i mfv Avnevb Kivi wm×všÍ êa cl©` mfvq cvm Ki‡Z n‡e| bZzev mvaviY
mfv Avnev‡bi †bvwUk evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e Ges mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx êa n‡ebv|
2) mwVK †bvwUk t mfvi †bvwUk †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx A_ev cÖPwjZ weavb Abyhvqx h_v wbq‡g I h_v
mg‡q cÖPvi Ki‡Z n‡e| †bvwU‡k mfv AvnevbKvixi bvg, `¯ÍLZ I wmj‡gvni _vK‡Z n‡e|
3) cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvivg t mvaviY mfv êa n‡Z n‡j G‡Z b~¨bZg msL¨K m`m¨‡K Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z n‡e|
AvBb Abyhvqx Kgc‡¶ †h msL¨K m`m¨‡K mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z nq Zv‡K †Kvivg ev MYc~wZ© msL¨v
ejv nq| †m mKj m`m¨‡ì‡K wb‡q †Kvivg MwVZ nq Zv‡ì‡K Aek¨B ÒKvh©¶g m`m¨Ó
(Effective member) n‡Z n‡e| mfvq †Kvivg bv n‡j H mfvi wm×všÍ AvBbm¤§Z Ges êa n‡e
bv| †Kvivg MV‡bi wbqg †Kv¤úvwbi cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z D‡jøL _v‡K| hw` cwi‡gj wbqgvejx‡Z
Giƒc wKQy bv _v‡K Z‡e †gvU m`‡mï 1 As‡ki
3
4) mwVK e¨w³‡ì Dcw¯’wZ t ‡Kv¤úvbx KZ…©K †h mKj e¨w³‡K mvaviY mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Rb¨ †bvwUk
†`qv n‡q‡Q ev we‡klfv‡e Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv n‡q‡Q, ïaygvÎ †m me e¨w³ivB mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z
cvi‡eb| AbvûZ †Kvb e¨w³ †Kv¤úvwbi mvaviY mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vK‡Z cvi‡e bv|
5) mfvcwZ wn‡m‡e mwVK e¨w³ t ‰ea mfvi cÂg kZ© n‡jv mvaviY mfvq mwVKfv‡e wbhy³ GKRb
mfvcwZZ¡ Ki‡eb|
6) AvBbvbyM D‡Ïk¨ I wm×všÍ t †m D‡Ï‡k¨ †Kv¤úvwbi mfv AvneŸvb Kiv nq, Zv Aek¨B AvBb Abyhvqx
n‡Z n‡e| †Kv¤úvwbi ¯^v‡_©i cwicš’x †Kvb welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv ev wm×všÍ MÖn‡bi Rb¨ mfv Abyôvb
Kiv n‡j †m mfv êa n‡ebv|
†Kv¤úvwbi mfvi ¸iyZ¡ (Importance of Company Meeting) t AvaywbK eëmvq cÖkvmb I
eë¯’vcbvq MYZvwš¿K g‡bvfve êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi Ab¨Zg Ae`vb| Avi mfvi gva¨‡gB GB MYZvwš¿K
cÖwµqv mwVK I Kvh©Kifv‡e eë¯’vcbvi mgm¨v mgvav‡bi nvwZqvi wn‡m‡e eZ©gv‡b me©Î eëüZ n‡”Q|
†Kbbv mgwóMZfv‡e Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi mgm¨vi mgvavb K‡í A_ev eë¯’vcbv I
cÖkvm‡bi Kvh©c×wZ wbav©i‡Y, bxwZ I cwiKíbv ev¯Íevq‡bi Rb¨ msMV‡bi mswkøó mK‡ji Awa‡ekb ev

mfv Abyôvb GKvš— Kvh©Ki e‡j cÖgvwYZ nq, ZvB AwZ mn‡RB mfvq †hŠ_ Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g AZ¨šÍ
my›ìfv‡e mgvavb Kiv hvq|
mvaviY mfvq mgm¨vi mgvavb Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K Ges †hŠ_fv‡e Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K Ges
†hŠ_fv‡e Avjvc Av‡jvPbv I ÎywU wePz¨wZ wbY©qc~e©K wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq| d‡j mn‡RB wm×všÍwU Kvh©Ki Kiv
m¤¢e nq|
†Kv¤úvwbi †¶‡Î mfvi ¸iyZ¡ A‡bK| Gi Ab¨Zg KviY eë¯’vcbv n‡Z gvwjKvbvi c„_KxKiY eë¯’v|
Avi ZvB AvB‡bi gva¨‡g †Kv¤úvwb‡K wewfbœ mfv Abyôv‡bi Rb¨ eva¨ Kiv n‡q‡Q| mfvmg~‡ni gva¨‡g
†Kv¤úvwbi mgm¨v Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq| mfvq M„nxZ wm×všÍ mg~n ev¯Íevqb †Kv¤úvwb mwVK I cwiPvjbv
cl©‡ì Rb¨ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ges eva¨Zvg~jK| Gi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbv mnR nq| mfvi ¸iyZ¡ Abyaveb K‡i
†Kv¤úvwb AvB‡b †Kv¤úvwb cwiPvjbvi Rb¨ wewfbœ ai‡bi ‰eVK ev mfvi eë¯’v ivLv n‡q‡Q| †hgb-
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì mfv, cwiPvjK‡ì mfv, DËgY©‡ì mfv BZ¨vw`| mfvi gva¨‡g cÖwZôv‡bi kªg, A_© I
Kwg©kvmb Z_v eë¯’vcbv I msMVb KvVv‡gvi mKj ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vwcZ nq| d‡j cÖ‡Z¨K wefv‡Mi
g‡a¨ mg‡SvZv I mn‡hvwMZv e„w× cvq Ges Gfv‡e m‡e©v”P mgš^q mvab Kiv hvq|
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq, †h ‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi Rb¨ mfv GKwU ¸iyZ¡c~Y© eë¯’vcbvi ‡KŠkj wnmv‡e MY¨| A_©vr †h
‡Kvb cÖwZôv‡b AvaywbK MYZvwš¿K I êÁvwbK eë¯’vcbvi nvwZqvi wnmv‡e mfvi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv mevi
Kv‡Q ¯^xK…Z|
cvV-ms‡¶c
1. mvaviYZ †Kv¤úvwb AvBb Abyhvqx Ges cÖPwjZ wewa Abymv‡i †Kv¤úvwbi eëmv m¤úwK©Z wel‡q wewfbœ
mg‡q AbywôZ †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK ev m`m¨‡ì mfv‡KB †Kv¤úvwb mfv e‡j|
2. cwi‡gj wbqgvejxi wb‡`©k Abyhvqx cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfv AbywôZ nq|
3. cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfvq †kqvi Av‡e`b, Bmy¨, n¯ÍvšÍi, FYcÎ Bmy¨, Pzw³ Aby‡gv`b, eiLv¯Í, e`wj,
Kg©Pvwi wb‡qvM BZ¨vw` wel‡q Av‡jvPbv I wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv nq|
4. ‡Kv¤úwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì AskMÖn‡Y AbywôZ mfv‡K †kqvi‡nvìvi ev m`‡mï mfv e‡j|
5. †Kv¤úvwbi MVb msµvšÍ welq wb‡q Ges cieZx© Kvh©vejx m¤^‡Ü mvaviY m`‡mï AewnZ Kivi Rb¨
†h eva¨Zvg~jK mfv AbywôZ nq Zv‡K wewae× mfv e‡j|
6. †hŠ_-g~jabx eëmvq‡K Zvi wbeÜ‡bi 18 gv‡mi wfZi Aek¨B cÖ_g evwl©K mvaviY mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z
nq|
7. Riyix †Kvb Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ we‡kl mvaviY mfv AvnŸvb Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
8. KLbI we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡kl †Kvb †kªYxi †kqvigvwjK‡ì AbywôZ mfv‡K †kªYxmfv ejv nq|
9. †Kv¤úvwb cybM©Vb, GKÎxKiY, wejywßKiY, cÖf„wZ mg‡q wW‡eÂvi‡nvìvi, gi‡MR‡nvìvi, cvIbv`vi
cÖf„wZ †kªYxi DËgY©‡ì AwaKvi I ¯^v_© i¶vi Rb¨ cÖK…Z ¶gZvcÖvß e¨w³i Øviv DËgY© mfv AvnŸvb
Kiv nq|
10. †Kv¤úvwbi ‰ea mfvi kZ©vejx¸‡jv n‡jv -
1) mwVK KZ…©c¶ KZ…©K mfv AvnŸvb
2) mwVK †bvwUk
3) cÖ‡qvRbxq †Kvivg
4) mwVK e¨w³‡ì Dcw¯’wZ
5) mfvcwZ wnmv‡e mwVK e¨w³
6) AvBbvbyM D‡Ïk¨ wm×všÍ|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.1

1| cwiPvjK cl©‡ì mfvq wb‡gœi †Kvb welqwU Av‡jvPbv Kiv nqt
K. FYcÎ L. †Kv¤úvwb MVb
M. Kg©Pvix‡ì cÖ‡gvkb N. †KvbwU bq|
2| †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi gvwjK‡ì AskMÖnb AbywôZ mfv‡K ejv nqt
K. KwgwU mfv L. †kqvi †nvìvi mfv
M. wewae× mfv N. mvaviY mfv
3| †hŠ_ g~jabx eëmvq‡K Zvi wbeÜ‡bi KZ gv‡mi wfZi Aek¨B cÖ_g evwl©K mvaviY mfv AvneŸvb
Ki‡Z nqt
K. 1 eQi L. 1.1/2 eQi
M. 2 eQi N. 1.1/4 eQi
4| Riyix †Kvb Ae¯’v Av‡jvPbv Kivi Rb¨ †Kvb mfv AvneŸvb Kiv nq:
K. mvaviY mfv L. we‡kl mvaviY mfv
M. ewa©Z mvaviY mfv N. Riyix mfv
5| we‡kl cÖ‡qvR‡b we‡kl †Kvb †kªYxi †kqvigvwjK‡ì AbywôZ mfv‡K e‡j
K. †kªYx mfv L. †kqvi‡nvìvi mfv
M. wewae× mfv N. mvaviY mfv

†bvwUk (Notice)
D‡Ïk¨
†bvwU‡ki msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb|
êa †bvwU‡ki Avek¨Kxq kZ©vejxi eY©bv cv‡eb|
KwZcq †bvwU‡ki aviYv wb‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
‡bvwU‡ki msÁv t †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q, wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b mfv, wgwUs ev Awa‡ekb AvnŸvb K‡i wjwLZ ev
†gŠwLKfv‡e †h wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K †bvwUk ejv nq| G‡Z welqm~wPmn mfv Abyôv‡bi ZvwiL,
mgq, ¯’vb cÖf„wZ D‡jøL _v‡K Ges mswkøó m`m¨MY‡K h_vmg‡q Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Rb¨ Avgš¿Y Rvbv‡bv n‡q
_v‡K|
‰ea †bvwU‡ki Avek¨Kxq kZ©vewj (Requesting for a valid Notice) t GKwU ‰ea ‡bvwU‡ki wbgœwjwLZ
êwkó¨ _vKv Avek¨K -
1. †bvwU‡k mfvi ZvwiL,mgq I ¯’vb cwi®‹vifv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
2. ‡bvwUk mKj mgq Dchy³ e¨w³ KZ©„K ¯^v¶wiZ n‡Z n‡e|
3. mfvi †bvwUk memgq cwi®‹vi I kZ©nxb n‡e|
4. ‡Kv¤úvwbi wbqg Abymv‡i hyw³m¤§Z mgq wbe©vPb K‡i †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|
5. mfvi †bvwUk mswkøó msMV‡bi wewa Abyhvqx Rvwi Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. mfvi Av‡jvP¨ welq m¤ú‡K© msev` cwi‡ekb Ki‡Z nq|
KwZcq †bvwU‡ki bgybv (Some sample of Notice)
1. cwiPvjK mwgwZ/mfvi †bvwUk (Notice of Director’s Meeting)
kvcjv is wecbx wjt

267/1 bevecyi †ivW, i_‡Lvjv, XvKv
1jv A‡±vei, 2007 XvKv|
Rbve,
web‡qi mv‡_ Rvbvw”Q †h, AvMvgx 7 B wW‡m¤î 2007 mvj, †ivR kwbevi êKvj 4 NwUKvi mgq AÎ
†Kv¤úvwbi †iwR÷ªvW© Awd‡m cwiPvjK mwgwZi GK mfv AbywôZ n‡Z hv‡”Q| D³ mfvq Avcbvi Dcw¯’wZ
Kvgbv Kiv n‡”Q|
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
Avj-gvgyb
mwPe

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. wewae× mvaviY mfvi †bvwUk (Notice of Statutory General Meeting)
wcÖqZx wjt
eveyevRvi, XvKv|
7 A‡±vei, 2007 XvKv|
GZØviv weÁwß cÖ`vb Kiv hv‡”Q †h, †Kv¤úvwbi AvBb †gvZv‡eK AbywôZ †Kv¤úvwbi wewae× mvaviY mfv
AvMvgx 7B wW‡m¤î 2009 †ivR kwbevi Acivý 3 NwUKvq †Kv¤úvwb ‡iwR÷ªvW© Awd‡m AbywôZ n‡e|
mwgwZi wb‡`©kµ‡g
Avãyi iv¾vK
mwPe
cvV-ms‡¶c
• †Kvb wbw`©ó mg‡q, wbw`©ó ¯’v‡b mfv, wgwUs ev Awa‡ekb AvneŸvb K‡i wjwLZ ev †gŠwLKfv‡e †h
wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K †bvwUk ejv nq|
• G‡Z welqm~wPmn mfv Abyôv‡bi ZvwiL, mgq, ¯’vb cÖf„wZ D‡jøL _v‡K|
• †bvwU‡k mfvi ZvwiL,mgq I ¯’vb cwi®‹vifv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
• †bvwU‡k mKj mgq Dchy³ e¨w³ KZ©„K ¯^v¶wiZ n‡Z n‡e|
• mfvi †bvwUk memgq cwi®‹vi I kZ©nxb n‡e|
• †Kv¤úvwbi wbqg Abymv‡i hyw³m¤§Z mgq wbe©vPb K‡i †bvwUk w`‡Z n‡e|
• mfvi †bvwUk mswkøó msMV‡bi wewa Abyhvqx Rvwi Ki‡Z n‡e|

1| †bvwU‡k wb‡gœi †Kvb welqwU D‡jøL _v‡K bv?
K. welq m~wP L. Abyôv‡bi ZvwiL
M. ¯’vb N. m`m¨M‡Yi bvg|
2| †bvwUk cÖ`vbKv‡j ¯^v¶wiZ n‡Z n‡e
K. Dchy³ e¨w³ KZ…©K L. cwiPvjK KZ…©K
M. mwPe KZ…©K N. †KvbwU bq|

G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP (Agenda)
D‡Ïk¨
G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wPi msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
KwZcq G‡RÛvi bgybv m¤ú‡K© aviYv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
evwl©K mvaviY Av‡jvP¨m~wP ev G‡RÛvi bgybv eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
Av‡jvP¨ m~wPi msÁv t mvaviYZ mfvi Kvh©ewj ev Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘yi weeiYx‡K G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP
ejv nq| Bs‡iRx Agenda k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© Ò hv Ki‡Z n‡eÓ| A_©vr Awa‡ekb ev wgwUs G hv
Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z n‡e Zvi weeiYx ev weeiY wjwc‡K Av‡jvP¨m~wP ejv nq| mfvi Kvh©µg PjvKv‡j hv‡Z
fyjekZ †Kvb welq ev` bv c‡o Ges myôy Av‡jvPbv I `ªyZ wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ mfvi c~‡e©B G‡RÛv ev
Av‡jvP¨m~wP Kiv nq| wb‡gœ G‡RÛvi bgybv †`Lv‡bv n‡jv t
1. †evW© wgwUs Gi G‡RÛv (Agenda of Board Meeting)
Rvnvb †U·UvBj wgjm& wjt

gwZwSj evwYwR¨K GjvKv, XvKv|
7B †m‡Þ¤î 2007
AvMvgx 1jv wW‡m¤î, 2008 mvj †ivR e„n¯úwZevi weKvj 4NwUKvq †Kv¤úvwbi †iwR÷ªvi Awd‡m AbywôZ
cwiPvjK mwgwZi 10g †evW© wgwUs AbywôZ n‡e| D³ mfvq Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K Aby‡iva Kiv
hv‡”Q|
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
Gm `Ë
mPxe
Av‡jvP¨ welq t
1| MZ mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx cvV I Aby‡gv`b;
2| †Kv¤úvwbi †kqvi n¯ÍvšÍi;
3| jf¨vsk mycvwikKiY
4| ev‡Rqvß †kqv‡ii cybteÈ&b;
5| wewea

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2| evwl©K mvaviY mfvi Av‡jvP¨m~wP ev G‡RÛv (Agenda of an Annual General Meeting)
wmw_ †UªwWs †Kv¤úvvwb wjt

70, AvMÖvev`, PÆMÖvg
3iv †m‡Þ¤î, 2007 PUªMÖvg
AvMvgx 14 B b‡f¤î, 2008 †ivR g½jevi Acivý 1Uvi mgq †Kv¤úvwbi †iwR÷ªvW© Awd‡m
†kqvi‡nvìvi‡ì cÂg evwl©K mvaviY mfv AbywôZ n‡e|
D³ mfvq mKj †kqvi‡nvìvi‡K Dcw¯’Z _vKvi Rb¨ Aby‡iva Kiv hv‡”Q|
Gm. G. nK
mwPe
mfvi Av‡jvP¨m~wP :
1| mwVK KZ…K mfvi †bvwUk I MZ evwl©K mvaviY mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx cvV I Aby‡gv`b|
2| AwWU‡ii wi‡cvU© Aby‡gv`b|
3| wZb Rb cwiPvjK wbe©vPb|
4| †Kv¤úvwbi jf¨vsk †NvlYv|
5| PjwZ erm‡ii Rb¨ AwWUi wb‡qvM I wdm wba©viY|
6| wewea
7| abëv` Ávcb|
cvV-ms‡¶c
1. mvaviYZ mfvi Kvh©ewj ev Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘yi weeiYx‡K G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP ejv nq|
2. Bs‡iRx Agenda k‡ãi Av¶wiK A_© Òhv Ki‡Z n‡eÓ|
3. mfvi Kvh©µg PjvKv‡j hv‡Z fyjekZ †Kvb welq ev` bv c‡o Ges myôy Av‡jvPbv I `ªyZ wm×v‡šÍi
Rb¨ mfvi c~‡e©B G‡RÛv ev Av‡jvP¨m~wP Kiv nq|
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb 4.3

1| mfvi Kvh©vewj ev Av‡jvPbvi welqe¯‘i weeiYx‡K ejv nq-
K. G‡RÛv L. mfvi weeiYx
M. mfvi Kg© N. †KvbwU bq|
2| myôy Av‡jvPbv I `ªyZ wm×v‡šÍi Rb¨ mfvi c~‡e©B †Kvb welqwU Kiv nq?
K. Av‡jvP¨m~wP L. weeiYx
M. wgwUs N. †KvbwU bq|

mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx (Minutes of Meeting)
D‡Ïk¨
mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx msÁv w`‡Z cvi‡eb;
Kvh© weeiYxi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
Kvh© weeiYxi AZ¨vek¨Kxq welqmg~n ev kZ©vejx e¨vL¨v Ki‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
Kvh© weeiYx Lmiv cÖYq‡bi wbqg Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
welqe¯‘
mfvi Kvh©-weeiYxi msÁv t ‡Kv¤úvwbi mfvi †hme welq Av‡jvPbv Kiv nq Ges Av‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z
†hme wm×vš— MÖnY Kiv nq Zvi GKwU msw¶ß I mwVK Awdwmqvj †iKW©‡K Kvh©-weeiYx (Minutes) ejv
nq|
mvaviYZ: M„nxZ wm×všÍ‡K wb‡qB mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx ˆZwi nq| Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z Kvh©avivi (Proceedings)
msw¶ß weeiY †jLv nq| Kvh©-weeiYx‡K GKwU wPwVi †P‡q GKwU †UwjMÖv‡gi mv‡_ Zzjbv Kiv nq|
Kvh©-weeiYxi cÖKvi †f` t Kvh©-weeiYx cÖavbZ `yB cÖKvi n‡q _v‡K
1| eY©bvg~jK Kvh©-weeiYx Ges 2| wm×všÍ msµvšÍ Kvh©-weeiYx|
1. eY©bv g~jK Kvh©-weeiYx t ‡h Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z †Kvb wel‡qi eY©bv _v‡K Zv‡K eY©bvg~jK Kvh©-weeiYx
e‡j| D`vnib miƒc, Dcw¯’Z m`m¨‡ì bvg †bvU Kiv, †bvwUk cwVZ n‡q‡Q, wKsev wbix¶‡Ki
cÖwZ‡e`b cwVZ n‡q‡Q BZ¨vw` eb©bv g~jK Kvh©-weeiYxi D`vnib|
eY©bv g~jK Kvh©-weeiYxi ev¯Íe D`vniY t
1) ....................... Zvwi‡L AbywôZ weMZ mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx cvV Aby‡gvw`Z I ¯^v¶wiZ n‡q‡Q|
2) ‡Kv¤úvwb mwj‡mUi Rbve--- †Kv¤úvwbi wbeÜb cÎ Dc¯’vcb K‡i‡Qb|
2| wm×všÍ msµvšÍ Kvh©-weeiYx (Minutes of resolutions) t mfvq M„nxZ wm×všÍ mg~‡ni †iKW©‡K
wm×všÍ msµvšÍ Kvh©-weeiYx e‡j| A_©vr wm×všÍ msµvšÍ Kvh©-weeiYx n‡jv mfvq AvbyôvwbKfv‡e M„nxZ
wm×všÍ mg~‡ni †iKW©K…Z weeib|
wm×všÍ g~jK Kvh©-weeiYxi ev¯Íe D`vniY t
1) wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡jv †h, Rbve...................†K †Kv¤úvwbi GKRb cwiPvjK wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM Kiv
n‡jv|
2) wm×všÍ M„nxZ n‡jv †h, †gmvm© Rvnvb GÛ †Kvs bvgK PvUvW© GKvD›U¨v›Um dvg©‡K UvKv cvwikªwgK

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Kvh©-weeiYxi Lmov cÖYqb (Drafting the Minutes) t Kvh©-weeiYxi Lmiv cÖYqb Kiv mwP‡ei GKwU
Ab¨Zg ¸iyZ¡c~Y© KvR| mfvi mgq mfvi mfvcwZ I mwPe †h mKj †bvU wj‡L iv‡Lb Zvi Dci wfwË
K‡iB Kvh©-weeiYx ˆZix Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
Kvh©-weeiYx welqe¯‘ I kZ©vejx (Contents and Requisites of Minutes) t †h mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx

cÖ¯‘yZ Kiv nq †m mfv m¤úwK©Z wb‡æv³ AZ¨vek¨Kxq Z_¨mg~n Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z _vKv Riyixt
1. mfvi bvg (evwl©K mvavib mfv, AwZwi³ mvaviY mfv BZ¨vw`)|
2. mfvi wbw`©ó ZvwiL, Abyôvb mwVK mgq I ¯’vb|
3. e¨w³MZfv‡e ev cÖwZwbwai gva¨‡g Dcw¯’Z m`m¨M‡Yi bvg|
4. mfvi mfvcwZi bvg|
5. Av‡jvP¨m~Pxi µg Abyhvqx Kvh©-weeiYxi web¨vm|
6. µwgK msL¨v|
7. M„nxZ wm×v‡šÍi D‡jøL|
8. Awdwmqvj‡ì wb‡qvM, †eZb BZ¨vw`|
9. wewfbœ cwimsL¨vb ev DcvË cwi®‹vifv‡e wjwce× Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. mfvcwZi ¯^v¶i I Zvi wbR nv‡Z †jLv ZvwiL|
Kvh©-weeiYxi Lmov cÖYq‡bi wbqg (Rules for Drafting Minutes) t
1. Kvh©-weeiYx Ggb fv‡e cÖbqb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z Gi g‡a¨ `y‡ev©a¨Zvi †Kvb AeKvk bv _v‡K|
2. Kvh©-weeiYx‡K Aek¨B Z_ëûj A_P msw¶ß n‡Z n‡e|
3. wm×všÍ mg~n msL¨vMwiô †fvUvwa‡K¨ M„nxZ n‡j cÖ¯Ív‡ei c‡¶ wec‡¶ hZ †fvU cvIqv hv‡e Zvi D‡jøL
Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. mfvq Dcw¯’Z I Abycw¯’Z bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. cy‡iv Kvh©-weeiYx‡K K‡qKwU Aby‡”Q‡` fvM K‡i cÖ‡Z¨K Aby‡”Q‡ì µwgK b¤î K‡i mvwR‡q wjL‡Z
n‡e|
6. Kvh©-weeiYx mnR mij fvlvq wjL‡Z n‡e|
7. Kvh©-weeiYx me©`vB BwZevPK n‡e|
cvV-ms‡¶c
1. mvaviYZ M„nxZ wm×vš—‡K wb‡qB mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx ˆZix nq|
2. ‡h Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z †Kvb wel‡qi eY©bv _v‡K Zv‡K eY©bvg~jK Kvh©-weeiYx e‡j|
3. mfvq M„nxZ wm×všÍ mg~‡ni †iKW©‡K wm×všÍ msµvšÍ Kvh©-weeiYx e‡j|
4. mfvi mgq mfvi mfvcwZ I mwPe †h mKj †bvU wj‡L iv‡Lb Zvi Dci wfwË K‡iB Kvh©-weeiYx ˆZwi
Kiv n‡q _v‡K|
5. Kvh©-weeiYx Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z mnR‡eva¨ Z_ëûj, cÖ¯Ív‡ei c‡¶ I wec‡¶ †fvU
msL¨v| Dcw¯’wZ I Abycw¯’Z bvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z AZ¨vek¨Kxq Z_¨mg~n n‡jv t mfvi bvg, mfvi ZvwiL, ¯’vb, m`m¨M‡Yi bvg,
mfvcwZi bvg, M„nxZ wm×v‡šÍi bvg, mfvcwZi ¯^v¶i cÖf„wZ|

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb-4.4
1| mvaviYZ M„nxZ wm×všÍ wb‡qB
K.mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx L. G‡RÛv
M. wgwUs N. ‡KvbwU bq|
2| Kvh©-weeiYx cÖavYZ KZ cÖKvi
K. 2 cÖKvi L. 3 cÖKvi
M. 4 cÖKvi N. 5cÖKvi
3| wb‡gœi †Kvb Z_¨wU Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z _vKv Riyix bq?
K. mfvi bvg L. mfvcwZi bvg
M. µwgK msL¨v N. mwP‡ei bvg
4| Rbve g‡bvqvi †PŠayix‡K cwiPvjK wnmv‡e wb‡qvM ‡`qv n‡jv| Bnv †Kvb ai‡bi Kvh©-weeiYx?
K) `y‡eva¨©Zv cÖKvk cvq L) Z_¨ eûj A_P msw¶ß
M) Dcw¯’Z m`‡mï bvg _v‡K N) †KvbwU bq
5| Kvh©-weeiYx Ggbfv‡e cÖYqb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z
K) `y‡eva©¨Zv cÖKvk cvq L) Z_¨ eûj A_P msw¶ß
M) Dcw¯’Z m`‡mï _v‡K N) †KvbwU bq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1. †Kv¤úvwbi mfv ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
2. mfvi ¸iyZ¡ Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
3. GKwU cwiPvjK ev mfvi †bvwUk wjLb|
4. GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi †evW© wgwUs Gi G‡RÛv wjLyb|
5. eY©bvg~jK Kvh©-weeiYx ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
6. wm×všÍ g~jK Kvh©-weeiYx ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. mfvi msÁv w`b Ges Gi †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. †Kv¤úvwbi êa mfvi kZ©vejx D‡jøL Kiyb|
3. †bvwUk Kv‡K e‡j? êa †bvwU‡ki Avek¨Kxq kZ©vejx wK wK?
4. G‡RÛvi msÁv w`b| evwl©K mvaviY Av‡jvP¨m~wPi bgybv eY©bv Kiyb|
5. mfvi Kvh©-weeiYx ej‡Z wK †ev‡Sb| Gi cÖKvi‡f` eY©bv Kiyb|
6. Kvh©-weeiYx‡Z AZ¨vek¨Kxq welq I kZ©vejx Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
7. Kvh©-weeiYxi Lmov cÖYq‡bi wbqg¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
DËigvjv
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4.1 t 1. K 2.N 3.L 4.L 5.K.
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4.2 t 1. N 2.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4.3 t 1. K 2.K
cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb - 4.4 t 1.K 2.K 3.N 4.K 5.L.

BDwbU
5
evwYwR¨KcÎ
(Commercial Letters)
eZ©gv‡b †Uwj‡hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖmvi NU‡jI, eëmvwqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨Zg gva¨g wn‡m‡e evwYwR¨K c‡Îi
f~wgKv Acwimxg| †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Ab¨vb¨ gva¨g¸‡jvi Zyjbvq evwYwR¨K cÎ me‡P‡q mnR, wbf©i‡hvM¨,
¯’vqx, wek¦vm‡hvM¨ gva¨g wn‡m‡e mK‡ji wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨| GQvov evwYwR¨K c‡Îi LiP LyeB Kg|
Av‡MiKvi hy‡M eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi AvIZv GKwU mxgv‡iLvi g‡a¨ mxgve× wQj, ZvB eëmvqxMY mvgbv-
mvgwb Avjvc Av‡jvPbvi gva¨‡g eëmvwqK KvRKg© m¤úv`b Ki‡Zb, wKš‘ eZ©gv‡b eëmvq evwY‡Rï
mxgv‡iLv GKwU wbw`©ó MwÛi g‡a¨ mxgve× bv _vKvq evwYwR¨K c‡Îi gva¨‡g †hvMv‡hvM Kvh© m¤úv`b
Ki‡Z nq| G‡Z evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ w`b w`b e„w× cv‡”Q|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
evwYwR¨K c‡Îi msÁv I êwkó¨

(Definition and characteristics of business letter)
D‡Ïk¨
evwYwR¨K cÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;
GKwU DËg evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wK wK êwkó¨ _v‡K Zv wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|
evwYwR¨K cÎ : wjwLZfv‡e g‡bi fve ev wewfbœ Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv‡K cÎ e‡j| myZivs wjwLZfv‡e
eëmvq evwYR¨ msµvšÍ †Kvb Z_¨ Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv‡K evwYwR¨K cÎ e‡j| GKUz e¨vcK `„wó‡KvY †_‡K
Avgiv ej‡Z cvwi - `yB ev Z‡ZvwaK eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi g‡a¨ digv‡qk, µq-weµq, †`bv-cvIbv,
Awf‡hvM, Av`vq-cwi‡kva BZ¨vw` Kvievwi Z_¨¸‡jv hw` wjwLZfv‡e Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv nq Z‡e Zv‡K
evwYwR¨K cÎ e‡j|
evwYwR¨K c‡Îi KwZcq D‡jøL‡hvM¨ msÁv wb‡¤œ †Ìqv nj t
Aa¨vcK n¨vbmb e‡jb ÓKvievi msµvšÍ wel‡q eëmvqx‡ì g‡a¨ †hme wPwVc‡Îi Av`vb cÖ`vb nq
†m¸‡jv‡K evwYwR¨K cÎ e‡j|Ó [The Letter which are exchanged among businessman inconnection
with business affairs are called business/ Commercial letters.]
WweøD. †R. I‡q÷b Gi g‡Z wjwLZfv‡e Kviev‡ii hveZxq †jb‡`b m¤úv`b Kiv‡K evwYwR¨K cÎ e‡j|
[Commercial corresponding is a system of conducting business transactions by means of writing.]
Aa¨vcK Gj ingvb Gi g‡Z †h cÎ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi gva¨‡g eëmvqx‡ì ¯^v_© mswkøó welqvw` RwoZ _v‡K
Zv‡K evwYwR¨K cÎ e‡j| [Corresponding bearing commercial or business interest is known as
business Letter ]
cwi‡k‡l ejv hvq †h, †h c‡Îi gva¨‡g eëmvq msµvšÍ wel‡q †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb Kiv nq Zv‡K evwYwR¨K
cÎ e‡j|
DËg evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ‰ewkó¨ wbgœiƒc:
1. evwYwR¨K cÎ Aek¨B GKwU wbw`ó© KvVv‡gv Abyhvqx wjwLZ nB‡Z n‡e;
2. mycwiKwíZfv‡e c‡Îi welq web¨vm Kiv nq Ges †m †gvZv‡eK evwYwR¨K cÎ iPbv Kiv nq;
3. evwYwR¨K c‡Îi welqe¯‘¸‡jv my¯úó n‡Z nq, hv‡Z Zv cvVK‡ì gv‡S †Kvb weåvwšÍ m„wó bv K‡i;
4. evwYwR¨K cÎ mnR mij fvlvq iwPZ n‡Z nq, hv‡Z cvVKMY mn‡R eyS‡Z cv‡i;
5. evwYwR¨K cÎ msw¶ß AvKv‡i iPbv Ki‡Z nq; hv‡Z cvVK‡ì gv‡S weiw³ m„wó bv K‡i A_ev
cvVK‡ì Ah_v mgq †hb bó bv nq;
6. evwYwR¨K cÎ ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z nq, †Kbbv AvswkK ev Am¤ú~Y© cÎ cvVK‡ì wbKU †evaMg¨ nqbv ;
7. evwYwR¨K c‡Îi D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ Gi welqe¯‘i wgj _vK‡Z nq;
8. GKvwaK D‡Ï‡k¨ iwPZ bv n‡q GKwU mywbw`©ó D‡Ï‡k¨ evwYwR¨K cÎ iPbv Ki‡Z nq;
9. cwi®‹vi nv‡Zi †jLv ev Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR cÎ cvVK‡ì `„wó AvKl©Y K‡i, ZvB evwYwR¨K cÎ
cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœfv‡e iPbv Ki‡Z nq;
10. e³‡eï wbi‡c¶Zv eRvq ivLv DËg evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ‰ewkó¨|
cvV ms‡¶c
D³ evwYwR¨K c‡Îi 1wU mywbw`©ó êwkó¨ i‡q‡Q, hv m¤ú‡K© ¯úô aviYv _vKv Riyix|
BDwbU cuvP c„ôv-96

evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

(Importance or necessity of Business letter)
D‡Ïk¨
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv KZUzKz †m m¤ú©‡K avibv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ ev cÖ‡qvRbxqZv

eZ©gvb eëmvq evwY‡R¨ evwYwR¨K c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg| evwYwR¨K c‡Îi cÖ‡qvRbxqZv m¤ú‡K© ej‡Z wM‡q
wg: †nMvi gšÍe¨ K‡ib- The business letter is the ambassador of a business. A_©vr evwYwR¨K cÎ nj
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi gyLcvÎ| wb‡gœ evwYwR¨K c‡Îi cÖ‡qvRbxqZvi Dci Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1. DbœZi †hvMv‡hvM eë¯’v (Developed communicaton system) : c~‡e© eëmvq evwY‡Rï AvqZb
mxgve× wQj weavq eëmvqxMY mvgbvmvgwb Avjvc Av‡jvPbv K‡i eëmvwqK mgm¨v mgvavb Ki‡Zb|
eZ©gv‡b eëmvq evwY‡Rï AvqZb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM Kvh© m¤úv`‡b evwYwR¨K cÎ DbœZ †hvMv‡hvM
gva¨‡g wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Q|
2. D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives) : cY¨`ªe¨ µq-weµq, †`bv-cvIbv wb®úwË, Awf‡hvM Dc¯’vcb I mgvavb
BZ¨vwì ‡¶‡Î evwYwR¨K cÎ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i| GQvov evwYwR¨K c‡Îi gva¨‡g eëmvwqK
m¤úK© `„p nq|
3. AvBbMZ wfwË (Legal documents) : †Uwj‡dvb I †gŠwLK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvq †Kvb mgm¨v mgvavb
Kiv n‡j Ges cieZ©x‡Z GBmsµvšÍ †Kvb RwUjZv m„wó n‡j †gŠwLK Av‡jvPbv AvBbMZ wfwË wn‡m‡e
KvR K‡i bv| wKš‘ evwYwR¨K cÎ Gme‡¶‡Î AvBbMZ `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|
4. ¯^í e¨q (Low cost) : mvgbvmvgwb Avjvc Av‡jvPbv Rb¨ GKRb eëmvqx‡K A‡bK `~i n‡Z G‡m
Ab¨ Rb eëmvqx wbKU GKwÎZ n‡Z nq; G‡Z AwaK LiP RwoZ| GQvov eZ©gv‡b †Uwj‡dvb Avjvc
Av‡jvPbvI e¨qeûj| wKš‘ Zzjbvg~jKfv‡e evwYwR¨K cÎB ¯^í Li‡P eëmvqx‡ì gv‡S †hvMv‡hvM
¯’vcb K‡i|
5. m~Î wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i (Worked as reference) : A‡bK mgq eëmvq evwY‡R¨ AZxZ †Kvb c‡Îi
m~Î a‡i eZ©gv‡b †hvMv‡hvM Ki‡Z nq| GKgvÎ evwYwR¨K cÎB m~Î wn‡m‡e fwel¨‡Z eëüZ nIqvi
my‡hvM K‡i †`q; hv †gŠwLK ev †Uwj‡dvwbK Avjvc Av‡jvPbvq m¤¢e bq|
6. †MvcbxqZv i¶v (Maintain the secrecy) : evwYwR¨K c‡Îi gva¨‡g †MvcbxqZv i¶v Kiv m¤¢e|
†Kbbv evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wjwLZ welq e¯‘ cÖvcK Ges †cÖiK Qvov Ab¨ †Kn Rvb‡Z cv‡ibv|
7. c‡Yï evRvi m„wó (Creat product markets) : evwYwR¨K cÎ †fv³v, eëmvqx I Drcv`bKvixi g‡a¨ bZzb
Drcvw`Z cY¨ I cÖPwjZ c‡Yï msev` Av`vb cÖ`vb K‡i c‡Yï bZzb bZzb evRvi m„wó‡Z ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv
cvjb K‡i|
8. cuywR msMÖn (Collect funds) : wewfbœ e¨vsK, exgv ev Ab¨ †Kvb FY`vbKvix ms¯’v n‡Z cuywR msMÖn
Kivi †¶‡Î evwYwR¨K cÎ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
9. ‰e‡`wkK evwY‡R¨ mnvqZv (Help in foreign trade) : Avg`vbxKviK I ißvbxKviKMY evwYwR¨K
c‡Îi gva¨‡g G‡K Ac‡ii wbKU †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb K‡ib Ges Df‡qi †jb‡`b wb®úwË K‡ib|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Ab¨vb¨ (Others) t
K) †Kvb cÖKvi fyj eySveywS wb®úwËi †¶‡Î evwYwR¨K cÎ cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i ;
L) evwYwR¨K cÎ cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg m„wó‡Z Ae`vb iv‡L ;
M) WvK wefv‡Mi m¤úªmvi‡Yi †¶‡Î evwYwR¨K cÎ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ;
N) cY¨ msMÖn I weZiY eë¯’v mgybœZ ivLvi †¶‡Î evwYwR¨K cÎ f~wgKv cvjb K‡i ;
O) hLb ZLb †h †Kvb eëmvqxi mv‡_ †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb AmyweavRbK n‡jI evwYwR¨K c‡Îi mve©Rbxb
cÖ‡ekvwaKvi i‡q‡Q|
cvV ms‡¶c
eëmvwqK mgm¨v mgvav‡b, Pzw³ m¤úv`‡b, †MvcbxqZv i¶vi †¶‡Î, e¨q wbqš¿‡Y cÖvgvY¨ `wjj wn‡m‡e,
eëmvwqK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b c‡Yï bZzb bZzb evRvi m„wó‡Z evwYwR¨K cÎ ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|

evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wewfbœ Ask ev KvVv‡gv web¨vm

(Differents parts or structure of a business letter)
D‡Ïk¨
GKwU evwYwR¨K cÎ iPbv Kivi †¶‡Î KZ¸‡jv Ask AbymiY Ki‡Z nq, †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wewfbœ Ask

e¨w³MZ cÎ †h †Kvb ixwZ ev c×wZ‡Z iPbv Ki‡j P‡j, wKš‘ evwYwR¨K cÎ iPbv Kivi †¶‡Î wbw`©ó
KvVv‡gv AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv avivevwnKfv‡e mvRv‡bvi ixwZ‡K evwYwR¨K
c‡Îi KvVv‡gv web¨vm ejv nq| mvaviYZ GKwU evwYwR¨K cÎ †h KvVv‡gv‡Z iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K wb‡æi
K‡qKwU As‡k wef³ Kiv hvq t
1. wk‡ivbvg (The heading)
2. Af¨šÍixY wVKvbv (The inside address)
3. welq wk‡ivbvg (The subject heading)
4. m‡¤^vab (The salutation)
5. welqe¯‘ (The body)
6. we`vq m¤¢vlY (The complimentary close)
7. ¯^v¶i (The signature)
8. Abywjwc (Copy)
9. mshyw³ (Enclosure)
wb‡æ Ask¸‡jvi we¯ÍvwiZ eY©bv ‡Ìqv nj t
1. wk‡ivbvg (The heading) : Kvievi c‡Îi KvVv‡gvi cÖ_g ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask nj wk‡ivbvg| c‡Îi
Dcwifv‡M cÎ †cÖiYKvix cÖwZôv‡bi bvg, wVKvbv, †Uwj‡dvb b¤î, m~Î bs Ges ZvwiL BZ¨vw` welq
wk‡ivbvg As‡k D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| wb‡gœ wk‡ivbv‡gi GKwU bgybv †Ìqv nj :
avbwmuwo cÖKvkbx
(cy¯ÍK cÖKvkK I we‡µZv)
m~Î bs .............. ZvwiL : .................
37, evsjvevRvi
XvKv-1100
†dvb :............
c‡Îi ZvwiL wjLvi wewfbœ c×wZ i‡q‡Q, Zb¥‡a¨ D‡jøL¨‡hvM¨ K‡qKwU nj: K) 17-05-2008
L)17/07/2008 M) †g 17,2008 N) 17B †g, 2008 O) 17 †g, 2008 BZ¨vw`|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
2. Af¨šÍixY wVKvbv (The inside address): evwYwR¨K c‡Îi Af¨šÍ‡i wk‡ivbv‡gi bx‡P evgcv‡k
c‡Îi cÖvc‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv wjL‡Z nq, G‡K Af¨šÍixY wVKvbv ejv nq| GB wVKvbvi Abyiƒc
wVKvbv Lv‡gi Dc‡i wjLv nq| wb‡¤œ Af¨šÍixY wVKvbvi bgybv †`Lv‡bv nj t
iwdK GÛ †Kv;
100, cyivbvcëb
XvKv-1000
3. welq wk‡ivbvg (The subject heading) : evwYwR¨K c‡Îi Af¨šÍixY wVKvbvi bx‡P Ges welqe¯‘i
Dc‡i welq wk‡ivbvg D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| c‡Îi welqe¯‘‡Z †h K_v¸‡jv _v‡K Zvi GKUv mvigg© welq
wk‡ivbv‡g D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq, hv‡Z cvVKMY welq wk‡ivbvg c‡o g~j cÎ m¤ú©‡K GKwU aviYv jvf
Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
4. m‡¤^vab (The salutation) : welq wk‡ivbv‡gi bx‡P wKQy RvqMv Lvwj †i‡L evg cÖv‡šÍ c‡Îi
cÖvcK‡K m‡¤^vab K‡i Awfev`bm~PK wKQy kã D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| m‡¤^vab e¨wZZ cÎ †jLv f`ªZv
ewnf~©Z| AvRKvj bvbv ai‡bi Awfev`b m~PK kã cÖPwjZ Av‡Q| †hgb: Rbve, gnvkq, wcÖq, f`ª
g‡nv`qMY, gvbëi, BZ¨vw`|
5. welqe¯‘ (The body) : welqe¯‘ n‡”Q c‡Îi g~j I ¸iyZ¡c~Y© Ask| Dnv c‡Îi cÖvY¯îƒc| Kv‡RB
welqe¯‘ iPbv Kivi mgq cÎ †jLK‡K h_vmva¨ mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Ki‡Z nq|
6. we`vq Awfev`b (The complementary close) : c‡Îi welqe¯‘i bx‡P evgcv‡k we`vq Awfev`b
m~PK kã wjL‡Z nq| g~jZ cÎ cÖvc‡Ki gh©`v Ges †cÖi‡Ki mwnZ m¤úK©Zv BZ¨vw` welq we‡ePbv
K‡i we`vq Awfev`b m~PK kã wjL‡Z nq| bvbv ai‡bi we`vq Awfev`b m~PK kã i‡q‡Q †hgb t
abëv`v‡šÍ, Avcbvi we¯^¯Í, Avcbvi AbyMZ, wb‡e`K, webxZ BZ¨vw`|
7. ¯^v¶i (The signature) : we`vq Awfev`‡bi bx‡P evg cv‡k cÎ †jLK ev †cÖi‡Ki ¯^v¶i ev
`¯ÍLZ _vK‡Z nq| ¯^v¶‡ii bx‡P eÜbxi g‡a¨ ¯^v¶iKvixi bvg, c`gh©`v I wVKvbv D‡jøL Kiv nq|
†hgb :
----------------------
(†gv : Kvgvj Avn‡g`)
cÖkvmwbK Kg©KZ©v
mvwKj G›UvicÖvBR
8. Abywjwc (Copy) : A‡bK mgq c‡Îi welqe¯‘wU DwjøwLZ m‡¤^vabKvix Qvov AviI A‡bK‡K
Rvbv‡bvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| ZLb ¯^v¶‡ii bx‡P wKQy RvqMv Lvwj †i‡L evgw`‡K Abywjwc kãwU wj‡L †h
†h e¨w³i wbKU Abywjwc †`qv cÖ‡qvRb Zuv‡ì bvg µgvš^‡q D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq|
9. mshyw³ (The Enclosure) : c‡Îi mwnZ A‡bK mgq Qwe, `wjj-`¯Ív‡eR, cÖgvYcÎ BZ¨vw` †Mu‡_
†`qvi cÖ‡qvRb nq| Abywjwci bx‡P Òmshyw³Ó kãwU wj‡L †h †h KvMRcÎ mshyw³ †`qv nj †m¸‡jvi
bvg D‡j- L Ki‡Z nq|
cvV ms‡¶c
evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wbw`©ó KvVv‡gv A_©vr wk‡ivbvg, Af¨šÍixY wVKvbv, welq wk‡ivbvg, m‡¤^vab, welqe¯‘,
we`vq m¤¢vlY, ¯^v¶i, Abywjwc I mshyw³ BZ¨vw` Ask h_vh_©fv‡e c~iY K‡i cÎ iPbv Kiv n‡j Zv GKwU
Av`k© evwYwR¨K cÎ e‡j MY¨ n‡e|

cÖvwZôvwbK I Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ
(Horizontal Communication)
D‡Ïk¨
cÖvwZôvwbK I AvavcÖvwZôvwbK cÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb;
cÖvwZôvwbK I Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK c‡Îi ‰ewkó¨¸‡jv wK wK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb; Ges
Dfq cÖKvi c‡Îi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv wK wK Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ
cÖvwZôvwbK welqvw` m¤ú‡K© `yÕRb Awdm Kg©KZ©v A_ev `yÕwU Awdm A_ev `yÕwU wefvM ev kvLvi g‡a¨ †h
c‡Îi Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ ejv nq| cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ iPbv Kivi gyL¨ D‡Ïk¨ nj
cÖwZôvb m¤úwK©Z Leiv-Lei Av`vb cÖ`vb Kiv| D‡jøL¨ cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ ej‡Z †KejgvÎ miKvwi
cÖwZôv‡bi cÎ‡K eySv‡bv n‡e bv, G‡¶‡Î miKvwi, Avav miKvwi, †emiKvwi I ¯^vqË¡kvwmZ cÖwZôvb
BZ¨vw` cÎ‡KI eySv‡bv nq| †hgb miKvwi cÖwZôv‡bi c‡`vbœwZ cÖ_v Rvb‡Z †P‡q miKvwi cÖav‡bi wPwV
GKwU cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ|
cÖwZôvwbK c‡Îi êwkó¨ t

1. mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ iPbv Kiv nq|
2. GB RvZxq c‡Î e¨w³MZ K_v evZ©v, Av‡eM-Abyf~wZRwbZ fvlv eënvi Kiv nq bv|
3. m¤ú~Y© cÖvwZôvwbK Avè-Kvq`v, ixwZbxwZ I AvBbKvbyb h_vh_fv‡e cvjb K‡i GB RvZxq cÎ iPbv
Kiv nq|
4. cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ A‡nZzK AcÖ‡qvRbxq Ges AcÖvmw½K K_vevZ©v eënvi K‡i `xN©vwqZ Kiv hvq bv|
5. GB RvZxq c‡Îi AvBbMZ wfwË Ab¨vb¨ cÎ n‡Z gReyZ|
6. cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ GK cÖ‡¯’ iwPZ n‡jI Gi Abywjwc ˆZwi Kiv hvq|
7. cÖvwZôvwbK c‡Îi mve©Rbxb mËv i‡q‡Q, hvi d‡j c‡Îi cÖvcK I †cÖi‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ‡Z Gi ¸iyZ¡ n«vm
cvq bv|
8. cÎ cÖvc‡Ki gh©v`v Abyhvqx cÖvwZôvwbK c‡Î m‡¤¢vab I we`vqfvlY wjL‡Z nq|
Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ : cÖvwZôvwbK ev Awdwmqvj LeivLe‡ii cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ welqvw` D‡jøL K‡i †h

cÎ iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ e‡j| Kv‡RB Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ e¨w³MZ I Awdwmqvj
c‡Îi mswgkªY| mvaviYZ my-m¤úwK©Z ev cwiwPZ `yÕRb Awdwmqvi Kg©KZ©vi g‡a¨ GRvZxq c‡Îi Av`vb
cÖ`vb Kiv nq| †hgbt wg. ivnqvb Gi eo fvB evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡K PvKzwi K‡ib| wZwb eo fvB‡qi wbKU
evsjv‡`k e¨vs‡Ki GKwU mvK©yjvi m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i †kl c¨vivi evmvi LeiwÌ Rvb‡Z
AvMÖn cÖKvk Kij| GwU Ava¨vcÖwZ cÎ|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK c‡Îi êwkó¨ :

1. Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ wbw`©ó †Kvb KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i iPbv Kiv nq bv|
2. GB RvZxq c‡Î Awdwmqvj e³‡eï cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ e³e¨ ¯’vb cvq|
3. e¨w³MZ e³e¨ ¯’vb cvq e‡j GB RvZxq c‡Îi AvBbMZ wfwË gReyZ b‡n|
4. GB RvZxq c‡Î fvlvi eënv‡i †Kvb KovKwo †bB|
5. e¨w³MZ K_vevZ©v D‡jøL Kiv nq e‡j GB RvZxq c‡Îi AvKvi `xN© nq|
6. cÎ cÖvcK I †cÖi‡Ki m¤ú‡K©i Dci wfwË K‡i GB RvZxq c‡Îi m‡¤¢vab I we`vq fvlY iPbv Ki‡Z nq|
7. ‡jLK ev cÖvc‡Ki Abycw¯’wZ, e`jx, g„Z~¨RbxZ Kvi‡Y GB RvZxq c‡Îi ¸iyZ¡ n«vm cvq bv e‡j Gi
AvBbMZ wfwË i‡q‡Q|
8. GB RvZxq c‡Îi Abywjwc eënvi Kiv nq bv|
cÖvwZôvwbK I Avav cÖvwZôvwbK c‡Îi cv_©K¨ t
wfwË cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ

1. D‡Ïk¨ cÖwZôv‡bi ¯^v_©-msi¶‡Yi Rb¨ cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ ¯^v_© msi¶‡Y
cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ iPbv Kiv nq| Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ iPbv Kiv nq|
2. cÖK…wZ cÖwZôvb msµvšÍ †LuvR Lei cÖwZôv‡bi cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ †LuvR Lei Av`vb
Av`vb-cÖ`v‡b †jLv nq| cÖ`v‡b †jLv nq|
3. KvVv‡gv mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i iPbv mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv AbymiY Kiv nq bv|
Kiv nq|
4. AvKvi msw¶ß A‡c¶vK…Z `xN©|
5.†kªYx wefvM miKvwi, †emiKvwi, Avav-miKvwi, Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ GB RvZxq †kªYx‡Z fvM
¯^vqË¡kvwmZ BZ¨vw` †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv m¤¢e b‡n|
Kiv nq|
cvV ms‡¶c
m¤ú~Y© Awdwmqvj †LuvR-Lei Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ †h cÎ iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ e‡j|
c¶všÍ‡i, Awdwmqvj †LuvR-Le‡ii cvkvcvwk e¨w³MZ Leiv-Lei Av`vb cÖ`v‡bi wbwg‡Ë †h cÎ iPbv Kiv
nq Zv‡K Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ e‡j|

PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ (Job Application)
D‡Ïk¨
PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb;
PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ iPbvi mgq †Kvb †Kvb welq¸‡jv we‡ePbv Ki‡Z nq †m m¤ú©‡K avibv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb ;
PvKzwii Av‡e`b c‡Îi mwnZ Rxebe„ËvšÍ ˆZwi Kivi †KŠkj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
PvKzwii Av‡e`b cÎ
PvKzwi cÖvwßi Avkvq wb‡qvMKvix KZ„©c‡¶i wbKU †h cÎ †jLv nq Zv‡K PvKzwii Av‡e`b cÎ e‡j|
Aa¨vcK jwZdzi ingv‡bi g‡Z - RxweKvR©‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤¢ve¨ wb‡qvMKvixi wbKU kªg weµ‡qi cÖ¯Íve w`‡q
†h cÎ wjLv nq Zv‡K PvKzwii Av‡e`b cÎ e‡j|
†gvU K_v nj, hLb †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b ‡jvK wb‡qv‡Mi cÖ‡qvRb nq ZLb D³ cÖwZôvb cwÎKvq A_ev Ab¨vb¨
MYgva¨‡g weÁwß cÖKvk K‡i _v‡K| GB weÁwßi m~Î a‡i †Kvb PvKzwi cÖv_©x D³ cÖwZôv‡bi KZ„©c‡¶i
wbKU PvKzwi jv‡fi Avkvq †h cÎ wj‡L Zv‡K Avgiv PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ e‡j _vwK|
PvKzwii Av‡e`b cÎ iPbv Kivi †¶‡Î we‡eP¨ welqmg~n:
PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ h_vh_fv‡e iPbv Kiv DwPZ KviY Av‡e`bc‡Îi gva¨‡g Av‡e`bKvixi `¶Zv I
†hvM¨Zv A‡bKUvB duz‡U D‡V| Av‡e`bcÎ iPbv Kivi mgq KwZcq welqvw` gb‡hvM mnKv‡i we‡ePbv Kiv
DwPZ, hvnv wb‡æ D‡j- L Kiv nj t
1. Drm t Av‡e`bKvix †Kvb Drm n‡Z PvKzwii weÁvcbwU Rvb‡Z †c‡i‡Qb Zv Av‡e`b c‡Î D‡jøL
Ki‡Z n‡e| mvavibZ cwÎKv, †iwWI, †Uwjwfkb, e¨bvi BZ¨vw` gva¨g n‡Z PvKzwii †Luv‡R Lei
cvIqv hvq|
2. c‡ì bvg t Av‡e`bKvix cÖv_x©Z c‡ì bvg my¯úófv‡e Av‡e`b c‡Î D‡jøL Ki‡eb|
3. ‡hvM¨Zvi weeiY t wb‡qvM weÁwß Abyhvqx Av‡e`bKvixi mKj †hvM¨Zv Av‡Q wKbv Zv wbwðZ n‡q
PvKzwii Av‡e`b cÎ iPbv Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. Avbylvw½K †hvM¨Zv t Av‡e`bKvixi †Kvb we‡kl †hvM¨Zv I `¶Zv _vK‡j Zv Av‡e`b c‡Î D‡jøL
Ki‡Z n‡e|
5. Avbylvw½K Z_¨ t Av‡e`bKvix‡K Av‡e`bc‡Î Zvi RvZxqZv, eZ©gvb I ¯’vqx wVKvbv, ag©, ‰eevwnK
Ae¯’v BZ¨vw` Z_¨ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|
6. h_vh_ KZ©„c¶ t Av‡e`bKvix eZ©gv‡b †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b Kg©iZ _vK‡j D³ cÖwZôv‡bi KZ…©c‡¶i
gva¨‡g Ave`bcÎ AMÖvqY Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. ‡eZb cÖm½ t A‡bK mgq weÁwß‡Z cÖZ¨vwkZ †eZ‡bi welq D‡jøL _v‡K| Giyc †¶‡Î
Av‡e`bKvix‡K mywPwšÍZ fv‡e gZvgZ cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. m~Î D‡jøL t Av‡e`bKvix Av‡e`bc‡Î GK ev `yBRb cÖwZwôZ e¨w³i bvg D‡jøL Ki‡eb, hv‡ì wbKU
n‡Z wb‡qvMKvix PvKzwi cÖv_x© m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ msMÖn Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
9. ‡µvocÎ t Av‡e`bc‡Îi mwnZ †h mg¯Í KvMR cÎ mshy³ Kiv nBqv‡Q Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv Av‡e`b
c‡Î D‡jøL _vK‡Z n‡e|
10. ¯^v¶i t Av‡e`bKvix‡K Av‡e`bc‡Î ¯^v¶i I ZvwiL cÖ`vb Ki‡Z nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY t wnmve Kg©KZ©v c‡` wb‡qv‡Mi Rb¨ Av‡e`b c‡Îi bgybv wbæiƒc t
†g 18, 2007
gnveë¯’vcK
cvi‡mvb¨vj wWwfkb
RbZv e¨vsK
cÖavb Kvh©vjq
gwZwSj, XvKv-1000|
welq t wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` wb‡qvM jv‡fi wbwg‡Ë Av‡e`b|
Rbve,
MZ †g 2, 2007 Zvwi‡Li Ò‰`wbK B‡ËdvKÓ cwÎKvq cÖKvwkZ weÁwßi gva¨‡g Rvb‡Z cvijvg RbZv
e¨vs‡K KwZcq msL¨K Drmvnx I m¤¢vebvgqx øvZK hyeK‡K wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e|
Avwg D³ c‡ì Rb¨ AvMÖnx cÖv_x©| Avcbvi mywe‡ePbvi Rb¨ Avgvi c~Y©v½ Rxeb e„ËvšÍ wb‡¤œ †ck Kijvg t
1. bvg t †gvnv¤§` ‡LvKb ivbv
2. wcZvi bvg t †gvnv¤§` Avnmvb Avjx
3. Rb¥ ZvwiL t 31, Rvbyqvix 1983; ¯’vb t bKjv, †kicyi|
4. RvZxqZv t evsjv‡`kx (Rb¥MZfv‡e)
5. wVKvbv t K) eZ©gvb wVKvbv t evwo bs-09, †ivW bs-08, ‡m±i-07, DËiv, XvKv-1230|
L) ¯’vqx wVKvbv t MÖvg-bKjv, WvK- KzìZ bMi, _vbv-bKjv, †Rjv-†kicyi|
6. fvlvÁvb t evsjv I Bs‡iRx wjL‡Z, co‡Z I ej‡Z cvwi Ges Aviwe co‡Z cvwi|
7. kL t e³…Zv Kiv, weZK©, dzUej †Ljv, eB cov cÖeÜ BZ¨vw`|
8. wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv t
cix¶vi bvg ‡evW©/ wek¦we`¨vjq cv‡mi mb cÖvß wefvM/wRwcG gšÍe¨
gva¨wgK (evwYR¨) Kzwgjøv 1993 cÖ_g wefvM ÑÑÑÑÑ
D”P gva¨wgK (evwYR¨) Kzwgjøv 1995 cÖ_g wefvM ÑÑÑÑÑ
weweGm Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq 2007 3.25 .........
9. we‡kl cÖwk¶Y t Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vj‡q I‡cb ¯‹z‡ji Wxb cÖ‡dmi W. †gv: Avjxb~i ingvb -Gi
Aax‡b evsjv‡`k e¨vsK eë¯’vi `¶Zvi wePvi bvgK cÖK‡í `xN© 6 gvm
wk¶vbexk wn‡m‡e KvR K‡iwQ|
10. Rxe‡bi j¶¨ t e¨vwKs †ckvq wb‡R‡K cÖwZwôZ Kiv|
11. Z_¨vbymÜvb m~Î t (1) cÖ‡dmi Wt †gvt Avjxb~i ingvb (2) W. †gvt Av‡k©` Avjx gvZzeŸi
Wxb, I‡cb ¯‹zj, evDwe| mn‡hvMx Aa¨vcK, I‡cb
¯‹zj, evDwe|
Avwg Avkv Kwi Dc‡iv³ Z_¨¸‡jv mnvbyf~wZi mv‡_ wePvi-we‡ePbv‡šÍ Avcbvi e¨vs‡Ki GKRb wnmvei¶Y
Kg©KZ©v wn‡m‡e wb‡qvM K‡i Avcbvi cÖwZôvb‡K †mev cÖ`vbmn e¨vswKs †¶‡Î Avgv‡K cÖwZwôZ I †hvM¨Zv
cÖgv‡Y mvnvh¨ Ki‡eb|
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
----------------------
(†gvnv¤§` †LvKb ivbv)
‡µvocÎt
K) gva¨wgK, D”P gva¨wgK I weweGm cix¶v cv‡mi mZ¨vwqZ mb`c‡Îi 3 Kwc|
L) `yB Kwc Qwe|
M) Ab¨vb¨ cÖksmvc‡Îi d‡UvKwcmg~n|

mv¶vrKvicÎ, wb‡qvMcÎ Ges PvKzwi‡Z †hvM`vbcÎ

(Interview, Appointment and Joining Letters)
D‡Ïk¨
mv¶vrKvicÎ, wb‡qvMcÎ Ges †hvM`vbcÎ Kv‡K e‡j †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb;
mv¶vrKvicÎ, wb‡qvMcÎ Ges †hvM`vbcÎ †jLvi †KŠkj Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
mv¶vrKvi cÎ t wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avgiv c~‡e©B †R‡bwQ, PvKzwii weÁwß Abyhvqx GKRb PvKzwicÖv_x PvKzwi
jv‡fi Avkvq wb‡qvMKvixi wbKU Av‡e`bcÎ †cÖiY K‡ib| GBiƒc Av‡e`bcÎ cvIqvi ci wb‡qvMKvix
cÖwZôvb mKj Av‡e`bKvix‡K A_ev Av‡e`bcÎ hvPvB-evQvB c~e©K K‡qKRb‡K wbev©Pbx cix¶vi Rb¨
A_ev PvKzwii kZ©vejx m¤ú‡K© Avjvc-Av‡jvPbvi Rb¨ wbav©wiZ ZvwiL, mgq I ¯’v‡b Dcw¯’Z _vKvi
wbwg‡Ë †h cÎ cÖ`vb K‡ib Zv‡K Avgiv mv¶vrKvicÎ e‡j _vwK|
D`vniY t wb‡¤œ GKwU mv¶vrKvi c‡Îi bgybv D‡jøL Kiv nj t-
gnveë¯’vcK
RbZv e¨vsK
cÖavb Kvh©vjq
gwZwSj, XvKv|
m~Î msL¨v........... †dvbt 72427
Rbve †gvt †LvKb ivbv ZvwiLt 17/9/2007
evwo bs 09, †ivW bs-08, †m±i-07
DËiv, XvKv|
welqt wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` mv¶vrKvi|
wcÖq Rbve,
Dc‡iv³ c‡ì Rb¨ Avcbvi †cÖwiZ Av‡e`b c‡Îi †cÖw¶‡Z Avcbv‡K AvMvgx Ryb 25, 2008 ZvwiL
mKvj 11.00 Uvq Avgv‡ì DwjøwLZ wVKvbvq mv¶vrKvi cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Dcw¯’Z n‡Z Aby‡iva Kiv n‡”Q|
AbyMÖnc~e©K mv¶vrKviKv‡j Avcbvi g~j mvwU©wd‡KU¸‡jv m‡½ Avb‡eb| D‡jøL _v‡K †h, mv¶vrKv‡i
Dcw¯’Z nIqvi Rb¨ Avcbv‡K †Kvb cÖKvi wUG/wWG †`qv n‡e bv|
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
---------------
Gg. G gwZb
g¨v‡bwRs WvB‡i±i
RbZv e¨vsK
cÖavb Kvh©vjq, XvKv
wb‡qvMcÎ t mv¶vrKvi MÖn‡Yi mgq †hB PvKywi cÖv_x© m¤ú‡K© wb‡qvMKvix mš‘ó nb †mB PvKzwi cÖv_x©‡K
PvKzwi‡Z †hvM`vb Kivi cÖ¯Íve w`‡q wb‡qvMKvix †h cÎ Bmy¨ K‡ib Zv‡K wb‡qvMcÎ e‡j| wb‡qvMcÎ
PvKzwi cÖv_x© I wb‡qvMKvixi g‡a¨ Pzw³ wn‡m‡e MY¨ Kiv nq|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY t wb‡æ GKwU wb‡qvMc‡Îi bgybv D‡jøL Kiv nq t-
RbZv e¨vsK
m~Ît 2007/4/wb‡qvM-7, ZvwiL t AvM÷ 28, 2007

Rbve †LvKb ivbv
DËiv, XvKv|
welqt wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` wb‡qvM|
wcÖq Rbve,
Avcbvi MZ 18 gv©P 2007 Zvwi‡Li Av‡e`b Ges 27‡k gvP©, 2007 Zvwi‡Li mv¶vrKv‡ii †cÖw¶‡Z
Avcbv‡K Avgv‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` wb‡gœv³ kZ©mv‡c‡¶ wb‡qvM Kiv nj t
1. Avcwb gvwmK [6800-325×7-9075 Bwe.365×11-13090] †¯‹‡j †eZb cv‡eb Ges Zrmn
cÖwZôv‡bi wbqgvbyhvqx Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K my‡hvM-myweav cv‡eb|
2. Avcbvi KvR m‡šÍvRbK n‡j GK eQi ci †_‡K ¯’vqxfv‡e wb‡qvM Kiv n‡e|
3. hyw³m½Z Kvi‡Y Avcbv‡K eiLv¯Í Kivi ¶gZv AÎ cÖwZôv‡bi i‡q‡Q| wKš‘ Avcbv‡K PvKwi Qvo‡Z
n‡j `yBgvm c~‡e© Zv wjwLZ AvKv‡i KZ©„c¶‡K Rvbv‡Z n‡e|
Dc‡iv³ k‡Z© PvKwi Ki‡Z ivwR n‡j Avcbv‡K †m‡Þ¤î 15, 2007 Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ †hvM`vb Kivi Rb¨
Aby‡iva Rvbvw”Q| Ab¨v_vq G wb‡qvM evwZj e‡j MY¨ n‡e|
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
-------------
Gg, Kv‡ì
gnveë¯’vcK
RbZv e¨vsK, cÖavb Kvh©vjq, XvKv
†hvM`vbcÎ t Av‡e`bKvix PvKzwi`vZvi wbKU n‡Z wb‡qvMcÎ cÖvwßi ci, D³ wb‡qvMc‡Î DwjøwLZ kZ©vejx
Zuvi wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡j †m Kv‡R †hvM`v‡bi wm×všÍ MÖnY K‡ib| †h cÎ Øviv Av‡e`bKvix PvKzwi‡Z
†hvM`vb Kivi msev` wb‡qvM`vZv‡K AewnZ K‡ib Zv‡K †hvM`vbcÎ e‡j| GB c‡Îi gva¨‡g Av‡e`bKvix
wb‡qvMKvixi cÖwZôv‡bi mKj cÖ¯Ív‡e m¤§wZ cÖ`vb K‡ib e‡j Df‡qi g‡a¨ †hvM`vb cÎ GKwU AvBbMZ
`wjj wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i|

D`vniY t wb‡¤œ GKwU ‡hvM`vb c‡Îi bgybv D‡jøL Kiv nj t-
XvKv
†m‡Þ¤î 25, 2007
gnveë¯’vcK
RbZv e¨vsK, cÖavb Kvh©vjq
XvKv|
welqt †hvM`vb cÎ
Rbve,
mwebq wb‡e`b GB †h Avcbvi †m‡Þ¤î 15, 2007 Zvwi‡Li c‡Îi †cÖw¶‡Z A`¨ c~e©v‡ý Avwg AÎ
cÖwZôv‡bi wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` †hvM`vb Kijvg|
AZGe, g‡nv`q AbyMÖnc~e©K Avgvi †hvM`vbcÎwU MÖn‡Yi cÖ‡qvRbxq eë¯’v wb‡q evwaZ Ki‡eb|
Avcbvi AbyMZ
(‡LvKb ivbv)

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
weµq cÖ¯Íve, eëmvq AbymÜvb (g~j¨ wRÁvmv), ì D‡jøL I digv‡qk cÎ (Letters

relating to offer, trade enquiries, quotations & orders)
D‡Ïk¨
weµq cÖ¯Íve, eëmvq AbymÜvb, ì D‡jøL I digv‡qk cÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
cÖwZwU cÎ iPbv Kivi bgybv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
weµq cÖ¯Íve t
we‡µZv, Drcv`bKvix ev Avg`vwbKviK cY¨ weµ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ m¤¢ve¨ †µZv, wbw`©ó †µZv ev wbw`©ó †kªYxi
†µZv‡K Zvi cY¨`ªe¨ µq Kivi Rb¨ †h cÖ¯Íve †`q Zv‡K weµq cÖ¯Íve e‡j| mvaviYZ we‡µZv wb‡R
D‡`¨vMx n‡q cÖPvicÎ AvKv‡i cY¨ m¤ú‡K© Leiv-Lei w`‡q m¤¢ve¨ †µZv‡ì D‡Ï‡k¨ weµq cÖ¯Íve †cÖiY
K‡i| weµq cÖ¯Ív‡e KwZcq welq D‡jøL _vK‡Z nq h_v t cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Yï AvKvi, ¸Yv¸Y, cwigvY, IRb,
g~j¨, g~j¨ cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ, enb LiP, Kwgkb I Ab¨vb¨ myweavw`, c¨vwKs LiP BZ¨vw`|
eëmvq Z_¨vbymÜvb / g~j¨ wRÁvmv t

†h c‡Î m¤¢ve¨ †µZv cY¨ µ‡qi D‡Ï‡k¨ we‡µZvi wbKU n‡Z wewfbœ cÖKvi Z_¨vw` Rvb‡Z Pvq ev µ‡qi
AvMÖn cÖKvk K‡i Zv‡K eëmvq Z_¨vbymÜvb ev g~j¨ wRÁvmv cÎ e‡j| g~j¨ wRÁvmv c‡Î †ek wKQz welq
D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| †hgb t c‡Yï g~j¨ m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨, me©wbgœ KZ g~‡j¨ cY¨ mieivn Kiv hv‡e,
c‡Yï bgybv cvVv‡bvi Aby‡iva, Kwgk‡bi cwigvY wKiƒc, cwi‡kv‡ai c×wZ wK, cwienY, c¨vwKs,
†Wwjfvwi, exgv BZ¨vwì weeiY|
ì D‡jøL cÎ t
†µZvi g~j¨ wRÁvmv c‡Îi DË‡i we‡µZv, Drcv`bKvix ev Avg`vwb KviK c‡Yï g~j¨, weµ‡qi kZ©vejx
BZ¨vw` welq¸‡jv Rvwb‡q †h cÎ wj‡L Zv‡K g~j¨Ávcb ev ì D‡jøL cÎ e‡j| ì D‡jøL c‡Î †h me
welq¸‡jv D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq Zv nj t cÖ¯ÍvweZ c‡Yï we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY, g~j¨ ZvwjKv, g~j¨ cwi‡kva c×wZ,
cwienY, c¨vwKs wel‡q cÖ¯Íve, Kwgk‡bi nvi, cÖ‡qvR‡b c‡Yï bgybv mshyw³ BZ¨vw`|
digv‡qk cÎ t
µq-weµ‡qi PZz_© avc nj digv‡qk cÎ †jLv| weµq cÖ¯Íve ev ì D‡jøL cÎ cvIqvi ci †µZv mKj
Z_¨vejx m¤ú‡K© mš‘ó n‡q cY¨ µ‡qi B”Qv Ávcb K‡i †h cÎ wj‡L Zv‡K digv‡qk cÎ e‡j| digv‡qk
c‡Î KwZcq ¸iyZ¡c~Y© welq D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| h_v t c‡Yï c~Y© weeiY, digv‡q‡ki ZvwiL I m~Î bs, cY¨
mieiv‡ni m¤¢ve¨ ¯’vb I mgq BZ¨vw`|

D`vniY t GKwU mvaviY weµq cÖ¯Íve cÎ iPbv Kivi bgybv :

ZvwiL t †g 22, 2007
Rjxj cÖKvkbx
cy¯ÍK cÖKvkK I we‡µZv
38, evsjvevRvi, XvKv-1100|
Rbve ‡gvt Kwig
bMi †÷vm©
iscyi-5700
wcÖq Rbve,
Avgiv AZ¨šÍ Avb‡›ì mv‡_ Rvbvw”Q †h, Avgv‡ì eûj cÖPvwiZ I RbwcÖq wb‡gœi eB¸‡jv m¤úªwZ
cÖKvwkZ n‡q‡Q| GB ms¯‹i‡Y cÖ‡Z¨KwU eB‡qi cyivZb Aa¨vq¸‡jv e¨vcK cwieZ©b Ges cwiea©b,
cwigvR©b I ms‡hvRb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avgv‡ì GB bZzb ms‡hvR‡bi Rb¨B GZw`b evRv‡i eB¸‡jv cÖPvi
Ki‡Z wej¤^ n‡q‡Q| evRv‡i KvM‡Ri g~j¨ e„w×, Qvcv I Ab¨vb¨ Avbylw½K e¨q †e‡o hvIqv m‡Ë¡I Avgiv
eB¸‡jvi g~j¨ h_v m¤¢e Av‡Mi gZ ivL‡Z †Póv K‡iwQ|
Avcbviv Avgv‡ì cyivZb eëmvqx eÜz| Avcbv‡ì‡K Avgiv 30% nv‡i Kvievix evÆv w`‡Z cÖ¯‘Z AvwQ|
bM` µq Ki‡j AwZwi³ 1% nv‡i bM` evÆv †`qv n‡e|
Av‡Mi gZ GB ms¯‹i‡Yi eB¸‡jv cvVK mgv‡R mgv`„Z n‡e, G‡Z †Kvb m‡›`n †bB|
abëv`v‡šÍ -
Avcbv‡ì wek¦¯Í
KvRx Rjxj
eë¯’vcK|
eB‡qi bvg
1. Kvievi c×wZ, evB - wgRvbyi ingvb - g~j¨t 170.00 UvKv
2. D”P gva¨wgK eëmvq msMVb I eë¯’vcbv, evB - Avt AvDqvb Lvb - g~j¨t 180.00 UvKv
3. evwYwR¨K cÎ †hvMv‡hvM, evB - k¨vg my›ì Kg©Kvi - g~j¨t 150.00 UvKv
4. D”P gva¨wgK wnmveweÁvb, evB - Ave`ym mvjvg - g~j¨t 170.00 UvKv|
D`vniY-2 t g~j¨ wRÁvmv c‡Îi bgybv
eë¯’vcK wniY Ki‡cv‡ikb
nvmvb G›Uvi cÖvBR 27, LvZzbMÄ
25, eskvj †ivW PÆMÖvg-4000
XvKv-1100| 22 †k A‡±vei, 2000
welq t 40 KvD›U I 80 KvD›U m~Zv m¤^‡Ü Z_¨vbymÜvb

wcÖq Rbve
msev`c‡Î weÁvcb Ges wek¦¯Í m~‡Î Rvb‡Z cvijvg †h, Avcbv‡ì wbKU wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii cÖPzi m~Zv wewµi
Rb¨ gRyZ Av‡Q| g~j¨ I kZ©vw` AbyK~j n‡j Avgiv †ek wKQz cwigvY 40 I 80 KvD‡›Ui m~Zv µq Ki‡Z
AvMÖnx|
AZGe, AbyMÖnc~e©K D³ `yB cÖKvi myZvi me©wbgœ weµqg~j¨, weµq kZ©vw`, Kwgk‡bi nvi BZ¨vwì
we¯ÍvwiZ weeiY AwZmZ¡i †cÖiY K‡i evwaZ Ki‡eb| AbyMÖnc~e©K Dfq cÖKvi myZvi bgybv †cÖiY Ki‡eb|
‡gvt wniY wgqv
gvwjK|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
D`vniY-3 t ì D‡jøLc‡Îi bgybv
wKiY B‡jKUªwb· (cÖvt) wjt

7, evqZzj †gvKviig, XvKv-1000|
eë¯’vcK
myigv ‡iwWI nvDm
mì †ivW, cUzqvLvjx-8607
wcÖq Rbve,
Avcbv‡ì 8B A‡±vei Zvwi‡Li wewfbœ cÖKvi B‡jKUªwb· `ªe¨vw` m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb c‡Îi Rb¨ abëv`
Ávcb KiwQ|
Avgv‡ì ÷‡K me©`vB cÖPzi wmwW †mU, K¨v‡mU †c- qvi, wWwfwW, †Uwjwfkb †mU BZ¨vw` gRy` _v‡K|
Avcbv‡ì mywe‡ePbvi Rb¨ GB m‡½ Avgv‡ì wewfbœ cÖKvi B‡jKUªwb&· `ªe¨vwì g~j¨ ZvwjKv †cÖiY
Kijvg Ges ïaygvÎ Avcbv‡ì Rb¨B Avgiv wb‡gœ KwZcq `ª‡eï me©wbgœg~j¨ D‡jøL Kijvg t
1. b¨vkbvj, 3 e¨vÛ wmwW †mU - g‡Wj 1420 g~j¨- 1,900.00 UvKv

2. b¨vkbvj c¨vbvmwbK - g‡Wj 96 g~j¨ - 3,000.00 UvKv
3. K¨v‡mU †cøqvi - g‡Wj 72 g~j¨ - 1,500.00 UvKv
4. mwb, wUwf (iwOb) 20 BwÂ - g‡Wj 96 g~j¨ - 20,000.00 UvKv
5. wfwmwW (†`kx ms‡hvRb) - 7,200.00 UvKv
6. wfwmAvi b¨vkb¨vj - wR-12 - 15,400.00 UvKv
‡gvU µ‡qi Dci Avgiv 20% nv‡i Kwgkb w`‡q _vwK| Z‡e µ‡qi cwigvY 10,0000.00 UvKv ev Zvi
†ewk n‡j AwZwi³ 2% Kwgkb †`qv Avgv‡ì eëmv‡qi ixwZ|
Avgiv Avcbv‡ì‡K †h †Kvb msL¨K †iwWI †mU, K¨v‡mU †cøqvi I Ab¨vb¨ B‡jKUªwb· `ªe¨vw` `ªe¨vw`
mieivn Ki‡Z m¶g|
Avcbv‡ì digv‡q‡ki Ges eëmvwqK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi A‡c¶vq iBjvg|
Avãyj evix
weµq eë¯’vcK|

D`vniY-4 t GKwU digv‡qk c‡Îi bgybv-
†gmvm© nvmvb GÛ mÝ
123 wjs †ivW,
wm‡jU-3100|
ZvwiL t 5B A‡±vei, 2007|
eë¯’vcK
nvRx B‡jKwUªK BÛvw÷ªR wjt
PÆMÖvg-4007|
wcÖq Rbve
MZ 2iv A‡±vei Zvwi‡L wjwLZ Avcbv‡ì g~j¨ ZvwjKvmn weµq cÖ¯Ív‡ei Rb¨ abëv`| Avcbv‡ì weµq
cÖ¯Ív‡e DwjøwLZ kZ©vbyhvqx AvMvgx 7B wW‡m¤î Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ wb‡gœv³ `ªe¨¸‡jv wm‡jU †gBj‡hv‡M cvVv‡j
evwaZ n‡ev| cY¨ cÖvwßi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgiv †c-AW©vi cvwV‡q g~j¨ cwi‡kva Kie|
Avcbv‡ì †cÖwiZ cY¨-ZvwjKvbyhvqx Avgv‡ì digv‡qkK…Z cY¨¸‡jv n‡”Q t

1. Pvqbv wUDe jvBU (†QvU) 700wU
2. Pvqbv wUDe jvBU (eo) 800wU
3. †Kvwiqvb wWg jvBU (Kvjvi 5 IqvU) 600wU
4. ‡nvìvi (Rvcvbx) 700wU
5. myBP (Rvcvbx) 800wU
6. ‡eW myBR (Rvcvbx) 300wU
AbyMÖnc~e©K gvj cvVvevi mv‡_ mv‡_ Avgv‡ì‡K ‡gvevBj ‡hv‡M Rvwb‡q w`‡eb| c¨vwKs Kivi mgq we‡kl
Kv‡Vi ev· eënvi Ki‡eb| fwel¨‡Z Av‡iv AwaK eëmvwqK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi Avkv Kwi|
abëv`v‡šÍ -
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
‡gvt nvmvb ‡PŠayix
mvaviY eë¯’vcK|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Awf‡hvM I wggvsmv msµvšÍ cÎ

(Letters relating to complaints & adjustments)
D‡Ïk¨
Awf‡hvM I wggvsmvcÎ wK Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb Ges G RvZxq cÎ †jLvi bgybv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf
Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Awf‡hvM cÎ t
eZ©gv‡b eëmvq evwY‡Rï cwiwa e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ Gi RwUjZvI e„w× cv‡”Q| d‡j eëmvwqK KvRK‡g©
fyjÎywU nIqv A¯^vfvweK wKQz b‡n| †hgb t cY¨ webó, IR‡b Kg, cY¨ mieiv‡n wej¤^ BZ¨vw`|
eëmvwqK wewfbœ fyjÎywU †hgb t cwienb Kv‡j gvj bó nIqv, mieiv‡n wej¤^ nIqv, cwigv‡Y gvj Kg
Avmv BZ¨vw` welqvwì Kvi‡Y cY¨ †µZv (¶wZMÖ¯’ c¶) Awf‡hvM DÌvcb K‡i cY¨ we‡µZv ev
mieivnKvixi wbKU †h cÎ iPbv K‡ib Zv‡K Awf‡hvM cÎ e‡j| Awf‡hvM cÎ iPbv Kivi we‡eP¨
welq¸‡jv nj t
1. Awf‡hvM c‡iv¶fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e hv‡Z we‡µZv Abyfe Ki‡Z cv‡ib †h, †µZv wbZvšÍB
eva¨ n‡q Awf‡hvM K‡i‡Qb|
2. Awf‡hvM c‡Îi fvlv me©`v gvwR©Z I mshZ nIqv evÂbxq|
3. ‡jLK cÖwZKv‡ii welq mshZfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡eb|
4. Awf‡hvM c‡Î †mŠRb¨Zv eRvq ivL‡Z n‡e|
5. Awf‡hv‡Mi KviY we¯ÍvwiZfv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
wggvsmvcÎ t
†µZv ev Awf‡hvMKvix KZ©„K Awf‡hvM DÌvwcZ n‡j D³ `vwe AvswkK ev m¤ú~Y©iƒ‡c MÖvn¨ K‡i c‡Yï
we‡µZv ev cwienb KZ©„c¶ †h cÎ †j‡Lb Zv‡K wggvsmvcÎ e‡j| wggvsmvc‡Îi gva¨‡g Dfq c‡¶i
g‡a¨ fyj eySveywSi Aemvb N‡U Ges eëmvwqK mym¤úK© e„w× cvq| wggvsmv c‡Îi welqe¯‘¸‡jv njt
Awf‡hvM cÖvwß ¯^xKvi Kiv, fyj-ÎywUi Rb¨ `ytL cÖKvk Kiv, fyj-ÎywUi h_vh_ KviY e¨vL¨v Kiv, `vq-
`vwqZ¡ ¯^xKvi Kiv, fwel¨‡Z Giƒc fyjÎywU NU‡e bv `„p Avk¦vm cÖ`vb Kiv BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY-1 t mgqgZ gvj †cÖiY bv Kivi Rb¨ Awf‡hvM c‡Îi bgybv wbgœiƒc -
kvwKj eªv`vm©
GmGm †ivW
XvKv-1207
weµq eë¯’vcK 22 gvP©, 2007
‡gmvm© eKyj GÛ †Kvs
35, LvZzbMÄ
PÆMÖvg-4000|

wcÖq Rbve
Avcbv‡ì cÖwZwbwa MZ 8B A‡±vei Zvwi‡Li digv‡qk bs 260 Abyhvqx Avgv‡ì‡K 18B wW‡m¤î
Zvwi‡Li g‡a¨ 200 wUb Nwo gvK©v bvwi‡Kj ‰Zj mieivn Kivi Avk¦vm w`‡q‡Qb| †mB Abyhvqx Avgiv
LyPiv Ges cvBKvwi we‡µZv‡ì wbKU n‡Z digv‡qkI MÖnY K‡iwQjvg| wKš‘ A`¨vewa Avgv‡ì wbKU
D³ gvj G‡m †cuŠQvqwb| GgbwK cÎ A_ev †gvevBj ØvivI †hvMv‡hvM Kiv nqwb| d‡j †µZv‡ì wbKU
Avgv‡ì‡K bv‡Rnvj n‡Z n‡”Q| G‡Z evRv‡i Avgv‡ì Ges Avcbv‡ì h‡_ó mybvg bó nIqvi m¤¢vebv
‡`Lv w`‡q‡Q|
ZvB Avkv Kwi AvMvgx 31†k A‡±vei -Gi g‡a¨ Riyix wfwË‡Z D³ 200wUb bvwi‡Kj ˆZj Avgv‡ì‡K
cvwV‡q evRv‡i Avgv‡ì eëmvwqK mybvg A¶zYœ ivLvi my‡hvM w`‡eb|
abëv`v‡šÍ -
Avt Kwig
µq eë¯’vcK|
Dc‡iv³ c‡Îi DËi (wggvsmv c‡Îi bgybv) t-

eKzj GÛ †Kvs
35, LvZzbMÄ
PÆMÖvg-4000|
µq eë¯’vcK 2 GwcÖj 2007

‡gmvm© kvwKj eªv`vm©
GmGm †ivW
XvKv-1207|
wcÖq Rbve
Avcbv‡ì 02 gvP© Zvwi‡Li cÎLvbv †c‡qwQ| mgqgZ gvj cvVv‡Z bv cvivi Rb¨ Avgiv AvšÍwiKfv‡e
`ytL cÖKvk KiwQ|
Avgv‡ì cÖwZwbwa nVvr Amy¯’ n‡q covq mgqgZ Avgv‡ì‡K Lei ‡cuŠQv‡Z cv‡ibwb| d‡j AvgivI
Avcbv‡ì gvj wVK mg‡q ‡cuŠQv‡Z cvwiwb| Z‡e MZ 1jv GwcÖj Zvwi‡L myigv cwienb †Kv¤úvbxi Mvwo‡Z
Avcbv‡ì Rb¨ 200wUb bvwi‡Kj ˆZj cvwV‡q w`‡qwQ| Avkv Kwi B‡Zvg‡a¨ Avcbviv D³ gvj nv‡Z
†c‡q‡Qb|
Avgv‡ì Awb”QvK…Z Kvi‡Y gvj †cÖi‡Y ‡`wi nIqvi Rb¨ Avgiv AveviI `ytL cÖKvk KiwQ Ges
Avcbv‡ì‡K Avk¦vm w`w”Q †h fwel¨‡Z Avi KLbI Giƒc n‡e bv| Avcbv‡ì mv‡_ ewa©Z mn‡hvwMZvi
Avkv Kwi|
abëv`v‡šÍ -
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
†gvt Rvgvj
weµq eë¯’vcK|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Z_¨vbymÜvb/†hvM¨Zv AbymÜvbcÎ I Gi DËi

(Letter of enquiry and its replies)
D‡Ïk¨
Z_¨vbymÜvb cÎ wK Ges GB RvZxqcÎ iPbv Kivi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv wKwK Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKwU Z_¨vbymÜvb cÎ Ges Gi DËi †jLvi GKwU bgybv m¤ú‡K© Ávb AR©b Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Z_¨vbymÜvb cÎ t †Kvb eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi Avw_©K ¯^”QjZv, eëmvwqK mybvg A_ev †Kvb Av‡e`bKvixi
†hvM¨Zv, AwfÁZv, PvwiwÎK ‰ewkó¨ BZ¨vw` m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ Rvb‡Z †P‡q GK eëmvq cÖwZôvb Ab¨ eëmvq
cÖwZôv‡bi wbKU A_ev GKRb e¨w³ Ab¨Rb e¨w³i wbKU †h cÎ †cÖiY K‡ib Zv‡K Z_¨vbymÜvb ev
†hvM¨Zv AbymÜvb cÎ e‡j| †Kvb eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mv‡_ m¤úK© M‡o †Zvjv hv‡e wKbv? A_ev †Kvb
e¨w³‡K cÖwZôv‡b wb‡qvM Kiv mgxwPb n‡e wKbv? Zv hvPvB-evQvB Kivi Rb¨ Z…Zxq †Kvb cÖwZôvb ev
e¨w³i wbKU Z_¨ †P‡q GB RvZxq cÎ iPbv Kiv nq| mvaviYZ evwK‡Z gvj wewµi †¶‡Î GRvZxq cÎ
iPbv Kiv n‡q _v‡K| GQvovI †Kvb e¨w³‡K PvKzwi `v‡bi †¶‡Î Zvi m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨ msMÖ‡ni
wbwg‡Ë G RvZxq cÎ iPbv Kiv nq|
Z_¨vbymÜvb cÎ iPbv Kivi we‡eP¨ welq¸‡jv wbgœiƒc t
1. cÎ †jLvi D‡Ïk¨ my¯úófv‡e c‡Îi g‡a¨ Zz‡j ai‡Z n‡e|
2. †h e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb m¤ú‡K© Z_¨ PvIqv n‡”Q Zvi bvg, wVKvbv, Ae¯’vb BZ¨vw` D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
3. †h mg¯Í Z_¨ PvIqv n‡”Q Zvi we¯—vwiZ weeiY D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖvß Z_¨ †Mvcb ivLvi cÖwZkÖywZ cÖ`vb Kiv n‡e|
5. fwel¨‡Z D³ cÖwZôvb‡K Abyiƒc mn‡hvwMZv Kivi Avk¦vm cÖ`vb Ki‡Z n‡e|
6. AvšÍwiK I †mŠnv`©¨c~Y© fvlv eënvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
7. K…ZÁZv ¯^xKvi Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. WvK wU‡KUhy&³ †diZLvg mieiv‡ni wel‡q cÎ cÖvc‡Ki `„wó AvKl©Y Ki‡Z n‡e|
D`vniYt †Kvb MÖvn‡Ki Avw_©K Ae¯’v AbymÜvb K‡i GKwU cÎ wjL| Gi GKwU AbyK~j DËi `vI|
gv‡jK GÛ mÝ
8, weRqcyi, h‡kvi-7407|
(AZxe †Mvcbxq) ‡dvb t 3247
‡gmvm© Zid`vi GÛ †Kvs 17 A‡±vei, 2007
mì †ivW, e¸ov-5800|
Rbve
e¸ovi L›`Kvi GÛ eªv`vm© Avgv‡ì mv‡_ evwK‡Z eëmvwqK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡bi B”Qv cÖKvk K‡i‡Q Ges
cwiPq m~Î wn‡m‡e Avcbv‡ì bvg D‡jøL K‡i‡Q|
Avcbv‡ì mv‡_ Avgv‡ì cwiPq _vK‡jI Zv‡ì mv‡_ Avgv‡ì c~‡e© †Kvb †jb‡`b nqwb| myZivs Zv‡ì
mv‡_ av‡i µq-weµq Kiv wVK n‡e wK bv, AbyMÖnc~e©K we¯ÍvwiZ Rvwb‡q evwaZ Ki‡eb| Zv‡ì eëmvwqK
mybvg I Avw_©K m”QjZv m¤^‡Ü we¯ÍvwiZ †LuvR Lei Rvbv‡eb|
Avgiv Z‡_ï †MvcbxqZv m¤^‡Ü Avcbv‡ì c~Y© wbðqZv w`w”Q Ges fwel¨‡Z Abyiƒc mn‡hvwMZv Ki‡Z cvi‡j
Avbw›`Z n‡ev e‡j Avkv Kwi|
GZ`&m‡½ wVKvbvhy³ I WvKwU‡KU jvMv‡bv Lvg †`qv n‡jv|
abëv`mn-
Avcbvi wek¦¯Í
eë¯’vcK|

D³ D`vni‡Yi AbyK~j DËi :
eë¯’vcK †gmvm© Zid`vi GÛ †Kvs

gv‡jK GÛ mÝ 5, K‡jR †ivW, e¸ov-5800
5, weRqcyi ZvwiL - 25 †k A‡±vei, 2007
h‡kvi-4000|
Rbve
Avgv‡ì kn‡ii weL¨vZ eëmvqx ‡gmvm© L›`Kvi GÛ eªv`vm© m¤^‡Ü Avcbv‡ì 17B A‡±vei Zvwi‡L wjwLZ
cÎLvbv †c‡q Avbw›`Z njvg Ges Me©‡eva Kijvg|
‡gmvm© L›`Kvi GÛ eªv`vm© GKwU AwZ cÖvPxb Ges weL¨vZ eëmvq cÖwZôvb| Zv‡ì Avw_©K Ae¯’v AZ¨šÍ
fvj| eëmvwqK mZZv I mybvg m¤^‡Ü cÖwZôvbwU m‡e©v”Pgv‡bi AwaKvix| Avcbviv webvwØavq Zuv‡ì mv‡_
†h †Kvb cwigvY UvKvi †jb‡`b Ki‡Z cv‡ib|
Zv‡ì m¤^‡Ü ej‡Z †c‡i Avgiv wb‡R‡ì †MŠievwš^Z g‡b KiwQ|
Avjx AvKei †PŠayix

¯^Z¡vwaKvix|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cwiPq cÎ Ges mycvwik cÎ

(Letter of Introduction & Recommendation)
D‡Ïk¨
cwiPqcÎ I mycvwikcÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges G ai‡bi cÎ iPbv Kivi bgybv
m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cwiPqcÎ t †h c‡Îi gva¨‡g GKRb e¨w³‡K ev GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôvb‡K Ab¨ †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôv‡bi
wbKU cwiPq K‡i †`qv nq Zv‡K cwiPqcÎ e‡j| cwiPq c‡Îi g~j D‡Ïk¨ nj cÎ evnK‡K cÎ cÖvc‡Ki
mv‡_ cwiPq K‡i †`qv| cwiPq c‡Îi welqe¯‘ nj t hv‡K cwiPq Kiv‡bv n‡”Q Zvi bvg I wVKvbv,
cwiP‡qi D‡Ïk¨, cÖ‡qvRbxq mvnv‡hï Aby‡iva Ges fwel¨‡Z mn‡hvwMZvi Avk¦vm|
mycvwikcÎ t †Kvb e¨w³ ev cÖwZôvb‡K we‡kl †Kvb my‡hvM myweav cÖ`v‡bi Rb¨ Z…Zxq †Kvb e¨w³ ev
cÖwZôvb †K Aby‡iva K‡i ‡h cÎ iPbv Kiv nq Zv‡K mycvwik cÎ e‡j| G ai‡bi cÎ‡K A‡bK mgq
cÖksmv cÎ I ejv nq| mvaviYZ ‡Kvb e¨w³‡K PvKzwi †c‡Z mvnvh¨ K‡i A_ev evwYwR¨K my‡hvM myweav
†c‡Z mvnv‡h¨ K‡i mycvwik cÎ iPbv Kiv nq| mycvwik c‡Îi welqe¯‘¸‡jv nj t hvi Rb¨ mycvwik Kiv
n‡”Q Zvi bvg I wVKvbv, PvwiwÎK êwkó¨, ¸Yvejx, mycvwikK…Z e¨w³‡K my‡hvM myweav cÖ`v‡bi Aby‡iva
Ges fwel¨Z mn‡hvwMZvi Avk¦vm BZ¨vw`|
D`vniY-1 t wb‡gœ GKwU cwiPq c‡Îi bgybv †`Lv‡bv nj|
†gmvm© nvmvb GÛ mÝ Bgb cÖKvkbx
wewe evRvi B-5/2 evsjvevRvi
ivRkvnx-5000| XvKv-1207|
ZvwiL t gvP© 19, 2007

wcÖq Rbve,
Avwg wbgœ¯^v¶iKvix Avgv‡ì AwZ cwiwPZ eëmvq cÖwZôvb PÆMÖvg nvRx g¨vbk‡bi weµq eë¯’vcK Rbve
†gvt AvwZK Djøv‡K Avcbv‡ì mv‡_ cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡Z †c‡i AZ¨šÍ Me©‡eva KiwQ|
Rbve AvwZK Z_v DËie‡½i wewfbœ GjvKvq Zv‡ì cÖwZôv‡bi eëmvq m¤cÖmvi‡Yi D‡Ï‡k¨ ivRkvnx
md‡i hv‡”Qb| Zviv PÆMÖv‡gi ¯^bvgab¨ cy¯ÍK eëmvqx|
nvRx g¨vbkb Avcbv‡ì mv‡_ eëmvwqK m¤úK© ¯’vc‡b AvMÖnx| Avgv‡ì wek¦vm, Zv‡ì mv‡_ eëmvwqK
m¤úK© ¯’vcb K‡i AvcbvivI Avw_©Kfv‡e jvfevb n‡eb| GQvov, Avcbv‡ì kn‡ii Ab¨vb¨ cy¯ÍK
eëmvqx‡ì mv‡_ Zv‡K cwiPq Kwi‡q w`‡j Avgiv Lywk n‡ev|
Zv‡K †Kvb cÖKvi mvnvh¨ Kiv n‡j Zv cÖKvivšÍ‡i Avgv‡ì‡KB Kiv n‡e| fwel¨‡Z Avcbv‡ì‡K Abyiƒc
mvnvh¨ Ki‡Z cvi‡j wb‡R‡ì ‡MŠievwš^Z g‡b Kie|
†gvt Aveyj Kv‡mg

eë¯’vcK|

D`vniY-2 t wb‡gœ GKwU mycvwik c‡Îi bgybv †`Lv‡bv nj -
Rvwib Ki‡cv‡ikb
B-5/7, jvjgvwUqv, XvKv-1207|
ZvwiL t 10B A‡±vei, 2007
Òhvi Rb¨ cÖ‡hvR¨Ó
cÖZ¨qb Kiv hv‡”Q †h, Rbve gvmy` ivbv, MZ wZb eQi hver Avgv‡ì Rvwib Ki‡cv‡ik -G Kw¤úDUvi
Acv‡iUi wn‡m‡e KvR Ki‡Qb| B‡Zvg‡a¨ wZwb wb‡R‡K GKRb `¶ I KZ©e¨ civqY Kwg© wn‡m‡e
cÖwZwôZ Ki‡Z m¶g n‡q‡Qb|
Rbve ivbv GKRb AZ¨šÍ eyw×gvb, b¨vqwbô, cwikªgx, wek¦¯Í I AgvwqK hyeK| wZwb mr Pwi‡Îi AwaKvix|
Avgv‡ì Rvbv g‡Z †m †Kvb ivóª‡`ªvn ev wek„•Ljv Kv‡Ri mv‡_ RwoZ b‡n|
Avgiv Zvi mvwe©K g½j Kvgbv Kwi|
KvRx Rwni
¯^Ë¡vwaKvix
Rvwib K‡c©v‡ikb|

weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovšÍ g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1. evwYwR¨K c‡Îi msÁv w`b|
2. cÖvwZôvwbK I Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK cÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
3. cÖvwZôvwbK I Avav-cÖvwZôvwbK c‡Îi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨ wK wK?
4. mv¶vrKvicÎ, wb‡qvMcÎ Ges †hvM`vb c‡Îi msÁv w`b|
5. GKLvbv mv¶vrKvicÎ, wb‡qvMcÎ I †hvM`vb c‡Îi bgybv ‡`Lvb|
6. weµq cÖ¯Íve Ges g~j¨ wRÁvmvcÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
7. GKLvbv weµq cÖ¯Íve I g~j¨ wRÁvmvc‡Îi bgybv †`Lvb|
8. ì D‡jøL cÎ Ges digv‡qk cÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
9. GKLvbv KvíwbK digv‡qk c‡Îi bgybv ‡`Lvb|
10. cwiPqcÎ Ges mycvwikcÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
11. GKLvbv KvíwbK cwiPqc‡Îi bgybv †`Lvb|
12. GKLvbv KvíwbK mycvwik c‡Îi bgybv †`Lvb|
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. evwYwR¨K c‡Îi msÁv wjLyb| Gi êwkó¨ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Kiyb|
2. evwYwR¨K c‡Îi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jvi eY©bv w`b|
3. PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ ej‡Z wK eySvq? PvKzwii Av‡e`bcÎ iPbv Kivi we‡eP¨ welqmg~n wK wK?
4. wnmvei¶Y Kg©KZ©v c‡` wb‡qvM jv‡fi wbwg‡Ë GKLvbv Av‡e`bcÎ iPbv Kiyb|
5. mgqgZ cY¨ ‡cÖiY bv Kivq GKLvbv KvíwbK Awf‡hvM cÎ iPbv Kiyb Ges GZ`wel‡q GKLvbv wggvsmv
cÎ wjLyb|
6. †Kvb MÖvn‡Ki Avw_©K Ae¯’vb AbymÜvb K‡i GKLvbv Z_¨vbymÜvb cÎ iPbv Kiyb Ges Gi GKwU AbyK‚j
DËi wjLyb|

BDwbU
6
cÖwZ‡e`b (Reports)
Bs‡iwR “Report” kãwU Avgv‡ì †`‡k e¨vcKfv‡e cÖPwjZ| Gi evsjv cÖwZkã n‡”Q cÖwZ‡e`b| mnR
K_vq cÖwZ‡e`b kãwUi gva¨‡g †Kvb welq ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv ev weeiYx‡K eySv‡bv n‡q _v‡K| cÖvPxb
Kv‡j ivRv ev`kvnM‡Yi hy‡× ‡h cwigvY Avw_©K ¶q-¶wZ nZ ev †h cvwigvY ‰mb¨‡mbv gviv †hZ- Zv
cÖwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i cÖKvk Kiv nZ ev msi¶Y Kiv nZ| eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì †`‡k bvbv iKg wel‡qi Dci
cÖwZ‡e`b cª¯‘Z Kiv nq| †hgb: eëmvq- evwYR¨ msµvšÍ, mvgvwRK mgm¨v msµvšÍ, wk¶v welqK,
ivR‰bwZK I ag©xq msµvšÍ BZ¨vw`|
†h e¨w³ cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡ib Zv‡K cÖwZ‡e`K ev “Reporter” ejv nq| cÖwZ‡e`K †Kvb GKwU welq
m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ AbymÜvb, cix¶v-wbix¶v Ges hvPvB-evQvB K‡i GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi K‡ib| GB
cÖwZ‡e`bwU mswkøó welqwUi GKwU `c©Y ev cÖwZ”Qwe|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi msÁv, ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Definition, importance

and necessity of report)
D‡Ïk¨
cÖwZ‡e`b ej‡Z wK eySvq Zv wkL‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ KvR K‡g© cÖwZ‡e`b wK wK ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i †m wel‡q
aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
msÁv (Definition)
cÖwZ‡e`b kãwU Øviv †Kvb welq ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© eY©bv ev weeiYx‡K eySvq| cÖwZ‡e`b kãwUi Bs‡iwR iƒc
nj “Report”| GB “Report” kãwU divwm kã “Rapportes” n‡Z DrcwË n‡q‡Q| Avevi A‡b‡Ki
g‡Z Bs‡iwR Report kãwU j¨vwUb kã Reportare n‡Z G‡m‡Q| hv‡nvK, evsjv fvlvq cÖwZ‡e`b kãwU
Øviv †Kvb wKQz m¤ú‡K© weeiYx cÖ¯‘Z K‡i cÖKvk Kiv‡K eySvq|
wk¶v_©x eÜziv, GK K_vq hw` Avgiv ewj GKRb cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Kvh©vejxB nj cÖwZ‡e`b, Zvn‡j cÖkœ RvM‡e
cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Kvh©vejx¸‡jv wK wK? GB cÖ‡kœi DË‡i Avgiv eje - cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki KvR nj †Kvb GKwU NUbv
ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb K‡i D³ NUbv m¤ú‡K© we¯ÍvwiZ Z_¨, DcvË, Leiv-Lei, wm×všÍ I djvdj
wbY©q Kiv| GB KvR¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`bc~e©K †Kvb wefvM ev KZ©„c‡¶i wbKU Dc¯’vc‡bi D‡Ï‡k¨
GKRb cÖwZ‡e`K we‡kl †KŠk‡j †h wee„wZ ev weeiYx cÖ¯‘Z K‡ib Zv‡K cÖwZ‡e`b ejv nq| wk¶v_©x
eÜziv, G cÖm‡½ e‡j ivLv fvj †h, eëmvq cÖwZôvb ev Kvievi msµvšÍ †Kvb NUbv ev welqe¯‘i Dci wfwË
K‡i iwPZ †Kvb cÖwZ‡e`b‡K Kvievi cÖwZ‡e`b (Business Report) ejv nq|
wewfbœ †jLK wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖwZ‡e`b‡K msÁvwqZ K‡i‡Qb| wb‡gœ G‡ì wKQz D‡jøL Kiv njt
S. A. Taintor Gi g‡Z “Report is careful and accurate presentation of facts or statistics
compiled or conditions or operations studied for the purpose of informing those desiring
such information”.
G. R. Terry e‡jb “A Report is a formal presentation of summary information dealing

with utilization of resources or status of operation useful in evaluation progress making
decisions and directing activities.”
cÖ‡dmi gvBK n¨vP Gi g‡Z ÒcÖwZ‡e`b n‡j GKwU mymsMwVZ Z_¨MZ wee„wZ, hv †Kvb NUbv ev welqe¯‘
m¤ú‡K© msw¶ß wKš‘ mwVK I Z_ëûj eY©bv cÖ`vb K‡i _v‡KÓ|
Aa¨vcK fÆvPvh© Gi g‡Z, Ò‡Kvb GKwU wbw`©ó welq ev NUbv m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ AbymÜv‡bi ci H welqwU
m¤ú‡K© mswkøó DrmyK †Kvb e¨w³i wbKU †h avivevwnK ev Pzw³e× weeiYx †ck Kiv nq, Zv‡KB cÖwZ‡e`b
ejv nq|Ó
BDwbU Qq c„ôv-120
Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv Ges wewfbœ gbxlxM‡Yi msÁv Abyaveb K‡i Avgiv mn‡RB ej‡Z cvwi, cÖwZ‡e`b n‡jv
GKwU we‡kl gva¨g ev Kjv-‡KŠkj, hv †Kvb NUbv ev welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb K‡i cÖvß Z_¨ I
DcvË¸‡jv cix¶Y, we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbvc~e©K wjwLZ GKwU `wjj ev weeiYx|
¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv (Importance & Necessity)

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, Avcbviv wbðqB AeMZ Av‡Qb †h, eZ©gv‡b gvby‡li e¨w³MZ Rxe‡b, eëmvq- evwY‡R¨
Ges Awdm Av`vj‡Z µgvMZ Kv‡Ri cwiwa e„w× cv‡”Q| hZB Kv‡Ri cwiwa evo‡Q, ZZB wewfbœ wel‡q
RwUjZv m„wó n‡”Q| Gme RwUjZv wbim‡bi wbwg‡Ë, hveZxq Kvhv©ejx¸‡jv‡K mnRZi Ges MwZkxj Kivi
‡¶‡Î cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ¸iyZ¡ Acwimxg|
wb‡gœ wewfbœ `„wó‡KvY †_‡K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ¸iyZ¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv D‡jøL Kiv nj :
1. mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y mnvqZv (Helps in making correct decisions): eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi c`¯’
Kg©KZ©vMY‡K cÖwZw`b wewfbœ cÖ‡qvRbxq wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| Gme wm×všÍ MÖn‡Yi Rb¨ bvbv iKg
Z_¨, DcvË, gZvgZ I mycvwi‡ki cÖ‡qvRb nq| cÖwZ‡e`b wm×všÍ MÖnYKvixMY‡K Gme Z_¨, DcvË,
gZvgZ I mycvwik mieivn K‡i wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
2. eë¯’vcKxq Kvh©vejx‡K mnR K‡i (Makes easy of managerial functions) : cÖwZ‡e`b
GKRb eë¯’vc‡Ki Kvhv©ejxmg~n‡K mnRfv‡e m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i| eë¯’vcK cÖwZôv‡b bvbv iKg
Kvhv©ejx m¤úv`b K‡i _v‡K, †hgb t cwiKíbv cªYqb, msMVb, wb‡`k©bv, wbqš¿Y, mgš^q mvab,
†cÖlYv BZ¨vw`| cÖwZ‡e`b eë¯’vcKMY‡K wewfbœ cÖKv‡ii LeivLei, Z_¨, DcvË mieivn K‡i
DwjøwLZ eë¯’vcbxq KvR¸‡jv mnRfv‡e m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv K‡i
3. eë¯’vcbvi D”P¯Íi I wbgœ¯Í‡ii g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab (Co- ordinate between top level & lower
level management) t eëmvq cªwZôv‡bi AvKvi I AvqZb e„w×i mv‡_ mv‡_ e¨¯’vcbvq ¯—iI
e„w× cv‡”Q| †hgb : D”P¯Íi eë¯’vcbv (Top level management), ga¨¯Íi eë¯’vcbv (Mid-level
management) Ges wbgœ¯Íi eë¯’vcbv (Lower level management)| eë¯’vcbvi Kvh©vejx¸‡jv
mnR I h_vh_fv‡e m¤úv`‡bi Rb¨ GK¯Í‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ ¯Í‡ii eë¯’vcK‡ì g‡a¨ mgš^q I
†hvMv‡hvM GKvšÍ cÖ‡qvRb| GB mgš^q I †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î cÖwZ‡e`b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb
K‡i|
4. wewfbœ wefv‡Mi g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab (Co-ordinate among various divisions/ departments)
t GKwU eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi wewfbœ wefvM I kvLv _v‡K| cÖwZwU wefvM ev kvLvi Kvh©vejxi g‡a¨
mgš^q mva‡bi †¶‡Î cÖwZ‡e`b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i|
5. cwiPvjb e¨q wbqš¿Y K‡i (Control the operating expense) t e„n`vqZb Kvievi cÖwZôv‡b
AmsL¨ cÖkvmwbK ¯Íi _v‡K| ZvB GK ¯Í‡ii mv‡_ Ab¨ ¯Í‡ii mivmwi †hvMv‡hvM ¯’vcb m¤¢e n‡q
D‡Vbv| G‡¶‡Î D”P¯Í‡ii Kg©KZ©vMY Li‡Pi wewfbœ LvZ Ges cwigvY KZ n‡e Zv wbgœ¯Í‡ii MY‡K
cªwZ‡e`b AvKv‡i wVK K‡i †`b| Gi d‡j cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjbv e¨q¸‡jv wbqš¿‡Yi g‡a¨ _v‡K|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
6. Ab¨vb¨ (Others) t
K) eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi RwUj I Sv‡gjvhy³ welq¸‡jvi e¨vL¨v I we‡k- l‡Yi ‡¶‡Î cÖwZ‡e`b
¸iyZ¡c~Y© fywgKv cvjb K‡i|
L) cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ‡qvRbxq †¶‡Î AZxe ¸iyZ¡c~Y© NUbvMy‡jvi cybtcÖKvk K‡i _v‡K|
M) †Kvb NUbv ev welq m¤ú‡K© mswkøó c‡¶i gZvgZ msMªn Ki‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b mnvqZv K‡i|
N) †Kvb cÖwZôv‡bi ¸iyZ¡c~Y© wnmvecÎ Ges wm×v‡šÍi Kvh©weeiYx cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mvnv‡h¨ ¯’vqx `wjj
wn‡m‡e msi¶Y Kiv nq|
O) A‡bK cÖwZ‡e`b eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi cªPvi gva¨g wn‡m‡e KvR K‡i, cÖwZôv‡bi mybvg I cwiwPwZ
e„w×‡Z mnvqZv K‡i|
cvV ms‡¶c
†Kvb NUbv ev welq m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ AbymÜvb, we‡kølY I ch©v‡jvPbvi ci mwVK Z_¨, NUbv I djvdj
m¤^‡Ü †h AvbyôvwbK wee„wZ cÖ`vb Kiv nq Zv‡K cÖwZ‡e`b ev Report e‡j|
eëmvq cÖwZôv‡b mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv, wewfbœ kvLv, wefvM I KZv© e¨w³i g‡a¨ mgš^q mvab Kiv,
eë¯’vcbxq Kvhv©ejx¸‡jv myôyfv‡e m¤úv`b Kiv, e¨q wbqš¿Y Ges `wjjcÎ ¯’vqxfv‡e msi¶Y Kivi †¶‡Î
cÖwZ‡e`b ¸iyZ¡c~Y© f~wgKv cvjb K‡i|
DËg cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨, ‰ewkó¨ I Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx (Objectives,

characteristics and essential qualities of a successful
report)
D‡Ïk¨
†Kvb †Kvb D‡Ï‡k¨ cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi Kiv nq Zv eyS‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wK wK ‰ewkó¨ _v‡K Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wK wK ¸Yvejx _vKv Avek¨K †mB wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Report)

†h †Kvb cY¨, `ªe¨ ev †mev ‰Zwi Kivi †cQ‡b wKQz D‡Ïk¨ _v‡K| ZvB cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwii wcQ‡bI wKQz
D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgb:
1. GKwU NUbvi g‡a¨ †Kvb ‡Kvb welq¸‡jv RwoZ Av‡Q, †m m¤ú‡K© mswkøó mKj‡K AewnZ Kiv ;
2. ‡Kvb GKwU NUbv ev welq m¤ú‡K© mwVK, e¯‘wbô, wbfy©j I wbi‡c¶ e³e¨ Dc¯’vcb Kiv ;
3. ‡Kvb GKwU welq m¤ú‡K© mwVK wm×vš— MÖnY Ki‡Z mnvqZv Kiv ;
4. eë¯’vcbxq KvR †hgb: cwiKíbv cÖYqb, msMVb, wbqš¿Y I mgš^qmvab BZ¨vw` mnRmva¨ I
mdjfv‡e m¤úv`‡b mnvqZv Kiv;
5. ‡Kvb RwUj I Sv‡gjvhy³ welq‡K mnR-mij fv‡e Z_¨, DcvË, e¨vL¨v-we‡køl‡Yi gva¨‡g Dc¯’vcb
Kiv ;
6. AZxZ †Kvb NUbvi djvdj‡K ¯’vqx `wjj wn‡m‡e msi¶Y Kiv ;
7. cÖwZôv‡bi cwiPvjK I eë¯’vcK‡ì mwnZ Aaxb¯Í‡ì †hvMv‡hvM I mym¤úK© ¯’vcbc~e©K mKj Kv‡R
MwZkxjZv Avbvqb Kiv;
8. ‡Kvb GKwU weq‡q mswkøó mKj c‡¶i gZvgZ MÖnY I g~j¨vqb Kiv;
9. mfvi Av‡jvP¨ m~wP, Av‡jvPbvi wm×všÍ I m`m¨‡ì Dcw¯’wZ BZ¨vw` welq mswkøó‡ì gv‡S cÖPvi Kiv
Ges
10. eZ©gv‡b †Kvb GKwU NUbvi cwi‡cÖw¶‡Z, fwel¨‡Z wK wK KiYxq - †m m¤ú‡K© mycvwik cÖ`vb Kiv|
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi êwkó¨ (Characteristics of Report)

cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wbR¯^ wKQ~ ‰ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| ‡h me ‰ewk‡óï Kvi‡Y cÖwZ‡e`b mvaviY msev`, gZvgZ,
mycvwik I wm×všÍ n‡Z Avjv`v †m me êwkó¨¸‡jv wb‡gœ D‡jøL Kiv nj:
1. cÖwZ‡e`b GKwU wbw`ó KvVv‡gv I wbqgvbyhvqx ‡jLv nq;
2. cÖwZ‡e`‡b †h mg¯Í NUbv Ges welqe¯‘ D‡jøL Kiv nq Zv Aek¨B mwVK, wbfy©j I e¯y‘wbô n‡Z nq;
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
3. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi welqe¯‘ AwaK †_‡K AwaKZi hyw³hy³ n‡Z nq;

4. cÖwZ‡e`b me mgq wbi‡c¶fv‡e iwPZ nq;
5. cÖwZ‡e`b †`L‡Z my›ì Ges cwi®‹vi cwi”Qbœ n‡Z nq A_©vr †Kvb cÖKvi NulvgvRv I KvUvKvwU QvovB cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
nq ;
6. cÖwZ‡e`‡b fvlv mvejxj I cÖvÄj n‡q _v‡K;
7. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi fvlvi evnyj¨Zv `~i K‡i msw¶ß AvKv‡i iPbv Kiv nq;
8. cÖwZ‡e`b GKwU wbw`©ó mgqe¨vcx ˆZwi Kiv nq;
9. cÖwZ‡e`b memgq D‡Ï‡kï Av‡jv‡K iPbv Kiv nq;
10. cÖwZ‡e`‡b Dcmsnvi, gZvgZ, civgk© I mycvwik _v‡K;
11. cÖwZ‡e`b Aek¨B m¤ú~Y©Zv I cwic~Y©Zvi ¸Y enb K‡i;
12. cÖwZ‡e`b nv‡Z ‡jLv, UvBc Kiv, Qvcv‡bv A_ev Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR n‡q _v‡K|
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx (Essential Qualities of Report)

GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mv_©KZv Dnvi KwZcq ¸Yvejxi Dci wbf©i K‡i| ZvB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wbgœwjwLZ
AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¸Yvejx¸‡jv _vKv evÃbxq t
1. wbw`©ó KvVv‡gv (Definite structure) t GKwU Av`k© cÖwZ‡e`b memgq mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv AbymiY
K‡i iPbv Ki‡Z nq| mywbw`©ó KvVv‡gv AbymiY K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kiv n‡j Dnvi †mŠ›`h© e„w× cvq
Ges AvKl©Yxq nq| GKwU mv_©K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wk‡ivbvg, cÖvc‡Ki bvg I wVKvbv, m~wPcÎ, welqe¯‘,
Dcmsnvi, †idv‡iÝ, ¯^v¶i, ZvwiL BZ¨vw` _vK‡Z nq|
2. Z_¨ I Dcv‡Ëi mwVKZv (Accuracy of data) t cÖwZ‡e`‡b †h me Z_¨ I DcvË mwbœ‡ekb Kiv nq
Zv Aek¨B mwVK I wbfy©j n‡Z n‡e| wg_¨v, ev‡bvqvU, A‡hŠw³K, Aev¯—e I AbygvbwfwËK †Kvb Z_¨
cÖwZ‡e`‡b D‡jøL Kiv DwPZ bq|
3. m¤ú~Y©Zv (Completeness) t cÖwZ‡e`b Aek¨B ¯^qsm¤ú~Y© n‡Z n‡e| †Kvb Z_¨, DcvË ev welqe¯‘
ev` co‡j cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Kvh©KvwiZv nviv‡e| myZivs cÖwZ‡e`b mKj w`K †_‡K cwic~Y© n‡Z n‡e|
4. cwi”QbœZv (Cleanness) t cÖwZ‡e`b cwi®‹vi, cwi”Qbœ I AvKl©Yxq n‡Z nq| †Kvb cÖKvi NulvgvRv,
KvUvKvwU n‡j cÖwZ‡e`b Zvi ¸i“Z¡ nviv‡e|
5. fvlvi eënvi (Use of language) t cÖwZ‡e`‡b mshZ fvlv eënvi Kiv DwPZ| AZ¨šÍ mvejxj
fv‡e i¶Ykxj Dcv‡q cÖwZ‡e`‡b Z_¨mg~n Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq, hv‡Z cÖwZ‡e`bwU wb‡RB wb‡R‡K
e¨vL¨v (Self explained) Ki‡Z mg_© nq|
6. msw¶ßZv (Shortness) t cÖwZ‡e`b hZUv m¤¢e msw¶ß n‡Z n‡e| bvwZ`xN© cÖwZ‡e`b A‡bKmgq
cvVK‡ì g‡b weiw³i m„wó K‡i| ZvB cÖwZ‡e`‡b kã cÖ‡qv‡Mi mgq wgZe¨qx n‡Z n‡e|
7. my›ì Dc¯’vcbv (Attractive Presentation) t GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b ZLbB mdj cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j MY¨
n‡e hLb Dnv cvVKMY Øviv MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e| cÖwZ‡e`b me mgq ZË¡xq fvlv I msL¨vËK Z_¨ Øviv
cwic~Y© n‡j Pj‡e bv| cÖwZ‡e`b‡K cvVK‡ì wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ Ki‡Z n‡j wewfbœ cÖKvi bKkv,
ZvwjKv, wPÎ, PvU©, †iLv BZ¨vw` Øviv mnR mij fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z n‡e|
8. my›ì cwi‡ekb (Attractive circulation/ distribution) t †h †Kvb wRwb‡mi cwi‡ekb hw`
my›ì nq Zvn‡j Zv mK‡ji gb‡hvM AvKl©Y Ki‡Z cv‡i| ZvB DbœZ gy`ªY ev UvBwcs, DbœZgv‡bi
KvMR, AvKl©Yxq Kvwj, cwi”Qbœ A½m¾v ev AvKl©Yxq evuavB BZ¨vw` Øviv GKwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ¸YMZ
gvb evov‡bv hvq|
9. wbi‡c¶Zv (Neutrality) t GKwU mdj cÖwZ‡`‡bi Ab¨Zg ¸Y nj wbi‡c¶fv‡e Z_¨, DcvË
Dc¯’vcb Kiv| †Kvb GKwU NUbv ev welq m¤ú‡K© AbymÜvb K‡i cÖvß Z_¨¸‡jv Aek¨B cÖwZ‡e`‡b
wbi‡c¶fv‡e eY©bv Ki‡Z n‡e|
10. Ab¨vb¨ (Others) t

K) GKwU DËg cÖwZ‡e`‡b Aek¨B mycvwik _vK‡Z nq, hv‡Z mwVK wm×všÍ MÖnY Kiv hvq;
L) Aby‡”Q‡ì gva¨‡g welqe¯‘ Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡j cvVK‡ì mn‡R †evaMg¨ nq;
M) cÖwZ‡e`‡bi welqe¯‘i mv‡_ wgj †i‡L GKwU wk‡ivbvg _vKv cÖ‡qvRb;
N) cÖwZ‡e`†b Aek¨B cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘ZKvixM‡Yi ¯^v¶i _vK‡Z n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mywbw`©ó wKQy D‡Ïk¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgbt Dnv mwVK, e¯‘wbô, wbf©yj, wbi‡c¶fv‡e welqe¯‘‡K
Dc¯’vcb K‡i mwVK wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y eë¯’vcK‡K mnvqZv K‡i| D‡Ï‡kï mv‡_ mv‡_ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wKQy
wbR¯^ ‰ewkó¨ i‡q‡Q| †hgbt Dnv my-wbw`©ó KvVv‡gv I wbqgvbyhvqx AZ¨šÍ hyw³hy³fv‡e Z_¨ I DcvË‡K
Dc¯’vcb K‡i| Dnv wm×všÍ MÖnYKvix‡K civgk© I mycvwik cÖ`vb K‡i|
cÖwZ‡e`b Aek¨B wbw`ó QK Abyhvqx iwPZ n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡e`‡b Z_¨ DcvË¸‡jv mwVK, wbf©yj, cwi”Qbœ,
msw¶ß I wbi‡c¶fv‡e Dc¯’vwcZ n‡Z n‡e| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wk‡ivbvg, mycvwik I cÖ¯‘ZKvixi ¯^v¶i _vK‡Z
n‡e| Gme ¸Yvejx¸‡jv _vK‡jB Avgiv GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b‡K DËg cÖwZ‡e`b ej‡Z cvie|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
GKwU Av`©k cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki ¸Yvejx I DËg cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi ev cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î

cvjbxq bxwZgvjv (Qualities of a successful reporter & Required
principles to be followed while writing or drafting a good report)
D‡Ïk¨
wK wK ¸Yvejx _vK‡j GKRb e¨w³‡K Avgiv Av`k© cÖwZ‡e`K ej‡Z cvie †m wel‡q aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
GKwU mv_©K cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kivi wewfbœ c`‡¶c/bxwZgvjv¸‡jv wK wK †m m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
Av`k© cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki ¸Yvejx (Qualities of a successful report)
GKwU my›ì I mv_©K cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi Kivi we‡kl KZ¸wj †KŠkj i‡q‡Q| GB †KŠkj¸wj m¤ú‡K© whwb `¶Zv I
AwfÁZvi cwiPq w`‡eb, wZwb GKRb Av`k© cÖwZ‡e`K n‡Z cvi‡eb| †gvU K_v, GKwU mdj cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi
Kivi Rb¨ GKRb cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki we‡kl KZ¸‡jv ¸Yvejx _vKv Avek¨K| cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki ¸Yvejx¸‡jv‡K Avgiv
`yÕwU we‡kl `„wó‡KvY †_‡K Av‡jvPbv Ki‡Z cvwi| †hgb t K) mvaviY ¸Yvejx L) we‡kl ¸Yvejx| wb‡æ G wel‡q
we¯—vwiZ Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
K) mvaviY ¸Yvejx
1. wk¶vMZ ‡hvM¨Zv (Educational qualification) t cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb ‡h‡nZz GKwU RwUj I
we‡klÁg~jK KvR| †m‡nZz GwU ‰Zwi Kivi Rb¨ GKRb e¨w³‡K mvaviY wk¶vq wkw¶Z n‡Z n‡e|
Z‡e Giƒc wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zvi cwigvY m¤ú‡K© †Kvb gvcKvwV bv _vK‡jI cÖwZ‡e`K‡K Dchy³ wk¶vq
wkw¶Z nIqv evÃbxq|
2. mvaviY Ávb (General Knowledge) t wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zvi cvkvcvwk GKRb cÖwZ‡e`K mvaviY
Áv‡bi AwaKvix n‡eb, Z‡eB cÖwZ‡e`b djcÖm~ n‡e|
3. welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© aviYv (Concept about subject matter) t GKRb Av`k© cÖwZ‡e`K‡K Aek¨B
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mswkøó welqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© avibv _vKv evÃbxq|
4. `¶Zv I AwfÁZv (Skills & experience) t cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki `¶Zv I AwfÁZv _vK‡j cÖwZ‡e`b
Aek¨B DrK…ógv‡bi n‡e|
5. mgqÁvb (Knowledge about time) t cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Aek¨B mgqÁvb _vK‡Z n‡e| †Kbbv cÖwZwU
cÖwZ‡e`b GKwU wbw`©ó mg‡qi g‡a¨ cÖ¯‘Z Ki‡Z nq|
6. fvlv Ávb (Knowledge about Language) t cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Aek¨B fvlv Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
†Kbbv cÖwZ‡e`‡b me mgq mshZ fvlv eënvi Ki‡Z nq|
7. Ab¨vb¨ mvaviY ¸Yvejx (Others):
K) cÖwZ‡e`K‡K ‰ah©kxj I mwnòz n‡Z n‡e;
L) cÖwZ‡e`K‡K wek¦¯Í I AvZ¥wek¦vmx n‡Z n‡e;
M) cÖwZ‡e`K‡K wbi‡c¶ f~wgKv cvjb Kivi gbgvbwmKZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
L) we‡kl ¸Yvejx t
1. cÖwZ‡e`K‡K RwUj I KwVb welq¸‡jv‡K mnR fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Kivi gZ Dc¯’vcb Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
2. cÖwZ‡e`K Aek¨B c`gh©`v m¤úbœ n‡e, hv‡Z mvavi‡Yi wbKU cÖwZ‡e`bwUi ¸iyZ¡ e„w× cvq|
3. welq êwP‡Îi Kvi‡Y cÖwZ‡e`b‡K wewfbœ †kªYx‡Z fvM Kiv nq: cÖwZ‡e`K‡K Gme †kªYxwefvM m¤ú‡K©
Ávb _vK‡Z n‡e|
4. cÖwZ‡e`K‡K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi KvVv‡gv m¤ú‡K© aviYv _vK‡Z n‡e|
5. cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki ev¯Íe wfwËK mycvwik gZvgZ cÖ`v‡bi ¶gZv _vK‡Z n‡e|
DËg cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi ev cÖYq‡bi †¶‡Î cvjbxq bxwZgvjv

†h †Kvb wRwbm ˆZwi Ki‡Z n‡j wKQz wbqg-bxwZ ev avc AbymiY Ki‡Z nq| †m wn‡m‡e cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi
Ki‡ZI cÖwZ‡e`K‡K wKQz ixwZ-bxwZ, c×wZ-cÖwµqv m¤ú‡K© hZœevb n‡Z nq| cÖwZ‡e`b ‡jLvi c~‡e©B
cÖwZ‡e`K‡K me ixwZ-bxwZ, c×wZ, avc, c`‡¶c BZ¨vw` wel‡q AZ¨š— `¶Zv I cvi`wk©KZv AR©b
Ki‡Z nq| Zv bv n‡j Kvh©Ki cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv m¤¢e nq bv| wb‡gœ GKwU mdj cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kivi
c`‡¶cmg~n Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t
1. c~e© cwiKíbv MÖnY (Makes a plan) t †h †Kvb KvR ïiy Kivi c~‡e© D³ Kv‡Ri wel‡q GKwU
cwiKíbv cÖbqb Ki‡Z nq| †Zgwb cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kivi c~‡e© cÖwZ‡e`K‡K Gi iƒc‡iLv, wjLvi
c×wZ, welqe¯‘ mvRv‡bvi †KŠkj BZ¨vw` welq m¤ú‡K© GKwU cwiKíbv MÖnY Ki‡Z nq| c~e©
cwiKíbv Abyhvqx cÖwZ‡e`‡bi KvR mvg‡bi w`‡K GwM‡q Pj‡j Zv Avek¨B djcÖm~ n‡Z eva¨|
2. AvIZv wbav©iY (Selecting the scope) t cwiKíbv MÖn‡Yi ci cÖwZe`K‡K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvIZv
wba©viY Ki‡Z n‡e| AvIZv wba©viY Kiv n‡j cÖwZ‡e`bwUi D‡Ïk¨ AR©b Ki‡Z wK wK Z_¨ I DcvË
cÖ‡qvRb n‡e †m m¤^‡Ü mn‡R cÖwZ‡e`K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
3. Z_¨ msMÖn (Collecting data) t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvIZv wba©vi‡Yi ci cÖwZ‡e`K‡K cÖwZ‡e`b msµvš—
bvbv cÖKvi Z_¨ I DcvË msMÖ‡ni w`‡K gb‡hvMx n‡Z n‡e| Z_¨ I DcvË `yB fv‡e msMÖn Kiv hvq|
†hgb, cÖv_wgK Drm Ges †MŠY Drm| cÖv_wgK Drm¸‡jv nj t e¨w³MZ ch©‡e¶Y, †gŠwLK mv¶vrKvi,
cÖkœcÎ weZiY BZ¨vw`| †MŠY Drm¸‡jv nj t AZxZ cÖwZ‡e`b, cÖKvkbv, jvB‡eªwi cÎ-cwÎKv
BZ¨vw`|
4. Z‡_ï e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY (Enterpreting and analysing the data) t Z_¨ msMª‡ni ci
Z_¨¸‡jv e¨vL¨v I we‡kølY Ki‡Z n‡e| e¨vL¨v I we‡k- lY K‡i AcÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv wPwýZ Ki‡Z
n‡e| AcÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨¸‡jv ev` w`‡q cÖ‡qvRbxq Z_¨ I DcvË¸‡jv wb‡q cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwii †¶‡Î
cÖwZ‡e`K gb‡hvMx n‡eb|
5. †bvU I BswMZ (Note & Reference) t cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi Kivi †bvU I BswMZ A_©vr m~Î, Drm
my¯úófv‡e D‡jøL Ki‡Z n‡e, hv‡Z ciewZ©‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b mn‡R mK‡ji wbKU †evaMg¨ nq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
6. Lmov cÖYqb (Making a rough copy) t msM„nxZ Z_¨ I DcvË¸‡jv e¨vL¨v I we‡køl‡Yi ci G
chv©‡q cÖwZ‡e`K cÖwZ‡e`bwU cix¶vg~jKfv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡eb| Lmov cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vc‡bi †¶‡Î
mZK©Zv Aej¤^b Kiv n‡j cieZx©‡Z P~ovš— cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwii KvR mnR nq|
7. cÖwZ‡e`b wjLb (Writing the report) t GB chv©‡q cÖwZ‡e`K Dc¯’vcb `¶Zvi gva¨‡g
cÖwZ‡e`bwU P~ovš—fv‡e Dc¯’vc‡bi KvR ïiy Ki‡eb| eZ©gv‡b cÖwZ‡e`b Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR K‡i
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq| hZUv m¤¢e mnR, mij I msw¶ßfv‡e wewfbœ wPÎ, bKkv, ZvwjKv, g¨vc BZ¨vwì
mvnv‡h¨ cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vcb Kivi †Póv Ki‡Z n‡e| Gi d‡j cÖwZ‡e`bwU mswkøó gn‡ji wbKU
MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|
cvV ms‡¶c
wk¶vMZ †hvM¨Zv, `¶Zv AwfÁZv, mgq Ávb, wek¦¯ÍZv, wbi‡c¶Zv, AvZ¥wek¦vmx, Dc¯’vcb Ávb Ges
c`gh©v`v m¤úbœ †Kvb e¨w³‡K Avgiv GKRb mdj cÖwZ‡e`K ej‡Z cvie|
GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kivi A‡bK¸‡jv c`‡¶c i‡q‡Q, †hgbt cwiKíbv wVK Kiv, AvIZv wbav©iY Kiv,
Z_¨ msMÖn I e¨vL¨v we‡kølY Kiv, Lmov cÖYqb I P~ovšÍ Dc¯’vcb BZ¨vw`| Gme c`‡¶c AbymiY K‡i
ˆZwi Kiv n‡j cÖwZ‡e`b mv_©K I mdj fv‡e mK‡ji wbKU MÖnY‡hvM¨ n‡e|
cÖwZ‡e`b wjLvi wewfbœ c×wZ I GKwU we‡kølYZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ Ask

(Methods/ procedures of report writing & Different parts of
an analytical report)
D‡Ïk¨
cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jv m¤ú©‡K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
wewfbœ c×wZ¸‡jvi g‡a¨ †Kvb c×wZwU DËg †m m¤ú©‡K Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
cÖwZ‡e`b wjLvi wewfbœ c×wZ (Methods of Report Writing)
GKRb cÖwZ‡e`K †hfv‡e B”Qv †mfv‡e cÖwZ‡e`b ‡jL‡Z cv‡ibbv| A‡bK †ewk mZK©Zv, c×wZ/cÖYvjx
AbymiY K‡i GwU iPbv Ki‡Z nq| Z‡e cÖwZ‡e`b iPbvi wewfbœ c×wZ _vK‡jI AvR ch©š— †Kvb mywbw`©ó
wbqg-c×wZ mve©Rbxbfv‡e DËg e‡j ¯^xK…wZ jvf K‡iwb| GiciI cÖwZ‡e`b AvKl©Yxq Kivi Rb¨ GKwU
wbw`ó c×wZ AbymiY Kiv DwPZ|
cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi †ek K‡qKwU c×wZ _vK‡jI `yÕwU c×wZ we‡klfv‡e cÖPwjZ| h_v :
K) Av‡ivn c×wZ (Inductive Method) t Av‡ivn ej‡Z eySvq µgvš^‡q wbP n‡Z Dc‡i DVv ev
Av‡ivnb Kiv| wKš‘ Av‡ivn c×wZ ej‡Z eySvq, †Kvb wel‡q wm×všÍ MÖnY Ki‡Z n‡j cÖ_‡g
welqe¯‘/Kvh© wVK Kiv Ges c‡i D³ welqe¯‘i mv‡_ RwoZ KviY¸‡jvi w`‡K `„wócvZ Kiv| A_©vr
cÖ_‡g welqe¯‘ cici mvRv‡Z n‡e Ges c‡i †Kb Kiv nj Zv we‡ePbv Kiv|
GB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ ev cwiKíbv _v‡Kbv, cÖwZ‡e`K hLb †hB Z_¨ ev e³e¨ nv‡Z cvq
ZLb †mB Z_¨ ev e³v‡K welqe¯‘ AvKv‡i mvwR‡q _v‡K| †h‡nZz GB c×wZ‡Z †Kvb c~e© cÖ¯‘wZ
_v‡Kbv, †m‡nZz cÖ_‡g Rvbv welq¸‡jv w`‡q ïiy K‡i ARvbv welqe¯‘¸‡jvi w`‡K AMªmi n‡Z nq|
GB c×wZwU †gvUvgywU Pvjy _vK‡jI Gi eënvi LyeB Kg| Av‡ivn c×wZ‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b Dc¯’vcbvi
gva¨‡g ïiy nq Ges Dcmsnv‡ii gva¨‡g ‡kl nq| gv‡S gv‡S GB c×wZ‡Z cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki civgk© ev
mycvwik ms‡hvRb Kiv nq|
L) Ae‡ivn c×wZ (Deductive Method) t Ae‡ivn ej‡Z eySvq, Dc‡ii w`K n‡Z wb‡Pi w`‡K bvgv|
Ae‡ivn c×wZ ej‡Z eySvq, †Kvb GKwU Kv‡h©i KviY wbw`©ó Kiv Ges c‡i KvR Kivi c×wZ we‡ePbv
Kiv| A_©vr GB c×wZ‡Z cÖ_‡g Dcmsnvi ev mycvwik Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq Ges cieZx©‡Z Z_¨vw`
we‡kølY Kiv nq| Ae‡ivn c×wZ AwaK weÁvbm¤§Z e‡j Gi RbwcÖqZv e„w× cv‡”Q| Ae‡ivn
c×wZ‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Kivi me©Rb ¯^xK…Z GKwU KvVv‡gv i‡q‡Q| †hgb :
K) msw¶ß weeiY L) f~wgKv M) g~je³e¨ N) Dcmsnvi O) mycvwik ev civgk© P) cwiwkó Q) MÖš’cywÄ R)
gšÍe¨
†Kvb c×wZwU DËg Ges †Kb ?

wk¶v_x eÜziv, Dc‡ii Av‡jvPbv n‡Z Avgiv eyS‡Z cvijvg cÖwZ‡e`b cÖY‡qi `yÕwU cÖYvjx i‡q‡Q| GKwU
n‡jv Av‡ivn cÖYvjx, AciwU Ae‡ivn cÖYvjx| GB `yÕwU cÖYvjxi g‡a¨© †Kvb cÖYvjxwU DËg Zv wbY©q Kiv
KwVb| †Kbbv †Kvb c×wZB me©Rb ¯^xK…Z ev M„nxZ bq|
mvaviYZ ¶y`ª cÖwZ‡e`b Ges cÖvZ¨wnK welqvw` wb‡q wjwLZ cÖwZ‡e`b Ae‡ivn c×wZ‡Z cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq|
GQvovI hLb †Kvb cÖwZ‡e`‡b Z‡_ï †P‡q mycvwik ev civg‡k©i ¸iyZ¡ †ewk nq, ZLb GB Ae‡ivn c×wZ
MÖnY Kiv nq|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
Ab¨w`‡K, `xN© cÖwZ‡e`b ev we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b †hLv‡b Z‡_ï e¨vL¨v we‡k- lY cÖ‡qvRb, †m‡¶‡Î
Av‡ivn ev c‡iv¶ c×wZ MÖnY Kiv nq|
mvaviYfv‡e ejv hvq, Ae‡ivn c×wZ AwaK weÁvbm¤§Z Ges e¨¯Í cvVKMY GB c×wZ‡Z †jLv
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Dcmsnvi ev mycvwikgvjv cvV K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡ib, Zv‡Z mgq
AcPq Kg nq, GQvovI Dnv mnR‡eva¨ nq, ZvB Ae‡ivn c×wZ‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kiv DËg|
GKwU we‡k- lYZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ Ask

GKwU we‡k- lYvZœK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ Ask _v‡K| cªwZwU Ask h_vh_fv‡e c~iY K‡i cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi
Kiv n‡j Zv mv_©K I h_v_© n‡e| wb‡¤œ GKwU we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYqb c×wZ A_v©r wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv
m¤ú‡K© Av‡jvPbv Kiv njt
we‡kølYvZœK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi PviwU Ask _v‡K| h_vt-
1. cÖviw¤¢K Askt
K) cÖwZw`‡bi wk‡ivbvg (Title of the report) t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi welqe¯‘‡K GKK_vq cÖKvk K‡i Ggb
GKwU my›ì I AvKl©Yxq wk‡ivbvg w`‡Z n‡e| GwU GKwU AZ¨vek¨Kxq Ask| Dnv msw¶ß nIqv
evÂbxq| cvVKMY wk‡ivbvg †`‡LB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi g~jwelqe¯‘ m¤ú‡K© GKUv aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
wb‡æ wk‡ivbv‡gi GKwU bgybv †Ìqv nj
evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq,
‡evW© evRvi, MvRxcyi
wek¦we`¨vjq wgwWqv †m›Uv‡i msMwVZ AwMœKvÛ m¤úwK©Z cÖwZ‡e`b
L) wk‡ivbvg cvZv (Title page of the report) t GB cvZvq cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki bvg, wVKvbv, cèx, hvi
wbKU cÖwZ‡e`bwU Dc¯’vcb Kiv n‡e Zuvi bvg wVKvbv, cèx BZ¨vw` D‡jøL _v‡K|
M) m~PxcÎ (Index) t †QvU cÖwZ‡e`‡b m~wPcÎ bv _vK‡jI P‡j, wKš‘ we‡kølYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ
BDwbU ev Aa¨vq¸‡jv c„ôv b¤îmn D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| †hgb:
welqe¯‘ c„ôvbs
(i) f~wgKv 02
(ii) D‡Ïk¨ 04
(iii) welqe¯‘ 07
(iv) Dcmsnvi 09
(v) mycvwikgvjv 11
(vi) ---------------------- -----
(vii) ----------------------- -----
N) mvi-ms‡¶c (Summary) t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi g~j welqe¯‘ msw¶ß AvKv‡i As‡ki g‡a¨ wjL‡Z nq|
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨, Z_¨, msMÖ‡ni cØwZ, mycvwik, civgk© gZvgZ BZ¨vw` msw¶ß AvKv‡i GB As‡k
‡jLv _v‡K| e¨¯Í cvVKMY mvims‡¶c c‡o g~j cÖwZ‡e`‡bi m¤ú‡K© avibv jvf Ki‡Z cv‡i|
2. g~j Ask t
K) g~j e³e¨ ev Mf©vsk (Main body) t GKwU we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cªavb I Acwinvh© Ask n‡jv
g~j e³e¨ ev Mf©vs‡ki AskUzKz| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi g~j welqe¯‘ AZ¨šÍ my›ìfv‡e GB As‡k wewfbœ
wk‡ivbvg ev Dcwk‡ivbv‡g Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z nq| g~j e³e¨ iPbv Kivi mgq cÖwZ‡e`K‡K †Lqvj
ivL‡Z n‡e †Kvb Aby‡”Q` †hb AwZ eo bv nq, c¶všÍ‡i †Kvb Aby‡”Q` †hb cÖwZ‡e`b n‡Z ev` bv
c‡o|
L) Dcmsnvi (Conclusion) t cÖwZ‡e`‡bi g~j wel‡qi Dci wfwË K‡i cÖwZ‡e`K Dcmsnvi ˆZwi
K‡ib| GB As‡k cÖwZ‡e`K AZ¨šÍ mywPwšÍZ I wbi‡c¶fv‡e cÖwZ‡e`‡bi welqe¯‘i Dci Zvi gšÍe¨
wjwce× K‡ib|
M) mycvwikgvjv (Recommendations) t cÖwZ‡e`‡b mycvwik D‡jøL Kiv eva¨Zvg~jK b‡n| Aek¨
mycvwi‡ki welqwU KZ…©c‡¶i Pvwn`vi Dci wbf©i K‡i| hw` KZ„©c¶ mycvwikmn cÖwZ‡e`b †ck Ki‡Z
wb‡`©k †`b Zvn‡j mycvwik D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq, Ab¨_vq bq| cÖwZ‡e`‡bi mycvwik ev civgk©mg~n
Aek¨B mywPwšÍZ I wbi‡c¶ n‡Z n‡e|
3. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi cwiwkóvsk t
K) cwiwkó (Appendix) t GB AskwU cÖwZ‡e`‡bi GKwU ¸iyZ¡c„Y© Ask| cÖwZ‡e`bwU cvVK‡ì wbKU
mnR I †evaMg¨ K‡i †Zvjvi wbwg‡Ë wewfbœ QK, PvU©, ZvwjKv, wPÎ, bKkv BZ¨vw` GB As‡k D‡j- L
Ki‡Z nq| GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b m¤ú‡K© h_vh_fv‡e Abyaveb Kiv, cÖwZ‡e`‡bi welqe¯‘i mZ¨Zv cÖZ¨qY
Kivi e¨vcv‡i cwiwkó AskwU cvVK‡ì mnvqZv K‡i|
L) MÖš’cywÄ (Bibliography) t cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘ZKv‡j †h me cyw¯ÍKv, eB, mvgwqK, cÖeÜ, Le‡ii KvMR
BZ¨vwì mnvqZv †bqv n‡q‡Q, †m m‡ei GKwU ZvwjKv GB As‡k D‡jøL Ki‡Z nq| ‡jL‡Ki bvg,
eB‡qi bvg, cÖKvkbvi ¯’vb, Kvj I c„ôvi b¤î GKwU we‡kl c×wZ‡Z GB As‡k wjwce× Ki‡Z nq|
†hgb t ‡nv‡mb AvjZvd, eëmvwqK †hvMv‡hvM (XvKv; Gg Ave`yjøvn GÛ mÝ 1999), c„t 218|
M) cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki ¯^v¶i (Signature of the reporter) t cÖwZ‡e`b †k‡l cÖwZ‡e`K‡K ¯^v¶i cÖ`vb
Ki‡Z nq| cÖwZ‡e`bwU hw` wUg ev KwgwUi gva¨‡g cÖ¯‘Z Kiv nq Zvn‡j wUg ev KwgwUi mKj
m`m¨‡K cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †k‡l ¯^v¶i Ki‡Z nq|
cvV ms‡¶c
cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi `yÕwU c×wZ: Av‡ivn c×wZ I Ae‡ivn c×wZ| GB `yÕwU c×wZi g‡a¨ Ae‡ivn c×wZ‡Z
cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kiv DËg|
GKwU `xN© cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ Ask _v‡K| †hgb : wk‡ivbvg, m~wPcÎ, msw¶ß weeiY, g~j e³e¨,
Dcmsnvi, mycvwik, cwiwkó, Mªš’cywÄ, ¯^v¶i BZ¨vw`| Gme Ask¸‡jv h_vh_fv‡e c~iY c~e©K cÖwZ‡e`b
‰Zwi Kiv n‡j Zv ¯^v_©K n‡e|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †kªYxwefvM (Classification of reports)
D‡Ïk¨
D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b‡K Kq fv‡M fvM Kiv Zv Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb Ges
Z_¨g~jK I we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b Gi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv m¤ú©‡K aviYv jvf Ki‡Z cvi‡eb|
AvKvi AvK…wZi wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b KZ cÖKvi I wK wK †m m¤ú‡K© Rvb‡Z cvi‡eb|
D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z †kªYxwefvM (Classification on the basis of objectives)

wk¶v_x© eÜziv, D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v : K) Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b; I
L) we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b| wb‡æ G‡ì msÁv D‡j- L Kiv nj :
K) Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b (Informational report) t †h cÖwZ‡e`‡b †Kvb GKwU NUbv ev Ae¯’v ûeûfv‡e
Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, Zv‡K Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| GwU †Kvb NUbvi cÖwZ”Qwe| GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b
cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki †Kvb mycvwik ev gZvgZ _v‡K bv| Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b wePvi we‡k- lY K‡i mswk ó
KZ©„c¶ ¯^vaxbfv‡e wm×vš— MªnY K‡ib|
L) we‡k- lYvZœK cÖwZ‡e`b (Analytical report) t †h cÖwZ‡e`‡b ‡Kvb GKwU NUbv ev Ae¯’vi we¯—
vwiZ e¨vL¨v we‡k- lYmn Dc¯’vcb Kiv nq, Zv‡K we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| GB cÖKvi cÖwZ‡e`b
mvaviYZ `xN© nq| we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki mycvwik, gZvgZmn Z_¨vwì e¨vL¨v
we‡k- lY _v‡K|
Dc‡ii msÁv¸‡jv we‡k- lY K‡i Avgiv Z_¨g~jK I we‡k- lYvZœK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi g‡a¨ †ek wKQy cv_©K¨
†`L‡Z cvB, hv wb‡æ QK AvKv‡i Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj :
wfwË Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b we‡k- lYg~jK cÖwZ‡e`b

1. D‡Ïk¨ ‡Kvb NUbv ev Ae¯’vi ûeû Dc¯’vcb ‡Kvb NUbv ev Ae¯’vi e¨vL¨v we‡k- lYmn
Kiv Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨| Dc¯’vcb Kiv cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨|
2. gZvgZ Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡b wbR¯^ gZvgZ we‡k- lYg~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡b cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki wbR¯^
cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM †bB| gZvgZ ev mycvwik cÖ`v‡bi my‡hvM i‡q‡Q
3. AvKvi GB cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AvKvi GB cÖKvi cÖwZ‡e`b A‡c¶vK„Z `xN© nq|
A‡c¶vK…Z †QvU|
4. wm×vš— Z‡_ï we‡k- lY _v‡Kbv e‡j, Z‡_ï e¨vLv¨v we‡k- lY, gZvgZ I mycvwik
MÖnY wm×vš— MÖn‡Y mnvqK nq bv| _v‡K e‡j, wm×vš— MÖn‡Y mnvqK nq|
5. AwfÁZv Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`b iPbvi Rb¨ ‡KejgvÎ `¶ I AwfÁ cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki c‡¶B
we‡kl †Kvb `¶Zv ev AwfÁZvi Giƒc cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kiv m¤¢e|
cÖ‡qvRb nq bv|
6. Dcmsnvi Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wbw`©ó †Kvb we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`b wbw`©ó KvVv‡gv ev QK
KvVv‡gv ev QK †bB e‡j Dcmsnvi AbymiY K‡i iPbv Kiv nq e‡j Dcmsnvi
¯’vb cvq bv| Uvb‡Z nq|
AvKvi AvK„wZi wfwË‡Z †kªYxwefvM (Classification on the basis of style)

AvKvi AvK…wZ ev MVb cÖK…wZi wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b‡K cªavbZ `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v t
K) AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b, Ges
L) AbvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b| wb‡æ G‡ì we¯—vwiZ weeiY †Ìqv nj t
K) AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b t †h cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwii mgq wbw`©ó wbqg-Kvbyb ev wbav©wiZ c×wZ cy•Lvbycy•Lfv‡e
AbymiY Kiv nq, Zv‡K AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b ejv nq| GB cÖwZ‡e`b wbw`©ó wKQy wbqgbxwZ, D‡Ïk¨ ev
‰ewk‡óï wePv‡i Ab¨vb¨ cÖwZ‡e`b n‡Z Avjv`v| Kviev‡ii AZxe ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welqvw` AvbyôvwbK
cÖwZ‡e`‡bi gva¨‡g iPbv Kiv nq| AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b‡K `yB fv‡M fvM Kiv hvq| h_v:-
1. wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b t 1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 77 bs aviv Abyhvqx †Kv¤úvwb eva¨Zvg~jK fv‡e
wewae× mfvi Kgc‡¶ 21 w`b c~‡e© cÖ‡Z¨K †kqvi †nvìvi‡K ‡h wee„wZ ev cÖwZ‡e`b cvVv‡Z nq
Zv‡K wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b `yB cÖKvi h_v :
A) wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b t †Kv¤úvwbi wnmvecÎ hvPvB evQvB c~e©K wbix¶K KZ…©K †h cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Kiv
nq Zv‡K wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|
Av) cwiPvjK‡ì cÖwZ‡e`b t †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjKMY wewfbœ Kvh©vw` †kqvi‡nvìviMY‡K AeMZ Kivi Rb¨
evwl©K mvaviY mfvq †h cÖwZ‡e`b †ck K‡ib, Zv‡Z cwiPvjK‡ì cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|
2. Awewae× cÖwZ‡e`b t †h cÖwZ‡e`‡b wbw`©ó †Kvb QK ev wbqgKvbyb AbymiY Kiv nq bv Zv‡K
Awewae× cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| Awewae× cÖwZ‡e`b `yB cÖKvi| h_v:
A) eë¯’vc‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b t wefvMxq cÖavb ev KZ©v e¨vw³MY cwiPvjKgÊjxi AeMwZi Rb¨ wbR wbR
wefv‡Mi Kvh©vejxi Dci †h cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi K‡ib Zv‡K eë¯’vc‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|
Av) mwP‡ei cÖwZ‡e`b t †Kv¤úvwbi mwPe KZ©„K cÖYxZ cÖwZ‡e`b‡K mwP‡ei cÖwZ‡e`b ejv nq|
L) AbvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b t †h cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ˆZwii mgq wbw`©ó QK ev wbqgKvbyb h_vh_ fv‡e cvjb Kiv
nqbv, Zv‡K AbvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j| Gai‡bi cÖwZ‡e`b †gŠwLK ev wjwLZ n‡q _v‡K| eëmvq
cÖwZôv‡bi A‡c¶K…Z Kg ¸i“Z¡c~Y© welqvw` GB cÖwZ‡e`‡b ¯’vb cvq| AbvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b‡K
wZbfv‡M fvM Kiv nq :
A) cÎ cÖwZ‡e`b t evwYwR¨K cÎvKv‡i Z_¨ ev DcvË‡K Dc¯’vcb K‡i †h cÖwZ‡e`b †jLv nq Zv‡K cÎ cÖwZ‡e`b
e‡j|
Av) ¯§viK cÖwZ‡e`b t eëmvq cÖwZôv‡bi mKj Kg©KZ©v I Kg©PvwiMY‡K †Kvb GKwU welq m¤^‡Ü AeMZ
Kivi wbwg‡Ë †h cÖwZ‡e`b iPbv Kiv nq, Zv‡K ¯§viK cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|
B) dig cÖwZ‡e`b t †Kvb †Kvb eëmvq cÖwZôvb ‡Kvb NUbv ev welq m¤ú‡K© AeMZ nIqvi Rb¨ wbw`©ó
QK ev dig Bmy¨ K‡i; `vwqZ¡kxj e¨w³MY D³ QK ev di‡gi gva¨‡g h_vh_ KZ©…c‡¶i wbKU †h
cÖwZ‡e`b `vwLj K‡ib, Zv‡K dig cÖwZ‡e`b e‡j|
cvV ms‡¶c
Z_¨g~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡b †Kvb NUbv ¯’vb cvq, c¶vš—‡i we‡k- lYvZ¥K cÖwZ‡e`‡b NUbvi e¨vL¨v we‡k- lYmn
cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki gZvgZ ev mycvwik D‡j- L _v‡K|
AvKvi AvK…wZi wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`b‡K `yBfv‡M fvM Kiv nq| h_v : AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b I AbvbyôvwbK
cÖwZ‡e`b| AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b KvVv‡gv ev QK AbymiY K‡i iPbv Kiv nq, c¶vš—‡i AbvbyôvwbK
cÖwZ‡e`b †Kvb wbqgbxwZ ev c×wZ AbymiY K‡i iPbv Kiv nq bv|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
wewfbœ cÖwZ‡e`‡bi bgybv

(Specimen of various report)
D‡Ïk¨
GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi cwiPvjK cl©‡ì wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b ‰Zwi Kivi bgybv m¤ú‡K© aviYv jvf Ki‡Z
cvi‡eb|
wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b Ges †Kvb cÖwZôv‡b kªwgK Am‡š—vl welqK cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Kiv wkL‡Z
cvi‡eb|
wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b (Statutory report)
wewae× cÖwZ‡e`‡bi bgybv

1994 mv‡ji †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi 83 bs aviv Abyhvqx
†Kv¤úvwb bvg t Zvmwbg †UªwWs †Kv¤úvwb wjt

Dc¯’vcK t wkíx Avn‡g`, mwPe
mfvi ZvwiL I mgq t Rvbyqvwi 20. 2007 Bs ‡ivR eyaevi, †ejv 4 NwUKv|
mfvi ¯’vb t Pxb-evsjv‡`k ˆgÎx m‡¤§jb K¶, AvMviMvuI, XvKv
1. wewjK…Z †kqvi t K) mvaviY †kqvi 20,000 cÖwZwU 10 UvKv g~‡jï
L) AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi 2000 cÖwZwU 10 g~‡jï
2. wW‡m¤î 31, 2006 ch©š— †Kv¤úvwbi cÖvwß I cwi‡kv‡ai weeiYx :
cÖvwß I cwi‡kva wnmve
cÖvwß UvKv cwi‡kva UvKv
20,000 mvaviY †kqvi cÖwZwU 10 UvKv nv‡i 2,00,000 cÖv_wgK LiP 1,00,000
weÁvcb 50,000
2000 AMÖvwaKvi †kqvi cÖwZwU 10 UvKv nv‡i 20,000 ‡eZb 25,000
fvov 25,000
e¨vsK my` 48,000 nv‡Z bM` 30,000
e¨vsK Rgv 38,000
2,68,000 2,68,000
3. mswk- ó e¨w³e‡M©i bvg:

bvg wVKvbv ‡ckv
K) cwiPvjKgÊjx :
Rbve Avãyj gvbœvb 78, Gm Gm †ivW, XvKv eëmvqx
Rbvi nvbœvb kvn 3/2, K‡jR †ivW, UsMx H
Rbve Avãyj Rwjj 1/2, Myjkvb, XvKv H
Rbve gyKzj g‡bvqvi 10, Avivg evM, XvKv H
Rbve Kvgi“¾vgvb 5/10 cëb XvKv H
L) wnmve wbix¶K
‡gmvm© AvZvnvi GÛ †Kvs 32, wSKvZjv XvKv wnmve wbix¶K
M) mwPe t wkíx Avn‡g` we-2/4gwj Kv,MvRxcyi PvKyix
4. ZjeK„Z †kqv‡ii UvKv e‡Kqv †bB|

5. †kqvi wewµi Rb¨ bwKe eªv`vm †K 3% nv‡i Ae‡jLK wb‡qvM Kiv n‡q‡Q|
6. †Kv¤úvwbi cÖv_wgK LiP aiv n‡q‡Q 2,00,00 UvKv, wKš‘ G eQi Ae‡jvcb Kiv n‡q‡Q 1,00,000
UvKv|
7. eë¯’vcK cÖwZwbwai mv‡_ †Kvb Pzw³ nq bvB|
Avgiv cÖZ¨qb Ki‡ZwQ †h, AÎ cÖwZ‡e`‡b Dwj wLZ Z_¨ mwVK|
ZvwiL t XvKv, cwiPvjK‡ì ¯^v¶i

Rvbyqvwi 10, 2007 1| -----------
2|------------
3|------------
4|-------------
5|-------------
Avgiv †NvlYv Kwi‡ZwQ †h, AÎ cÖwZ‡e`‡b Dwj wLZ †kqvi eÈb I cÖvwß cwi‡kva m¤úwK©Z wnmve mZ¨|
¯^v¶i
----------------
‡gmvm© AvRvnvi GÛ mÝ|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b (Auditors Report)
D`vnviY-1 t KvíwbK Z_¨ eënvi Kwiqv GKwU wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`‡bi Lmov cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b|
wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b
†kqvi †nvìviMY
Km&gcwjUb †Kv¤úvwb wjt
evey evRvi, XvKv|
myax gÛjx,
Avgiv Km&gcwjUb †Kv¤úvwb wjt Gi wW‡m¤î 31, 2007 Zvwi‡L mgvß eQ‡ii Rb¨ cÖ¯‘ZK„Z jvf-
†jvKmvb wnmve I DØ„ËcÎ Ges GZ`&msµvš— cÖ‡qvRbxq KvMRcÎ cix¶v wbix¶v K‡iwQ| cix¶v wbix¶v
†k‡l GB g‡g© †NvlYv KiwQ †h-
1. jvf †jvKmvb wnmve I DØ„ËcÎ cix¶v wbix¶vi Rb¨ †Kv¤úvwb KZ„©K mKj KvMRcÎ mieivn Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
2. wewfbœ wnmv‡ei eB¸‡jv †Kv¤úvwb AvB‡bi wewa weavb Abyhvqx msi¶Y Kiv n‡q‡Q|
3. ewY©Z Avw_©K eQ‡i †Kv¤úvwbi `vjvb-†KvVv I AvmevecÎ cybtg~j¨vqb Kiv n‡q‡Q|
4. c‡biRb Kg©KZ©v‡K AwMªg cÖ`vb Kiv n‡q‡Q, mgqgZ mevB Zv mgš^q K‡i‡Qb|
5. Av‡jvP¨ A_©eQ‡i †Kv¤úvwb 5 j¶ UvKvq 2wU cÖKí MÖnY K‡i‡Q, D³ cÖKí¸‡jv †Kv¤úvwbi wbR bv‡g
†i‡L‡Qb|
6. †Kv¤úvwbi mKj wnmvecÎ¸‡jv Avgv‡ì `„wó‡MvPi n‡q‡Q, Ges mewKQy h_vh_fv‡e msiw¶Z n‡q‡Q
e‡j Avgiv g‡b Kwi|
abëv`mn-
(Gg G nv‡mg)
ingvb GÛ †Kvs|
kªwgK Am‡š—vl cÖwZ‡e`b (Labour agitation report)

D`vniY-2 t †Kvb wkí cÖwZôv‡bi kªwgK Am‡š—v‡li Dci GKwU cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘‡Zi `vwqZ¡ Avcbvi
Dci b¨¯— n‡q‡Q| cÖwZ‡e`bwU cÖYqb Ki“b|
cwiPvjKgÊjx
ccyjvi RyU wgjm wjt
bvivqYMÄ, XvKv
welq t kªwgK Am‡š—v‡li Z`š— cÖwZ‡e`b|
myaxgÊjx,
Rvwib RyU wgjm wjt Gi kªwgK‡ì g‡a¨ †h Am‡š—v‡li m„wó n‡q‡Q Zvi cÖK…Z KviY¸‡jv D`&NvU‡bi
j‡¶¨ Avcbv‡ì wb‡`©k †gvZv‡eK wefvMxq cÖavb, kªwgK-Kwg© Ges mswk- ó Ab¨vb¨ e¨w³e‡M©i mv‡_
Avjvc Av‡jvPbv, AbymÜvb I ch©v‡jvPbvi wfwË‡Z AÎ cÖwZ‡e`bwU cÖYqb Kiv n‡q‡Q| AbymÜvb I
ch©v‡jvPbv K‡i †`Lv wM‡q‡Q g~jZ wZbwU wel‡q kªwgK‡ì g‡a¨ Am‡š—v‡li `vbv †eu‡a‡Q, h_v -
1. †eZb KvVv‡gv cwieZ©b;
2. †evbvm cÖ`vb; Ges
3. QywUi wbqgvejx cwieZ©b|
Dc‡iv³ `vwe-`vIqv¸‡jvi wel‡q Avgvi gZvgZ wb‡gœ †ck Kijvg -
1. †eZb KvVv‡gv cwieZ©b t kªwgK‡ì `vwe-`vIqv¸‡jvi g‡a¨ Ab¨Zg nj †eZb e„w× Kiv| Avgvi g‡Z,
GB `vwewU A‡hŠw³K, KviY MZ eQi †_‡K Avgv‡ì RyU wg‡j evsjv‡`k cvUKj ms¯’v KZ©„K
mycvwikK…Z †eZb KvVv‡gv Pvjy Av‡Q| GQvov eZ©gv‡b cvU wk‡íi g›`vfve Pj‡Q, †eZb KvVv‡gv
ewa©Z Kiv n‡j cÖwZôvb Avw_©Kfv‡e ¶wZMÖ¯’ n‡e|
2. †evbvm cÖ`vb t eZ©gv‡b Avgv‡ì cÖwZôvb eQ‡i GKevi †evbvm cÖ`vb K‡i| kªwgK‡ì `vwe eQ‡i `yÕwU
†evbvm cÖ`vb Kiv| AbymÜv‡b †`Lv wM‡q‡Q Avgv‡ì gZ mgRvZxq cÖwZôvb¸‡jv eQ‡i `yÕwU †evbvm
cÖ`vb K‡i| myZivs kªwgK‡ì GB `vwewU mnvbyf~wZi mwnZ we‡ePbv Kivi Rb¨ †Rvi mycvwik KiwQ|
3. QywUi wbqvgvejx t Ab¨vb¨ †Kv¤úvwb I wgjKviLvbvi Zzjbvq Avgv‡ì †Kv¤úvwb‡Z QzwUi wbqgvejx
Î“wUc~Y©| GB QywU QvUv Kg nIqvq cÖvqB kªwgKKwg©MY G wel‡q cÖwZev`gyLi n‡q D‡Vb| ZvB G
cÖm‡½ Avgvi cÖ¯—ve nj, evsjv‡`k cvUKj ms¯’vi QywUi wbqgvejx AbymiY Ki‡j mydj cvIqv hv‡e|
Dc‡iv³ welq¸‡jv m¤ú‡K© h_vh_ eë¯’v MÖnY Kivi Rb¨ Aby‡iva KiwQ|
abëv`mn
(†gv: †LvKb ivbv)

mwPe|
weweGm †cÖvMÖvg
P~ovš— g~j¨vqb
msw¶ß cÖkœvejx
1. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi msÁv wjLyb|
2. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨¸‡jv wK wK?
3. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi êwkó¨¸‡jv wK wK?
4. GKRb cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki mvaviY ¸Yvejx¸‡jv wK wK?
5. Av‡ivn I Ae‡ivn c×wZ ej‡Z wK eySvq?
6. AvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`b Ges AbvbyôvwbK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi msÁv wjLyb|
7. Z_¨g~jK I we‡k- lYg~jK cÖwZ‡e`‡bi g‡a¨ cv_©K¨¸‡jv wK wK?
iPbvg~jK cÖkœvejx
1. cÖwZ‡e`b ej‡Z wK eySvq? cÖwZ‡e`‡bi ¸i“Z¡ I cÖ‡qvRbxqZv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
2. cÖwZ‡e`‡bi D‡Ïk¨ I êwkó¨¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
3. DËg cÖwZ‡e`‡bi AZ¨vek¨Kxq ¸Yvejx¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b|
4. GKRb fvj cÖwZ‡e`‡Ki Acwinvh© êwkó¨ ev ¸Yvejx¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b|
5. DËg cÖwZ‡e`b cÖYq‡bi cvjbxq bxwZgvjv¸‡jv e¨vL¨v Ki“b|
6. cÖwZ‡e`b †jLvi c×wZ KqwU I wK wK? Avcbvi `„wó‡Z †Kvb c×wZwU DËg Ges †Kb?
7. GKwU `xN© cÖwZ‡e`‡bi wewfbœ Ask¸‡jv eY©bv Ki“b|
8. D‡Ï‡kï wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
9. AvKvi AvK…wZi wfwË‡Z cÖwZ‡e`‡bi †kªYxwefvM Av‡jvPbv Ki“b|
10. KviLvbvi kªwgK Am‡š—vl m¤^‡Ü GKwU KvíwbK cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZwi Ki“b|
11. GKwU †Kv¤úvwbi wewae× cÖwZ‡e`b cÖ¯‘Z Ki“b|
12. GKwU KvíwbK wbix¶‡Ki cÖwZ‡e`b ˆZix Ki“b|

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e¨emvq †hvMv‡hvM

†Kvm© †KvW BBS 2502

Kw¤úDUvi K‡¤úvR Ges †W¯‹Uc cÖ‡mwms

© I‡cb ¯‹zj, evsjv‡`k Db¥y³ wek¦we`¨vjq

†hvMv‡hvM I e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi msÁv, AvIZv Ges D‡Ïk¨

Kvievi †hvMv‡hvM (Business Communication)

Kvievi †hvMv‡hv‡Mi D‡Ïk¨ (Objectives of Business Communication)

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cwiwa (Scope of Communication)

M) Drcv`b I eÈ‡bi mnvqZvg~jK Kvh©Kjv‡c †hvMv‡hvM t Drcv`b I eÈ‡b mnvqZvKvix

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.1

e¨emvq †hvMv‡hv‡Mi ¸iyZ¡ I bxwZgvjv

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.2

dj`vqK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Acwinvh© ¸Yvejx Ges †hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqv (Essential

N) cÖMwZkxjZv O) Kjv-‡KŠkj cÖ‡qvM P) mZZv

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwµqv (The Communication Process)

Z_¨ †cÖiY cÖvwß MÖnY‡hvM¨ K‡i Abyaveb cwieZ©b

†hvMv‡hvM cÖwµqvi Avek¨Kxq Dcv`vb (Essential Elements of Communication Process)

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.3

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi cÖwZeÜKZv Ges cÖwZKvi (Barriers and Overcome of

†hvMv‡hv‡Mi evav `~i/wbimb Kivi Dcvq (Means of Overcoming/Removing Barriers of

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 1.4

†hvMv‡hvM gva¨g I wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Channel of Communication and

wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi †kªYx ev c×wZ (Types/Methods of Written Communication) t wjwLZ

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-24

L) Kwg©‡`i Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Communication for Employees)

K) e¨e¯’vcbvi Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Commumication for Management) t †h me

L) Kg©Pvwi‡`i Rb¨ wjwLZ †hvMv‡hvM (Written Communication for Employees) t Kg©Pvwi‡`i

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-25

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-26

wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweav Ges Amyweav (Advantages and Disadvantages of Written

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-27

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-28

wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav (Disabvantages of Written Communication) t wjwLZ †hvMv‡hv‡Mi

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-29

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-30

cv‡VvËi g~j¨vqb t 2.1

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-31

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM (Oral Communication)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-32

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM †KŠkj (Techniques of Oral Communication)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-33

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-34

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-35

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi myweavmg~n (Advantages of Oral Communication)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-36

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi Amyweav ev ÎywU-wePz¨wZ (Disadvantages of Oral Communication)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-37

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨env‡ii dj`vqK Ae¯’v/cwiw¯’wZ/cwi‡ek

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-38

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hv‡Mi bxwZgvjv (Principles of Oral Communication)

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-39

9. hyw³hy³Zv (Reasonable/Logical) t †hvMv‡hv‡Mi welq Aek¨B †hŠw³hy³fv‡e Dc¯’vcb Ki‡Z

†gŠwLK †hvMv‡hvM e¨_©Zvi KviY (Causes of Failure of Oral Communication) t †gŠwLK

wb‡gœ G¸‡jv Av‡jvPbv Kiv nj t-

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-40

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-41

BDwbU `yB c„ôv-42