Lecture 4

Equality of Matrices
Two matrices are equal if all corresponding elements are equal.

Orthogonal matrix: A square matrix 𝐴is said to be orthogonal matrix if 𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐼 where
𝐼 is unit matrix.
𝟎 𝟐𝜷 𝜸
Question: Determine the values of 𝜶, 𝜷, 𝜸 when 𝑨 = [𝜶 𝜷 −𝜸 ] is orthogonal.
𝜶 −𝜷 𝜸
0 2𝛽 𝛾
Solution: Given that, 𝐴 = [𝛼 𝛽 −𝛾 ]
𝛼 −𝛽 𝛾
We know that, if 𝐴is orthogonal then 𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐼
Here,
0 𝛼 𝛼
′
𝐴 = [2𝛽 𝛽 −𝛽 ]
𝛾 −𝛾 𝛾
Now,
𝐴𝐴′ = 𝐼
0 2𝛽 𝛾 0 𝛼 𝛼 1 0 0
=> [𝛼 𝛽 −𝛾 ] [2𝛽 𝛽 −𝛽 ] = [0 1 0]
𝛼 −𝛽 𝛾 𝛾 −𝛾 𝛾 0 0 1
 0 + 4𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 0 + 2𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 0 − 2𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 1 0 0
=> [0 + 2𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 2 2 2
𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝛾 ] = [0 1 0]
0 − 2𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 − 𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 0 0 1

4𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 2𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 −2𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 1 0 0

=> [ 2𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 2 2 2
𝛼 − 𝛽 − 𝛾 ] = [0 1 0]
−2𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 − 𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 𝛼 2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 0 0 1

From equality of matrices we get,

4𝛽2 + 𝛾 2 = 1 ………….(i)
2𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 =0…………...(ii)
𝛼 2 − 𝛽2 − 𝛾 2 = 0 …….(iii)
From (i) and (ii)
6𝛽2 = 1
1
=> 𝛽 = ±
√6
From (ii)
1
2. − 𝛾 2 = 0
6
1
=> 𝛾 = ±
√3
From (iii)
1 1
𝛼2 − − =0
6 3
1
=> 𝛼 = ±
√2
1 1 1
∴𝛼=± ,𝛽 = ± ,𝛾 = ±
√2 √6 √3
Transpose of a Matrix
The transpose [A]T of an m×n matrix [A] is the n×m matrix obtained by interchanging the
rows and columns of [A].

Transpose of a sum
([A]+[B])T=[A]T +[B]T
Transpose of a product
([A][B])T=[B]T[A]T

Symmetric Matrices
A matrix [A] is said to be symmetric if aij=a jifor all iand j.
i.e, [A]=[A]T
Anti- Symmetric Matrices
A matrix [A] is said to be symmetric if aij= -a jifor all iand j.
i.e, [A]T= -[A]
 Lecture 5

Example: Determine whether A is symmetric or Anti-symmetric?

Example: If
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 −𝟐 −𝟏 −𝟔
𝑨=[ 𝟑 𝟐 𝟎 ] and 𝑩 = [ 𝟑 𝟐 𝟗]
−𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟒
Then show that (𝑨𝑩)′ = 𝑩′ 𝑨′

DETERMINANT OF A MATRIX

Example:
Find the determinant:

Important Properties of Determinants

1. The value of a determinant is not altered if its rows are written as columns in the
same order.

2. If any two rows ( or two columns) of a determinant are interchanged, the value of
the determinant is multiplied by –1.

3. A common factor of all elements of any row ( or column) can be placed before the
determinant.

4. The value of a determinant remains unaltered if the elements of one row (or
column) are altered by adding to them anyconstant multiple of the corresponding
elements in any other row ( or column).
5. If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant can be expressed as a sum
of two, the determinant can be written as the sum of two determinants.