Lecture 01

Matrices

Matrix:
A set of 𝑚𝑛 numbers arranged in the form of an ordered set of 𝑚 rows and 𝑛 columns is
called 𝑚 × 𝑛 (read as 𝑚 by 𝑛) matrix.
Example: A matrix with 9 elements is shown below.

Matrix [A] has 3 rows and 3 columns. Each element of matrix [A] can be referred to by its
row and column number. For example,

ORDER OF A MATRIX

The order of a matrix is defined in terms of its number of rows and columns.

Order of a matrix = No. of rows ×No. of columns

Matrix [A], therefore, is a matrix of order 3×3.

COLUMN MATRIX
A matrix with only one column is called a column matrix or column vector.

ROW MATRIX
A matrix with only one row is called a row matrix or row vector.
Square Matrix:
A matrix in which the number of rows is equal to the number of columns is called square
matrix.
Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
[𝑎21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3

Diagonal Elements:
In a square matrix all those elements 𝑎𝑖𝑗 for which 𝑖 = 𝑗 that is all those elements which
occurs in the same row and same column namely 𝑎11 , 𝑎22 , 𝑎33 are called diagonal
elements.
Example:
𝑎11 𝑎12 𝑎13
𝑎
[ 21 𝑎22 𝑎23 ]
𝑎31 𝑎32 𝑎33 3×3

Diagonal Matrix:
A square matrix is said to be diagonal matrix if it’s all non-diagonal elements be zero.
Example:
𝑎11 0 0 1 0 0
[ 0 𝑎22 0 ] , [0 2 0]
0 0 𝑎33 3×3 0 0 5 3×3
Unit Matrix or Identity Matrix:
A diagonal matrix is said to be unit matrix if it’s all diagonal elements be unity. It is
denoted by 𝐼.
Example:
1 0 0
1 0
𝐼3 = [0 1 0] , 𝐼2 = [ ]
0 1
0 0 1 3×3

ZERO or NULL MATRIX

A matrix whose elements are all equal to zero is called the null or zero matrix.
 Lecture 2

Addition and Subtraction:

Addition and Subtraction of matrices is defined only for the matrices having same
number of rows and same number of columns.
Ex:
1 5 3 7
If 𝐴 = [ ] and 𝐵 = [ ] then
3 6 2 6

1 5 3 7 1+3 5+7 4 12
𝐴+𝐵 =[ ]+[ ]=[ ]=[ ],
3 6 2 6 3+2 6+6 5 12

1.2 5.2 2 10
2𝐴 = [ ]=[ ],
3.2 6.2 6 12

1 5 3 7 1−3 5−7 −2 −2
𝐴−𝐵 =[ ]−[ ]=[ ]=[ ]
3 6 2 6 3−2 6−6 1 0
1 5 1 0 1 5 5 0 −4 5
And 𝐴 − 5 = 𝐴 − 5𝐼 = [ ]− 5[ ]=[ ]−[ ]=[ ]
3 6 0 1 3 6 0 5 3 1

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟑 𝟓 𝟔
H.W: If 𝑨 = [𝟒 𝟐 𝟓] and 𝑩 = [𝟒 𝟎 𝟑] then find 𝟑𝑨 − 𝟓𝑩 + 𝟔.
𝟔 𝟕 𝟗 𝟏 𝟑 𝟓

Matrix multiplication
Two matrices can be multiplied together provided they are compatible with respect to their
orders. The number of columns in the first matrix [A] must be equal to the number of rows in the
second matrix [B]. The resulting matrix [C] will have the same number of rows as [A] and the
same number of columns as [B].
Example:

Try the following multiplication:

 Lecture 3

Special types of matrix:

If A and B are square matrices such that AB=BA, then A and B are called commutative r are
said to commute.
If A and B are such that AB= -BA, the matrices A and B are said to anti-commute.
A matrix for which Ak+1=A where k is a positive integer, is called a periodic matrix. If k is the
least positive integer for which Ak+1=A, then A is said to be of period k.
If k=1, so that A2=A, then A is called idempotent.
A matrix A for which Ap=0, where p is a positive integer, is called nilpotent. If p is the least
positive integer for which Ap=0, then A is said to be nilpotent of index p.
When A is a matrix having complex numbers as elements, the matrix obtained from A by
replacing each element by its conjugate is called the conjugate of A and is denoted by 𝐴̅.
A square matrix A is called Hermitian matrix if 𝑎𝑖𝑗 = ̅̅̅
𝑎𝑗𝑖

Exercise
2 −2 −4 −1 3 5
Ex. 1. Show that 𝐴 = [−1 3 4 ] and 𝐵 = [ 1 −3 −5]are idempotent.
1 −2 −3 −1 3 5
Ex. 2. Show that if AB=A and BA =B, then A and B are idempotent.
1 1 3 1 −3 −4
Ex. 3. Show that 𝐴 = [ 5 2 6 ] and 𝐵 = [−1 3 4 ]are nilpotent.
−2 −1 −3 1 −3 −4
Ex. 4. A matrix A is involuntry if and only if (I-A)(I+A)=0.
1 −2 −6
Ex. 5. Show that 𝐴 = [−3 2 9 ] is periodic of period 2.
2 0 −3
1 2 3 −2 −1 −6
Ex. 6. Show that 𝐴 = [ 3 2 0 ] and 𝐵 = [ 3 2 9 ] commute.
−1 −1 −1 −1 −1 −4
 1 1+𝑖 2 + 3𝑖
Ex. 7. Show that 𝐴 = [ 1 − 𝑖 2 −𝑖 ] is Hermitian.
2 − 3𝑖 𝑖 0
Ex. 8. Every square matrix can be written as the sum of a symmetric and a skew-symmetric
matrix.