N CONDENSATION·

• T < ro· This diffi'culty does not occur

..,_
~ find that (6.5) has
_-1 ...."'•'
no Th
(6 2) solution
f for
. the Oil&"- sum . . ere ore, 1t must come fro · 1 .
~ - (62) into the integral (6.5). For low tempera:=~°Jrer Ythis~angmg
11"'
&eri01d et!Ol'· '..-r,e
!llt"O'
contr·b ti' . ' O' causes
I u on coming from the first few terms in (6.2) are

left out as discUSsed below.

For 8111Ail 1l, (or large e-~µ), the terms with the lowest E; do not contribute
mudt to the sum, and so replacement of the sum with an integral causes
little S'l'OI', However, when 110 is approaching 1 (or e --111' is small), the first
few tenDS in (6.2) become important, and so we cannot replace the sum with
an inlegl'IL For ti > e we find that for sufficiently low temperatures,
01
- - 1 «- 1 = no . ...(6.13)
ni - exp[~(e -µ)]-1 exp[P(Eo -µ)]-1
➔ 0 that first term no approaches the total number of
1
for T

1 - ::: _kT-(flo large). ...(6.14)

= N T➔O
:: -exp[~(£0 - µ)}-1 Eo -µ . (BE case) there .,s,
. wave function
ible because for synunetnc For N ::: 1022 at T ::: 1K, we get5
the occupation number. µ is very close to l\, A
~erg.For such loW temperature:St of the particles tend to
c.A.~..-•,,._the first excited level, m
 Statistical Meon
~~----------------- ---------.:~
t 36
lhUS the reason behind
oo=.upy ~ (Bose-fir.stein condensation) for T ~ 0. ·
otential µ of a hos lhe
8E condensation is ~e behaviour of the~~ ~pecial fe<me of : &as
at low temperatures. The BE condensation ~ of the term unity in 8t
1
distribution (6.1), arising from the minUS sign he
denominator.. · ted bY an inte
proxuna ·
for T ➔ 0, the sum for N - no can be ap &rijl
~ilhout serious error,
e112dr,
_ ~- _ 21tY(zm)3/2 f"" _:::..---
N - no = ~ ni - h3 Jo _!_ e!Je - 1
i~ na
V ... (6.15)
= 'A,3f 31/nJ
Using (6.10) to eliminate V, write (6.15) as
r ]312 f312 (n_J . ... (6.16)
N= no+ N (r, -2.612
. o . ·ts (1) T < To and (2) T > To.
We discuss this result m the lin'U .

Below T0 t ke £ =
ru we can a o
o and g0 = 1. Then (6.14)
ali
Without any loss of gener .,,
gives
_ 1 = _ kT , (large no ) ...(6.17)
no - e-pµ_l µ
tures µ is very close to zero (~ -10-38 erg),
For low tempera ' (quantum region).
µ ➔ 0 or Tia ➔ l, ... (6.18)

Therefore, for the energy states above Eo, we can neglect µ (or put
1l. == 1) and write (6.16) as

" . N,=N-N·=+-(~rl . (619)

where N' is the number of particles in the excited state,

3 2
T]1
N' = N To
(
... (6.20)

A plot of Nof N as a function for T/T0 is shown in Fig. 6.2a. At the

condensation temperature T0 we have N'(T0) = N. As the temperature is decreased
below TfY more and more particles begin to occupy the ground state £0, The
BE gas is then degenerate and we are in the quantum region characterized by
µ ➔ 0. The T0 is also called the degeneracy temperature for this reason.
 ~stemGa.s
,e 1
137

01.-----=-----
o T/T 0
0 1 o---::-:---~~
(a) V / Vo 1

dfL 6-2 Number of BE particles .

'm the gro
(b)
rr
,a) temperature 'b' "u,nd state, as a function of
1
' ,, 'I .. o ume

)5,-t al'I alternative to (6.10) definin T

at a temperature T
·
g ., we can define a critical volume v,

Vo F (1) - V ( 2mn.kT Ja/2

N == -;.,.3
. . 3/2 - 0 -~h2 2·612 = V0nQ 2.612. ... (6.21)

t]sltlg it to efuninate T, we can write (6.16) as

N == 7fo + N ~ Fa12(1la) V ... (6.22)

V 2.612 =No+ Nv,.
0 0

... (6.23)

lihidl II shown in Fig. 6.2b. Below T0 (or V0) we have BE condensation.

\\It can wri~ (6.10) as
2.612 ... (6.24)
"'3 -
AO - p
ia'f the de Broglie wavelength Ao is of the order of the average particle
d...,e.0 The wave functions overlap and so the quantum effects are
lmpOdlPt-

I
I
I
I
I

.,. "' "

£o ei- ..
. . ~ ction for the particles of an
matlc diagram of the distribution un .
ideal BE gas.
 Stati stica l Mech ,
138
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - --.:..:.: an,cs
Above T0
For T > T0 we have 'la
< 1 (classical reoio
11
t:r
n). In (6.16) the first term O Otl n
the right beco mes negl igibl e and the seco nd term incre ases as T3/2
when the
J/2 (11) and
BE gas is heat ed abov e T • Thus , (6.15) reduces to N = (V f'),.,3) f
0

(6.16) to

y; J3/2F3;2 (1) = (T,f ]3/2 2.612

F312(T1) = ( ;

-(~ J 2.612, (T > T0).

...(6.25)

particles
For T > 0, the grou nd state is practically emp ty and mos t of the
on by the
are in the state s with E > 0. We can appr oxim ate the BE distr ibuti
becomes
MB distr ibuti on. In fact, for 11a « 1, F31i(TJ) = 110 from (6.7), and (6.25)

TJ. = ( A: J 2.612 = pA.3 = r', (classical limit)

-
It can now be compared with (4.39), whe re for the MB gas the single
mole cule parti tion func tion z is give n by

N N
r1 = ~ = V /A-3 = p A.3. ...(6.26)

It is instr uctiv e to compare the dismb u tions fior T < T0 and r > T0
(Fig. _ ).
63