MATHEMATICS

FOR PHYSICS
Physics Teacher Education
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Chapter 1
EQUATIONS OF WAVE
PROPAGATION
Chapter 2
HEAT TRANSFER’S EQUATION
Chapter 3
 LAPLACE’S TRANSFORMATION
AND APPLICATION
Chapter 4
VECTOR ANALYSIS
Chapter 1
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1.1. Vectors and Vector Space Summary

1.2. Scalar Product, Vector Product, Triple Scalar
Product and Triple Vector Product
1.3. Gradient, Divergence, Curl (Rot)
1.4. Gauss’s Theorem, Stokes’s Theorem
1.5. Dirac Delta Function
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1.1. Vectors and Vector Space Summary

An ordered triplet of real numbers (x1, x2, x3) is labeled a vector x.

The number xn is called the nth component of vector x. The collection of
all such vectors (obeying the properties that follow) forms a three-
dimensional real vector space, or linear space. We ascribe five properties
to our vectors: If x = (x1, x2, x3) and y = (y1, y2, y3),
1. Vector equality: x = y means xi = yi (i = 1, 2, 3..).
2. Vector addition: x + y = z means xi + yi = zi, i = 1, 2, 3.
3. Scalar multiplication: ax = (ax1, ax2, ax3).
4. Negative of a vector: −x = (−1)x = (−x1, −x2, −x3).
5. Null vector: There exists a null vector 0 = (0, 0, 0)
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1.1. Vectors and Vector Space Summary

Since our vector components are numbers, the following

properties also hold:
1. Addition of vectors is commutative: x + y = y + x.
2. Addition of vectors is associative: (x + y) + z = x + (y + z).
3. Scalar multiplication is distributive: a(x + y) = ax + ay, also (a + b)x =
ax + bx.
4. Scalar multiplication is associative: (ab)x = a(bx).
Furthermore, the null vector 0 is unique, as is the negative of a given
vector x.
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1.1. Vectors and Vector Space Summary

EX1: A jet plane is flying eastward from Kennedy Airport at a constant

speed of 500 km/h. There is a crosswind from the south at 50 km/h. What
is the resultant speed of the plane relative to the ground? Draw the
velocities
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1.1. Vectors and Vector Space Summary

EX2: A boat travels straight across a river at a speed of 10 km/h when

there is no current. You want to go straight across the river in that boat
when there is a constant current flowing at 2 km/h. At what angle do you
have to steer the boat? Plot the velocities
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1.2. Scalar Product, Vector Product, Triple

Scalar Product and Triple Vector Product
- In physics, there are quantities that are completely numeric,
such as mass, temperature, energy, etc. These quantities are
called scalars.

- There are quantities when determining both their direction

and magnitude in space, such as force, velocity, acceleration...
To describe these quantities we use the concept of vectors.
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1.2. Scalar Product, Vector Product, Triple

Scalar Product and Triple Vector Product

VECTOR: set point, direction, and magnitude.

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1.2. Scalar Product, Vector Product, Triple

Scalar Product and Triple Vector Product
- Vector projection onto one axis:
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1.2. Scalar Product, Vector Product, Triple Scalar

Product and Triple Vector Product
Example:
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- Base vector system:

Three vector linearly independent then any can write:
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- Base vector system:

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- Scalar product
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- Scalar product

The scalar product of vector :

=> The projection of vector onto vector :

=> The projection of vector onto vector :

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- Vector product
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Triple Scalar Product and Triple Vector Product

+ Triple Scalar Product

We can show that:

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Triple Scalar Product and Triple Vector Product

+ Triple Vector Product
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Triple Scalar Product and Triple Vector Product

+ Triple Vector Product
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Question: Write formulas that describe the relationship

of physical quantities that represent the directed product
of vectors? Draw a diagram to represent that
relationship.
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1.3. Gradient, Divergence, Curl (Rot)

1.3.1. Scalar field:

- The part of space that at each point M(x,y,z) in

which "corresponds to a scalar quantity defined in
terms of a scalar function":
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1.2. Trường vô hướng

1.2.1. Trường vô hướng
Là một không gian mà tại mỗi điểm trong không gian
đó được biểu diễn bởi một hàm vô hướng.

Lấy ví dụ các trường vô hướng trong vật lí

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1.3. Gradient, Divergence, Curl (Rot)

1.3.2. Directional derivative
In physics we are often interested in the rate of change of the
field in all directions in space. Especially the direction along
which the rate of change of the field is greatest.
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• The figure shows the

1 potential field of a
2 positive charge.
• Ask the dashed lines?

7
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1.3.2. Directional derivative

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1.3.2. Directional derivative

Đạo hàm theo hướng :

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1.3.2. Directional derivative

Meaning: change of a scalar quantity in one direction (along

drection ).

Example: Find the derivative of the function u=xyz at point M

(5,1,2) in the direction of the unit vector // . Know N(7,-1,3).
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1.3.2. Directional derivative

Example: Find the derivative of the function u=xyz at point M

(5,1,2) in the direction of the unit vector // . Know N(7,-1,3).
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1.3.3. Gradient of the scalar field

The rate of change of a function depends on the position we
consider and the direction of investigation. We find the spatial
direction in which the speed of the field is greatest, i.e. the
derivative of that function is largest.
a) Definition of gradient: The gradient of a scalar function u at a
point is a vector such that maximum at that point.

=u

Nabla operator
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1.3.3. Gradient of the scalar field

b) Meaning of gradients:

- Indicates the rate and direction of

change of a scalar quantity u at each
point and in which direction it causes u
to vary the most.
- Gradient turns a scalar quantity into a
vector quantity.
- If the gradient of the scalar field u at
point M is non-zero, then it is
perpendicular to the level plane passing
through that point and is directed in the
direction of the increasing field..
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1.3.3. Gradient of the scalar field

b) Meaning of gradients:
gradVD is perpendicular to the
level plane (BD) and is 50V
directed in the direction of the
increasing field (red vector). 100V
=>
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1.3.3. Gradient of the scalar field

b) Meaning of gradients:

=>
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1.3.3. Gradient of the scalar field

c) Gradient properties
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1.3.3. Gradient of the scalar field

d) EX:
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1.3.4. Vector field

a) Define:

- The space in which at each point M(x,y,z) corresponds to a

vector defined by the vector function: (M) = (x,y,z)

b) Example of a vector field in physics (

Exercise Question: Prove that the lines of force for a stationary

point charge are straight lines through the charge (either from a
positive charge ending infinity or from infinity ending with a
negative charge).
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1.3.4. Vector field

c. The flux of the vector field
+ Define: 

F sent over dS: dS 



=> Flux sent over any

face S:
= = d
+ EX:
Calculate the magnetic flux through a rectangular wireframe
next to a long straight wire.
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1.3.4. Vector field

+ Meaning:
F := d
a scalar quantity,
dependent on shape S and
vector direction .
(Electric flux, magnetic flux
…)
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1.3.4. Vector field

d. Dive of a vector field

Definition: In the vector field consider a point M surrounded by a

closed surface with area S limited to volume V.

Magnetic through closed face S determined  (vòng)


Consider the limit of = = div
     
the ratio

depends on the shape of the vector in the small neighborhood of

the point M and characterizes the degree of "flow" of the field away
from this neighborhood.
Call the divergence (dive) of the vector field at the point M.
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1.3.4. Vector field

d. Dive of a vector field


 
  
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1.3.4. Vector field

d. Dive of a vector field
 
Meaning of dive:
+ Indicates the magnitude of the
generator or the revenue source at the
point in the vector field (indicates the
existence of the source that generates the
field).
+ Turn a vector quantity into a scalar.
+ Calculate the flux of a vector field.
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1.3.4. Vector field

d. Dive of a vector field

EX: Calculate the dive of the following =k

vector field

EX: Given the following vector field:

A = (x+y)ex+(y-x)ey+zez

Find vector flux A through sphere of radius 1 with center at origin

in two ways (directly, via dive)
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1.3.4. Vector field

e. Rot of a vector field

Define:
Lưu số của vector theo đường cong kín:

Rotation(rot) of a field characterizes the rotation of the field at

point M: =
  

Meaning: Describes the tendency to swirl around a point in a

vector field that turns one vector quantity into another vector
quantity.
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1.3.4. Vector field

e. Rot of a vector field

=
  

Ex1: Calculating at
point M in the coordinate
system Oxyz :
+ Calculating to the
direction of Oz
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1.3.4. Vector field

e. Rot of a vector field =
  
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1.3.4. Vector field

e. Rot of a vector field

=
  
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1.3.4. Vector field

e. Rot of a vector field
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1.3.4. Vector field

e. Rot of a vector field
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Maxwell’s equations:
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1.4. Gauss’s Theorem, Stokes’s Theorem

1.4.1. Ostrogradski-Gauss formula

1.4.2. Application of Ostrogradski-Gauss formula to

find electric field, Magnetic field
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1.4. Gauss’s Theorem, Stokes’s Theorem

1.4.3. Stockes theorem: Describes the relationship
between line and surface integrals
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1.4. Gauss’s Theorem, Stokes’s Theorem

1.4.4. Laplace operator : Depending on the different
coordinate system, the laplace operator has different forms

Cylinder coordinates : ρ, φ, z
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1.4. Gauss’s Theorem, Stokes’s Theorem

1.4.4. Laplace operator: Depending on the different
coordinate system, the laplace operator has different forms

Spherical coordinates : r, θ, φ
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1.4. Gauss’s Theorem, Stokes’s Theorem

The Laplace operator  is obtained by applying dive
on the gradient operator

In Cartesian coordinate system

  
 = + +
  
In the spherical coordinate system
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Calculate the Rot E of the electric field strength vector caused

by the point charge :