Automatic Dependent North America, Europe and other international

areas like the Asia/Pacific region. The 1090 MHz

Surveillance-Broadcast Mode S Extended Squitter technology is used
internationally to ensure global interoperability.
What is ADS-B At local or global level, other datalink
technologies can be considere. The Universal
Automatic Dependent Surveillance–Broadcast
Access Transceiver (UAT) system introduced in
(ADS–B) is an advance Surveillance technology
the USA. [1][2]
that combine aircraft’s position source, aircraft,
and ground Stations to develop an correct
ADB-S Technology
surveillance connection between aircraft and
ATC. ADS-B is more accurate than radar system. Aircraft’s Positioning Source:
ADS-B is automatic because no external sources
GPS is a satellite-based positioning, speed and
are required; it is dependent because it depends
time system, developed and operated by the
on on-board systems to
U.S. Department of Defense and consist of space
provide surveillance information to other
infrastructure, control infrastructure and user
sources. Finally, the data is delivered, the
infrastructure. The space infrastructure is consist
transmitted source has no knowledge of who
of 21 satellites (plus three operational spares) in
receives the data and there is no interrogation or
six orbit planes. The control infrastructure
two-way communication. ADS-B is currently
consists of 5 monitor stations, 3 ground
being, or already has been, implemented in
antennas and a master control station. The user
infrastructure consists of antennas and receiver
processors that provide position, speed, and
precise timing to the user. The satellites
broadcast two forms of clock information, the
Acquisition code, or C/A is freely available to all
population, while the restricted specific code, or
P-code is usually reserved for military use. [3]
Aircraft Avionics:
Avionics (a blend of aviation and electronics) are
the electronic systems used on aircraft, artificial
satellites, and spacecraft. Avionic systems
include communications, navigation, the display
and manage of other segmemts, and the most of
segments that are installed on aircraft to
perform individual tasks.
Ground Infrastructure:
Air traffic control (ATC) is a source provided by
ground-based air traffic controllers who provide
direction to aircraft on the ground and
throughout a given section of controlled air-
space, and can provide advisory information to
aircraft in non-controlled airspace. The primary
purpose of ATC internationally is to prevent
collisions, manage air trafic and expedite the
flow of air traffic, and provide information and
other services for pilots.[3]
ADB-S Mode
ADS-B Out:
ADS-B Out works by broadcasting information
about an aircraft's GPS location, altitude, ground
speed and other data to ground stations and
other aircraft, once per second.
ADS-B In:
ADS-B In provides operators of properly
equipped aircraft with weather and traffic
position information delivered directly to the
cockpit. ADS-B In provides weather update
surrounding from the aircraft and also provides
traffic information of nearby air vehicles.
Use of ADS-B
Safety:
1. ADS-B provides near real time aircraft
surveillance.
2. Improves situational awareness, conflict
detection and reaction/resolution.
3. Aircraft with ADS-B have more flexibility
in emergency condition.
4. Provides surveillance source separate
from the communications (CPDLC)
network sources.
5. More complete and accurate reporting
of aviation occurrences, allowing better
management of safety risk and better
 support of the Safety Management
System
Environment/Efficiency:
1. More efficient “domestic-like” flight
trajectories in oceanic airspace.
2. More predictable airline cost planning.
3. Aircraft able to Climb/Descend and vary
speed to chase wind push and avoid
headwinds.
4. Improve opposite direction and crossing
traffic profiles.
How ADS-B Works
ADS-B uses a group of 21-satellites, transmitters,
and receivers to provide both on-board crews
and ground control Station with very precise
information about the position and velocity of
airplanes.
From the airplane prospective, there are 2
aspects to ADS-B. ADS-B Out signals are
transmitted from the transmitting airplanes to
receivers located on the ATC or in other

Predictability/Reliability:

1. Access to ADS-B data would

support air-traffic flow
management Succession,
merging and balancing for
major areas in eastern North
America and in major areas
of Europe.
2. Supports information sharing and airplanes. The ADS-B Out signals travel line-of-
collaborative process. sight from transmission to reception. ADS-B Out
3. SWIM requires flight planning systems, signals are received by Air Traffic controller
dispatch, and airline gate-to-gate ground stations for display of traffic to air traffic
management to become more Display. ADS-B Out signals are also received by
sophisticated and efficient. Surveillance other airplanes in the nearly locates of the
via Low Earth Orbit satellite ADS-B will transmitting airplanes. After receiving of the
accommodate this. [4] ADS-B signals by the receiving airplane, the
precise position (latitude and longitude), current
altitude,current speed, and flight identification
number of the transmitting airplane are
presented to the receiving airplane pilot on a
Cockpit Display unit of Traffic Information (CDTI).
The receiving ADS-B signal is also called ADS-B In.
The maximum distance range between the
transmitter and receiver airplanes is greater than
100 nautical-miles (nmi), allowing the Cockpit
Display of Traffic Information (CDTI) to display
traffic both near and far.
Navigation satellites send accurate timing data
that allows airplanes equipped with global
navigation satellite system (GNSS) or GPS
receivers to find their own location and speed.
Airplanes equipped with ADS-B Out broadcast
accurate location and speed to ground ADS-B
receivers and to other airplanes through a digital
data link (1090 megahertz) along with remaining
required data, such as the airplane’s flight
identification number and any emergency
situation. ADS-B receivers that are integrated
into the Air traffic Control systems on the ground
or installed aboard other airplanes (i.e., ADS-B
In) provide users with an precise depiction of real
time air traffic. [4]
Unlike conventional radar, ADS-B works at low
altitudes and also work on the ground to control
aircraft movement so that it can be used to
monitor traffic on the taxiways and runways of
an airport. ADS-B is also provide information in
remote areas where there is no conventional
radar coverage or where radar coverage is not
possible.
Aircraft Tracking with ADS-B
ADS-B is a new surveillance technology
developed to support or help to modernize the
air traffic system. Developed and certified as a
viable cheap replacement of conventional radar,
ADS-B allows Air Traffic Controller to monitor
and control airplanes with effective, precision
and over a far larger percentage of the earth’s
surface than has not possible with conventional
radar. For example, large expanses of Australia
and Hudson Bay in Canada, currently without
any radar coverage, are now visible on ATC
screens after strategic placement of low cost
ADS-B receiving stations. For Next-Generation
and SESAR, ADS-B is one of the most effective
basic technologies in the plan to transform Air
Traffic controller from the conventional radar-
based surveillance to satellite-based global
positioning system (GPS) surveillance. In
addition, the FAA states that ADS-B will serve as
the backbone for air traffic management,
bringing the accurate and reliability of satellite-
based surveillance to the national or worldwide
skies. [5]
Regulations Required for ADS-B
All aircraft are equipped with serviceable
secondary surveillance radar transponders
having the capabilities set out in Part A of Annex
II of Regulation (EU) No 1207/2011, requiring
these aircraft to be compliant with Mode S
ADS-B in Europe

Elementary Surveillance.
Fixed wing aircraft with a maximum certified
take-off mass not more than 5 700 kg or having
a maximum cruising true airspeed ability is more
than 250 nautical miles, for which the other
certificate of airworthiness was firstly issued
after 7 June 1995, these aircrafts are equipped
The ADS-B Out requirement in Europe is Dec. 7,
2020, for aircraft receiving their certificate of
airworthiness (C of A) on or after December
7. Aircraft that acquire their C of A between June
6, 1995, and Dec. 7, 2020, must arrange for
retrofits to meet the ADS-B Out acquiring by
June 7, 2023. Both deadlines apply only to
aircraft with an take-off mass not more than

with serviceable secondary surveillance radar 5,700 kg (12,566 pounds) or having a maximum

transponders having the capabilities set out in
Parts A, B and C of Annex II of Regulation (EU) No
1207/2011, requiring these aircraft to be
compliant with Mode S Elementary, ADS-B Out
and Mode S Enhanced Surveillance.[6]
Aircraft other than fixed wing with a maximum
certified take-off mass not more than 5700 kg or
having a maximum cruising true airspeed ability
greater than 250 nautical miles, for which the
other certificate of airworthiness was first issued
cruising true airspeed ability greater than 250
nautical miles. Aircraft with a C of A dated before
June 6, 1995 is exempt from European ADS-B
requirements. [7]
In Europe, ADS-B has been in use by commercial
air traffic for years, but there is currently no ADS-
B directions for general aviation. EASA’s decision
for ADS-B is to encourage optional acquiring
amongst GA pilots. The aim is improvement in
safety and reduce the risk of aircraft to aircraft
collision. The use of ADS-B in Europe does not
afford any privileges to airspace access over

after 7 June 1995, are equipped with serviceable Mode S. [7][8]

secondary surveillance radar transponders

having the capabilities set out in Parts A and B of

Annex II of Regulation (EU) No 1207/2011,

requiring these aircraft to be compliant

with Mode S Elementary and ADS-B Out

Surveillance. [6][2]
 ADS-B in Atlantic
The reduction in the minimum safe ‘nose to tail’
dissociation between aircraft from 40 nautical
miles to 14 nautical miles in March and
represents another milestone towards the end
of the traditional system of rigid oceanic tracks,
something that will give airlines greater
opportunity to fly the most efficient routes and
levels, reducing fuel burn and harmful emissions.
[9]
The change has been made possible following
the introduction of near real-time aircraft
surveillance using the Aireon global space-based
ADS-B service. At the end of March, NATS and
Navigation CANADA started an operational trial
of satellite-based ADS-B surveillance to improve
the safety, predictable and low fuel consumption
of air traffic over the North Atlantic; the world’s
busiest oceanic airspace with over 500,000
flights a year. [9]
In October the Air Traffic Control Association
(ATCA) recognised Aireon, Navigation
CANADA and NATS with their Annual Industry
Award for the successful development of space-
based ADS-B technology over the North Atlantic.
Since the trial began at the end of June, 4,414
flights have been assigned more fuel-efficient
levels, and over 3,400 have been able to fly
more direct routes than over the same period in
2018. Over 52,000 flights – more than a third of
all eastbound crossings – were also able to fly
their most cost-efficient speed, totalling more
than 45,000 flight hours. [9]
References:
https://skybrary.aero/articles/automatic-
dependent-surveillance-broadcast-ads-b [1]
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:FAA_NextGe
n_ADS-B_implementation.jpg [2]
https://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headqu
arters_offices/avs/offices/afx/afs/afs400/afs41
0/adsb#:~:text=Automatic%20Dependent%20S
urveillance%E2%80%93Broadcast%20(ADS,inter
face%20between%20aircraft%20and%20ATC.
[3]
https://www.boeing.com/commercial/aeromag
azine/articles/qtr_02_10/pdfs/AERO_Q2-
10_article02.pdf [4]
https://www.arrow.com/en/research-and-
events/articles/ads-b-flight-trackers-improve-
aviation [5]
of
https://www.ainonline.com/europe-ads-b-out-
mandate#:~:text=The%20ADS%2DB%20Out%20
requirement,mandate%20by%20June%207%2C
%202023. [6]
https://www.easa.europa.eu/newsroom-and-
events/news/amendment-airspace-
requirements-ads-b-and-mode-s [7]

https://www.trig-avionics.com/knowledge-
bank/ads-b/ads-b-in-europe/[8]

https://www.nats.aero/news/north-atlantic-
space-based-ads-b-trial-reaches-next-
milestone/ [9]