MATHEMATICS PROJECT Class : XII Subject : Mathematics Chapter : Three Dimensional Geometry By: Tarun Singh Shubham Maurya Sakshat Yadav Vaibhav OPGM SR.SEC. SCHOOLTHREE DIMENSIONAL GEOMETRY al Introduction: The topic was introduced in class XI in which we have studied the how to provide position to a point in space which has been divided in octants made by three axes X, Y & Z, distance between two points and section formula. In previous chapter of Vector Algebra we have studied some basic concepts of vectors which we will use in the topic of Three Dimensional Geometry. The purpose of the topic is to develop imagination and visualisation in three dimension and to learn the conversion of vector form to cartesian form and vice versa. Content: Direction Cosines & Direction Ratios of a line in space (de’s & dr’s) Equation of a line in spaceDirection Cosines and Direction Ratios i) Direction Angles: As we have Z studied in two dimensional geometry each line is having slope in terms of tangent of the angle made by the line with positive direction of X axis. Similarly in three dimensional geometry if a directed line is passing through origin makes angles a, B and y with positive directions of X, Y and Z axes respectively then the angles are known as direction angles. (angels are shown in adjacent figure)ii) The cosine of these directed angles, cosa, cosB, and cosy are termed as direction cosines of the line with general notation /, m and n respectively. These can be obtained using above figure as follows- x v z =>/=cosa= sin = C08 B = sh = Cosy = {vty +2? yrty tz yxety tz? and a relation can also be obtained as Ptoar >P +m +n =l Note-1: If the direction of the line is reversed then direction angles will be replaced by n - a, t- B and 7 - y i.e. the signs of direction cosines are reversed.Note- 2: If the line is not passing through origin then a line passes through origin can be drawn which is parallel to the given line then the direction cosines of both the lines will be proportional. Note- 3: Three numbers which are proportional to the direction cosines of a line are said to be direction ratios of the line. If], m and n are de’s of a line then its dr’s will be as a =Al, b = Am and c = dn where Le R- {0}. 1 soii™. —=k(let) => 1 =ak,m =bk,n=ck a bed’ We know that P +? +0? =1 3 @R 4B 4+0K =1 SRP(@+b4+e°)=lo>kat a b c + + Vath +e Va +h ee these are de's of the line. d=+ m= wnat 2a pa 2 Va? +b? +cNote-4: The dr’s of a line segment with end points at P(x,, y,, z,) and Q(X, Yn5 Za) ALE Xo — Ky Yo — Vp Zy ~ Zy OF Xj — Xp, Yi — Yo, 2 — Z after getting dr’s of line segment as a, b, c we can find de’s |, m, n. Example-1: If a line make 90°,135 °,45 ° with the x, y ,and z axes respectively find it direction cosines. Solution: The dc’s can be obtained as =>1=cos90°=0, m = cos135°=—5, n=cos45°= + Example-2: If dr’s ofa line are 6, 2, 3 then find its de’s. Solution; a= 6, b = 2, c =3 then 6 2 = st 7 = en er enExample-3: Find the direction cosines of the line joining of the points (7, -5, 9) & (5, -3, 8). Solution: The dr’s of line joining of A(7, -5, 9) & B(5, -3, 8) are => 5-7,-3+5,8-9ie.—2,2,-1 Now dc’s of line joining of A & B can be obtained as 2 2 =2 1 => 1 =—,m==,n=— orl ==,m=—,n==— 3 3 3 3 3 3 Example-4: Show that the points (1, -2, 3), (2, 3, 4), (0, -7, 10) are collinear. Solution: The similar problem had been solved by us in class XI using section formula as well as in Vector Algebra. Now we will see how to show using dr’s & dc’s. The points A (1, —2, 3), B(2, 3, -4), C(O, -7, 10) will be collinear if dr’s of AB will be proportional to the dr’s of BC. dr’s of AB=> 1, 5,—7 and dr’s of BC => —2, — 10, 14 Since 1 5 =F —2°-10 14 therefore A, B & C are collinear.Equation of line in space 1. Equation of a line passes through a point and parallel to given vector: Let I be a line passes through A whose position vector is OA=a and it is parallel to a vector b. If P is a general point on the line whose position vector is OP =F then AP = 2b OP — 0A = Ab =F —a@ = Ab orF =a + Abis the required equation of the line and known as vector form of straight line.IfF=xtt+yf+zk,a=xi+ yf + 2k and b = ait+bj+ck then the cartesian form the line will be X-X = za as 1 PM 4. a b c Example-5: Find the equation of line passes through (5, - 2, 4) and parallel to the vector 27 — f + k. Solution: _ Vector form: 7 = G+ Ab => F=(5t-2f4+ 4k) + A(2i-j +k) Cartesian form: —! =~ = = a b ¢ a 2 -1 °° «21 Note-5: In above example we can observe the conversion of vector form to Cartesian or vice versa.ec and gt + yof + ak then catesian form of the line will be z-21 ~ z9—24 Example-6: Find the equation of line passes through A(3, 4, -7) & B(5, 1, 6). Solution: A(3, 4, -7) > a = (31+ 4j — 7k) B(S, 1,6) = b = (Si+j + 6k) Vector form: -Gd=b-a =>F-(3t+4f—7k) = (Si+j+ 6k) —(3t+4f-7k) =F — (31+4) — 7k) = (21-37 + 13k) 2-1 So, _ 21 x2-*1 ~ ye-Va 22-21 Cartesian form:——Thank you