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World Energy Sources

HYDROPOWER POTENTIAL,
CONCEPT OF MODERN
HYDRO POWER PLANT

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hydropower.org

Renewable Energy Sources World Trends in Hydropower

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Wisconsin Valley Improvement Company, http://www.wvic.com/hydro-facts.htm Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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EXISTING HYDEL POWER STATIONS

IN PAKISTAN

Hydro Energy

What is Hydroelectricity?

Hydroelectricity is an electrical generation

system that creates electrical current from
the movement of water through turbines.

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Hydropower to Electric Power Key Components

• Dam or Barrage (a solid wall to back up the water
Electricity
Electrical creating a reservoir)
Energy
Potential • Reservoir (created by the dam or barrage)
Energy
• Penstock (for medium or high head systems, to transport
water from reservoir to turbine)

Kinetic • A turbine runner (a set of curved blades on a radial

Energy frame through which water flows and creates direct
power)

• Generator (converts the direct (kinetic) power into

electric current)
Mechanical 9
Energy

Schematic of Impound Hydropower World’s Largest Dams

Max Annual
Name Country Year Generation Production

Three Gorges China 2009 18,200 MW

Itaipú Brazil/Paraguay 1983 12,600 MW 93.4 TW-hrs

Guri Venezuela 1986 10,200 MW 46 TW-hrs

Grand Coulee United States 1942/80 6,809 MW 22.6 TW-hrs

Sayano Shushenskaya Russia 1983 6,400 MW

Robert-Bourassa Canada 1981 5,616 MW

Churchill Falls Canada 1971 5,429 MW 35 TW-hrs

Iron Gates Romania/Serbia 1970 2,280 MW 11.3 TW-hrs

Ranked by maximum power.

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“Hydroelectricity,” Wikipedia.org

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Three Gorges Dam Location

Three Gorges Dam (China)
Map

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Controversial Chashma Jhelum

Link Canal:

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Itaipú Dam (Brazil & Paraguay) Guri Dam (Venezuela)

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“Itaipu,” Wikipedia.org http://www.infodestinations.com/venezuela/espanol/puerto_ordaz/index.shtml

Grand Coulee Dam (US)

History of Hydro
Power

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www.swehs.co.uk/ docs/coulee.html

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Early Irrigation Waterwheel Water Wheels

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Early Roman Water Mill

Types of Water
Wheels

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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Early
Norse Hydropower
Water Design
Mill

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Terminology (Jargon) Scale of Hydropower Projects

• Head • Large-hydro
– More than 100 MW feeding into a large electricity grid
– Water must fall from a higher elevation to a lower one to release
its stored energy. • Medium-hydro
– 15 - 100 MW usually feeding a grid
– The difference between these elevations (the water levels in the
• Small-hydro
forebay and the tailbay) is called head
– 1 - 15 MW - usually feeding into a grid
• Dams: three categories • Mini-hydro
– high-head (800 or more feet) – Above 100 kW, but below 1 MW
– medium-head (100 to 800 feet) – Either stand alone schemes or more often feeding into the grid
– low-head (less than 100 feet) • Micro-hydro
– From 5kW up to 100 kW
• Power is proportional to the product of – Usually provided power for a small community or rural industry in remote
head x flow areas away from the grid.
• Pico-hydro
– From a few hundred watts up to 5kW
27 – Remote areas away from the grid. 28
http://www.wapa.gov/crsp/info/harhydro.htm www.itdg.org/docs/technical_information_service/micro_hydro_power.pdf

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Types of Hydroelectric
Meeting Peak Demands
Installation
• Hydroelectric plants:
– Start easily and quickly and change power
output rapidly
– Complement large thermal plants (coal and
nuclear), which are most efficient in serving
base power loads.
– Save millions of barrels of oil

29 30
Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Example
Types of Systems Hoover Dam (US)
• Impoundment
– Tarbella, Mangla
• Diversion or run-of-river systems
– Gazi-Barotha
• Pumped Storage
– Two way flow
– Pumped up to a storage reservoir and
returned to a lower elevation for power
generation
• A mechanism for energy storage, not net energy production
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http://las-vegas.travelnice.com/dbi/hooverdam-225x300.jpg

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Diversion (Run-of-River) Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower

Hydropower Project

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Example
Ghazi-Barotha Hydropower Diversion Hydropower (Tazimina,
Project Alaska)

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http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html

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Micro Run-of-River Hydropower Micro Hydro Example

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Used in remote locations in northern Canada 38
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/windandhydro/hydro_plant_types.html http://www.electrovent.com/#hydrofr

Micro Hydro Pumped Hydro Plant

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Pumped Storage System

Hydro Power
Calculations

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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Hydropower Calculations Example 1a

Consider a mountain stream with an effective head of 25
meters (m) and a flow rate of 600 liters (ℓ) per minute.
P  g   Q  H How much power could a hydro plant generate? Assume
plant efficiency () of 83%.

• P = power in kilowatts (kW) • H = 25 m

• Q = 600 ℓ/min × 1 m3/1000 ℓ × 1 min/60sec
• g = gravitational acceleration (9.81 Q = 0.01 m3/sec
m/s2)   = 0.83
  = turbo-generator efficiency • P =gQH = 9.81(0.83)(0.01)(25) = 2.04
(0<n<1) • P  2.0 kW
• Q = quantity of water flowing
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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

(m3/sec)
• H = effective head (m)

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Example 1b Example 2
How much energy (E) will the hydro plant generate each Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and
year? a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second. Answer
the same questions.
• E = P×t
E = 2.0 kW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr • P=
E = 17,520 kWh annually • E=
• People =
About how many people will this energy support (assume
approximately 3,000 kWh / person)?

• People = E÷3000 = 17520/3000 = 5.84

• About 6 people
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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003 Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

Example 2 Example 3
Consider a second site with an effective head of 100 m and
a flow rate of 6,000 cubic meters per second (about that
of Niagara Falls). Answer the same questions.

• P = gQH = 9.81(0.83)(6000)(100)
P = 4.98 million kW = 4.89 GW (gigawatts)
• E = P×t = 4.89 GW × 24 hrs/day × 365 days/yr
E = 42,800 GWh = 42.8 TWh (terrawatt hours)
• People = E÷3000 = 43.6 TWh / 3,000 kWh
People = 1.43 million people
• (This assumes maximum power production 24x7)
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Boyle, Renewable Energy, 2nd edition, Oxford University Press, 2003

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Example 3

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