AWS D1.3/D1.3M:2018 An American National Standard Structural Welding Code— Sheet SteelAWS D1.3/D1.3M:2018 An American National Standard Approved by the American National Standards Institute July 12, 2017 Structural Welding Code— Sheet Steel 6th Edition Supersedes AWS D1.3/D1.3M:2008 Prepared by the American Welding Society (AWS) DI Committee on Structural Welding Under the Direction of the AWS Technical Activities Committee Approved by the AWS Board of Directors Abstract This code covers the requirements associated with welding sheet steel having a minimum specified yield point no greater than 80 ksi [550 MPa]. The code requirements cover any welded joint made from the commonly used structural quality Jow-carbon hot rolled and cold rolled sheet and strip steel with or without zine coating (galvanized). Clause 1 includes general provisions, Clause 4 design, Clause 5 prequaliffcation, Clause 6 qualification, Clause 7 fabrication, and Clause 8 inspection, American Welding Society®AWS D1.9D1.961:2018, ISBN: 978-0-87171-918-8 © 2017 by American Welding Society Allrrights reserved Photocopy Rights. No portion of this standard may be reproduced, stored in « retrieval system, or transmitted in any form, ineluding mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the copyright owner. Authorization to photocopy items for internal, personal, or educational classroom use only of the intemal, personal, or ‘educational classroom use only of specific clients is granted by the American Welding Society provided that he appropri- ate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, tel: (978) 750-8400; Internet: AWS D1.9101.36:2018 Statement on the Use of American Welding Society Standards Al standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifieations, and guides) of the American Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS American National Standards are either incorporated in, or ‘made part of, documents that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmen- tal bodies, their provisions carry the full legal authority ofthe statue. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards, ‘must be approved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regulations. In all eases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contractor other document that invokes the AWS standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS. standard must be by agreement between the contracting partes, AWS American National Standards are developed through # consensus standards development process that brings (ogether volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests (o achieve conscusus. While the AWS administers the process and establishes rules to promote faimiess inthe development of consensus, it does not independently test, evalu ale, or verily the accuracy of any information or the soundness of any judgments contained in ils standards. AWS disclaims liability for any injury to persons or fo property, or other damages of any nature whatsoever, whether special, indirect, consequential, or compensatory, direcily or indirectly resulting from the publication, use of, oF reliance on this standard, AWS also makes no guarantee or warranty as to the accuracy or completeness of any information pub- lished herein. In issuing and making this standard available, AWS is neither undertaking to render professional or other services for or om behalf of any person or entity, nor is AWS undertaking to perform any duty owed by any person or entity to someone else, Anyone using these documents should rely on his or het own independent judgment of, as appropriate, seck the advice of a competent professional in determining the exercise of reasonable care in any given circumstances. It is assumed that the use of this standard and its provisions are entrusted to appropriately qualified and competent personnel, This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions, Users should ensure that they have the latest edition. Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of auy patent or trade mame. Users of this standard accept any and all Lsilities for infringement of any patent or trade name items. AWS disclaims liability forthe infringement of any patent or product trade name resulting from the use of this standard, Finally, the AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so. On occasion, text, ables, of figures are printed incorrectly, constituting errata, Such exrata, when discovered, are posted on the AWS web poge (wv-m.aws.0r8) Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may only be obtained by sending a request, in writing, to the appropriate technical committee. Such requests should be addressed to the American Welding Society, Attention: Managing Director, Standards Development, $669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166 (soe Annex C). With rogard to technical inquisies made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards may he rendered. These opinions are offered solely as a convenience to users of this standard, and they do not constitute professional advice. Such opinions represent only the personal opinions of the particular individuals giving them. These individuals do not speak ‘on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions ar interpretations of AWS. ln addi- tion, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS DI Committee on Structural Welding, It must be reviewed every five years, and if not revised, it must be cither reaffirmed or withdrawn, Comments (recommendations, additions, or deletions) that may be of use in improving this standard should be sent to AWS Headquarters, Any pertinent data supporting the comments are requized. Such comments will receive careful consideration by the AWS D1 Committe: on Structural Welding and the author of the comments will be informed of the Commitiee’s response to the comments, Guests are invited to attend all meetings of the AWS D] Committee on Structural Welding to express theit comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of an adverse decision conceming all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities Committee. A copy of these Rules can be oblained from the American Welding, Society, 8669 NW 36 St, # 130, Miami, FL 33166,AWS D1.9/01.96:2018 ‘This page is intentionally blank.Dedication AWS D1.5101.3§:2018,AWS D1.9/01.96:2018 ‘This page is intentionally blankAWS D1.9101.36:2018 Personnel AWS DI Committee on Structural Welding A.W. Sindel, Chair TRC Solutions T.L.Niemana, Vice Chair Minnesota Department of Transportation R.D. Medlock, 2"! Vice Chair High Steel Structures, LLC JA, Molin (Secretary) American Welding Society F.G.Armao The Lincoln Electric Company U.WAschemeier _ Subvea Global Solutions GL. Bickford Acute Technological Services T.M.Bums Thom Burns Consuting, LLC HLH. Campbell, II Pazuzu Engineering R.D.Campbell Bechtel RBCorbit — CB&r M.A.Greico Massachusetts Department of Transportation J.I.Kenney Sheil International E&P L.H.Kiefer Conoco Philips (Retired) S.W.Kopp High Steel Structures, LLC V.Kurwilla Genesis Quality Systems J.Lawmon American Engineering and Manufacturing Incorporated N.S.Lindell Vigor D.R.Luciani Canadian Welding Bureau P.W. Marshall Moonshine Hill Proprietary M.J. Mayes Terracon Consultants D.L.MeQuaid —D. Z. MeQuaid && Associates Incorporated I.Meaill TRC Solutions D.K.Miller The Lincoln Electrie Company J.B. Pestson, Je, LIK Engineering Services D.D.Rager ager Consulting, Incorporated T.L.Sehlafly ASC RE.Shaw, J, Steel Structures Technology Center Incorporated R.W.Stieve Parsons Corporation M.M.Tayarsni — Pennont Associates, Incorporated P.Torchio, I Willams Enterprises of GA, Incorporated (Retired) D.G.Yantz Canadian Welding Burean Advisors to the AWS D1 Committee on Structural Welding W.G.Alexander WGAPE N.J.Altebrando STV; Incorporated E.M.Beck — AMEC BLM. Butler IFalf Disney World Company GL.Fox Consultant H.E.Gilmer HRV’ Conformance Verification Association Incorporated G.LHill GJ. Hill & Associates M.L. Hoitomt — Consultane C.W. Holmes Modjeski & Masters, Incorporated (Retired) G.S. Marin GE-Power & WaterAWS D1.901.96:2018, D.C. Phillips IW. Post K.K. Verma, B.D. Wright Retired JW Post & Associates, Incorporated Consultan Advantage Aviation Technologies AWS DIH Subcommittee on Sheet Steel U,W, Aschemeier, Chair G. S. Martin, Viee Chair J.A. Molin (Secretary) W.I. Bell L.M. Bower R.D. Campbell RB, Corbit D.A. Fulton S.G. Kowats T. Sputo P.Torchio, Mt D.G.Yaniz ©. Zantir ‘Subsea Global Solutions GE-Power Water American Welding Soetety Ailantie Testing Laboratories NCI Building Systems Bechiel Bat Consultant International Training Institute ‘Kawasaki Motors Manufacturing Corp USA LIK Engineering Services Greenman and Pedersen, Incorporated Steel Deck Institute Williams Enierprises of GA, Incorporated (Retired) Canadian Welding Burean CWB Group Advisors to the AWS DIH Subcommittee on Sheet Steel OW, Blodgett® J.D, Duncan M.D. Fender JA. Grewe A.L, Johnson. D.R, Lawrence, II D.R. Luciani T.Pekoz D. D. Rager B.D. Wright "deceased The Lincoln Electric Company (Retired) Consultant The Metntyre Company Omaha Public Power District Joknson Inspection Consultant Canadian Welding Bureau Cornell University Rager Consulting, Incorporated Advantage Aviation TechnologiesAWS D1.3101.36:2018 Foreword ‘This foreword is not part of this standard but is included for informational purposes only. When the first edition of AWS D1.3/D1.3M, Specification for Welding Sheet Steel in Structures, was developed and issued in 1978, it was anticipated that changes would be needed in the specification as further research was conducted on sheet steel welded joints. After users’ experience with the specification and development of new sheet steel applications, itwas revised in 1981, 1989, 1998, 2008, and! now in 2017. Also, in the 1981 edition, the title of the standard was changed to AWS D1.3/D1.3M, Structural Welding Code—Sheet Steel, to conform with the uniform titles now being given to standards developed by the AWS D1 Coramittee on Structural Welding. The many changes in this document reflect both experience in using the code and the results of research, principally by the American Iron and Stee! Institute's Subeommitice fon Sheet Steel One of the primary objectives of this code isto define the allowable capacities used in sheet steel applications in which transfer of calculated load occurs. The foremost examples of such applications are stecl decks, pancls, storage racks, aad stud and joist framing members. It is a concusrent objective of this code to impose workmanship, technique, and qualifi- cation requirements so as to effect consistently sound execution of welding of joints in these categories Certain shielded metal are, gas metal ae, gas tungsten, gas metal ar, and flux cored are welding procedure specifications (WPSs) when used with certain types of joints, have been tested by users and have a history of satisfaction performance. ‘These WPSs are designated as prequslified, may be employed without further evidence, and include most of those that are commonly used. However, the purpose of defining prequalified WPSs is not to prechude the use of other WPSs as thoy are qualified, ‘When other processes, WPSs, ot joints ate proposed, they are subject to the applicable provisions of this code and shall bbe qualified by tests. The obligation is placed on the contractor fo prepare WPSs and qualify them before production use, ALLWPSs (prequalified and qualified) must include the classification of the filler metal, its size, and for each type of weld, ‘melting rate or other suitable means of current control indicative of the melting rat, es applicable. The requirements for the qualification of welders and welding operators are also given. A Welder qualification test requires each welder to prove their ability to produce satisfactory Welds using proqualilied or qualified WSs, Although this code is essentially directed at those joints that are used to transfer loads, the quality of welds where strength, is nota governing consideration should meet quality standards that will maintain the integrity of the supporting structure. The allowable capacity provisions of Clause 4 could be disregarded when the welds aze not used in a loadcartying, capacity Underlined toxin the subclauses indicates an editorial or technical change from the 2008 edition. A vertical line in the ‘margin next (oa figure or table indicates a revision from the 2008 edition The following is a summary of the most significant technical revisions contained in DI.3/D1.3M:2018:AWS D1.9/D1.302018 ClauseTable/Figuee/Annex Summary of Changes Modification Clause 1 Restructred the Clause, aided new safety and health information, the addition of Hollow Sinuctural Section (HSS) with wall thickness less than 1/8 in [3 mm] o the Code and te ability touse non low-hydrogen electrodes in a qualified WPS for are spo, arc seam, and are plug ‘welds of sheet metal i the Mat postion to primary siractural members thioker than in [6-mmj, Revised Tables 1.2 and 1.3 and added a new Figure Clause 2 This is anew clause listing normative references ILseplaces Amacx G from the previows edition, Clause 3 This is anew clause that provides terms and definitions specifi to this standard. Iteplaces subelause 1.6 and Annex D from the previous edition, Clause ‘Clause 4 was presented as Clause 2 in the previous edition. Provided clarfiation as to how to ¥16in[5mm) 1 U8in 3 mm) Dis DIS orAMEXA ‘Amex A Wings DiS orAmexA Dis arAnnexAorDi1 | Annex Aor DLA > 3/16 in (5 mm) Annex A ‘Annex AorDLI Di ‘Nat: Annex A. Note | apalicalons may be usedwidout removal of coming oF galvanizing, provided de aplication meets the equirerenis of NCLAUSE 1, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. AWS D1.8101.3§:2018 Table 1.2 Matching Filler Metal Requirements (see 1.6.1) cn “naa aa 35a awa ASTM A109/A109M. Te = 3 = ETOXX-XX eons SAW AWS AS.IT/AS.17M GEA 33280 ASO RAN ERICK, FTAN-EXXX amesniontanint “ES ga a a EAR om oe tas a as Sings cies False eee aa 2930 Fame rene Ec Asrunsntunancun “Gs er a ear Sgn 3 eect ASTI 606 Ge 50 as ole) =o 28) GMnAW/GTAW AWS A5.28'529M" a ee nocraalized) GMAW AWS AS.36/A5.96M5" Gr 33. 3 Low Alloy Steel Open Classifications on s SRNR et w 0 ° rewiogeschasan Ge 33. 33. Carbon Steel Fixed Classifications! epee ee SET ae ASTM A1003/A1003M_ Gr 37255) Type M37 ETXTA2M, E704, ETXT=7 cups a ocean ee ° ETXTX-CIAX-CS1,, G 35 ETXTX-M21-CS1‘, Sear Te A I tesneas woaacaeseaiens G:3ste 36388 EIXTIOXAI EIXTI.XANK, eT eae) Sa yon wa a a ae comeAWS D1.901.96:2018, CLAUSE 1, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS: Table 1.2 (Continued) Matching Filler Metal Requirements (see 1.6.1) cmp eld Suerte Tene Sess No ASTA Ste Speifzatons Ici MP ksi_—_—MP AWS Fleet Spcictins™ ASTAAIO3/AI0M “Tera 553807 SMAW AWS ASIIAS.INT [ASTMIASDU/ASDIME Saas 70 au EX Si 345 65 100_450-«50_ SAW AWS ASSYA5.5M ee 3S 380 70-100 485-690. Faas Tne 0s ss ASTILASTZASIM SSS SAD FFAN-EXI, TAR ERX, 7S ESTOS GBT ANNES Css | zl 0 450 GMAWIGTAW AWS AS.I8/A5.18M a Sap — ERTSN. EMC, ETC Ee Css GMAWIGLAW AWSAS2¥A5290" com 8 Gr 50 Class 4 30. 40 410 ERT0S-XXX, ET0C-XXX 55 35380 30 GMAW AWS ASSWASSOM"= Os ‘s_t0 Sn) Lolly Sel Opes lassi 650 530 FIO FINTXXAKK . GrasGhnT aT Ta VCAW AWS AS24520 ASTMAGSVAGSIMMHSLAS G55 Class 35380 soma ee oa ae 0 con Stel Fixed Clsfctons? 2250 EH = 480_ EFXT-IC, E7XT-IM, ASTMAGSYASSIMHSLAS “Gr 5 Chass? 55380. esa SAE EP ct Aie 480 epxT-6, EIXT-8, pe 2 = 450 ETXT-8¢,E7XT-9M, ss st = EPXT-196, 8X77 12M, ATM ATE G50 Class + 30. 340 o 410 E70T-4, E7XT-7 ‘S)__A10_ 10480 Open Casicndonst ‘Ges0TypeH S540 SO*FPATX-CLAXCSI, -atonra GrsstpeH 8538070480 ‘ETAXTXADL-CSI, CoS A Ge S7 Type 37 395, 0 480 BIXTX.CIAN.CS2, a G60 Type H 60 410 0 489 EPXTX-M2I-C82, "ASTMA 1008/A LOOEM SS G50 30. 340 6 450 PIRTR-RARCSI, “Gr 50 Chass TF 30. 340, 65 459 PIXTXANCS2, srunioaninurscas See SE Saye ‘Gr Guse2_55__aao es aso pn RASS Gr 60 Clase? ‘41010480 err x . ASTNCATOONATOORNT cra 41070480 CAWAWS AS6/AS0Ir# USLAS Low Alley Stel Open Classis , ew 30 EaKTRCIAK, ASTMALOI/AIOUM SS O55 Es 380 70 480 EPXTX-M21X", ‘Ges CwT 503065450 ‘EYKTXXAXX vasou Gr 55s 3a aa) ETA asmaroriatouncustas, £55Csss1___$5_gt__70__ 0 Gri Case? 81010480 ‘ASTMATOITATOHIN. oe 4070 USLAS crm aaa asmuraiossiaiosomss 4 ip ese G50 5034065 a . ‘Grs0Gr2s0 0 @ 10 Asruratosiatosonnstas, C2502 ose eae ‘ors? $5050 50 53406 450 ASTM ALoeiaioEMSS SS Bang G50 Case 503406550. ‘GF 0Ciass?—s0 9060 410 AsTiCAtosyatocaMstas, 0:02 2 2 2 2 55h? 55 (Continved) 1CLAUSE 1, GENERAL REQUIREMENTS. AWS D1.8101.3§:2018 Table 1.2 (Continued) Matching Filler Metal Requirements (see 1.6.1) Yield Suongth"? Tensile Seeagih No. ° ASTM Stee! Specifications ksi MPa ksi MPs AWS Filler Metal Specifications® cm cos 75) ‘aWaWSASSIAS ANP ASTM ASTIUASTM G65. 65450 0 550 FROXX-X ASTM AGS3/A653M SS G70 70480 0. 550 SAW AWS AS2V/AS23M" ASTHTAGSYAGEM FST G70 Taso bop FAKE A FAN ECON ATA AG ISAS Oo tn apse GHANIAN A ASIMAISSALGGM GWT sn wos) ea ao nencae ASTRAL (iy 95 540 terse opens hy) 35 sah Be ewe aneasaeagame ASANOUSLBLISAS ge Skinner GeGesi ss 8 as) Feawans aaa ToS open Clin ASINAREATORNT 699 aay an ee lO MISLAS. BSXTX-M21X%, ASRATSTADINSS Gre am 8 rena wana Greist et) asmuaroisininersias See S99 eas ASTMRTOTAITIE oF 70 ine ASTI ASS am 3 ee sare ASU AGSAGEOERSLAS— er a ee ASTM AT92/A792M (Al-Zn Ge 80 80550 2 570 EOAEEXRX I. oo hia cas asses asmmaronvaoanes 2 38S SS Gan ateassuaszars {orate Sep Cains 1y SEIATBNRTORRTIEEAE cero cy von esas El ASITATOHATOONT Cr 38090 eat sea a aman isa Pax ena te ena ASI ATOTRONMSS G9 ae Fea isa ASTM AIOLUAI01IM HSLAS G70 Class 1 70480 s 585 Low Allloy Stecl Open Clausifications "ASTM ALOL/A1OIM- Gr 80 30550 0 a0 EXTSCIARX any Danan BOXTX-XAXX, EOXTXAXX Strengih CarbonsManganese Steel of Structural Quali» (S)_ ASTM AST2/AS72M-15, Sandan Swel (@)_ASTM.AG06/606M-15, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Strip. High-Strength, Low-Alloy, Hot-Rolled cand Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resisiance eeiflcation 2h Strengths Low All Vanadium Siruerurat uCLAUSE 2, NORMATIVE REFERENCES AWS D1.3101.36:2018 (T)_ASTM AG11-73(1979), Standard Specification for Steel, Cold-Rolled Sheet, Carbon, Siructural S3/A6S3M-LSe! ” us Coated (Galvannealed) by the Hot-Dip Process 9) ASTM A7IS-8lel, Standard Specification for Stoel Sheet and Strip, Hot-Rolled. High-Sirengih, Low-Alloy, with Improved Formability ASTM AIO03/A\ 5, Standart Specification for Sieel, Sheet and Sor, High-Swrength, Low-All Rolled and Cold-Rolled, with Improved Atmospheric Corrosion Resistance 3) ASTM AJOLVAIOIIM-15, Standard Specification for Steel, Sheet and Sirip, Hot-Rolled, Carbon, Structurel, figh-Sirength Low-Allow, High-Sirengh Low-Alloy with Improved Formability and Ultra-High Strengihs 5) ASTM A1063/A 1063M- La, Standart Specification jor Steel Sheet, Twin-Roll Cast, Zin-Coated (Galvanized)AWS D1.9101.36:2018 3. Terms and Definitions AWS AZOM/A3.0, Standant Welding Tovms and Definitions, provides the basis for terms and definitions used herein jowover, the following terms and definitions are included below 10 accommodate usage specific 10 this decument, A are seam weld. A seam weld made by an are welding process (see Figur are spot weld. A spot weld made by an are welding process (see Figure 4.4). automatic welding. Welding with equipment that performs the welding operation without adjustment of the controls by ‘a welding operator. The equipment may or may not load and unload the workpieces. See also mechanized welding. B burn back. Ths condition oceurs where the sheet steel melts back and does not become a part of the weld, leaving a void bbotween the weld metal and the sheet stcel bbutt joint, A joint between two members aligned approximately in the same plane (sce Figure 4.1). c coating, A thin layer, equal to or less than 0.004 in [0.1 mun] ofsnsterial applied by surfacing for the purpose of corrosion prevention, resistance to high temperature scaling, wear resistance, lubrication or other purposes. complete fusion, Fusion which has occurred over the entire base metal surface intended for welding and between all adjoining weld beads. complete joint penetration, A penetration by weld metal for the full thickness of the base metal in a joint with a groove weld. ‘uring, or welding, in conformance with the provisions of this code, corner joint. joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other. D double-square-groove weld. A type of groove weld. E A joint between the edges of two or more parallel or nearly parallel members. edge joi effective length of weld. The length throughout which the correctly proportioned cross soction of the weld exists. In a curved weld, it shall be measured along the weld axis. effective throat, The minimum distance minus any convexity between the weld root and the face of a fillet weld.CLAUSE 8, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS. AWS D1.3101.36:2018 The duly designated individual who acts for, and in behalf of, the Owner on all matters with the code, the scope of G groove weld size. For sheet steel welding, ths is assumed to be the thickness of the sheet stel inspection and quality matters specified by the Enginee Joint welding procedure. The materials, detailed methods, anu practices employed in the welding of a particular joint M ‘manual welding. A welding operation performed and controlled completely by hand, See also automatic welding, ‘mechanized welding, Welding with equipment that requires manual adjustment of the equipment control visual observation of the welding, with the torch, gun, or electrode holder held by a mechanized device in response to ‘melting rate. The length of electrode melted in one minute N ‘nugget size (are welding). The diameter or width of the nugget measured in the plane ofthe interface between the pieces joined ° overhead position, The position in which welding is performed from the underside of the joint (see Figure C-7.1). nner, The individual or company that exercises legal ownership of the prod ral assembly produced under this code, P partial joint penetration. Joint penetration that is intentionally less than complete. positioned weld. A weld made in a joint that has been placed as to facilitate making the weld. procedure qualification, The demonstration that welds made by a specifie procedure can mect preseribed standards. R reinforcement of weld. Sce weld reinforcement. root of weld. See weld root.AWS D1ID1.gb2018 (CLAUSE 3, TERMS AND DEFINITIONS (1) Shall, Code provisions that uso “shall” aro mandatory unless specifically modified in contract documents by the Engingor 2) Sh word “should i ts Fe consi ficial, fi sory a ‘The word “may” in 1 provision allows the use of optional procedures or practices that can be used as an alternative or supplement to code requirements, Thaso optional procedures that require the Engincer's approval shall cither be specified in the contract documents, or roquiro the Engineer's approval, The Contractor may use any option without tho Engineer's approval when the cade does not specify that the Engineer's approval shall be required, single-flare-bevel-groove weld. A weld in a groove formed by a member with a curved surface in contact with a planar member (see Figure 4.3), single-Mar V-groove weld. weld in groove formed by two members with curved surfaces (sce Figure 4.10), square-groove weld. A type of groove weld (ee Figure 4.1) stud are welding (SW). An are welding process that uses an are between a metal stud, or similar part, and the other workpiece. When the surfaces to be joined are properly heated, they are brought together under pressure. Partial shielding may be obtained by the use of a ceramic ferrule surrounding the stud. Shielding gas or flux may or may nat be used. T Toint. A joint between two members located approximately at right angles to each other in the form of aT (see Figure 48), throat ofa fillet weld. See effective throat, (Sec actual throat and theoretical throat in AWS A3. throat ofa fillet weld. For shect steel welding, this is assumed to be the thickness ofthe sheet steel w weld, As applied here to sheet metal welding, a localized coalescence of metil produced by heating to suitable tempera tures with or without the use of filler metal, The filler metal has a melting point approximately the same as the base metals, weld washer: A washer used for containing are spot welds on sheet metal thinner than 0.028 in [0.7 mm wel 18 operator. One who operates machine or automatic welding equipment, weld reinforcement, Weld metal in excess of the quantity required to fill a joint, See also face reinforcement and root reinforcement in AWS A3.0. weld root. The points, as shown in cross section, at which the back of the weld intersects the base metal surfaces. weld toe. The junction of the weld face and the base metalAWS D1.9D1.961:2018, 4, Design of Welded Connections PartA Allowable Load Capacities NOTE: For welds not designed to resist eternal toads, the Engineer may disregard the requirements ofthis subclause, ‘Components to be Used in Design Formulae P= Allowable load capacity (kips) F, = Specitied minimum ultimate tensile strenath of shect steel (ksi) Specified minimum yield strength of sheet steel (ksi) Specified minimum tensile strength of AWS electrode elasifieation (ksi) Allowable weld shear stress 0.3 F, (ksi) {= Thickness of sheet stel thinner member exclusive of coatings (sing! sheet steels) (in) [ram] Wold throat or size (see Figures 4.2, 4.38, 4.3C, Clause 3 for the definition of actual throat of a fillet weld, and AWS A3.0 lor definitions of groove weld size, actual, and theoretical throat (in) [man] lc sheet or combined multiple thicknesses of = Length of weld for fille, flare-groove, or are seam welds (n) [mm] NOTE: For are seam welds the L dimension does not include the circular ends (see Figure 45) hk ~ _Lipheight—for flare-groove welds (see Figures 4.3B and 4.3C) (in) [mm] = Visible diameter of tho weld face of arc spot welds or are plug welds (sco Figures 4.4 and 4.6) or the visible width of are seam welds (see Figure 4.5) (in) [mm] 4, Resultant average diameter of an arc spot weld or are plug weld (see Figures 4.4 and 4.6) or an average width of fan are seam weld (see Figure 4.5) (in) [mm] d, = Elfective diameter of an are spot weld or are plug weld or an effective width of an are seam weld atthe laying surface (see Figures 44, 4.5, and 4.6) (in) [mm] NOTE: Ifit can be shown by sectioning and measuring that a WPS will consistently give a larger effective diameter (d,) at the faying surface, this value may be used providing this particular WPS is used! A. Base Metal Stresses The allowable base metal stresses shall be those specified in the latest edition ofthe Specification for the Design of Cold Formed Sicel Serucsural Members of the American Ikon and Stec! Institute or as otherwise specified in the applicable contract specifications, 42 Alternate Allowable Load Capacities in Weld Joints Lond capacities shall be determined by the applicable section of AISTS100 Specification for the Design of Cold Formed ‘Stoel Structural Members, or as described in clauses 4.2.2 to 4.2.6, 16AWS D1ID1.gb2018 PART A CLAUSE 4, DESIGN OF WELDED CONNECTIONS 4.2.1 Square-Groove Welds in Butt Joints. The allowable unit load capacities for matehing electrode and base metal combinations (see Table 1.2) for a groove weld in a butt joint, welded from one side or both sides, shall be that of the ower strength base metal in the joint, provided that the weld size is equal to the thickness of the base metal (see Figure 4.1), 4.22 Fillet Welds. The allowsble loed capacity B ofa fillet weld in lap and T joints, made in any welding position seo Figure 42(a) and Figure 4.20b)] for matching base metaViller metal combinations (see Table 1.2), shall be as follows 4.2.2.1 When 1, is equal to or greater than the thickness of the sheet steel for filet welds transverse to direction of loading. P=04UF) a ‘When t, is equal to or greater than the thickness of the sheet steel for fillet welds longitudinal to direction of loading, 1 allowable load capacity is p= oa(t oot) aan, for #<2s Q P = 03(NL(H,),for #225 @ 4.22.2 When t is less than the thickness of the sheet soe P=030,)HF,) ® where 4, = Theoretical Uroat = 0.707 w, oF 0707, whichever is smaller. Ww, legof weld and w, P eo (b)Flare-V-groove welds. Loads applied transversely to the weld axis have not been considered. (2) Loads applied longitudinally with weld axis (see Figure 4.3B and Figure 4.3C) Irthe weld size (¢,) is equal to or greater than (# but less than (24), oF if the lip height (1) is less than weld length (Z), then >) single shear PBK) See o 16 (,) i equal to or greater than (24) and the lip height (i) s equal oF greater than (Z), then _ double shear P-osotr, ee o