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1.0. Introduction

This part enables the reader to understand the context or territory of the study.
Introduction is always started with the trends happening within the topic, the issues that arise
within, the researchers' objectives and the main contributions of the study. Introductions should
not contain an exhaustive literature review. Instead, it should provide justification for the study by
identifying a niche area within the existing body of knowledge and also identifying specific aims
that become the focus of the described research.

Introduction is written in paragraphs, therefore lists and bullets should be restated to

grammatically and technically correct sentences, and proper citation must be observed.
Introductions are best written using the T-I-O-C format. Trends: What are the latest trends about
the topic? Issues: What are the issues that transcended within the topic? Blank Spot - with
minimal or no literature to address a specific problem or inquiry Blind Spot - with available
literature but with contradicting results or conclusions Objectives: What do the researchers intend
to do to address the concerns? Objectives must be specific, measurable, attainable, realistic and
time-bound (SMART) Contributions: What benefit will the study offer to the current theories,
practices and future researches?

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2.0 Literature Review

2.1 Theoretical Framework

Before reviewing the variables presented in the study. Researchers can discuss the
theoretical framework. Theoretical frameworks discuss the theories that helped the researchers in
contextualizing their topic. Theoretical frameworks are best discussed following the S-E-C
format. State: State the theory that was utilized by the researchers. Explain: Using proper
citations, discuss the theory as explained by literature sources. Contextualize: Apply the theory to
the set-up of the study. There are instances that the framework used and the research set-up are
already in the same context. In this case, there is no need to contextualize the theory. Still, proper
citation is necessary.

2.2 Review of Related Literature

2.2.1 Local Literature

2.2.2 Foreign Literature

2.3 Statement of the Problem

Often, research questions arise from literature reviews. Therefore, statements of the
problem are incorporated in the literature review. Hypotheses, if available follow its
corresponding research question. Research questions and hypotheses are in italics format, and
does not bear any indention. Researchers can discuss all topics, then provide one general
argument and place all research questions at the end.

2.4 Research Paradigm

Also called as simulacrum, this represents the variables presented in the study together
with their relationships. Research simulacrum uses boxes or ovals to present the variables, and
arrows to show relationships.

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3.0 Research Method

3.1 Research Design

Discuss the approach (qualitative/ quantitative/ mixed method) and design

(phenomenology, experimental, descriptive, etc.) used in the study.

3.2 Research Locale

Describe the geographic characteristics of the place of study. In this section, anonymity
must always be observed.

3.3 Population and Sampling/ Key Informant Selection

Describe the demographic characteristics of the respondents/ participants.

Describe the sampling techniques used. Enumerate the inclusion and exclusion criteria
used in the selection of the participants. Exclusion criteria are traits used to determine
which potential research subjects should not be included in a study. These can also be the
factors that cause individuals to leave a study after being first enrolled. In other words,
people who fit the criteria for inclusion might also have extra traits that could affect the
study's results. They must be excluded as a result.

3.4 Research Ethics

Enumerate the ethical principles maintain in this study, and how it was maintained,
including ethical board reviews. (This proposal has been reviewed and approved by the Our Lady
of Fatima University - Institutional Ethics Review Committee (OLFU - IERC) which is a
committee whose task it is to make sure that research participants are protected from harm.) Have
adequate provisions been made to ensure the confidentiality of participants' data? Are the research
participants free not to participate or to leave the research at any time, without penalty? Are the
possible risks discussed in the research protocol?

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Is the design free of undue inducements to participate in the research? Please indicate if
there is incentive/ token to be given to the participants and how will it not affect the outcome of
the study; if the study is free of undue inducement, kindly indicate it

For how long will the collected data be stored? Researchers may delete the data after the
finalization/publication of the research study; however, they may also keep research data for at
least 3 years after publication or completion of the research study. This period allows for the
replication of the study's findings, which is an essential part of scientific research.

What is the method of disposal? - Safely deleting research data is important to protect the
privacy and confidentiality of research participants and to avoid any unintended data breaches.
Here are some steps to safely delete research data: Identify all copies of the data: Make sure you
identify all copies of the data, including backups, shared files, and any hard copies; Securely
delete digital data; Destroy hard copies: If you have any hard copies of the data, such as
questionnaires or consent forms, shred or burn them to ensure they cannot be reconstructed;
Document the deletion: Keep a record of what data was deleted, when it was deleted, and how it
was deleted

3.5 Research Instruments

Equipment constructed specifically for the study must be carefully described in detail.
Methods of validation and reliability testing must also be stated in this section.

For researcher made questionnaires: Methods of validation must also be stated in this
section. Attach a Validation certificate. For Adopted questionnaire: Are you permitted to use and
administer the questionnaire? Check the source document if the selected questionnaire is free to
use as long as properly cited. Ask for author’s permission only if needed. Provide evidence.

3.6. Data Collection

The step-by-step process must be explained comprehensively by the researcher, including

permission letters. If the researchers opt to use face to face data gathering, please state that health
protocols will be followed (social distancing, proper wearing of PPE, frequent hand sanitizing/
sanitation of writing materials, etc.).

3.7. Data Analysis

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Be precise in describing measurements and include errors of measurements. Ordinary

statistical methods could be used without citations, while advanced or unusual methods may
require a literature citation. Basic formulas are not needed to be included, unless originally
created by the researcher, or the formula is unusual. For qualitative research studies, kindly state
the type of content analysis/ thematic analysis.

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4.0 Results

Present the data, processed and condensed, with important trends extracted and described.
It is important that the findings be clearly and simply stated. The results should be brief and
direct, without verbiage. However, do not be too brief. The readers cannot be expected to extract
important trends from the data if not enough data is presented. Also, when describing the results
from a table or a figure, make sure to introduce the table or figure number and title on the first
statement for easier location of table or figure involved.

FOR QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH, USE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:

Research Question #1: What Is the Demographic Profile of the Respondents in Terms of the
Following: Gender, Age, and Year-Level?

Table 1.1
Demographic Profile of Respondents in Terms of Gender (n=60)

Gender Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

Male 30 50

Female 30 50

Total 60 100

Table 1.1 shows the demographic profile of respondents in terms of gender. 50% of the
respondents were male (30) and 50% were female (50).

Table 1.2
Demographic Profile of Respondents in Terms of Age (n=60)

Gender Frequency (f) Percentage (%)

18 20 33

19 30 50

20 10 17

Total 60 100
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Table 1.2 shows the demographic profile of respondents in terms of age. 20 (33%) of the
respondents are 18 y/o, 30 (50%) of the respondents are 19 y/o, while 10 (17%) of the
respondents are 20 years old.

FOR QUALITATIVE RESEARCH, USE THE FOLLOWING FORMAT:

Present the data, processed and condensed, with important trends extracted and described. It is
important that the findings be clearly and simply stated. The results should be brief and direct,
without verbiage. However, do not be too brief. The readers cannot be expected to extract
important trends from the data if not enough data is presented. Also, when describing the results
from a table or a figure, make sure to introduce the table or figure number and title on the first
statement for easier location of table or figure involved.

Research Question 1. State research question.

Theme 1: Family Perception on Mental Health

As stated by the participants that the perceptions of their parents matter because it
validates that what they are experiencing is normal. According to Abera, Robins & Tesfaye
(2015) Children are dependent on their parents or caregivers to recognize psychopathologies, and
seek services for their mental health problems. For children and adolescents, where there is
limited access for health services and mental health professionals, parental perceptions of mental
health problems in their children plays a key role in determining service use.

"Hindi kami close ng parents ko at tingin ko okay lang naman, mas

prefer ko naman na sinasarili ko yung problema ko ang kaso may time na naiinis
ako kasi akala nila lagi akong okay kahit di naman. Parang akala nila okay lang
lagi lahat kahit hindi naman talaga. Tapos hirap pa kasi hindi ka makapag open
sa kanila ng mga gusto mo sabihin.” (My parents and I are not close, and that's
fine for me because I prefer keeping all my problems to myself. But sometimes,
it annoys me by the fact that they think everything is just fine even if it is not. I
can!t even talk to them about certain things or about the things I wanted to share

to them because they don!t understand me.) - P6

"...Dati pag uuwi ako galing sa school lagi akong kinakamusta ng mama
ko kung okay lang ako then ang lagi ko namang sagot is oo until such time na di
nya na ako tinatanong kung okay lang ba ako kasi parang nafeel nya na di rin
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naman ako mag o-open sa kanya at ngayon ko lang na-realize na gusto ko ulit na
tanungin niya ako kung okay lang ba ako then masasabi ko na hindi pero alam
ko naman na lagi siyang nandyan para suportahan ako kahit sa maliit na bagay.
(Before, every time I arrived from school, My Mom always asks me if I!m okay

or How!s my day went, then I always answer her that I!m fine and everything is
good, until she stopped asking me those questions. Since then, I wondered why
and I realized I!m longing for her comfort and care, and I want her to ask me
again so I can finally open up to her about what I feel because I know she will
understand me and she supports me every time.) -P1

"...may time na sasabihin nila na oa pero may time din naman na

kinokomport nila ako diko alam siguro depende sa mood ng parents ko. (There
are times where my parents often tell me that I!m just overreacting on something,
but there were also times that my parents would comfort me. Maybe it depends
on their mood.) -P4

These parental beliefs can somehow cause mental health problem to their children
wherein it could potentially impact their ability to recognize and detect different mental health
problem and this in turn could influence their preference for treatment and help seeking behavior
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5.0 Discussion

In the discussion, the results should be communicated: what principles have been
established or reinforced? What generalizations can be drawn? How do the findings compare to
the findings of others or to expectations based on previous work? Are there any theoretical/
practical implications of the results? When these questions are addressed, it is crucial that the
discussion rests firmly on the evidence presented in the results section. Continually refer to the
results. Most importantly, do no extend the conclusions beyond those that are directly supported
by the results. Be sure to address the objectives of the study in the discussion and to discuss the
significant of the results. Make sure this is genuinely interpretive, not just a restatement of the
results.

Conclusion

In paragraph form, enumerate the principal findings of the research. This represents the
answers relating to the objectives of the study.

Recommendation

This section presents where the results of the study are directed. This section like all
others sections, should be in paragraph form.

Acknowledgement

This page mentions the assistance received from the advisers, professors and others to
whom the researchers wish to express appreciation. This provides the opportunity to thank and
recognize those who have assisted or contributed to the study but are not named as co-
authors.This section must be written in no more than 3 sentences.
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References

Aldiab, A., Chowdhury, H., Kootsookos, A., Alam, F., & Allhibi, H. (2019). Utilization of
Learning Management Systems (LMSs) in higher education system: A case review for
Saudi Arabia. Energy Procedia, 160, 731–737. https://doi.org/10.1016/
j.egypro.2019.02.186

Bland, R. D., Clarke, T. L., & Harden, L. B. (1976). Rapid infusion of sodium bicarbonate and
albumin into high-risk premature infants soon after birth: A controlled, prospective trial.
American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 124(3), 263–267. https://doi.org/
10.1016/0002-9378(76)90154-x

Cigdemoglu, C., Arslan, H. O., & Akay, H. (2011). A phenomenological study of instructors!"
experiences on an open source learning management system. Procedia - Social and
Behavioral Sciences, 28, 790–795. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.11.144
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Appendix A
Permission Letter
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Appendix B
Informed Consent Form