SURV 8 REVERSE CURVES CURVE, » directi je 2k LEME OF A REVISE oo nl caves of cnpenle. SESIO” at in wy fe sig cated te pol of Pere ed Vere and are Fane int f sean a Tanil or include a va, hia si in the layout of railway spur tracy d in cities, i countries, I mountajneous coun erie se of reverse curve should be er, The w slit a cre epeeds are high for the following Te : (1) Sudden change of 2 cant is required [rom one side of P.R.C. to the other. (2) There is no oppor tunity to elevate the outer bank at PRC (3) The sudden change of direction is uncomfortable to passengers and is objection- able: avoided on highways and main railway (4) Steering is dangerous in the case of highways and ys the driver has to be very cau- yp) tious. It is definitely an ad- vantage to separate to curves by either a short length of straight or a reversed spiral. The elements of a reverse curve are not directly determinate unless some condition or dimension is specified as, for example, equal radii (R; = R,) or equal central angle (A, = A;). Frequently, a common or equal radius is used for both parts of the curve in order to use largest radius possible. Fig. 2.5 shows the general case of a reverse curve in which VA and VC are the two straights and 7\E 7, is reverse curve. 7, is the point of curvature (P.C.), E is the point of reverse curvature (P.R.C.) and 7; is the point of tangency (P.T.). O, and ; are the centres of the two branches. BD is the common tangent. Let Ri =the smaller radius R= the greater radius A= central angle for the curve having smaller radius r= central angle for the curye having greater radius (A, total deviation between the tangents 8 = angle between tangent AV and the line 7\7) Joining the tangent points := angle between tangent VC and the fin Since E is the point of reverse curvatu common tangent BD at E. Join Tyand 7, and d ae 4 FIG. 2.5. REVERSE CURVE (4) > 42) is greater than A.) TT) joining the tangent points re, the Tine Q,0, is perpendicular to the op perpendiculars O,F and O,G on it from ieeeCOMPOUND AND REVERSE CURVis Q, and O; respectively, » r i 4 ely, Through O,, draw On paraitet to 747, 10 Since 7B and BE are tee ee and DT; are tangents to the From triangle Rvp, ngeNLs 10 the first are, Second are, ZEpy os ABE » Ay, Similarly, since ED As A+ A; or A= Apna, From triangle 7,7, Sa kee e oe A= 8-8; From (1) and (2), AY Aye 8) 6, 3 Since 7,0, is 1 to 7B ' ist m VB and OF 2rOPecrrre fi WS L to 7, we have Similarly, 27; 0,6 = ZFT,p = & . P, ZPOLE = Ay ~ 8) and 2EO\G = A, - 8, ince O\F and O:G are parallel ZFOE = E0,G Bier a (1-8) = (A; ~ 8) oe which is the same as obtained in (3). Again, TiF = Ry sin 5, TG = R; sin 8; ee FG = O\H = 0,03 sin (Ay ~ 83) = (Ry + Ra) sin (A ~ 82) Hence TT, = TF + T:G + FG * TiTs = Ry sin By + Ry sin 8: + (Ry + Ri) sin (As ~ 63) @ 2@® Again, = HG = Ry cos 8s. = Ri cos 8: OaH = 0102 cos (2 — 82) = (Ri + Ri) cos (Ax ~ 3) = (Ri + Ra) cos (A; ~ 81) OH = OF + OG or (R; + R2) cos (Az — 52) = Ri cos 8; + R; cos 8» - * es a 20) cos ne yen OY Reon Cail Rit Ro In the above treatment, it has been assumed that A, is greater than A, so that A = A, ~ 4, In general, however, A=+(A,-A;) according as the point of intersection occurs before or after the reverse curve. 2.5. RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN VARIOUS PARTS OF A REVERSE CURVE ‘The various quantities involved in a reverse curve are A, A), Az, 5), 5; Rand R, In order to co-relate these, three quantities and one condition equation (of either equal radius or equal central angle) must be known. We shall consider various cases of common occurrence.SURES o the length of the common CASE 1. NON-PARALLEL , and By, (As > Ai) and eta ae (aie ie een ET Ae Sed : find length of the common radius ‘Required. To = 7, if that of V is given. a Conti Rae In Fis a ‘BD = common tangent of length oe Oe in Fig. 2.5. ic same as in Fig. ¢- a Rated EF ia tangents to the first arc, they are equal Meth ang Since TB an LVBE = Ay 1 Similarly, the tangents 4 TD and DE are equal in length and ZEDC = A; ge. Fy A BT; = BE = Rtan > 4 DT = DE = Rian , BD= d= Ran 54 Rian a ae (tan $A) + tan } As) (2,8) Knowing Rj, A, andAs, lengths of the two arcs can be calculated. Hence R= Again, A=A,-4, From triangle BDV, BY = Deer = ge sin A sind a Ay T\V= BT, + BV=R tan! 4g Sina sin & Chainage of 7; =chainage of V—7,V. Chainage of E~chainage of 7, + length of first arc. Chainage of 7;=chainage of E+ length of second are. The first branch of the curve can be set out from T, and the second branch from E by method of tangential angles, CASE 2, NON-PARALLEL STRAIGHTS Given. Length L of the line joining the ‘angents 7, and 7; and angles § » and 6, the two tangents, Required. To find the common radius R. Condition equation. py = Ry = RCOMPOUND AND REVERSE CuRyEs, In Fig. 2.7, let 7, 6 : © and 7s be the ou erie ae day the sume in Fe 25. ee pane ee a OH parallel t0 7.7, meeting WF and 02 Pepemiicular to 0:G produced in H. Ley Ba 20:04 = 0. -, -1 £08 81 + cos 82 6 =sin > ++-(2.9) TiF = R sin 8, ae FG = O;H=2R cos @ Bl) Gi = Risin &, oS Tih, = TF + FG + GT, <1 e R sin 81+ 2R cos 0 + R sin 8 = L aN Bet 2 ; sin 5) +2 cos 0 + sin 6; ed where © is given by the equation 2.9 The central angle for the first branch = A, = 8, + (90° ~ 6) The central angle for the second branch = A; = 6; + (90° - 6) Knowing R, A, and A, the lengths of the arcs can be calculated. CASE 3. NON-PARALLEL STRAIGHTS Given. Length L of the line joining the tangent points 7, and T;, the angles 6, and 6, which the line joining the tangent points makes with the two tangents, and any one of the two radii Required, To find the other radius. Refer Fig. 2.5 in which R, is smaller radius and R; is the greater radius. T\F = R, sin 5, TG = R: sin 8; FG = 0, = N(0,05)' — (02 HY = NUR. + Ri) — (R, 008 8; + Rs 60s &:)° Now Til, = L= TF + FG+ TG or L = Ry sin 8: + V(Ri + Re)’ ~ (Ri cos 8) + R: cos 63)’ + Re sin 8 or {L ~(R, sin 5; + Ry sin 8:)\"= |(R, + Ry)" - (Ry cos 8 + Ri cos 8:)*SURVEY) = 2L (Ri sin 8) + Ry sin 6) in? 8) + 8) + 2Ri Ri sin 6, sin 82 oF BHR 3, + Re sin 2Ri Re t ; ieee me eat un — (Ri cos" 51 + R7 cos’ 62 + 2R) Ro Cos 8) cos ty oe Ry sin 5; + F : oF _ + cos’ 5: 4 R2 (sin? 62 + ©0587 52) 21 i 2 (gin? 6 + cos’ 5) + ( ge = e 2 o Ri — 2Ri Re 08 8; cos 2 — 2Ri Re sin 6: sin 8, =Ri +R 1 aL (Ry sin 8) +R: = 2R, Ra - 2Ri Bi cos (51 ~ 2) ; sin 8) + Rp sin 82) = 2Ri Ro ; Rr oe o =P-wR (2 . 2 or LP 2L(R, sin 8 + =4R, R: sin’ | > EF 2(R) sin 8; + Resin 6) =4Ri Ro 2 ae 50 (or culate Re Laie be calculated. i (or R)s see and A, can then 0,0\H (=8) and hence A, CASE 4, PARALLEL STRAIGHTS Given. The two radii R, and Rr Required. To calculate various elements. Condition Equation 4; = 42 In Fig. 2.8, let AT) and T:C be two straights parallel to each other so that there is no point of intersection. Let R, = smaller radius and the central angles. larger radius central angle corresponding to R = central angle corresponding to Ra listance TiT> v= perpendicular distance between the two straights A= distance between pbsipecseeclclare FIG. 2.8. REVERSE CURVE : PARALLEL TANGENTS. at T; and 7; E=point of reverse curvature. Through £, draw a line BD parallel to the two tangents. Since O,T; and O;7; are Parallel to each other, we have Ar= Ay TB = O:T; - OB = Ry = Ry cos A, = R 1 = Ril — cos Ay) = R, TD = 0: T:- O.D ) Pena, 2 — Re cos Az = Re ~ Rr cos A = Ro (1 cos A) = R: versin A, v=TB+DI=R, versin A, + Ry versin Aj = (Ri +R) versin A, = (R; + R,)(1 — cos Ay)yr COMPOUND AND REVERSE CURVES a Again, TiE=2R, sin THAIN t= 2mm Me T= Le 8+ eT, 2R, an "| ee hang + Aisin P= 20R + Asin 2.13) But sin tat La AR + Roy From which, = V2y QR yay (2.14) eae Sil A, ; ED = R) sin Ay = R, sin hg =h= & sin a. + R sin A) seA2N5) = Ri +R) sin ay ‘Special case + If Ri=R=R, we have 2R(. yee, 1212 a) L=4Rsin (2.13 a) L=Va4Ry (2.14 a) = 2R sin a, «(215 a) Example 2.6. T\o parallel raily z mn way lines are to be connected by a reverse curve, each section having the same radius. If the tines are 12 meters apart and the maximum distance between tangent points measured parallel to the Straights is 48 metres, find the mavimum allowable radius. If however, both the radii are 10 be different, calculate the radius of the second branch if that of the first branch is 60 metres. Also, calculate the lengths of both the branches. Solution. (Fig. 2.8) = (a) Given : h=48 mand v=12m A 12 tan = po gg 7025 m i= 14° 2! or a= 28° 4! sin A, = 0.47049 Now BE = R sin A; and ED =R sin A BE + ED=h=Rsin A, +R sin A, = 2R sin Ay hk 48 Re 7 iA, = PROMI Ot (6) Let R, and R, be the radii ‘As calculated above, A: = 28° 4’ and sin A, = 0.47079SURVEYiNg o h=(R, + Ra) sin Ar Now, he 48 160 sy (Ri + Ro) =, 0.47049 If R= 60m, R= 102.2 - Ri = 102.20 - 60 = 42,2 m. the first branch it es Rib _m* 60X28" 4 _ 99 59 my = "780° ~ 180° second branch “ F Length of the BPR bi 2 ge enh iV. BD is the common tangom ights AB and CD interset at V. rh 200 mares tis proposed to noice revere curve cnn tr a adi benteer! them. The angles ABD and CDB are a a ee oan - s Calculate (i) the common radius, (ii) the chainages of P.C., of B is 9245.2 metres. Solution. (Fig. 2.6) a A: = ZVBD = 180° — 150° 30' = 29° 30' 0.67 m. A, = ZBDC = 43° 42' . A= Az— A, = 43° 42" — 29° 30" = 14° 12" A Ar Now 9D = 200 = BE HED = Rtan 5+ Ruan 200 200 Bien, “tan £4, + tan bay .26328 + 0.40089 7 TB = 301.1 tan 14° 45" = 79.3 m ERA, x 301.1 x 29° 5) Length of the first branch = 7 Gq. la BRA, =x 301.1 x 43° 12" th of db aoe RT x 48 12" Length of the 2nd branch ae rege 229.7 m Chainage of B = 9245.2 m Subtract 7,8 = 793m Chainage of 7; Add length of first curve Chainage of P.R.C Add length of second curve Chainage of 7, = 9550.6 m Example 28. Two straights 47 and : CT, meet at @ reverse curve of common radius R V. It is proposed to introduce having T, and 7, @ tangent points. The anglesCOMPOUND AND REVERSE CURVES, ADT and VT,T, measured ap, and nr 8 equal to 800 metres, Babee Hh OF BD . Solution. (Fig. 2,7) ae ZATIT: = 8) = 459 3) 2 VIN, = 8, = 25° 39 65 common ind 25° 30° respectively, The distance radius and central angle for two arcs. A= 81 ~ 8 = 45°30: 360 30' = 20° sin Os out Roth, Si Reon § £08 51 +008 8, 6 = sin! 208.45* 30° + cog 2s 30 a‘ 59783, Now. TF + FG+ Gr, 6 800 = R sin 5, + 2R cos 0+ R sin b a= Sin 45° 30' + 2 cos 53° 18’ + sin 25°. in 25° Now i= 81-4 90°—9~ 45° 30) 4 any + 90° ~ 53° 18) = 81° 12/ Ar= Ay ~ A= 81° 12' — 20° = 61° 12 (or Ar = 82 + 90° ~ 6 = 25° 30' + g0° — 53° 18’ = 61° 12") PROBLEMS, 1. The following data refer to a compound circular curve which bears to the right ‘Angle of intersection (or total deflection) = 59° 45° Radius of Ist curve = 19.10. chains 12.74 chains. (64.25 chains. Determine the running distances of the tangent point and the point of compound curvature given that the latter point is 4,26 chains from the point of intersection at a back angle of 294° 32' from the first tangent. Radius of 2nd curve= Point of intersection 2. AB and CD are two straights such that A and D are on opposite sides of a common tangent BC ; and it is required to connect AB and CD with a reverse curve of radius R Given that angles ABC and BCD are respectively 148° 40' and 139° 20’ and that BC is 16.28 chains , determine the common radius R and the chainage of the points of tangency and reverse curvature, the direction being from A to D and the chainage of B 145.20 chains. (WL) 3. The railway straights 7\AZ and JBT, meeting in an inaccessible point J are to be connected by a compound circular curve such that the are 7\C of radius 30 chains is equal in length 10 the arc C7) of radius 20 chains, C being the point of compound curvature. You are given the following data : Line C. Bearing TAL 55° 30° | Chainage of 154.23 chains IBT2 114° 45° AB = 12,63 chains A 2°36" |