CIVL 1100

Discovering Civil and Environmental Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
(土木及環境工程學系)
HKUST

4.1 Bring the Best Civil Engineering to Life

J S Kuang, PhD CEng FICE FIStructE FHKIE

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Professor of Civil Engineering2

Our Hong Kong

International
Bring the best civil financial
4.1 centre
engineering to life
Population Cosmopolitan
of seven city
million

Precious
harbours

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 4.1.1 Habitation

Hong Kong has very limited flat lands.

- Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to

mountainous with steep slopes.
4.1.1 Habitation

- Less than 25% of the territory's

landmass is developed.

- Regions shaded in yellow are

reclamations in Hong Kong.

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(1) Large scale reclaimed land projects Large scale reclaimed land projects (cont’d)

Central and Wan Chai Reclamation - consisting of

5 phases:
o Central phases I , II and III, which were completed in
1868-1873 Praya Reclamation Scheme 1998, 1997 and 2011, respectively.
(1868 – 1873 海旁填海計劃) • Phase I: providing land for the Hong Kong
Station and the extended overrun tunnel of the
o Hong Kong as a British dependent Territory Airport Express;
under British administration from 1841 to • Phase II: providing lands for headquarters of the
1997. Government and the Legislative Council ;
• Phase III: Providing land mainly for Central-Wan
o The earliest and famous a large-scale Chai Bypass, the proposed North Island Line.
reclaimed land project, first proposed in 1855,
began in 1868 and completed in 1873. o Wan Chai phases I and II. Phase I was completed in
1997 and II is scheduled to be completed in 2017).
o Adding significant land to Praya Central, which • Phase I: providing land for the Hong Kong
later became present day Des Voeux Road. Convention and Exhibition Centre;
• Phase II: providing land for the Central-Wan Chai
Bypass, the Island Eastern Corridor Link, and for
the upcoming Shatin-to-Central Link
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 (2) Building developments Building developments

Commercial buildings
Residential buildings

Central Plaza
Height: 374m;
The world’s 21st tallest building

The Arch (left) and The Harbourside (right)

Height: 231m (The Arch); 251m (The Harbourside)

The Sorrento Towers

Height: 256m (Sorrento 1); The second tallest
residential building in HK

International Commerce Centre Two International Finance Centre The Cullinan

Height: 484m; The world’s 4th tallest building Height: 270m; The tallest residential building in HK
Height: 412m; The world’s 15th tallest building Bank of China
Height: 367m;
The world’s 22nd tallest building

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Government Public Housing in Hong Kong

• The public housing in Hong Kong is developed by the government in order to

provide affordable housing for low-income residents.
• The rents and prices, which are heavily subsidised by the government, are very
significantly lower than those of private residential.
• This housing policy began after a fire in Shek Kip Mei in 1953, which destroyed
numerous squatters.
4.1.2 Transportation
• All the government public residential buildings are designed and managed by the
Hong Kong Housing Authority.

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 (1) Some figures (2) Strategic route system

The transportation system in Hong Kong is globally renowned.

Public Transport Patronage

• Daily average by end June 2013: 12.2 million

Vehicles Road Tunnels

• Daily average by the end 2013: 743 thousand

Hong Kong Strategic Route System :
Passenger Arrivals and Departures
The system, first implemented in
• Total in 2012: 268 million 2004, comprises nine major series
of roads in Hong Kong, numbered
Data from Immigration Department and Transport Department, HKSAR Sept 2013 Routes 1 to 5 and 7 to 10. (Route 6
is reserved for future route)
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‰ MTR South Island Line (West ) ($8b) and (East) ($7b)

(地鉄南港島線 -西段, 東段)

The South Island Line is one of the 10 major infrastructure

projects announced by the Chief Executive in his Policy
Address in October 2007.

Hong Kong Rail Network

with Future Extensions

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 ‰ Shatin to Central Link ($30b) (3) Airport core programme

The SCL is one of the 10 major infrastructure

projects announced by the Chief Executive in his
Policy Address in October 2007.

Rose Garden Project

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Airport core programme (cont’d) Airport core programme (cont’d)

- It was the biggest infrastructure programme in Hong Kong's history

costing HK$160.2 billion.

- The Programme consists of 10 interlinked projects.

- Five major projects for 34 kilometres of expressway were

completed and opened to traffic in 1997.

Chek Lap Kok International Airport Lantau Link

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 Cable strands being tied
onto the gravity anchor

‰ Tsing Ma Bridge (1377-m main span suspension bridge) Construction – cable

Cable spinning

The world's longest

span suspension bridge
carrying both road and
railway traffic.

cable ascending from

cable chamber

wrapping cable

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‰ Kap Shui Mun Bridge

Bridge deck
(430-m main span cable-stayed bridge)

Lifting of the last unit

on 28 Mar 1996

Fabrication of deck unit in

Dongguan, China

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 Airport core programme (cont’d)
Construction

Lifting of final deck unit on 18

March 1996
North Lantau Expressway Tung Chung New Town (Phase 1)

Lifting of deck unit

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Airport core programme (cont’d) Airport core programme (cont’d)

Central Reclamation (Phase 1) Airport Express

West Kowloon Reclamation

West Kowloon Expressway

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‰ The site of Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok
The runway

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‰ Aircraft movements are limit 64 flights per hour for the two-runway system
→ By 2015, aircraft movements are expected to reach 68 or higher per hour.
Terminal One Building The third runway

“… the current two runways are near

saturation. I am here to make a
strong plea to move forward with a
third runway.”
Giovanni Bisignani
The former IATA’s Director General
and CEO

ƒ The runway is estimated to cost US$17.4 billion.

ƒ The entire project is estimated to take about 11 years before the three-runway system
is commissioned in 2023.
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 (1) Water consumption

Water consumption in Hong Kong is incredibly high.

Fresh Water Daily Salt Water Daily Fresh Water Annual

Year
Average (Mm3) Average (Mm3) Consumption (Mm3)
4.1.3 Water Resource
2007 2.61 0.74 951
2008 2.62 0.75 956
2009 2.61 0.74 952
2010 2.56 0.74 936
2011 2.53 0.74 927
2012 2.56 0.75 933

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(2) Water supply Water supply (cont’d)

‰ 2011 is an exceptionally dry year, with

annual rainfall averages 1,476.7 mm.
This is insufficient to meet the current
demand in HK.
‰ About 70% of water demand thus is
met by importing water from the
Dongjiang River.
HighThe total
Island storage
Reservoir capacity of Plover
HongCove Kong’s
Reservoir
Capacity: 201 million m3
m3 181 million m
reservoirs is 435 millionCapacity: 3

Shek Pik Reservoir Shing Mun Reservoir

Capacity: 18.5 million m3 Capacity: 8.3 million m3
Pipeline transporting water from the Dongjiang River
Data up to 1st Oct 2012 35 36
Water supply (cont’d)
o Portable water is fully treated by chemical coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation and filtration.
o The filtered water then undergoes disinfection by chlorination, pH control by
adding hydrated lime, and fluoridation for dental protection.

4.1.4 Sewage Discharge

Sha Tin Water Treatment Works Tuen Mun Water Treatment Works

There are 21 water treatment works in Hong Kong with a total output capacity of 5 million m3/day.

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Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)

Sewage discharge
Stage 1
Comprised the construction of a chemically-
Average of 2.68 million m3
of sewage is collected from the sewerage enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) plant at
network (93% coverage of public sewerage) every day in 2010-11. Stonecutters Island, a 23.6 km long tunnel
conveyance system to collect sewage from 7
Preliminary Treatment Works.
At present, there are 284 sewage treatment facilities, including 67 Commenced in 1994 and was fully completed
sewage treatment plants and 217 sewage pumping stations. and brought into operation in late 2001.

Catchment Area
Domestic sewage Industrial sewage Restaurant sewage 39 40
Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) Stage 2A
Stage 2A 2A-2 The construction of a deep sewage conveyance system (SCS) to collect and convey the
Including 3 works currently preliminarily treated sewage from Hong Kong Island to Stonecutters Island STW.
2A-1 The upgrading of the preliminary
Commenced in July 2009
treatment works (PTWs) around the
Target year for completion : 2014/15
northern and southwestern shores of
Hong Kong Island

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Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)

Stage 2A
2A-3 The expansion of Stonecutters Island sewage treatment
Stage 2B
works (SCISTW) and provision of disinfection facilities New biological treatment facilities on a site adjacent
to the existing SCISTW will be built.
The timing for this depends on a review expected to
be completed in 2012.

Existing Stonecutters Island Sewage Treatment Works (SCISTW)

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 (1) Typhoon

Hong Kong is a typhoon prone area.

4.1.5 Hazard Risk

Typhoon Wanda, 1962

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Typhoon (cont’d) Typhoon (cont’d)

Robust structural system design Structural response modification techniques

Bank of China (HK) International Financial Centre II (IFC II)

Height: 367 m/72 fl. Height: 484 m/108 fl.; Highcliff
System: space-truss structure System: outrigger-braced structure Height: 252.4 m/73 fl. A tuned liquid column damper was
installed at the rooftop to control wind-induced movement

Civil engineering works to reduce typhoon hazards (1) Civil engineering works to reduce typhoon hazards (2)
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 (2) Seismic risk in Hong Kong Seismic risk in Hong Kong (cont’d)

• Official information
‰ Seismic Intensity Zonation Map of China, 1990 • An medium earthquake may cause significant loss of lives and
[中國地震烈度區劃圖 (1990)] : Seismic intensity = 7 economic hardship in a region of moderate seismicity, where no urban
‰ Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map of China, 2001 [GB18306- earthquake disaster management programme is in place .
2001 中國地震動參數區劃圖] :
PGA 0.15g in Hong Kong Island (Zone 4) • The HK Government Buildings Department has recently launched a
PGA 0.1g in Kowloon peninsula and New Territories (Zone 5) public consultation to seek views on whether statutory earthquake-
‰ Seismic design code [GB50011-2010]: For all sites in Hong Kong, resistant building design standards should be introduced in Hong
Design Seismic Intensity 7 Kong.
Basic design ground acceleration 0.15g

• Hong Kong is classified as a region of moderate

seismicity.

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(3) Landslide and flooding Landslide and flooding (cont’d)

Frequent occurrences of landslide highly jeopardise human life. Frequent occurrences of landslide highly jeopardise human life.

Hong Kong suffered an extraordinary landslide Landslide after Typhoon Ellen Shum Wan Road landslide, 13 August 1995
Po Shan Road, 18 June 1972 Western tip of Hong Kong island, 1983
Lion Rock Tunnel Road, 22 August 2005
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Landslide and flooding (cont’d) Landslide and flooding (cont’d)

During rainy seasons, flooding occurs in various areas.

Flooding at Leighton Road (2006) Connaught Road Central Flooding at Kwong Wa Street, Sai Sha Road, Sai Kung
during the black rainstorm (2008) Mongkok (2004) after Typhoon Vicente (2012)

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Landslide and flooding (cont’d) Landslide and flooding (cont’d)

Stormwater Interception method - Hong Kong West Drainage Tunnel

Water Pumping Scheme

Underground Flood Storage Tank
(Tai Hang Tung Playground)

Drainage improvement methods Drainage improvement methods

Drainage Master Plan Studies (from 1996, commissioned by DSD) Drainage Master Plan Studies (from 1996, commissioned by DSD)
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 The Ten Major Infrastructure Projects for
Economic Growth 十大建設 繁榮經濟
4.1.6 Future Development s
in Hong Kong

“Infrastructure development can bring about huge economic

benefits ... the value added would be more than $100 billion
annually. In addition, some 250,000 additional jobs would be
created.”
2007-2008 Policy Address

「基建會帶來巨大經濟效益......可以每年為香港經濟創造逾一
千億元的增加值，同時可以為我們創造額外約二十五萬個職
位。」
2007-2008 施政報告

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The 10 Major Infrastructure Projects (cont’d) Project No. 5: Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge (HZMB)

1. South Island Line: The construction works has commenced in 2011 for
completion expected in 2015.
2. The Sha Tin to Central Link: Will connect the Northeast New Territories and
Hong Kong Island via East Kowloon. Construction work started in 2012, the
section from Tai Wai to Hung Hom is anticipated to be completed in 2018
Qingzhou Channel
while the harbour-crossing section from Hung Hom to Admiralty will be
completed in 2020. Qingzhou Channel Boundary Crossing Facilities

3. The Tuen Mun Western Bypass and Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link: Upon Tunnel Landing
completion in 2016, will link Deep Bay in Shenzhen, the Northwest New
Territories and Hong Kong International Airport
4. The Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link: The HK section of
Non-navigation Bridge
the Express Rail Link will connect with the National High-speed Railway
Network. Construction of the Express Rail Link commenced in January 2010, Toll Plaza Hong Kong Link Road
with completion targeted for 2015.
5. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge: The project has commenced before the
end of 2011, with a view to commissioning the HZMB in 2016 as scheduled. Jiuzhou Channel

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Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau Bridge 60
The 10 Major Infrastructure Projects (cont’d)

6. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Express Line (WEL) : Preliminary study has

largely confirmed the technical feasibility of the WEL Currently, the project
is in planning stage.
7. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Joint Development of the Lok Ma Chau Loop:The
Planning and Engineering Study on Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop was Bring the best civil engineering to life
started 2009. It is anticipated that the Study will be completed in 2013.
8. West Kowloon Cultural District: The West Kowloon Cultural District
Authority was established in 2008 to develop the WKCD. Plan for WKCD. The
planning of the WKCD is now in progress.

9. Kai Tak Development Plan: Kai Tak Development with a mix of community,
housing, business, tourism and infrastructural uses is now being
implemented in phases.
10. New Development Areas (NDAs): Will plan for NDAs to provide quality
living space in the northern New Territories
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