6.1 Engineering Hong Kong’s Infrastructure Development 6.1.

1 Building Development

CIVL1100 Discovering Civil and Environmental Engineering

J S Kuang, PhD CEng FICE FIStructE FHKIE

Professor of Civil Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology

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(1) Vernacular urban architecture – in Hong Kong, Canton

(Guangzhou) and Shanghai (2) Indigenous architecture in the New Territories
2- to 3-storey masonry or
reinforced concrete buildings

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騎樓
 (3) Stone structures

Stone tower

Stepped Stone Structure at a

particular archaeological site of
Jerusalem (1000-900 BC)
在耶路撒冷考古發現的公元前900-
5 1000年之石材建築 6

Piazza San Pietro

Vatican City
(built in 1630s) (4) Castle (masonry)

建於1630年代的梵諦岡聖保祿廣場
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 (5) Buildings in Hong Kong
‰ The old western-style buildings ‰ Modern high-rise buildings

Victoria Harbour

Governor’s House

The old Legislative Council building

(Central, Hong Kong) Central Police Station 9 10
(Hollywood Rd, Hong Kong)

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Jardine House, Central Central Plaza, Wan Chai
– the first tall building in Hong Kong – the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world (1992-97)

Standard floor

Ground floor
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Central Plaza, Wan Chai (cont’d) HSBC Headquarters, Central

Standard floor

Ground floor
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Bank of China, Central Two International Finance Centre (IFC II), Central

‰ Height: 416 metres

‰ Storeys: 88
‰ Structural system:
Reinforced
concrete-steel composite
‰ Construction completed:
2003

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ICC (International Commerce Centre), West Kowloon ICC (International Commerce Centre), West Kowloon (cont’d)

‰ Height: 484 metres; Storeys: 118 Construction of the floor

‰ Structural system: RC-steel composite system 1/F spanning from
‰ Construction began/completed: 2003/2010 the core wall to the mega
columns using traditional
‰ 6th tallest building (as of July 2013) in the world after timber panel formwork
• Burj Khalifa (Dubai), 828m 163 storeys
• Abraj Al-Bait Towers (Mecca), 601m 120 storeys
• One World Trade Center (New York), 542m 104 storeys
• Taipei 101 (Taipei), 509m 101 storeys
• Shanghai World Financial Center (上海環球金融中心),
492m 101 storeys

Shanghai Tower (上海中心大廈),

636m 121 storeys; to be completed 2014
Main building as seen in Feb
2006 with the jump form for the
core wall and the climb form for
19 the mega columns 20
 ‰ Burj Khalifa, Dubai, UAE
‰ The tallest man-made structure
Height: 828 m; storeys: 163
ICC (International Commerce Centre), West Kowloon (cont’d)
‰ Construction began: 21 Sept 2004
Completed: 1 Oct 2009
Open: 4 Jan 2010
‰ Primary structural system:
Reinforced concrete
333,000 m3 of concrete
55,000 tonnes of structural steel
‰ Total cost for the project: USD1.5b
(HKD12b)

Casting the 9-m deep foundation raft

21 Typical floor plan 22

7 tallest skyscrapers
in the world (7) Other types of building structure
(as of July 2013) ‰ Hong Kong Convention and Exhibition Centre, Wan Chai

1. Burj Khalifa, Dubai 2. Shanghai Tower 3. Abraj Al-Bait Towers

828 m / 163 storeys 636 m / 121 storeys Mecca, 601 m / 120 storeys

4. One World Trade Center 5. Taipei 101 6. Shanghai World Financial 7. ICC, Hong Kong 24
New York, 542 m / 104 storeys 509 m / 101 storeys Center, 492m 101 storeys 484 m / 118 storeys
 ‰ High-rise public housing in Hong Kong ‰ Construction with complicated floor plan

‰ It is a major component of housing in Hong

Kong, with nearly half of the population now Transfer storey
residing in some form of public housing. 25 26

(8) Special structures designed by Hong Kong engineers

‰ Beijing Olympic Projects ‰ Beijing Olympic Projects (cont’d)

Water Cube
(National Swimming Centre)

Bird Nest
(National Gymnasium)

Architect: PTW, Sydney

Architects: Herzog & de Meuron Structural engineer: Ove Arup
Structural engineer: Ove Arup 27 28
‰ CCTV Headquarters, Beijing ‰ Canton Tower, Guangzhou

A new skyscraper - Canton Tower

(610 m; opened in 2010)
The Canton Tower is ranked as the
highest TV tower of the world,
eclipsing Toronto's CN Tower (553 m)
by 57 m.

Architect: Architect:
OMA / Ole Scheeren and Rem Koolhaas Information Based Architecture/
Structural engineer: Mark Hemel & Barbara Kuit
Ove Arup
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Structural design/concept: Ove Arup

The site of Hong Kong International Airport at Chek Lap Kok

6.1.2 Airport

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 The runway Terminal building (Departure)

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The proposed third runway

Problems:
‰ Aircraft movements are limit 64 flights 6.1.3 Long-span Bridges
per hour for the two-runway system. (suspension and cable-stayed bridges)
‰ By 2015, aircraft movements are
expected to reach 68 or higher per
hour.

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 Cable strands being tied
onto the gravity anchor

‰ Tsing Ma Bridge (1377-m main span suspension bridge) Construction – cable

Cable spinning

cable ascending from

cable chamber
The world's longest span
suspension bridge carrying
both road and railway traffic. wrapping cable
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‰ Kap Shui Mun Bridge

Bridge deck (430-m main span cable-stayed bridge)

Lifting of the last unit

on 28 Mar 1996

Fabrication of deck unit in

Dongguan, China

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 ‰ Ting Kau Bridge
Construction (1177-m long cable-stayed bridge)

Lifting of final deck unit on 18

March 1996

Lifting of deck unit

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‰ Stonecutter bridge 昂船洲大橋

Construction (Cable-stayed bridge: main span 1018 m; total length 1596 m)

‰ the world’s second longest spanning

cable-stayed bridge, with a main span of
1,018m. The bridge straddles the Rambler
Channel at the entrance to the Kwai
Chung container terminals.
‰ Construction completed on 7 April 2009
Traffic opened on 20 Dec 2009
Engineering design: Ove Arup

Cable system

Erection of Ting Kau Bridge

Deck in Progress
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 (1) Early development

‰ During the 1960s, British transportation consultants Freeman, Fox, Wilbur

6.1.4 Railway Development Smith & Associates were appointed to study the transportation system of Hong
Kong, based on the projection of population of 6,868,000 for 1986.
‰ The study suggested that a rapid-transit rail system be developed in Hong
Kong, including four rail lines: Kwun Tong Line, Tsuen Wan Line, Island Line,
and East Kowloon Line – “Preferred System”.

"Preferred System" 46
Route Map in 1970

(3) Further
(2) Recent extensions (2000-present) extensions

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 ‰ MTR South Island Line (West ) ($8b) and (East) ($7b)
(地鉄南港島線 -西段, 東段) ‰ Shatin to Central Link ($30b)

The SCL is one of the 10 major infrastructure

The South Island Line is one of the 10 major projects announced by the Chief Executive in
infrastructure projects announced by the Chief his Policy Address in October 2007.
Executive in his Policy Address in October 2007.

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‰ Express railway (high-speed rail) development

6.1.5 Embracing Future Challenges in

Civil Engineering

Have solid theoretical and technical backgrounds

Develop good communication skills
Build your leadership capacity

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