CIVL 1100

Discovering Civil and Environmental Engineering

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
(土木及環境工程學系)
HKUST

7.1. Bring the Best Civil Engineering to Life

J S Kuang, PhD CEng FICE FIStructE FHKIE

1
Professor of Civil Engineering2

Our Hong Kong

International
Bringing the best civil financial
7.1 centre
engineering to life
Population Cosmopolitan
of seven city
million

Precious
harbours

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 7.1.1 Habitation

Hong Kong has very limited flat lands.

- Hong Kong's terrain is hilly to

mountainous with steep slopes.
7.1.1 Habitation

- Less than 25% of the territory's

landmass is developed.

- Regions shaded in yellow are

reclamations in Hong Kong.

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(1) Large scale reclaimed land projects Large scale reclaimed land projects (cont’d)

Central and Wan Chai Reclamation - consisting of

5 phases:
o Central phases I , II and III, which were completed in
1868-1873 Praya Reclamation Scheme 1998, 1997 and 2011, respectively.
(1868 – 1873 海旁填海計劃) • Phase I: providing land for the Hong Kong
Station and the extended overrun tunnel of the
o Hong Kong as a British dependent Territory Airport Express;
under British administration from 1841 to • Phase II: providing lands for headquarters of the
1997. Government and the Legislative Council ;
• Phase III: Providing land mainly for Central-Wan
o The earliest and famous a large-scale Chai Bypass, the proposed North Island Line.
reclaimed land project, first proposed in 1855,
began in 1868 and completed in 1873. o Wan Chai phases I and II. Phase I was completed in
1997 and II is scheduled to be completed in 2017).
o Adding significant land to Praya Central, which • Phase I: providing land for the Hong Kong
later became present day Des Voeux Road. Convention and Exhibition Centre;
• Phase II: providing land for the Central-Wan Chai
Bypass, the Island Eastern Corridor Link, and for
the upcoming Shatin-to-Central Link
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 (2) Building developments Building developments

Commercial buildings
Residential buildings

Central Plaza
Height: 374m;
The world’s 21st tallest building

The Arch (left) and The Harbourside (right)

Height: 231m (The Arch); 251m (The Harbourside)

The Sorrento Towers

Height: 256m (Sorrento 1); The second tallest
residential building in HK

International Commerce Centre Two International Finance Centre The Cullinan

Height: 484m; The world’s 4th tallest building Height: 270m; The tallest residential building in HK
Height: 412m; The world’s 15th tallest building Bank of China
Height: 367m;
The world’s 22nd tallest building

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Government Public Housing in Hong Kong

• The public housing in Hong Kong is developed by the government in order to

provide affordable housing for low-income residents.
• The rents and prices, which are heavily subsidised by the government, are very
significantly lower than those of private residential.
• This housing policy began after a fire in Shek Kip Mei in 1953, which destroyed
numerous squatters.
7.1.2 Transportation
• All the government public residential buildings are designed and managed by the
Hong Kong Housing Authority.

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 (1) Some figures (2) Strategic route system

The transportation system in Hong Kong is globally renowned.

Public Transport Patronage

• Daily average by end June 2013: 12.2 million

Vehicles Road Tunnels

• Daily average by the end 2013: 743 thousand

Hong Kong Strategic Route System :
Passenger Arrivals and Departures
The system, first implemented in
• Total in 2012: 268 million 2004, comprises nine major series
of roads in Hong Kong, numbered
Data from Immigration Department and Transport Department, HKSAR Sept 2013 Routes 1 to 5 and 7 to 10. (Route 6
is reserved for future route)
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(3) Airport core programme

Hong Kong Rail Network

with Future Extensions

Rose Garden Project

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Airport core programme (cont’d) Airport core programme (cont’d)

- It was the biggest infrastructure programme in Hong Kong's history

costing HK$160.2 billion.

- The Programme consists of 10 interlinked projects.

- Five major projects for 34 kilometres of expressway were

completed and opened to traffic in 1997.

Chek Lap Kok International Airport Lantau Link

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Airport core programme (cont’d) Airport core programme (cont’d)

North Lantau Expressway Tung Chung New Town (Phase 1)

West Kowloon Reclamation

West Kowloon Expressway

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 “… the current two runways are near
saturation. I am here to make a
Airport core programme (cont’d) The third runway strong plea to move forward with a
third runway.”
Giovanni Bisignani
The former IATA’s Director General
and CEO

Central Reclamation (Phase 1) Airport Express

ƒ The runway is estimated to cost US$17.4 billion.
ƒ The entire project is estimated to take about 11 years before the three-runway system
is commissioned in 2023.
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(1) Water consumption

Water consumption in Hong Kong is incredibly high.

Fresh Water Daily Salt Water Daily Fresh Water Annual

7.1.3 Water Resource Year
Average (Mm3) Average (Mm3) Consumption (Mm3)

2006 2.64 0.71 963

2007 2.61 0.74 951
2008 2.62 0.75 956
2009 2.61 0.74 952
2010 2.56 0.74 936

Data from Water Supplies Department, HKSAR 2011

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 (2) Water supply Water supply (cont’d)

‰ 2011 is an exceptionally dry year, with

annual rainfall averages 1,476.7 mm.
This is insufficient to meet the current
demand in HK.
‰ About 70% of water demand thus is
met by importing water from the
Dongjiang River.
HighThe total
Island storage
Reservoir capacity of Plover
HongCove Kong’s
Reservoir
Capacity: 201 million m3
m3 181 million m
reservoirs is 435 millionCapacity: 3

Shek Pik Reservoir Shing Mun Reservoir

Capacity: 18.5 million m3 Capacity: 8.3 million m3
Pipeline transporting water from the Dongjiang River
Data up to 1st Oct 2012 25 26

Water supply (cont’d)

o Portable water is fully treated by chemical coagulation, flocculation,
sedimentation and filtration.
o The filtered water then undergoes disinfection by chlorination, pH control by
adding hydrated lime, and fluoridation for dental protection.

7.1.4 Sewage Discharge

Sha Tin Water Treatment Works Tuen Mun Water Treatment Works

There are 21 water treatment works in Hong Kong with a total output capacity of 5 million m3/day.

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 Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS)
Sewage discharge
Stage 1
Comprised the construction of a chemically-
Average of 2.68 million m3
of sewage is collected from the sewerage enhanced primary treatment (CEPT) plant at
network (93% coverage of public sewerage) every day in 2010-11. Stonecutters Island, a 23.6 km long tunnel
conveyance system to collect sewage from 7
Preliminary Treatment Works.
At present, there are 284 sewage treatment facilities, including 67 Commenced in 1994 and was fully completed
sewage treatment plants and 217 sewage pumping stations. and brought into operation in late 2001.

Catchment Area
Domestic sewage Industrial sewage Restaurant sewage 29 30

Harbour Area Treatment Scheme (HATS) Stage 2A

Stage 2A 2A-2 The construction of a deep sewage conveyance system (SCS) to collect and convey the
Including 3 works currently preliminarily treated sewage from Hong Kong Island to Stonecutters Island STW.
2A-1 The upgrading of the preliminary
Commenced in July 2009
treatment works (PTWs) around the
Target year for completion : 2014/15
northern and southwestern shores of
Hong Kong Island

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 (1) Typhoon

Hong Kong is a typhoon prone area.

7.1.5 Hazard Risk

Typhoon Wanda, 1962

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Typhoon (cont’d) Typhoon (cont’d)

Robust structural system design Structural response modification techniques

Bank of China (HK) International Financial Centre II (IFC II)

Height: 367 m/72 fl. Height: 484 m/108 fl.; Highcliff
System: space-truss structure System: outrigger-braced structure Height: 252.4 m/73 fl. A tuned liquid column damper was
installed at the rooftop to control wind-induced movement

Civil engineering works to reduce typhoon hazards (1) Civil engineering works to reduce typhoon hazards (2)
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 (2) Seismic risk in Hong Kong Seismic risk in Hong Kong (cont’d)

• Official information
‰ Seismic Intensity Zonation Map of China, 1990 • An medium earthquake may cause significant loss of lives and
[中國地震烈度區劃圖 (1990)] : Seismic intensity = 7 economic hardship in a region of moderate seismicity, where no urban
‰ Seismic Ground Motion Parameter Zonation Map of China, 2001 [GB18306- earthquake disaster management programme is in place .
2001 中國地震動參數區劃圖] :
PGA 0.15g in Hong Kong Island (Zone 4) • The HK Government Buildings Department has recently launched a
PGA 0.1g in Kowloon peninsula and New Territories (Zone 5) public consultation to seek views on whether statutory earthquake-
‰ Seismic design code [GB50011-2010]: For all sites in Hong Kong, resistant building design standards should be introduced in Hong
Design Seismic Intensity 7 Kong.
Basic design ground acceleration 0.15g

• Hong Kong is classified as a region of moderate

seismicity.

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(3) Landslide and flooding Landslide and flooding (cont’d)

Frequent occurrences of landslide highly jeopardise human life. Frequent occurrences of landslide highly jeopardise human life.

Hong Kong suffered an extraordinary landslide Landslide after Typhoon Ellen Shum Wan Road landslide, 13 August 1995
Po Shan Road, 18 June 1972 Western tip of Hong Kong island, 1983
Lion Rock Tunnel Road, 22 August 2005
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Landslide and flooding (cont’d) Landslide and flooding (cont’d)

During rainy seasons, flooding occurs in various areas.

Flooding at Leighton Road (2006) Connaught Road Central Flooding at Kwong Wa Street, Sai Sha Road, Sai Kung
during the black rainstorm (2008) Mongkok (2004) after Typhoon Vicente (2012)

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The Ten Major Infrastructure Projects for

Economic Growth 十大建設 繁榮經濟
7.1.6 Future Development s
in Hong Kong

“Infrastructure development can bring about huge economic

benefits ... the value added would be more than $100 billion
annually. In addition, some 250,000 additional jobs would be
created.”
2007-2008 Policy Address

「基建會帶來巨大經濟效益......可以每年為香港經濟創造逾一
千億元的增加值，同時可以為我們創造額外約二十五萬個職
位。」
2007-2008 施政報告

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The 10 Major Infrastructure Projects (cont’d) The 10 Major Infrastructure Projects (cont’d)

1. South Island Line: The construction works has commenced in 2011 for
completion expected in 2015.
2. The Sha Tin to Central Link: Will connect the Northeast New Territories and
Hong Kong Island via East Kowloon. Construction work started in 2012, the
section from Tai Wai to Hung Hom is anticipated to be completed in 2018
while the harbour-crossing section from Hung Hom to Admiralty will be
completed in 2020.
3. The Tuen Mun Western Bypass and Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link: Upon
completion in 2016, will link Deep Bay in Shenzhen, the Northwest New
Territories and Hong Kong International Airport
4. The Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link: The HK section of
the Express Rail Link will connect with the National High-speed Railway
Network. Construction of the Express Rail Link commenced in January 2010,
with completion targeted for 2015.
5. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge: The project has commenced before the
end of 2011, with a view to commissioning the HZMB in 2016 as scheduled.
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6. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Western Express Line (WEL) : Preliminary study has
largely confirmed the technical feasibility of the WEL Currently, the project
is in planning stage.
7. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Joint Development of the Lok Ma Chau Loop:The
Planning and Engineering Study on Development of Lok Ma Chau Loop was
started 2009. It is anticipated that the Study will be completed in 2013.
8. West Kowloon Cultural District: The West Kowloon Cultural District
Authority was established in 2008 to develop the WKCD. Plan for WKCD. The
planning of the WKCD is now in progress.
9. Kai Tak Development Plan: Kai Tak Development with a mix of community,
housing, business, tourism and infrastructural uses is now being
implemented in phases.
10. New Development Areas (NDAs): Will plan for NDAs to provide quality
living space in the northern New Territories
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- The proposed Kwun Tong Line Extension

is an extension of the existing MTR
Kwun Tong Line from Yau Ma Tei to
‰ Project No. 1 ‰ Project No. 2 Whampoa for the provision of domestic
passenger service.
- The station at Ho Man Tin will also
The West Island Line (WIL) will provide a fast, reliable provide an interchange with SCL.
and convenient mode of transport between Western
- Construction works are commenced in
District and northern Hong Kong Island and for cross-
2010 and envisaged completion is in
harbour journeys. Construction of the new West
2015.
Island line would be divided into two phases.

Kwun Tong Line Extension

Yau Ma Tei
Extension of the existing MTR Island Line
from Sheung Wan to Kennedy Town is
now under construction.
The South Island Line (SIL) is a medium
capacity railway of about 7-km long running
between Admiralty and South Horizons with
three intermediate stations at Ocean Park,
Wong Chuk Hang and Lei Tung.
Ho Man Tin
Whampoa
SCL forms a new rail link between Tai Wai
and the Central Business District in Hong
Kong Island through the proposed new
development area in South East Kowloon.

1. South Island and West Island Lines 2. Sha Tin to Central Link
(Commencement of construction in 2009 for WIL and 2011 for SIL, (Commencement of construction in 2012, Envisaged completion in 2018 for Tai
Envisaged completion in 2014 for WIL and between 2014-15 for SIL) Wai to Hung Hom Section and in 2020 for Hung Hon to Admiralty Section)
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‰ Project No. 3 ‰ Project No. 4

The Hong Kong Section of XRL will connect Hong Kong with the 16,000km "four vertical and
four horizontal corridors" national high-speed rail network and will materialize the idea of
one hour living cycle between Hong Kong and the Pearl River Delta region (the journey time
Tuen Mun Western Bypass between Guangzhou and Hong Kong would be reduced from 100 minutes to 50 minutes).
The proposed TM-CLKL and TMWB will provide the
most direct route (save a travelling distance by as
much as 22km) between the Northwest New
Territories (NWNT) and Lantau, joining the Kong
Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link Sham Western Highway, the port back-up areas in
the NWNT, the Tuen Mun River Trade Terminal.

3. Tuen Mun Western Bypass (TMWB) and Tuen Mun-Chek Lap Kok Link (TM-CLKL) 4. Guangzhou-Shenzhen-Hong Kong Express Rail Link (XRL)
(Commencement of construction in 2010; Envisaged completion in 2016) (Commencement of construction in 2010; Envisaged completion in 2015)

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‰ Project No. 5 ‰ Project No. 6

The functions of the bridge are to meet the demand The HKIA and Shenzhen Airport are two major
of passenger and freight land transport among Hong airports in the PRD region. For the two airports
Kong, the Mainland (particularly the region of Pearl to fully complement each other, a rail
River West) and Macao, to establish a new land connection, Hong Kong-Shenzhen Airport Link,
transport link between the east and west coasts of between the two was proposed.
the Pearl River, and to enhance the economic and
sustainable development in the three places.

Shenzhen Airport

Hong Kong
International Airport

5. Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macao Bridge 6. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Airport Co-operation

(Commencement of construction in 2009; Envisaged completion in 2016) (Under planning)

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‰ Project No. 7 ‰ Project No. 8

The West Kowloon Cultural District ("WKCD") is a strategic investment by the

Government of the HKSAR to meet the long-term infrastructure needs of the arts
As a joint project of the HKSAR and Shenzhen Municipal Government, the Loop's development and cultural sector.
shall meet the future development needs of both cities and consolidate the strategic position of HK
and Shenzhen in the Pan-Pearl River Delta region.

Artist impression of the design features of the Lok Ma Chau Loop.

20022011
Design
Proposed Development
(Foster + Partners ) Plan submitted
2010 Design
to –the
City
Town
ParkPlanning Board
(Foster + Partners)

7. Hong Kong-Shenzhen Joint Development of the Lok Ma Chau Loop 8. West Kowloon Cultural District
(Under planning) (Under planning)

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‰ Project No. 9 ‰ Project No. 10

Kai Tak Airport (until 1998)

9. Kai Tak Development Plan

(Commencement of construction in 2013)

- The airport at Kai Tak was relocated to Chek Lap

Kok in July 1998. The relocation has offered a
good opportunity for major development in the
Metro Area.

- Kai Tak Development is a huge and highly The “Hong Kong 2030: Planning Vision and Strategy” (the
complex development project spanning over 320 HK2030 Study), completed in 2007 recommended
hectares with the largest available land fronting proceeding with some of the NDA developments to
Victoria Harbour. address the long-term housing demand and provide
employment opportunities.
- It offers opportunities to bring the harbour to the
people, provide quality living environment for
around 86 000 residents, as well as revitalise all 10. New Development Areas (NDAs)
(Under planning)
of the surrounding districts such as Kowloon City,
Wong Tai Sin and Kwun Tong. 55 56
 Bring
the best civil engineering
to life