Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Uncovering diverse soliton solutions in the modified Schrödinger’s equation

via innovative approaches
C. Zhu a , M. Al-Dossari b , N.S.A. El-Gawaad b , S.A.M. Alsallami c , S. Shateyi d ,∗
a
Institute of Social Innovation and Public Culture, Communication University of China, Beijing, 100024, China
b
Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 62529, Saudi Arabia
c
Department of Mathematical Sciences, College of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
d
University of Venda, Department of Mathematical and Computational Sciences, P. Bag X5050 Thohoyandou, 0950, South Africa

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: The topic of soliton propagation in optical fibers is explored in our research paper, with a focus on the
Soliton propagation utilization of the modified nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation with perturbation terms. Two effective techniques
Nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation have been employed in this model, resulting in the generation of wave structures in a closed-form manner and
Optical fibers
the production of a wide range of distinct solutions. These solutions hold potential applications in various fields
Mathematical physics
such as optical fibers, plasma fluids, and biomolecular dynamics. The proposed approaches are characterized
Wave structures
by their simplicity, robustness, and ability to generate new solutions for nonlinear partial differential equations
in the field of mathematical physics. Captivating figures depicting the propagation of traveling wave solutions
for carefully chosen parameter values are included in the paper. Overall, valuable insights into the behavior
of soliton propagation in optical fibers are provided by this research, and new avenues for future research in
this field are offered.

Introduction

In recent years, there has been a significant amount of research focused on investigating different methods, both analytical and numerical, to
address the complexities associated with non-linear partial differential equations (NLPDEs) [1–9]. These equations are known for their complex
behavior and intricate mathematical structure [10–14]. They have captured the attention of researchers worldwide [15–23]. With each passing
year, innovative methods are being developed and investigated to effectively solve NLPDEs and unlock deeper insights into their solutions [24–28].
To explore the latest insights and advancements regarding these equations, we encourage interested readers to delve into the extensive body of
work [29–33].
The Schrödinger’s equation is undeniably a pivotal illustration of a partial differential equation in the realm of physics. It describes how the wave
function of a quantum system evolves. Non-linear Schrödinger equations (or NLSEs in short) are used to model complex phenomena in various fields
like optical fibers, chemical processes, fluid mechanics, bio-genetics, plasma physics, and hydrodynamics. They describe a wide range of phenomena
in a non-linear manner [34–38]. In recent years, there has been a plethora of influential research papers proposing various novel modifications
to Schrödinger’s equation. It is fascinating to witness the continuous exploration and evolution of this fundamental equation in physics. Some of
these modifications include
■ The resonant nonlinear Schrödingerequation quadratic-cubic law [39]:
( ) √
( ) |𝜓|𝑥𝑥
𝐢𝜓𝑡 + 𝜀1 𝜓𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀2 |𝜓| + 𝜀3 |𝜓|2 𝜓 + 𝜀4 𝜓 = 0, 𝐢 = −1. (1)
|𝜓|

■ The perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation [40]:

( ) { ( ) ( ) } ( )
𝐢𝜓𝑡 + 𝜀1 𝜓𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀2 |𝜓| + 𝜀3 |𝜓|2 𝜓 = 𝐢 𝜀4 𝜓𝑥 + 𝜀5 |𝜓|2 𝜓 𝑥 + 𝜀6 |𝜓|2 𝜓 + 𝜀7 |𝜓|2 𝜓 𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀8 |𝜓|2 𝜓𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀9 𝜓 2 𝜓𝑥𝑥
∗
. (2)

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail addresses: zcy0919psy@outlook.com (C. Zhu), stanford.shateyi@univen.ac.za (S. Shateyi).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107100
Received 22 September 2023; Received in revised form 18 October 2023; Accepted 18 October 2023
Available online 24 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

■ The Kundu–Mukherjee–Naskar (KMN) equation [41]

( )
𝐢𝜓𝑡 + 𝜀1 𝜓𝑥𝑦 + 𝐢 𝜓𝜓𝑥∗ − 𝜓 ∗ 𝜓𝑥 = 0. (3)

■ The generalized nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation [42]:

[ ]
( )
𝐢𝜓𝑡 + 𝜀1 𝜓𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀2 𝜓𝑥𝑡 + 𝜀3 |𝜓|2 𝜓 + 𝐢 𝜀4 𝜓𝑥𝑥𝑥 − 𝜀5 𝜓𝑥 − 𝜀6 |𝜓|2 𝜓 𝑥 = 0 (4)

■ Another generalized form of Schrödinger’s equation [43]:

( ) ( ) ( )
𝐢 𝜓𝑡 + 𝜓𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀1 𝜓𝑥 |𝜓|2 + |𝜓|2 𝜀2 𝜓 + 𝐢𝜀3 |𝜓|2 𝑥 𝜓 = 0. (5)

■ A modified third-order Schrödinger’s equation [44]:

( )
𝐢𝜓𝑡 + 𝜀1 𝜓𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀2 𝜓𝑥𝑡 + 𝜀3 |𝜓|2 𝜓 + 𝐢 𝜀4 𝜓𝑥𝑥𝑥 + 𝜀5 |𝜓|2 𝜓𝑥 = 0. (6)

In this paper, we aim to study a modified Schrödinger’s equation, in the presence of perturbation terms, given by [45–48]
( ( ))
𝜕𝜓 𝜕 2 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕 |𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)|2𝑟 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜕|𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)|2𝑟
𝐢 + 𝜀1 + 𝜀2 |𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡)|2 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑖𝜀3 + 𝐢 𝜀4 + 𝐢 𝜀5 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡). (7)
𝜕𝑡 𝜕𝑥2 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

In this model:

• 𝜀1 : represents the term for group velocity dispersion,

• 𝜀2 : denotes the non-linear term in the equation,
• 𝜀3 : denotes inter-modal dispersion,
• 𝜀4 : corresponds to the coefficient of self-steepening for short pulses,
• 𝜀5 : represents the higher-order dispersion coefficient,
• 𝑟: represents the nonlinearity index of the model.

The model (7) holds significant importance in the literature and has been extensively explored through various methodologies. By utilizing
advanced mapping techniques, the researchers in [45] have discovered fresh precise answers for the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s Eq. (7) with
nonlinearity following the Kerr law. These solutions comprise a blend of two separate Jacobi elliptic functions, and they examine how they behave
under different conditions. In [46], the authors utilized a modified simple equation method to introduce optical soliton solutions for perturbed
nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation. The study delves into four distinct types of nonlinear fibers, namely Anti-cubic law, Quadratic-cubic law, Cubic-
quintic-septic law, and Triple-power law. The solutions obtained from this research include dark and singular solitons, as well as singular periodic
solutions. In [47], the integration for the nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation (7) is carried out using the traveling wave hypothesis, leading to the
identification of domain restrictions on soliton parameters. Five types of nonlinearities, including Kerr law, power law, parabolic law, dual power
law, and log-law, are examined. The paper presents numerical simulations for each of these nonlinear media. In [48], the modified extended tanh
expansion method with new Riccati solutions generated various solutions to Eq. (7), including singular, dark, singular periodic waves, combined
dark-singular soliton, and rational function solutions. The work of [49] investigates the stability and evolution of solitary waves in perturbed
generalized nonlinear Schrödinger equations Eq. (7) using a comprehensive approach. The method utilized involves the completeness of bounded
eigenstates in 𝐿2 space, along with a standard multiple-scale perturbation technique. Unlike the adiabatic perturbation method, their approach
explicitly identifies all instability mechanisms caused by perturbations and provides specific conditions for their occurrence. The authors specifically
concentrate on the perturbed cubic-quintic NLS equation as an example and identify the stability regions of its solitary waves. Additionally, the
behaviors of the solitary waves in the instability region, including decay, collapse, the formation of moving fronts, or the transition to a spatially
localized and temporally periodic state are identified. The potential extension of this methodology to other perturbed nonlinear wave systems is
also discussed. In addition, [50] employs a proficient solver to obtain solutions for the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation featuring Kerr
law nonlinearity. The utilization of the first integral method proves to be a robust technique for discovering exact solutions for nonlinear partial
differential equations. Ref. [51] applies the first integral method to derive exact solutions for the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation
with Kerr law nonlinearity as donated by Eq. (7). The authors of [52] have presented exact solutions for the perturbed nonlinear Schödinger’s
equation with Kerr law nonlinearity, utilizing the improved tan(𝜙(𝜉)∕2)-expansion method. The derived solutions include hyperbolic, trigonometric,
exponential, and rational functions. Also, in [53], the model is explored using various methods such as infinite series, cosine-function, and Jacobi
elliptic function expansion to obtain its exact traveling wave solutions. They demonstrated that the solutions obtained using the infinite series and
cosine-function methods are equivalent.
The objective of this research is to investigate fresh solutions for a modified Schrödinger’s equation with perturbation terms (7) through the
implementation of two innovative methods. As far as we know, the approach utilized in this study has not been previously attempted in existing
literature for this particular model. Furthermore, all the outcomes obtained from this research are original and effective solutions for this model.
This article is structured as follows. ‘‘The methodological approach’’ provides a concise summary of the primary method used in the paper. The third
section presents a mathematical analysis of the model. The main outcomes of the research, along with their graphical explanations, are presented
in ‘‘Mathematical analysis of the model’’ and ‘‘The main achievements using the structure (11)’’. Finally, the article concludes with a summary of
the findings.

The methodological approach

In recent years, there has been a growing adoption of the generalized exponential rational function method (GERFM) frameworks to tackle
partial differential equations [54–63]. A novel extension of GERFM, known as mGERFM, has been recently introduced by the author of [43]. The
overall approach for utilizing this technique is summarized as follows:

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

• Consider this model

[ ]
𝐏𝐃𝐄 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡), 𝜓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡), 𝜓𝑡 (𝑥, 𝑡), 𝜓𝑥𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑡), … = 0. (8)

• Applying 𝜓(𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜓(ð) and ð = 𝜅𝑥 − 𝜔𝑡 in Eq. (8) yields

[ ]
𝐎𝐃𝐄 𝜓(ð), 𝜅𝜓 ′ (ð), −𝜔𝜓 ′ (ð), 𝜅 2 𝜓 ′′ (ð), … = 0, (9)

where the values of 𝜅 and 𝜔 are disposal parameters.

• The solution can be formally represented by the following architectures
( ′ )𝑘 ( ′ )−𝑘
∑𝐦
𝛱 (ð) ∑𝐦
𝛱 (ð)
𝜓(ð) = 𝛾0 + 𝛾𝑗 + 𝜗𝑗 , (10)
𝑘=1
𝛱 (ð) 𝑘=1
𝛱 (ð)

where
( ) ( )
ℜ1 𝖾𝗑𝗉 ℑ1 ð + ℜ2 𝖾𝗑𝗉 ℑ2 ð
𝛱 (ð) = ( ) ( ), (11)
ℜ3 𝖾𝗑𝗉 ℑ3 ð + ℜ4 𝖾𝗑𝗉 ℑ4 ð
or
( ) ( )
ℜ1 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ1 ð|𝓁 + ℜ2 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ2 ð|𝓁
𝛱 (ð) = ( ) ( ). (12)
ℜ3 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 + ℜ4 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
The undetermined coefficients, namely 𝛾0 , 𝛾𝑘 , 𝜗𝑘 (1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 𝐦) and ℜ𝑘 , ℑ𝑘 ’s for (1 ≤ 𝑘 ≤ 4) are to be determined given the assumed structures (11)
and (10). Moreover, 𝖩𝖣𝖭(⋅, 𝓁) is the Jacobi elliptic function of modulus 𝓁. By referring to balancing rules that have already been established
in the literature, we can determine the appropriate value for the positive integer 𝓁.
( )
• When we substitute Eq. (10) into Eq. (9), we obtain a polynomial equation in terms of 𝑊𝑘 = 𝖾𝗑𝗉 ℑ𝑘 ð ’s, where 𝑘 ranges from 1 to 4. Also,
by substituting Eq. (12) into Eq. (9) and carrying out a series of symbolic algebraic manipulations, a polynomial equation in terms of Jacobi
elliptic functions of modulus 𝓁 is obtained.
• When employing the technique with Eq. (12), it is important to mention that the subsequent identities are utilized
( ) ( )
■ 𝖩𝖣𝖭2 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 = 1 − 𝜖 2 𝖩𝖲𝖭2 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 ,
2
( ) 2
( )
■ 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 = 1 − 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 ,
( ) ( ) ( )
■ 𝖩𝖣𝖭′ ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 = −ℑ𝑗 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 ,
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
■ 𝖩𝖣𝖭′′ ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 = ℑ2𝑗 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 − ℑ2𝑗 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖢𝖭2 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 ,
2
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
■ 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 = −ℑ𝑗 𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 + 4ℑ𝑗 𝓁 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 + ℑ3𝑗 𝓁 4 𝖩𝖢𝖭3 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ𝑗 ð|𝓁 ,
′′′ 3 4 3 3 2 2

■ 𝖩𝖲𝖭 (ð|0) = 𝗌𝗂𝗇(ð), 𝖩𝖢𝖭 (ð|0) = 𝖼𝗈𝗌(ð), 𝖩𝖣𝖭 (ð|0) = 1,

■ 𝖩𝖲𝖭 (ð|1) = 𝗍𝖺𝗇𝗁(ð), 𝖩𝖢𝖭 (ð|1) = 𝗌𝖾𝖼𝗁(ð), 𝖩𝖣𝖭 (ð|1) = 𝗌𝖾𝖼𝗁(ð).
• Using the results from the solved system, we can construct analytical solutions for Eq. (8) by fitting them into the overarching configuration
provided by Eq. (10). This involves substituting the values of 𝑊𝑘 obtained from the polynomial equation into Eq. (10) to obtain the solution
for the electric field. The resulting solution will be an analytical expression that describes the behavior of the electric field in terms of the
parameters of the system. This analytical solution can be used to gain insight into the behavior of the system and to make predictions about
its behavior under different conditions.

Mathematical analysis of the model

As the primary step in the solving procedure, we can simplify the problem by considering the wave transformation below [48]

𝜓 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝜓(ð) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , ð = 𝑥 − 𝜌𝑡, 𝛩 = −℘ 𝑥 + 𝜆 𝑡, (13)

where 𝜌, ℘ are speeds the soliton, and 𝜆 donates the frequency of the soliton, which are unknown constants.
Inserting (13) in (7) along with 𝑟 = 1, and classifying imaginary and real parts, respectively, gives
( )
𝖽 𝖽
− (2𝜀5 + 3𝜀4 ) 𝜓(ð) 𝜓 2 (ð) − (2𝜀1 ℘ + 𝜀3 + 𝜌) 𝜓(ð) = 0,
𝖽ð ( 𝖽ð2 )
( ) (14)
𝖽
(𝜀2 − ℘𝜀4 )𝜓 3 (ð) − 𝜀1 ℘2 + ℘𝜀3 + 𝜆 𝜓(ð) + 𝜀1 𝜓(ð) = 0.
𝖽ð2
Integrating the first equation in (14) and nulling its integration constant, it reads
( )
2𝜀
− 5 − 𝜀4 𝜓 3 (ð) + (−2𝜀1 ℘ − 𝜀3 − 𝜌)𝜓(ð) = 0. (15)
3
From Eq. (15), it immediately concludes that
𝜌 = −(𝜀3 + 2𝜀1 ℘),
2𝜀 (16)
𝜀4 = − 5 .
3
Therefore, the main equation is considered in the following form in the rest of this article
( )
(𝜀2 − ℘𝜀4 )𝜓 3 (ð) − 𝜀1 ℘2 + ℘𝜀3 + 𝜆 𝜓(ð) + 𝜀1 𝜓 ′′ (ð) = 0. (17)

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Fig. 1. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓1 (𝑥, 𝑡).

The main achievements using the structure (11)

Eq. (17) implies that 3𝐦 = 𝐦 + 2 when applying the balance principle [64] to the terms 𝜓 3 (ð) and 𝜓 ′′ (ð). So, we obtain 𝐦 = 1. By considering
𝐦 = 1 in Eq. (10) yields
( ′ ) ( ′ )−1
𝛱 (ð) 𝛱 (ð)
𝜓(ð) = 𝛾0 + 𝛾1 + 𝜗1 . (18)
𝛱 (ð) 𝛱 (ð)
By implementing the necessary general steps in the method, the following outcomes are obtained.
Set 1: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [1, −1, 2, 0] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [2, 0, 3, 0] in Eq. (11) offers
𝖾𝗑𝗉(2𝜖) − 1
𝛱 (ð) = . (19)
2 𝖾𝗑𝗉(3𝜖)

• Let us assume
−𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 − 2𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 − 𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾0 = 2𝛾1 , 𝜗1 = 0, (20)
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12
where 𝛾1 is a free parameter.
By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (20), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution

𝜓(ð) = 𝛾1 coth (ð) .

Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ( ) ) )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜓1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛾1 coth 𝑥 + + 𝜖3 𝑡 × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (21)
𝜖4 𝛾12
( )
−𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 −2𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 −𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 −4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 −2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 −4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 +2𝜖1
where 𝛩 = 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12

Fig. 1 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓1 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = 0.2, 𝜖2 = 0.4, 𝜖3 = 0.4, 𝜖4 = 0.2 and 𝛾1 = 0.1.
• Let us assume
√√
√ ( ) √
−4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖2 + −2𝜆 − 4𝜖1 𝜖4 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 2 −𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4
℘= √ , 𝛾0 = √( ) ,
−4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜆 + 2𝜖1 𝜖42 + 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 𝜖1 𝜖22
√√ (22)
√
3 −𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4
𝛾1 = 0, 𝜗1 = √( ) ,
𝜆 + 2𝜖1 𝜖42 + 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 𝜖1 𝜖22

where 𝜆 is a free parameter.

By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (22), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
√√
√
−𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 ( )
2 coth (ð) − 1
𝜓(ð) = √( ) 2 .
coth (ð) − 2
𝜆 + 2𝜖1 𝜖4 + 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 𝜖1 𝜖22

Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
√√
√
−𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 ( )
2 coth (ð) − 1
𝜓2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = √( ) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (23)
coth (ð) − 2
𝜆 + 2𝜖1 𝜖42 + 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 𝜖1 𝜖22

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Fig. 2. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓2 (𝑥, 𝑡).

Fig. 3. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓3 (𝑥, 𝑡).

where
( √ )
⎛ 2 2
( ) ⎞
⎜ 2 𝜖1 𝜖2 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖1 + 𝜖3 + −2𝜆 − 4𝜖1 𝜖4 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 ⎟
ð=𝑥+⎜ √ + 𝜖3 ⎟ 𝑡,
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (24)
√ ( )
2 2
𝜖2 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖1 + 𝜖3 + −2𝜆 − 4𝜖1 𝜖4 − 𝜖2 𝜖3
𝛩 = 𝜆𝑡 − √ 𝑥.
−4𝜆𝜖1 − 8𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4
Fig. 2 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓1 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.1, 𝜖2 = 0.3, 𝜖3 = 1, 𝜖4 = 0.2 and 𝜆 = 1.
Set 2: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [1, 1, 1, 0] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [0, −1, 0, 0] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 1 + 𝖾𝗑𝗉(−ð). (25)

• Let us assume
−𝜖1 𝜖22 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜖2
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾 = 𝜗1 , 𝛾1 = 0, (26)
𝜖42 𝜖4 0
where 𝜗1 is a free parameter.
By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (26), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
𝜓(ð) = −𝜗1 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð).
Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ) ) ( [ ])
2𝜖2 𝜖1 −𝜖1 𝜖22 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜖2
𝜓3 (𝑥, 𝑡) = −𝜗1 𝖾𝗑𝗉 𝑥 + + 𝜖3 𝑡 × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 𝐢 𝑡− 𝑥 . (27)
𝜖4 𝜖2 𝜖4
4
Fig. 3 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓3 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.1, 𝜖2 = 0.4, 𝜖3 = 0.4, 𝜖4 = 0.2 and 𝜗1 = 0.1.
Set 3: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [1, 1, 1, 0] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [3, 2, 0, 0] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 𝖾𝗑𝗉(3ð) + 𝖾𝗑𝗉(2ð). (28)

• Let us assume
−2𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 − 𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 − 2𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 8𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 4𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 8𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1 5𝛾1
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾0 = − , 𝜗1 = 0, (29)
2𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12 2
where 𝛾1 is a free parameter.

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (29), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
( )
𝛾 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð) − 1
𝜓(ð) = 1 .
2 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð) + 1
Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ) )
⎛ 2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 +2𝜖1 ⎞
⎜ 𝖾𝗑𝗉(𝑥 +
𝜖4 𝛾12
+ 𝜖3 𝑡) − 1 ⎟
𝛾1 ⎜ ⎟
( ( ) (30)
2 ⎜⎜ ⎟ × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) ,
𝜓4 (𝑥, 𝑡) = )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 +2𝜖1 ⎟
⎜ 𝖾𝗑𝗉(𝑥 + + 𝜖3 𝑡) + 1 ⎟
𝜖4 𝛾12
⎝ ⎠
( )
−2𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 −𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 −2𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 −8𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 −4𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 −8𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 +2𝜖1
where 𝛩 = 𝑡− 𝑥.
2𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12

Set 4: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [1, 1, 1, 0] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [1, 0, 0, 0] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 1 + 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð). (31)

• Let us assume
−𝜖1 𝜖22 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜖2
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾 = −𝜗1 , 𝛾1 = 0, (32)
𝜖42 𝜖4 0

where 𝜗1 is a free parameter.

By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (32), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
𝜗1
𝜓(ð) = .
𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð)
Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
⎛ ⎞ ( [( ) ])
⎜ 𝜗1 ⎟ −𝜖1 𝜖22 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜖2
𝜓5 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ⎜ ( ) ⎟ × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 𝐢 𝑡− 𝑥 . (33)
⎜ 𝖾𝗑𝗉(𝑥 + 2𝜖2 𝜖1 + 𝜖3 𝑡) ⎟ 𝜖42 𝜖4
⎝ 𝜖4 ⎠

Set 5: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [1, 1, 1, 0] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [−3, −2, 0, 0] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 𝖾𝗑𝗉(−3ð) + 𝖾𝗑𝗉(−2ð). (34)

• Let us assume
√√
√ ( ) √
−4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖2 + −2𝜆 − 𝜖1 𝜖4 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 −5 −2 𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4
℘= √ , 𝛾0 = √( ) ,
−4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 2 2𝜆 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 + 2𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖22
√√ (35)
√
6 −2 𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4
𝛾1 = 0, 𝜗1 = − √( ) ,
2𝜆 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 + 2𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖22

where 𝜆 is a free parameter.

By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (35), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
√√
√
−2 𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 ( )
2 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð) − 3
𝜓(ð) = √( ) .
4 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð) + 6
2𝜆 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 + 2𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖22

Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
√√
√
−2 𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 ( )
2 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð) − 3
𝜓6 (𝑥, 𝑡) = √( ) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (36)
4 𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð) + 6
2𝜆 + 𝜖1 𝜖42 + 2𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖22

where
(√ )
⎛ ( ) ⎞
⎜ 2𝜖1 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖2 + −2𝜆 − 𝜖1 𝜖4 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 ⎟
ð=𝑥+⎜ √ + 𝜖3 ⎟ 𝑡,
⎜ ⎟
⎜ −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4 ⎟
⎝ ⎠ (37)
√ ( )
2 2
𝜖2 −4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖1 + 𝜖3 + −2𝜆 − 𝜖1 𝜖4 − 𝜖2 𝜖3
𝛩 = 𝜆𝑡 − √ 𝑥.
−4𝜆𝜖1 − 2𝜖12 + 𝜖32 𝜖4 + 2𝜖1 𝜖2 + 𝜖3 𝜖4

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Fig. 4. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓6 (𝑥, 𝑡).

Fig. 5. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓8 (𝑥, 𝑡).

Fig. 4 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓6 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.4, 𝜖2 = 0.2, 𝜖3 = 0.1, 𝜖4 = 0.9 and 𝜆 = 0.1 (see Fig. 4).

Set 6: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [2, 0, 1, 1] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [1, 0, 𝐢, −𝐢] in Eq. (11) offers
𝖾𝗑𝗉(ð)
𝛱 (ð) = . (38)
𝖼𝗈𝗌(ð)

• Let us assume
−𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 + 2𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 − 𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾0 = −𝛾1 , 𝜗1 = 0, (39)
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12

where 𝛾1 is a free parameter.

By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (39), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution

𝜓(ð) = 𝛾1 tan (ð) .

Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ( ) ) )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜓7 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛾1 tan 𝑥 + + 𝜖3 𝑡 × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (40)
𝜖4 𝛾12

−𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 +2𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 −𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 −4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 −2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 −4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 +2𝜖1
where 𝛩 = 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12

Set 7: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [2, 0, 1, 1] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [−2, 0, 1, −1] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 𝗌𝖾𝖼𝗁 (ð) 𝖾−2ð . (41)

• Let us assume
−𝛾04 𝜖1 𝜖22 − 2𝛾04 𝜖1 𝜖42 − 𝛾04 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 16𝛾02 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 8𝛾02 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 64𝜖13 𝛾02 𝜖2 + 8𝜖1 3𝛾0
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾1 = 0, 𝜗1 = , (42)
𝛾04 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾02 2

where 𝛾0 is a free parameter.

By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (42), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
( )
𝛾 2 𝗍𝖺𝗇𝗁(ð) + 1
𝜓(ð) = 0 .
2 𝗍𝖺𝗇𝗁(ð) + 2

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Fig. 6. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓10 (𝑥, 𝑡).

Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ) )
⎛ 2 𝜖1 𝛾02 𝜖2 +8𝜖1 ⎞
⎜ 2 𝗍𝖺𝗇𝗁(𝑥 + 𝜖4 𝛾02
+ 𝜖3 𝑡) + 1 ⎟
𝛾 ⎜ ⎟
𝜓8 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 0 ⎜ ( ( ) ) ⎟ × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (43)
2 ⎜ 2 𝜖1 𝛾02 𝜖2 +8𝜖1 ⎟
⎜ 𝗍𝖺𝗇𝗁(𝑥 + 𝜖4 𝛾02
+ 𝜖3 𝑡) + 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
−𝛾04 𝜖1 𝜖22 −2𝛾04 𝜖1 𝜖42 −𝛾04 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 −16𝛾02 𝜖12 𝜖2 −8𝛾02 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 −64𝜖13 𝛾02 𝜖2 +8𝜖1
where 𝛩 = 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾04 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾02

Fig. 5 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓8 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.6, 𝜖2 = 0.7, 𝜖3 = 0.6, 𝜖4 = 0.9 and 𝛾0 = 0.9.
Set 8: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [2, 0, 1, 1] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [2, 0, 𝐢, −𝐢] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 𝗌𝖾𝖼 (ð) 𝖾2ð . (44)

• Let us assume
−𝜗41 𝜖1 𝜖22 + 2𝜖1 𝜗41 𝜖42 − 𝜗41 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 100𝜗21 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 50𝜗21 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 2500𝜖13 𝜗21 𝜖2 + 50𝜖1 2𝜗1
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾0 = − , 𝛾 = 0, (45)
𝜗41 𝜖42 𝜗21 𝜖4 5 1
where 𝜗1 is a free parameter.
By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (45), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
( )
𝜗 −2 𝗍𝖺𝗇(ð) + 1
𝜓(ð) = 1
5 𝗍𝖺𝗇(ð) + 2
Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ) )
⎛ 2𝜖1 𝜗21 𝜖2 +50𝜖1 ⎞
⎜ −2 𝗍𝖺𝗇(𝑥 + 𝜗21 𝜖4
+ 𝜖3 𝑡) + 1 ⎟
𝜗 ⎜ ⎟
𝜓9 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 1 ⎜ ( ( ) ) ⎟ × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (46)
5 ⎜ 2𝜖1 𝜗21 𝜖2 +50𝜖1 ⎟
⎜ 𝗍𝖺𝗇(𝑥 + 𝜗21 𝜖4
+ 𝜖3 𝑡) + 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
−𝜗41 𝜖1 𝜖22 +2𝜖1 𝜗41 𝜖42 −𝜗41 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 −100𝜗21 𝜖12 𝜖2 −50𝜗21 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 −2500𝜖13 𝜗21 𝜖2 +50𝜖1
where 𝛩 = 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝜗41 𝜖42 𝜗21 𝜖4

Set 9: Taking [ℜ1 , ℜ2 , ℜ3 , ℜ4 ] = [2, 0, 1, 1] and [ℑ1 , ℑ2 , ℑ3 , ℑ4 ] = [0, 0, 1, −1] in Eq. (11) offers

𝛱 (ð) = 𝗌𝖾𝖼𝗁 (ð) . (47)

• Let us assume
−𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 + 4𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 − 𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜆= ,℘ = , 𝛾0 = 0, 𝜗1 = −𝛾1 , (48)
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12
where 𝛾1 is a free parameter.
By analyzing the values presented in Eq. (48), it is feasible to obtain the subsequent solution
𝜓(ð) = 𝛾1 𝗌𝖾𝖼𝗁 (ð) 𝖼𝗌𝖼𝗁 (ð) .
Thus, it is possible to derive a soliton solution for the equation represented by Eq. (7) in the following manner
( ( ( ) ) ) ( ( ( ) ) )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1 2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜓10 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛾1 𝗌𝖾𝖼𝗁 𝑥 + + 𝜖3 𝑡 𝖼𝗌𝖼𝗁 𝑥 + + 𝜖3 𝑡 × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (49)
𝜖4 𝛾12 𝜖4 𝛾12
−𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 +4𝜖1 𝜖42 𝛾14 −𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 −4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 −2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 −4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 +2𝜖1
where 𝛩 = 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝜖4 𝛾12

Fig. 6 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓10 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.6, 𝜖2 = 0.7, 𝜖3 = 0.9, 𝜖4 = 0.6 and 𝛾1 = 0.9.

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C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Fig. 7. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓12 (𝑥, 𝑡).

The main achievements using the structure (12)

Utilizing the balance rules outlined in Eq. (17), we can deduce that 3𝜄 = 𝜄 + 2, which implies that 𝜄 = 1 is valid. Consequently, Eq. (10) transforms
into the following form
( ′ ) ( ′ )−1
𝛱 (ð) 𝛱 (ð)
𝜓(ð) = 𝛾0 + 𝛾1 + 𝜗1 .. (50)
𝛱 (ð) 𝛱 (ð)
where
( ) ( )
ℜ1 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ1 ð|𝓁 + ℜ2 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ2 ð|𝓁
𝛱 (ð) = ( ) ( ). (51)
ℜ3 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 + ℜ4 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
Upon inserting the expression from Eq. (50) along with structure (51) into the equation described in Eq. (17) and subsequently solving for the
unidentified parameters, the sought-after solutions for the model are ascertained.
■ In one specific scenario, we have
(( 2 ( 2 ) ) ) ( )
2ℑ4 𝓁 − 2 𝜖42 − 𝜖22 𝜖1 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝛾14 + −4𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝛾12 − 4𝜖13 𝛾 2 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜆= ,℘ = 1 ,
4
𝛾1 𝜖42 𝛾12 𝜖4 (52)
𝛾0 = 0, 𝜗1 = 0, ℜ2 = 0, ℜ3 = 0, ℑ1 = 0,
where 𝛾1 , ℜ1 , ℜ4 , 𝜏2 , and ℑ4 are free-chosen parameters.
Upon substituting the obtained values of (52) into Eqs. (51), the following solution can be derived
ℜ1
𝛱 (ð) = ( ). (53)
ℜ4 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
Now, inserting Eq. (53) in Eq. (50) gives
( ) ( )
ℑ4 𝛾1 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
𝜓(ð) = ( ) . (54)
𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
With regards to the previously mentioned solution, the waveform solution for Eq. (7) is expressed in the following manner
( ( ) ( ))
ℑ4 𝛾1 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
𝜓11 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ( ) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (55)
𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
where
( ( ) )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
ð=𝑥+ + 𝜖3 𝑡,
𝛾12 𝜖4
(56)
2𝓁 2 ℑ24 𝜖1 𝛾14 𝜖42 − 4ℑ24 𝜖1 𝛾14 𝜖42 − 𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 − 𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝛩= 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝛾12 𝜖4

■ In one specific scenario, we have

(( ( ) ) ) ( )
−4ℑ23 𝓁 2 + 1 𝜖42 − 𝜖22 𝜖1 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝛾14 + −4𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝛾12 − 4𝜖13 𝛾 2 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜆= ,℘ = 1 ,
4 2
𝛾1 𝜖4 𝛾12 𝜖4 (57)
𝛾0 = 0, 𝜗1 = 𝛾1 𝓁 2 ℑ23 , ℜ2 = 0, ℜ4 = 0, ℑ1 = 0,
where 𝛾1 , ℜ1 , ℜ3 , and ℑ3 are free-chosen parameters.
Upon substituting the obtained values of (57) into Eqs. (51), the following solution can be derived
ℜ1
𝛱 (ð) = ( ). (58)
ℜ3 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁

9
C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Fig. 8. The real, imaginary, and modulus (from left) components of 𝜓13 (𝑥, 𝑡).

Now, inserting Eq. (58) in Eq. (50) gives

( ( ) ( ) ( ))
𝖩𝖲𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝓁 2 + 𝖩𝖣𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
𝜓(ð) = 𝛾1 ℑ3 ( ) ( ) ( ) . (59)
𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
With regards to the previously mentioned solution, the waveform solution for Eq. (7) is expressed in the following manner
( ( ) ( ) ( ))
𝖩𝖲𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝓁 2 + 𝖩𝖣𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
𝜓12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝛾1 ℑ3 ( ) ( ) ( ) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (60)
𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
where
( ( ) )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
ð=𝑥+ + 𝜖3 𝑡,
𝛾12 𝜖4
(61)
4𝓁 2 ℑ23 𝜖1 𝛾14 𝜖42 + 4ℑ23 𝜖1 𝛾14 𝜖42 + 𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 + 𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 + 2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 + 4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝛩=− 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝛾12 𝜖4
Fig. 7 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓12 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.6, 𝜖2 = 0.3, 𝜖3 = 0.1, 𝜖4 = 0.6 and 𝛾1 = 0.9, ℑ3 = 0.8, 𝓁 = 0.8.
■ In one specific scenario, we have
(( 2 ( 2 ) ) ) ( )
2ℑ4 𝓁 − 2 𝜖42 − 𝜖22 𝜖1 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜗41 − ℑ44 𝓁 4 𝜖1 4𝜖1 𝜖2 + 2𝜖3 𝜖4 𝜗21 − 4𝓁 8 ℑ84 𝜖13 2𝓁 4 ℑ44 𝜖1 + 𝜗21 𝜖2
𝜆= ,℘ = ,
𝜗41 𝜖42 𝜗21 𝜖4 (62)
𝛾0 = 0, 𝛾1 = 0, ℜ2 = 0, ℜ3 = 0, ℑ1 = 0,
where ℜ1 , ℜ4 , 𝜗1 , and ℑ4 are free-chosen parameters.
Upon substituting the obtained values of (62) into Eqs. (51), the following solution can be derived
ℜ1
𝛱 (ð) = ( ). (63)
ℜ4 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
Now, inserting Eq. (63) in Eq. (50) gives
( )
𝜗1 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
𝜓(ð) = ( ) ( ). (64)
ℑ4 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
With regards to the previously mentioned solution, the waveform solution for Eq. (7) is expressed in the following manner
( ( ) )
𝜗1 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
𝜓13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ( ) ( ) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (65)
ℑ4 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ4 ð|𝓁
where
( ( ) )
2𝜖1 2𝓁 4 ℑ44 𝜖1 + 𝜗21 𝜖2
ð=𝑥+ + 𝜖3 𝑡,
𝜗21 𝜖4
(66)
4𝓁 8 ℑ84 𝜖13 + 4𝓁 4 𝜗21 ℑ44 𝜖12 𝜖2 + 2𝓁 4 𝜗21 ℑ44 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 2𝓁 2 𝜗41 ℑ24 𝜖1 𝜖42 + 4𝜗41 ℑ24 𝜖1 𝜖42 + 𝜗41 𝜖1 𝜖22 + 𝜗41 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 2𝓁 4 ℑ44 𝜖1 + 𝜗21 𝜖2
𝛩=− 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝜗41 𝜖42 𝜗21 𝜖4
Fig. 8 presents the 2D-ContourPlot of 𝜓13 (𝑥, 𝑡) for the given parameter values 𝜖1 = −0.6, 𝜖2 = 0.3, 𝜖3 = 0.1, 𝜖4 = 0.6 and 𝜗1 = 0.1, ℑ4 = 0.8, 𝓁 = 0.3.
■ In one specific scenario, we have
((( 2 ) ) ) ( )
8𝓁 − 4 ℑ23 𝜖42 − 𝜖22 𝜖1 − 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝛾14 + −4𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 𝛾12 − 4𝜖13 𝛾 2 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝜆= ,℘ = 1 ,
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝛾12 𝜖4 (67)
2
𝛾0 = 0, 𝜗1 = −𝓁 𝛾1 ℑ23 , ℜ2 = 0, ℜ4 = 0, ℑ1 = 0,
where 𝛾1 , ℜ1 , ℜ3 , and ℑ3 are free-chosen parameters.

10
C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

Upon substituting the obtained values of (67) into Eqs. (51), the following solution can be derived
ℜ1
𝛱 (ð) = ( ). (68)
ℜ3 𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
Now, inserting Eq. (68) in Eq. (50) gives
( ( ) ( ) ( ))
𝛾1 ℑ3 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖲𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 − 𝖩𝖣𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
𝜓(ð) = ( ) ( ) ( ) . (69)
𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
With regards to the previously mentioned solution, the waveform solution for Eq. (7) is expressed in the following manner
( ( ( ) ( ) ( )) )
𝛾1 ℑ3 𝓁 2 𝖩𝖲𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 − 𝖩𝖣𝖭2 ℑ3 ð|𝓁
𝜓14 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ( ) ( ) ( ) × 𝖾𝗑𝗉 (𝐢 𝛩) , (70)
𝖩𝖣𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖲𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁 𝖩𝖢𝖭 ℑ3 ð|𝓁

where
( ( ) )
2 𝜖1 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
ð=𝑥+ + 𝜖3 𝑡,
𝛾12 𝜖4
(71)
8𝓁 2 ℑ23 𝜖1 𝛾14 𝜖42 − 4ℑ23 𝜖1 𝛾14 𝜖42 − 𝛾14 𝜖1 𝜖22 − 𝛾14 𝜖2 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝛾12 𝜖12 𝜖2 − 2𝛾12 𝜖1 𝜖3 𝜖4 − 4𝜖13 𝛾12 𝜖2 + 2𝜖1
𝛩= 𝑡− 𝑥.
𝛾14 𝜖42 𝛾12 𝜖4

Conclusion

By utilizing two efficient solvers, we have successfully obtained the traveling wave solutions for the perturbed nonlinear Schrödinger’s equation.
These solutions incorporate the Kerr law nonlinearity, which adds an additional level of complexity to the equation. These techniques are derived
from the generalized exponential rational function method as one of the most powerful and effective methods for obtaining explicit and exact
solutions of the nonlinear partial differential equations [65–68]. The solutions we have achieved using this approach illuminate a myriad of
captivating and intricate phenomena within the realm of mathematical physics. They find profound applications in diverse fields, including plasma
physics, solid mechanics, optical fiber communications, and semiconductor materials. To visually demonstrate the richness of our findings, we have
complemented our study with illuminating figures showcasing selected solutions under carefully chosen sets of physical parameters. These figures
offer an enthralling peek into the captivating realm of mathematical physics, affirming the dependability and credibility of our proposed technique.
The employed methods demonstrate simplicity and efficiency through the use of symbolic computations and can be extended to other nonlinear
evolution equations in mathematical physics [69–74].

CRediT authorship contribution statement

C. Zhu: Project administration, Investigation, Data curation. M. Al-Dossari: Methodology, Data curation. N.S.A. El-Gawaad: Funding
acquisition, Conceptualization. S.A.M. Alsallami: Writing – original draft, Data curation. S. Shateyi: Software, Conceptualization.

Declaration of competing interest

The author declares that there is not any known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence
the work reported in this paper.

Data availability

No data was used for the research described in the article.

Acknowledgments

The authors extend their appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia for funding this work
through large Groups Project under grant number RGP. 2/157/44.

Funding

The current work was assisted financially to the Dean of Science and Research at King Khalid University, Saudi Arabia via the Large Group
Project under grant number RGP. 2/157/44.

11
C. Zhu et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107100

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