.. ·r:;!

;
. Limit State Design of Beams ·233 :!
:,
',g) Check for Deflection Control t , ',' "
. ~
.....

(Mu - Mu,,,";) =,(36?,5-::..~72.5) ==195 leN.m

(L)d max= (L)d basic xK,X KcxKr "
. [O.0035~u. max- d') ] ,', . ~
..
IS( == E,
,

For P, :::::1.97 and Pc::::: LOO

Xu, max
FromFig. 7.2, K,::::: 0.82
== [0:0035 {(0,48 X 500) -' 50} J (2 X 105) Fig. 7.3, K.::::: 1.24
IS(. (0.48 X 500)
Fig. 704, K(::::: 1.00
== 554 N/mm21> (0.87x415) = 361 N/mml
6
.(J) ~ mu
(20 x 0.82 x 1.2~ x 1~OO):., 20.33
.
i ==[(Mu-Mu.lim)] ==[ 195x 10 ]:: 1200 ~m2.
I",cd - d')
Provide 4 bars of 20 mm diameter CA sc
S( . 361 X 450

;' 1256 rnm')

(J)' . =(~:)'"
. pro'tidecj .
14 < 20.33
.

A"2:::
A,e/'c]
[ 0.87./ =
[1200 x 361J
0.87x415 :::1200mm
2
Hence, deflection control check is satisfactory

y
h) The reinforcement details in the beam are shown in Fig. 804.
=[0.36hk b(0,48d)] = [O:36X 20 X 250.x 0.48 x 500J::: 1197 mm2
A", 0.87/y .0.87x415 . ~ 10-250 c/c

.. A" = (A", + A"2) :: (1197 + 1200) ==2397mm2

Provide 4 bars of 28 mm diameter (A'I == 2464 mm')
1f"'1
==( lOOA,,) ==( 100 x 2464) = 1.97 ~j:
PI bd 250 x 500
\ ,'_,', ¥~
,
Pc
==(100Ase)
bd
=( 100 x 1256) ==1.00
2S0x500
-.!'-1l_- Effective span' C7ml----:'1,j<-l
f) Shear reinforcements
Fig. 8.4 Reinforcement Detall~ in Doubly Reinforced Beam
't ==(Vu)==(210XlOJ)= 1.68N/mm1
y bd 250x500 .8.5 DESIGN OF FLANGED BEAMS
For PI::::: 1.97, read out from Table-19(IS: 456), ';c::::: 0.79 Nzmm'
8.S.1 Introduction
V., == rvu- ('tc.b.d)] ==[210 -(0~79x 250 x500)1O-J_J= III leN .

Using 10 mm diameter two legged stirrups When a reinforced concrete slab is cast monolithically with the beam as in
the case of beam supported floor slab system; the beams can be considered
. =[~.87 irA,. dJ ~[0.87 x415x 2x79 XSOO]== 256 mm as flanged beams with slab acting as an effective flange on the compres-
s, V., .
III X 10)
sion side. It is 'important to note that continuous T or L beams act as
S; :j> (0.75d)::::: (0.75 X 500) == 375 mm and S, 1> 300 mm flanged beams only between the supports where the bending moments are
negative (saggingjand the slabs are on the compression side of the beam!
Provide spacing of stirrups = 250 mm.
" .
In the vicinity of the supports where the bending moments are nega-
itivethoggingj.the slab is on the tension side and hence the beam acts as a
 234 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Beams 235 I

I' I
. I
i
rectangular beam with the tension steel located in the slab portion of the stress distribution, which is not suitable for computations.
! beam. Hence at the locations of negative moments, the beams have to be'
I
I
I' designed as singly or doubly reinforced rectangular beams b) Effective depth (d)

,8.5.2 Design Parameters The basic span/effective depth ratios specified for beams and slabs in
IS:456 code (Clause 23.2.1 or Table.7.1 of text) can as well be used for
Fig. 8.5 shows the salient design parameters of flanged beams using the flanged beams along with the mcdlfication or reduction factor K, (Refer
notations used in IS: 456 code. Fig. 7.4 of text). However for purposes of design, the span/depth ratio of
the trial section may be assumed in the range of 12 to 20 depending upon
the span range and type of loading as given in Table-8~ 1. .
t-bf-t I

c) Width of web (bw)

The width of web generally depends upon the width of column on which
the beam is supported. The normal range of values being 150 mm to 400
mm.
Fig. 8.5 Parameters of Flanged Beams

a) Effective width of Flange (br)

The effective width of flange should in no case be greater than the breadth
of the web plus half the sum of the clear distances to the adjacent beams on .;',

either side.
i) For T'-beams, b(:::; [(Lj6) + b ; + 6 Del ~Effective width--t
ii) For L-beams, be= [(Lj12) + bw + 3 Dr] -+-~---Actual width----+
iii) For isolated beams, the effective flange width is computed as,

T-beam, be= {(Lj~) +4 + b~}

T-beam, 0.5Lo }
b, = { (Ljb) + 4 + b;
Where Fig. 8.6 Compressive Stress Distribution In Flange of Tee Beams
b, ::: effective width of flange
L; :::;distance between points of zero moments d) Thickness of flange (Dr)
bw '" breath of the web
Dr :::; thickness of
flange and The thickness of flange is governed by the thickness of slab which ~s con-
b ee- actual width of flange' tinuous over T-beams. The slab thickness is influenced by the spacings of
. .
T-beams and the/type of loading,'and generally governed by the basic
The effective width of flange is the assumed equivalent width of slab
s(latl/d~pth ratios specified in the IS: 456 code.The thickness of ~ange
with uniform sti"e~s distribution shown in Fig. 8.6' to replace the actual
.' ,.' -, ,- -', ,t.'. . ,', . generally~ariesfroml00to200mm. ' . .." :,:".""
\ .'
 Limit State Design of Beams 237 " ~ .

: ,:236' Reinforced ConcreteDesign

"
. .;~.~
'1"

'ifl,i,n, 150mm and with the area of main reinforcement of the slab(parallel to' the
" ~
, , e) Minimum and Maximum Reinforcementin Flanged Beams .,,,' }: beam) at its middle is 500 mm2tm, the transverse reinforcement required
.
':~:
s·
'according to the provisions of the IS:456 code will be equal to (0.6 x 500)
The minimum percentage of reinforcement to be provided in a flanged
beam as per IS: 456 code clause 26.5.1.1 is to be computed using the width
= 300mm2/m.
of web and effective depth. The code recommendation gives the minimum
8.S.S Design of Tvbeams Using SP: 16 Design Tables
reinforcement as '

(b~~) (OtS)
= " ¥-.
The limiting moment capacity of a T-beam section (by failure of concrete
in coinpression) can be computed by the design equations presented.fn
Using Fe-415 grade HYSD bars, the minimum percentage works out to
section 6.3. The moment of resistance factor based on the IS: 456 code
pro~isions h~ve been tabulated in SP: 16 usi9g the parameter [(Mu.l;m) / (lck
about 0:2 percent. Also, the maximum percentage of tension reinforcement
b; d )] for different values of the ratios (blb~) and (Did) in Tables-58 and
in T-beams (based on web width) is limited to 4 percent.
'.;
.,,',
59 of SP: 16 for the two different grades of steel Fe-415 and Fe~~OO
respectively.(Tables 6.8 and 6.9 of text.) , .,
8.5.3 Expressions for Mu and A,. for Preliminary Design
The amount of reinforcement required to resist the limiting moment, is
not given in these tables. However the tables are useful to estimate-the
The moment of resistance, of a T-beam section can be expressed by a sim- .~.:
maximum moment the T-beam can resist as singly reinforced beams WIth
ple equation by assuming the neutral axis to coincide with the bottom of
failure of concrete in compression. In most cases of practical design
the flange and the lever arm length is (d - 0.5 Dr). Accordingly we have
examples, the moment capacity of the T-beam will be considerably greater
the relation,
-~-. than the applied moment and the steelrequirement will be much lower
M; = 0.36!ck b, Dr (d - 0.5 Dr) than that required for the limiting moment. Hence the tables are useful
The area of flange width required for the neutral axis to be at the soffit of only to check the capacity of the concrete. section. In cases where the neu-
the flange can be expressed as ' tral axis falls within the flange, the section can be treated .as rectangular
beam and the percentage of reinforcement can be readily obtained from
2M" ] Tables-I to 4 of SP: 16 for different grades of concrete and steel.
br= [
0.36 !ctD~2d - Dr)

This required width is compared with the effective width of T'-beam to

~ .r
8.5.6 Design Procedure for L-beams
ascertain whether the neutral axis will be within the flange or below the
flange. An approximate estimate of tension reinforcement required to resist ~n the case of beam and slab floor systems, beams are spaced at regular
the factored moment M" can be evaluated using the simple expression, intervals, The interior beams which are cast monolithic with slabs on both
sides of the rib behave as T-beams. The edge beams which are cast mono-
A" = [0.87 /y;~ O.SDr)}
lithic with slabs on one side of the rib only are termed as L:beams. Due to
eccentricity of the load comingon the flange as shown in Fig. 8.7, torsional
moments are induced in the L-beams in addition to the bending moments
.j
8.5.4 Transverse Reinforcement and shear forces. ' ' ' , ,I
Torsional and hogging bending moments are maximum in thevicinity
The' compressionflange of a flanged beam should be adequately reinforced of the column supports where theLbearn is built into the column while the
for effective T-beam action. According to IS:456 code clause 23.1.1, the' , sagging moments are maximum at the centre of-span. The support section j

transverse reinforcement in the slab should be not less than 60 percent of .I

of the L-beam is the most critical section which is designed for combined
the main reinforcement at mid span of the slab and the reinforcement torsion, bending arid shear forces according to the IS: 456 code provisions.
should extend to a length of at least one fourth of the span of the slab on
either side of the beam.
For example, the transverse reinforcement in a T-beam with Dr ""
 238 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Beams 239 I
I ..

,~
Adopt d=700mm, D=750mm and bw=300mm I

c) Effective span

The least value of

;',.-
i) Centre to centre of bearings = (10 + 0.45) ;;;;;10.45 m
j;.
=
. .Ii) Clear span + effective depth (10 + 0.70);;;;;10.70 m
-I s: ., . Effective span = L = 10.45 m

\', d) Loads

Self weight of slab .= .(0.15 x 25 x 3) = 1I .25 kN/m

Floor finish = (0.6 x 3 ) == 1.80 kN/m
Bending =
Self weight of rib (0.3 x 0.6 x 25)= 4.50 kNlm
moment =
Plaster finishes 0.45 kN/m
=
Total dead load g= 18.00 kN/m
.
., = =
Live load =q (4 x 3) 12.00 kN/m .
Design Ultimate load = w. = 1.5 (18 + 12) = 45 leN/m
I
i
. Fig. 8.7 Mome~ts and Forces at Support Section of L-BcIlDl
e) Ultimate Moments and Shear Forces
I 8.5.7 Design Examples
I 1)
. '
A T-beam slab floor of reinforced concrete has a slab 150 mm thick M; = (0.125 x 45 x 10.452) = 614 kN.m

I spanning between the T-beams which are spaced 3 m apart. The

beams have a clear span of 10 III and the end bearings are 450 mm
Vu = (~.5 x 45 x W:452) = 235 leN

2 f) Effective width.of Flange (hr)

thick walls. The live load on the floor is 4 kN/m • Using M-20 grade
concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars, design one of theJnterrnediate

.. T-beams. (Lj6) + b.; + 6 Dr]

b, ;;;;; .
,
Method-I (using IS: 456 code equations) '=(10.45/6) + 0.3 + (6 x 0.15)] = 2.94 m < 3.00 m
b, = 2940 mm
a) Data:
g) Moment capacity of Flange section ( MUI)
Clear span = 10m i'ck =
20 N/mm2
Bearing thickness = 450 mm fy =
415 N/mm2 MuF 0.36 ict b, Dr (d - 0.42 Dr)
Working live load = q = 4 kN/m2 Dr = 150 mm = (0.36 X 20 x 2940 x 150) (700 - 0.42.><150)]
Spacing ofT-beams = 3 m
= (2022 x 1O~ N.mm
= 2022kN.m
b) Cross sectional Dimensions Sin~ ~u < M.r, x. < Dr '.-'
1 . (span) X 10 )(10 3 =
Hence the section is treated as rectangular with b b, for designing rein-
I· Assuming effective depth = Is = .' 15 . = 666 mm forcements.· . .
 Limit State Design of Beams . .~..
241
:;/{11il'll'nrl:ed.: conc~eie:.6esi8f1 - .-
hj Tension. Reinforcements . - -.
(~) - - =(
d provided _
10450) = 14.92 < 32
700
\

M; = (0.87 iy A" d) 1 - [ ( bA"Ir)J

d !ek Hence, check for deflection control is satisfactory.

(614 X 10 6
)=: (0.87 x415 XA'I x700)
-
[1-( 415A'l
2940x700x20
) ] k) Details of relnfercements

The reinforcement details in the T-beam are shown in Fig. 8.8.

Solving A" == 2492 mrrr' _ _ _
Provide 2 bars of 32 mm diameter and 2 bars of 25 mm diameter
=
Total A" 2590 mrrr', # 8- 250 clc

i) Shear reinforcements

't =(~)=(235X103)=119NI 2
y bwd 300 x 700 . mm

/),-
~(JOOA,,)
bwd
.; ('100
-
x 2590) _
300x700 -1.23
2#32
2 #25
2
Refer Table-19 (IS; 456) a~d read out the value of 'to::i: 0.67 N/mm •
Fig. 8.8 Reinforcement De~lllls-in'rc,e-Beam
·, -"I Balance Shear « Vu, == (Vu - (r, b; d)]
== [235 - (0.67 x 300 x 700)] 10-3 == 95 leN Method-2 (Using SP:-16 Design Charts)
Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups, spacing is given by
a) Tension Reinforcement
0.87X415 X2X50X700]
I ~,,,, ",

s, ::[ 95 X 101 = 2~6 mm

Since Xu < Dr. the section can be treated as rectangular and Table-2 of.
Provide a spacing of 250 mm at supports and gradually increasing to 300 SP:16 can be used.
I
1
1
I
rnm at centre of span.
(~)=(
brd1
6l4x
2940 X 7002
10 )=042
6

•
Also /),=0.120= (lOOA,,)
M
1 j) Check for Deflection Control
A = (O.l20X2940X700) =
24'70mm 1
100 A,,) ( 100 x 2590)
'PI~ ( b;d ;: 2940 x 700 =0.126
" 100
b) Shear reinforcements
- (bjbr):: (30012940) = 0.102 -:
Refer Fig. 7.3 and read out K, = 2.0
Fig. 7.3 and read out K; 1.0 =
(~,)=(~~)= l.35~/cm

Fig. 7.4 and read out K, == 0.8 Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups and referring to Table-62 (SP:16)
Spacing S; = 26 em = 260 rom.
" (~l)
(.. nux
=(~) _
~ baste
xK,xKcxKr
..
The values of tension and shear reinforcements are almost the same as that
obtained by method-I.
= (20 X 2.0 X 1.0 X 0.8)'''' 32
2..t2 Rein/orced Concrete Design Limit State Design of Beams 243

3) Design a L-beam for an office room floor to suit the following data. i) be = [(LJ12) + b; + 3 Dr]
= [(6300112) + 300 + (3 x 100)] = 1125 mm "

11) Data ii) be = b; + 0.5 (spacing between the ribs)

= 300 + (0.5 x 2450) == 1525 mm
Clear span = 6 III .. br= 1125 mm
Centre to centre of supports = 6.3 m
The I,,-beams are monolithic with R.C. columns t) Ultimate bending moment and shear forces
. Spacing of beams =
2.75 m c/c
Loading (Office floor) =
4 kN/m
2
At support section,
Thickness of slab =
100 mm :- u, = 1.5 (w L2/12) ~ 1.5 (14 x 6.32)/12 = 70 kN.m
Width of column == 300 rom Vu = 1.5 (0.5 wL) = 1.5 (0.5 x 14 x 6.3) = 66 kN
Material~: M-20 grade concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars.
At centre of span section,
b) Cross sectional Dimensions Mu:;:; 1.5 (w L2/24) :;:; 1.5 (14 x 6.32)/24 = 35 kN.m
Since L-beam is subjected to flexure, torsion and shear forces, assume a " g) Torsional moments at support section
trial section having span/depth ratio of 12. .
to dead
.. d == ( 6~~O )= 525 mm Je
Torsional moment is produced due lo~d of-slab and live load on

(Working loadfm-rib self weight) = (14-3.75) 10.25 kN/m =

Hence adopt d == 550 mm, D = 600 mm and b; = 300 mm. i'. Total ultimate load on slab =
1.5 (10.25 x 6.3 ) = 97 kN
Total ultimate shear force = (0.5 x 97 ) :;:;48.5 kN
c) Effective span . .' Distance of centroid of shear force from the centre line of beam (Refer
Fig. 8,9) = 0.4125 m
Effective span is the least of Ultimate torsional moment is computed as
i) Centre to centre of supports = 6.3 m .t. = (48.5 x 0.4125) = 20 kN.m
ii) Clear span + effective depth = (6 + 0.55) = 6.55 m.Hence.L = 6.3 m
~b =1125
d) Loads I ....k--412·5

Dead load of slab= (0.1 x 25 x 0.5 x 2.75) = 3.43 kN/m -.

.
Floor finish = (0.6 x 0.5 x 2.75)
Self weight of rib =
=
Q.83 kN/m
(0.5 x 0.3 x 25) = 3.75 kN/m
Live load = (4 x 0.5 x 2.75) = 5.50 kN/m
T I
1!
600 '
Plaster finishes etc == 0,49 kN/m
Total working load = w = 14.00 kN/m

e) Effective Flange width .1--300-+

Fig.8.9 L·Beam Loads !Support.sedion)
Effective flange width (be) is the least of the following values:
 Limit State Design ofBeams 247

I i) .... = ::S; ....))+ to) = 280 mm =

.... depth = (span/7 ) (250017 ) 357 mm. =
r
I
l
ii)
iii)
r:.:.. - ::, I.!} = (280
3)~mn
+ 530)/ 4] = 202 nun Adopt effective depth = d 400 mm
= =
Overall depth D 450 mm
=
A6.:p: mnunwn spacing S, = 200 mm.
= =
._Width b 300' mm
~"f~" .:e:enfi.'£'.:l!ments are shown in Fig. 8.10.
c) Loads
1) ~ rue Ddlection Control .
Self weight of beam =
(0.3 x 0.45 x 25) = 3.375 kN/m
!:'~'l'-:;) .!.Cd p, = (100 Ajbwd)] :::[(100 x 402)/(300 x 550)] = 0.24 Live load =20.000 kN/m
Finishes =. 0.625 kN/m
(bjb() == (300/1125) c 0.266 Total working load = w = 24.000 kN/m

Refer 'Mf. '7.': K, = 1.30 I'

(I) Ultimate moments and shear forces
'F5f "':3. K, = 1.07
hf- -..-1-. Kf= 0.80
M.= 1.5[0.5I11L1 = 1.5[O.5x24x2.51 = 112.5 kN.m

(~)
tI\!I~
= (~)
boule
xKI'x x, x x, Vu= l.5[w LJ = 1.5 [24 x 2.5] = 90 kN
1.
= (20X·1.30x 1.07 x 0.8) = 22.2
e) Main Reinforcements
.i
(L)d _ = (6300)
provukd
550 = ll.4S < 22.2
Mu•J;", '" (0.138fek b d
2
)

Hence. In: ~k for deflection control is satisfactory. = (0.138 x20 x300x4U(2)lO-6

8.6 DE$lG~ or CANTILEVER BEAMS '" 132kN.m

Since M; < Mu•1im• the section is under reinforced.

Design a ,::s1rile,cr beam to suit the following data:
Mu' =0.87 !y~0l d [ 1- (A'./1)'l
bdfek ~
a) Dna

Cle.ar~.u:t = 2.5 m =(O.87X41~A'IX400)[I"':(

.'
415A'I'
300x400x20
).J
\Von;)1'J; lin! load = 20 kN/m
Canrilewr beam is monolithic with R.C. column 300 mm wide and Solving A'l = 928 mnr'
450 rum .:k~ =
Provide 3 bars of20 mm diameter (A'I 942 mm') on the tension face (top)
.f'l = :.'ll ~!mm-: and fy = 415 N/mm 2 and 2 bars of 10 mrn diameter as hanger bars on the compression face.

t) Shear keinforccments
,b) Cross ~tional dimensions

For can:i1ewr beams, the trial section is based on the (span/depth) ratio = (Vv) =( 300x400
90x 10 = 0.75 N~mm21
)

on. .' .' . 'tv bd

_" ~ . .

= (tOOA'I) = (100 x 942) = 0.785

Pl' bd 300 x 400 .
. .
 ~r~~w~:~~~~?/,\\ii\:::
' ..:c'''' . . .
.'keinjorced C~n:Cfe.te Design 'Limit State Design of Beams 249

i (L)d . =. (2500 4' .: .

1
Refer Tabl~ 9 (IS: 45~) arid read out 't". :: 0.56 N/nun < 't".
Hence, shear reinforcements are required. pro'i~ 400) = 6.25 < 7.175

Balance shear = V
us
= [V
,u
- t b d)
",
= [90 - (0.56 x 300 x 400)] 10-) = 23 kN }:
Hence, the deflection criteria is satisfied. I;
• ' t:

Using 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups, the spacing S. of the stirrups is ;'

i) Thereinforcement details in the cantilever beam are shown in Fig. 8.11. .

given by
i
. . _'[0.87 hAs. d] =[O.87-X415 x2 x50 X400'] = 631mm 8.7 DESIGN OF CONTINUOUS BEAMS !
. S. -: . V .. 23 x 10J
us

.
"
=
But S. ~. (0.75 d) (0;75'x 400) 300 mm .
Adopt 8 mm diameter 2 legged stirrups .at 300 mm centres.
= 8.7.1 Bending moment and Shear Force Coefficients

In the case of muitistoried reinforced concrete framed structures, the floor

;
.'

g) Anchorage length at supports

slabs are cast monolithic with secondary and main beams continuous over U
. several spans supported on columris at regular intervals, The continuous i
beams framing .into the columns are designed for maximum bending 1
Anchorage length required is given by ~: I·
I; moments and shear forces developed due to dead and superimposed loads. I

L - 0.87f.,CP)
_- = (0.87><415 X20) -- 940 mm r Rigorous analysis of moments and shear forces in continuous beams is I
~- ( 4 tbd . .. 4 x 1.2 x 1.6 .,
generally made by using the classical methods such as moment distribution
The main tension bars are extended into the column to alength of 400'mm method, Kani's rotation contribution method, stiffness or flexibility matrix
and bent at 90· and extended up to 500 rnm as shown in Fig ..8.11. . methods which involve lengthy computations. However the IS: 456-2000
code permits the' use' of moment and shear force coefficients shown in
Tables 8.2 and 8.3 of the text (Tables 12 'and 13 of IS: 456 code) for como'
puting the design bending moments and shear forces. in continuous beams'
supporting substantially uniformly distributed loads over three or more

t
500
spans which do not diff~r by more than 15 percent of the longest span.
However redistribution of moments are' not permitted when using these
:
1
coefficients, .
t-
'

8.7.2 Effective Span I '. j

j1

j
According to IS: 456-2000 code clause.22.2, for a continuous beam having 1
Fig. SIll Reinforcement Details In Cantilever Beam a support width less than 1112 clear span, the effective span shall be as per j i
freely supported beams, i.e. clear span plus the effective depth or centre to
centre of supports' whichever is less. If the supports are wider than 1112the
!
I
I
h) Check for Deflection Control ,
I 1.
clear span or 600 mm whichever is less, the effective span is computed
using the following specifications. . .I ,
PI"" 0.785, From Figs. 7.2, 7.3 and 7.4 read out the mqdification fac- -1
a) For end span with one end fixed and the other continuous or for inter-
tors
K. = 1.025, K.= 1.0 and K( = 1.0 mediate spans, the effective span shall be the clear span between the
supports.
(~) =(~).
d milt d . baste
xK, x x, x s, = (7 x 1.025 x LOx 1.0) = 7.715 b) For end span with one end free and the other end continuous, the
effective span shall be equal to the dear span plus half the effective
 250 Reinforced Concrete Design Limit State Desig1l of Beams 251

Table 8.2 Bending Moment Coefficients span/depth ratio of 26, results in shallow depths requiring high percentages
.'(Clause 22.5.1 of 18:456.2000)
of tensile and compressive reinforcements tending towards over reinforced
Span Momenls Support Moments sections. The span/depth ratios are modified using the modification factors j ••.• ;:;..

Type of Load Near middle of Ai middle of AI support next 'AI other Inteiror .:~: explained in section 7.3.3.
end
,.t,

end span Interior span to support supports .-:.

Dead load and I 1 J J
Imposed load (fixed) +12 +16 -iO -12 8.7.4 Design Example
L • .i
Imposed load (not .. I I I I
fixed) +iQ : +12 -9 -9 .1) Design a continuous reinforced concrete beam of rectangular section
Note- For obtaining the bend.ing moment, the coefficient shall be multiplied by the total. to support-a dead load of 10 kN/m arid live load of 12 kN/m over 3
design load and effective span
spans of 6 meach, The ends are simply supported. Adopt M~20 grade
concrete and Fe-415 HYSD bars. Sketch the details of reinforcements
Table 8.3 Shear Force Coefficients inthe beam. .
I ..

Typeo. Load . At End At support next to ttie end sup- At all o'ther'
port
a) Data
Support interior.
..... ..'
,

r Oulerslde Inner Side supports

0.6 0.55 . 0.5
,,::.-~ "
Effective span::: 6 m ick' ::: 20 N/mm2 r.t".'.tl
Dead load and ~,.. 0.4
Imposed load - "
Dead load =
10 leN.m h = 415N/mm2
(fixed) Live load= 12 kN/m
Imposed load (not 0.45 0.6 0.6 0.6 . Concrete : M-20 Grade
lixed) / Steel: Fe-415 HYSD bars
Nole:· For obtaining the shear force, the coefficient shall be multipHed by t~e total design
foad b) Cross sectional Dimensions
r.

-depth of beam.or the clear span plus half the width of the discontinu- As the continuous beam supports heavy loads, span/depth ratio is
assumed as 10
ous support whichever is less. '..
c) In the caseof spans with roller and rocker bearings, the effective span .: Effective depth ::: d = (':n):::(~) ='600 mm
. shall always be the distance between the centers of bearings.
d) In the case of continuous monolithic frames, the effective span of
,;. .'
:. Adopt d.;; 600 mm
continuous beams are taken as the centre line distance between the D =
650mm
members b =
300mm
•·.... Ja
Cover to.tension steel « 50 mm
8.7.3 Span/Depth Ratio
c) Loads
The span to effective depth ratios has an important influence on the
deflection characteristics of the beams. The vertical deflection limit of
spari!250 specified in 'IS: 456 code (Clause 23.2) may generally be
=
Self weight of beam (0.3 x 0.65 x 25) = 4.875 leN/m
Dead load e 10.000 kN/ffi
assumed to be satisfied if the basic span/depth ratio of continuous mem-
Pinishes e 0.125 kN/m .
bers are not greater than 29. For spans greater than 10m, this value is
multiplied by the ratio of 10/span in metres. . ~ _. •. '. :
= =
Total Dead load g 15.000 kN/m ,,;'

Live load::: q = ):~fkN(m .

. In general; continuous beams. carry: h~ti'y.)lA~a9..·~~~c superimposed
loads and consequently the, ~pahi'depth:niti6s' recommended, in'. practical
: :_. <.
.' ~
.:
,",-.i
designs are normally between 10 to.·,1"5. The use of upper' limit of
~\{ii•
.'; !
...... .~;.~~