Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

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Results in Physics
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rinp

Solitary waves pattern appear in tropical tropospheres and mid-latitudes of

nonlinear Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation with chaotic analysis
Nura Talaq Alqurashi a , Maria Manzoor b , Sheikh Zain Majid b , Muhammad Imran Asjad b ,
M.S. Osman c,a ,∗
a
Mathematics Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
b Department of Mathematics, University of Management and Technology, Lahore, Pakistan
c Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords:
Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation
New extended direct algebraic method
Exact traveling wave solutions
Chaotic analysis
The objective of this research is to investigate the nonlinear Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation, which
characterizes nonlinear solitary waves exhibiting distant and feeble scattering interactions among tropical
tropospheres and mid-latitudes. Additionally, the study will examine the interchange of mid-latitude Rossby
waves and equatorial waves within this context. In this research article, we focus on obtaining exact traveling
wave solutions for the Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation using a new extended direct algebraic technique. The
obtained soliton solutions include various types such as combined and multiple bright-dark, periodic, bright,
and multiple bright-periodic. We present these soliton solutions graphically by varying the involved parameters
using the advanced software program Wolfram Mathematica. The graphical representations allow us to
visualize the behavior of the wave velocity and wave number as the parameters change. Additionally, we
conduct a chaotic analysis to examine the wave profiles of the newly designed dynamical framework. The
results of this analysis demonstrate the reliability and efficiency of the proposed method, which can be applied
to find closed-form traveling wave solitary solutions for a wide range of nonlinear evolution equations.

Introduction
A particular kind of partial differential equation (PDE) is the non-
linear evolution equation, (PDE) is a type of differential equation that
involves partial derivatives of a function of several variables. In other
words, it describes how a quantity changes over space and time which
is the focus of many branches of study, including physics, mathematical
physics, and engineering, including fluid dynamics, electromagnetism,
heat transfer, quantum mechanics, and many more [1–7]. In the past
ten years, there has been a significant surge in the prominence and
relevance of nonlinear partial differential equations (PDEs) within the
realms of both practical and applied mathematics. Advancements in
computer technology have expanded the horizons of applications in
scientific disciplines for mathematicians. Nonlinear models are progres-
sively gaining prevalence across mathematics, physics, and engineering
domains. Broadly speaking, PDEs serve as tools for constructing math-
ematical representations of crucial real-world phenomena in various
nonlinear fields of engineering and sciences. The significance of the
nonlinear partial differential equation (PDE) lies in its role in exploring
nonlinear physical scenarios. The governing equation of Schrödinger
type serves as a unique tool for visualizing intricate nonlinear mod-
els, holding crucial significance in diverse fields such as fiber optics,
plasma studies, telecommunications engineering, optics, mathematical
physics, and various practical applications. Obtaining valid and reliable
solutions for the Schrödinger exact solutions in applied mathematics
represent the physical properties of nonlinear systems [8–12]. Over the
last decade, nonlinear (PDEs) have grown in importance and popularity
in pure and applied mathematics. Computer programs and technology
have broadened the scope of applied sciences for mathematicians. No
one can ignore the significance of (PDEs) because they can easily model
many engineering and physical problems of nature.
The origins of the solitons can be traced back to John Scott Russell’s
analysis of the translation solitary wave. Before Russell’s discovery
in the 1870s, notable scientists and philosophers lauded its implica-
tions. Boussinesq and Rayleigh’s work highlights the significance of
nonlinearity and dispersion. It is still being worked on to address Airy
and Stokes’s objection to utilizing the kink and bell-shaped soliton
solutions to simulate the traveling wave concepts in elastic media, fiber
optics, and other important fields, Korteweg de Vries’s traveling wave

∗ Corresponding author at: Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza 12613, Egypt.
E-mail addresses: mofatzi@cu.edu.eg, mofatzi@sci.cu.edu.eg (M.S. Osman).
URL: https://sciprofiles.com/profile/508972 (M. Manzoor).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2023.107116
Received 9 September 2023; Received in revised form 23 October 2023; Accepted 24 October 2023
Available online 26 October 2023
2211-3797/© 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-
nc-nd/4.0/).
N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

solutions, the Boussinesq equation, and the complex Ginzburg–Landau
equation are well-known examples include [13–18].
The hypothesis of the solitary traveling wave has emerged as the
primary technique for analyzing and deriving solitary wave solutions to
numerous nonlinear equations. Closed forms of exact solitary solutions
have received special attention in recent years from researchers. Such
solutions are essential for comprehending the stability and nature of
physical systems. Nonlinear oscillatory events are commonly simulated
in plasma, hydrodynamics, and fiber optics using a bell and kink-shaped
solitons. In past recent years, numerous types of solitary solutions
of (NLEEs) have been discovered, including soliton solutions, quasi-
periodic solutions, periodic solutions, rational solutions, and coupon
solutions. Nonlinear PDEs have a variety of real-world applications in
wave theory, including mass transport and heat transport, hydrody-
namics, plasma physics, and chemical technology [19,20], nonlinear
ordinary differential equation systems can describe complex biological
processes [21,22], the population ecology [23], interaction in electro-
magnetic wave plasma [24], nonlinear can seem to be in quantum
mechanics in multiple forms [25,26] and so on.
There are numerous approaches and schemes available, such as the
unified technique [27], the sine–Gordon expansion method [28], the
Kudryashov method [29], the simple extended method [30], and the bi-
linear neural network technique [31] used to obtain exact soliton solu-
tions for nonlinear PDEs, [32] variational iteration technique [33], the
extended exponential function [34], the Hirota bilinear technique [35–
39], the power series method [40], as well as several others [41–47].
The Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs (LGH) equation is a nonlinear par-
tial differential equation that arises in the study of soliton theory
and integrable systems. The (LGH) equation holds substantial impor-
tance across a range of scientific and engineering disciplines, including
but not limited to chemical kinetics, fluid mechanics, plasma physics,
chemical kinetics, optical fibers, chemical physics, solid-state physics,
and geochemistry. Nonlinear wave phenomena encompassing diffusion,
reaction, dispersion, dissipation, and convection are of utmost signif-
icance within the realm of nonlinear wave equations. This equation
serves as a mathematical and physical framework employed to char-
acterize the phenomenon of superconductivity. The (LGH) equation is
as follows:
𝜕2  𝜕2 
− − 𝑔 2  + ℎ2  3 = 0, (1)
𝜕 𝑡2 𝜕 𝑥2
In the context of the ion-cyclotron wave’s electrostatic potential rep-
resented by  (𝑥, 𝑡), where 𝑥 and 𝑡 represent nonlinear spatial and
temporal coordinates, the parameters 𝑔 and ℎ hold non-zero values.
Lev Devidovich Landau and Vitaly Lazarevich Ginzburg formulated the
of a more generalized soliton solution that is more effective and effi-
cient. The solitary wave structures of the considered model have been
demonstrated using exact traveling wave soliton solutions that have
different forms. Graphical comparisons for considered model solutions
are provided, which are presented diagrammatically to the readers
Wolfram Mathematica software by varying values of the involved
parameter. The applicability of the retrieved typical exact solitary trav-
eling wave solutions of the Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation has been
examined here by plotting 3D, contour, and 2D graphs of the obtained
traveling wave solitons solutions. Finally, the dynamic behavior of the
model is analyzed using chaos theory, offering insights into the newly
developed dynamical system. We anticipate that these novel findings
will contribute to mathematical physics and its applications, serving as
a valuable resource for physicists in generating new ideas.
In Section ‘‘Structures of analytical solutions’’, we developed new
exact soliton solutions using the new extended direct algebraic tech-
nique. Section ‘‘Application of the purposed method’’ demonstrates
the use of the intended technique. For different values of wave ve-
locity and wave number, we observed the different traveling wave
appearances in the 3D, 2D, and contour graphical representations of
the soliton solutions and a discussion of the research observations is
in Section ‘‘Graphical representation’’. Section ‘‘Dynamical study of
Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation’’, graphically depicts the dynamic
behavior of the considered model and discussions. Section ‘‘Conclusion’’
includes the original study conclusion.
Structures of analytical solutions
Consider a general nonlinear partial differential equation:
𝐴(, 𝑡 , 𝑥 , 𝑡𝑡 , 𝑥𝑥 ...) = 0. (2)
It can be converted into the nonlinear ordinary differential equation:
𝐵(, ′ , ′′ ...) = 0. (3)
By prosecuting the transformation:
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑊 (𝜓) (4)
𝜓 = 𝐻1 𝑥 + 𝐻2 𝑦 + 𝐻3 𝑡 where 𝐻1 , 𝐻2 and 𝐻3 are real constants. It can be
adapted to align with specific physical phenomena. Assume the solution
of Eq. (3) is in the form:
∑
𝑍
𝑊 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑏0 + (𝑏𝑖 (𝑅(𝜓))𝑖 ), (5)
𝑖=1

Nonlinear Longitudinal Equation (NLEE) (1) to elucidate phenomena where,

like superconductivity and coherent ion-cyclotron waves with drift in ( )
radially inhomogeneous plasma. 𝑅′ (𝜓) = ln(𝜌) 𝜗 + 𝜁 𝑅(𝜓) + 𝛿(𝑅(𝜓))2 , (6)
There are a few techniques that are commonly used in the lit-
erature to obtain exact solitary traveling wave soliton solutions to where, 𝜗, 𝜁, and 𝛿 are real constants.
the integrable equation (1). In [48], Islam and Akbar used the im- The comprehensive solution considering the various parameters 𝜗,
proved Bernoulli sub-equation function (IBSEF) to extract different 𝜁, 𝛿 of the Eq. (4) are:
soliton solutions such as the combination of hyperbolic and exponential (Group 1): When 𝜁 2 − 4𝜗𝛿 < 0 and 𝛿 ≠ 0,
functions for this model. In [49], Ahmad et al. applied the power √ √
𝜁 −𝜋 −𝜋
index method on Eq. (1) to obtain different elliptic Jacobi solutions. 1 (𝜓) = − + tan𝜌 ( 𝜓), (7)
2𝛿 2𝛿 2
Further, the Sardar subequation method is presented in [50] to discuss √ √
different exact solution for Eq. (1) including bright and dark solitons, 𝜁 −𝜋 −𝜋
2 (𝜓) = − − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓), (8)
singular periodic soliton, and hybrid solitons. In comparison to current 2𝛿 2𝛿 2
analytical methods, the proposed technique is more computationally √ ( )
efficient, reliable, and effective in constructing exact soliton solutions 𝜁 −𝜋 √ √ √
3 (𝜓) = − + tan𝜌 ( −𝜋𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 sec𝜌 ( −𝜋𝜓) , (9)
with different geometrical structures. 2𝛿 2𝛿
To our best knowledge, the Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation has √ ( )
𝜁 −𝜋 √ √ √
yet to be studied using the new extended algebraic technique. Fur- 4 (𝜓) = − + cot 𝜌 ( −𝜋𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 csc𝜌 ( −𝜋𝜓) , (10)
2𝛿 2𝛿
thermore, the application of chaos theory analysis to this model has
√ ( √ √ )
been neglected. In light of this, the current methodology and study 𝜁 −𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋
have some advantages over the previously studied methods by way 5 (𝜓) = − + tan𝜌 ( 𝜓) − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓) . (11)
2𝛿 4𝛿 4 4

2
N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

(Group 2): When 𝜁 2 − 4𝜗𝛿 > 0 and 𝜍 ≠ 0,

√ √ ( )
𝜁 𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜗 𝜗
30 (𝜓) = − tanh 𝜌 ( 𝜓) + cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓) . (36)
6 (𝜓) = − − tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓), (12) 2 2 2
2𝛿 2𝛿 2
√ √ (Group 7): When 𝜁 2 = 4𝜗𝛿,
𝜁 𝜋 𝜋
7 (𝜓) = − − coth𝜌 ( 𝜓), (13) −2𝜗(𝜁 𝛿 ln(𝜌) + 2)
2𝛿 2𝛿 2 31 (𝜓) = . (37)
√ ( ) 𝜁 2 𝜓 ln(𝜌)
𝜁 𝜋 √ √ √
8 (𝜓) = − + − tanh𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓) ± 𝜄 𝑟𝑠 sech𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓) , (14) (Group 8): When 𝜁 = 𝑝, 𝜗 = 𝑝𝑞 (𝑞 ≠ 0), 𝛿 = 0,
2𝛿 2𝛿
√ ( ) 32 (𝜓) = 𝑒𝑝𝜓 − 𝑞. (38)
𝜁 𝜋 √ √ √
9 (𝜓) = − + − coth𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 csch𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓) , (15)
2𝛿 2𝛿 (Group 9): When 𝜁 = 𝛿 = 0,
√ ( √ √ )
𝜁 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 33 (𝜓) = 𝜗𝜓 ln(𝜌). (39)
10 (𝜓) = − − tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓) + coth𝜌 ( 𝜓) . (16)
2𝛿 4𝛿 4 4
(Group 10): When 𝜁 = 𝜗 = 0,
(Group 3): When 𝜗𝛿 > 0 and 𝜁 = 0,
√ −1
𝜗 √ 34 (𝜓) = . (40)
11 (𝜓) = tan𝜌 ( 𝜗𝛿𝜓), (17) 𝛿𝜓 ln(𝜌)
𝛿
√ (Group 11): When 𝜗 = 0, 𝜁 ≠ 0,
𝜗 √
12 (𝜓) = − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜗𝛿𝜓), (18) 𝑟𝜁
𝛿 35 (𝜓) = − , (41)
𝛿(cosh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) − sinh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + 𝑟)
√
𝜗 √ √ √
13 (𝜓) = tan𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 sec𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓), (19) 𝜁(sinh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + cosh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓))
𝛿 36 (𝜓) = − . (42)
𝛿(sinh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + cosh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + 𝑠)
√
𝜗 √ √ √
14 (𝜓) = − cot 𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 csc𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓), (20) (Group 12): When 𝜁 = 𝑝, 𝛿 = 𝑝𝑞(𝑞 ≠ 0), 𝜗 = 0,
𝛿
√ √ 𝑟𝜌𝑝 𝜓
√ 37 (𝜓) = − . (43)
1 𝜗 𝜗𝛿 𝜗𝛿 𝑟 − 𝑞𝑠𝜌𝑝 𝜓
15 (𝜓) = (tan𝜌 ( 𝜓) − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓)). (21)
2 𝛿 2 2
𝑟𝜌𝜓 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜓 𝑟𝜌𝜓 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜓
(Group 4): When 𝜗𝛿 < 0 and 𝜁 = 0, sinh𝜌 (𝜓) = , cosh𝜌 (𝜓) = ,
2 2
√ 𝜓
𝑟𝜌 − 𝑠𝜌 −𝜓 𝜓
𝑟𝜌 + 𝑠𝜌 −𝜓
𝜗 √ tanh𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜓 , coth𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜓 ,
16 (𝜓) = − − tanh𝜌 ( −𝜗𝛿𝜓), (22) 𝑟𝜌 + 𝑠𝜌−𝜓 𝑟𝜌 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜓
𝛿
2 2
√ sech𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜓 , csch𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜓 ,
𝜗 √ 𝑟𝜌 + 𝑠𝜌−𝜓 𝑟𝜌 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜓
17 (𝜓) = − − coth𝜌 ( −𝜗𝛿𝜓), (23) 𝜄𝜓 −𝜄𝜓 𝜄𝜓 −𝜄𝜓 (44)
𝛿 𝑟𝜌 − 𝑠𝜌 𝑟𝜌 + 𝑠𝜌
sin𝜌 (𝜓) = , cos𝜌 (𝜓) = ,
2𝜄 2
( √ √ ) 𝑟𝜌𝜄𝜓 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜄𝜓 𝑟𝜌𝜄𝜓 + 𝑠𝜌−𝜄𝜓
√ tan𝜌 (𝜓) = −𝜄 𝜄𝜓 , cot 𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜄 𝜄𝜓 ,
18 (𝜓) = 2 −𝜗𝛿𝜓 ± 𝜄 𝑟𝑠 sech𝜌 (2 −𝜗𝛿𝜓) , (24) 𝑟𝜌 + 𝑠𝜌−𝜄𝜓 𝑟𝜌 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜄𝜓
2 2𝜄
√ ( ) sec𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜓 , csc𝜌 (𝜓) = 𝜓 ,
𝜗 √ √ √ 𝑟𝜌 + 𝑠𝜌−𝜓 𝑟𝜌 − 𝑠𝜌−𝜓
19 (𝜓) = − − coth𝜚 (2 −𝜗𝛿𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 csch𝜌 (2 −𝜗𝛿𝜓) , (25)
𝛿 The deformation parameters r and s are arbitrary constants greater than
√ ( √ √ ) zero.
1 𝜗 −𝜗𝛿 −𝜗𝛿
20 (𝜓) = − − tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓) + coth𝜌 ( 𝜓) . (26)
2 𝛿 2 2
Application of the purposed method
(Group 5): When 𝜁 = 0 and 𝛿 = 𝜗,

21 (𝜓) = tan𝜌 (𝜗𝜓), (27) Applying a subsequent wave transformation to Eq. (1) is the method
used to derive the precise solution of the Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs
22 (𝜓) = − cot 𝜌 (𝜗𝜓), (28) system.

√ 𝑈 (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑈 (𝜓), 𝜓 = (𝜇 𝑥 − 𝑐 𝑡), (45)

23 (𝜓) = tan𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 sec𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓), (29)
where 𝑐 represents the velocity of the propagating wave and 𝜇 corre-
√ sponds to the wave number, for Eq. (1) We finalize the configuration
24 (𝜓) = − cot 𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 csc𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓), (30)
of an ordinary differential equation (ODE) in the following manner,
1 𝜗 𝜗 𝑑2 
25 (𝜓) = (tan𝜌 ( 𝜓) − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓)). (31) (𝑐 2 − 𝜇 2 ) − 𝑔 2  + ℎ2  3 = 0. (46)
2 2 2 𝑑 𝜓2
(Group 6): When 𝜁 = 0 and 𝛿 = −𝜗,
According to the principle of homogeneous balancing to Eq. (46), it is
26 (𝜓) = − tanh𝜌 (𝜗𝜓), (32) determined that 𝑍 = 1. As a result, the general solution of the model
under investigation can be obtained using the new direct algebraic
27 (𝜓) = − coth𝜌 (𝜗𝜓), (33) method, presented below:

√  (𝑥, 𝑡) = 𝑏0 + 𝑏1 𝑊 (𝜓). (47)

28 (𝜓) = − tanh𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝜄 𝑟𝑠 sech𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓), (34)
where,
√
29 (𝜓) = − cot 𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝑟𝑠 csch𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓), (35) 𝑊 ′ (𝜓) = 𝜗𝑙𝑛(𝐴) + 𝜁(𝜓)𝑙𝑛(𝐴) + 𝛿(𝜓)2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴). (48)

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

The prognosticate solution Eq. (48) is plugging in Eq. (47) and equating (√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
the coefficient of distinct powers of (𝜓) prevailed the algebraic 9 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ℎ 2 2 2 2
system of equations: √ (60)
)
𝜁 𝜋 √ √ √
((𝜓))0 = − 𝑔 2 𝑏0 + ℎ2 𝑏30 + 𝑏1 𝜁 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝜗𝑐 2 − 𝑏1 𝜁 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝜗𝜇 2 , (− + (− coth𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓) ± 𝜄 𝑚𝑛 csch𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓))) ,
𝛿 𝛿
((𝜓))1 =𝑔 2 𝑏1 + 3ℎ2 𝑏20 𝑏1 + 𝑏1 𝜁 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝑐 2 − 𝑏1 𝜁 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝜇 2 (√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
+ 2𝑏1 𝛿𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝜗𝑐 2 − 2𝑏1 𝛿𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝜗𝜇 2 , (49) 10 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ℎ 2 2 2 2
((𝜓)) =3ℎ2 𝑏0 𝑏21 + 3𝑏1 𝜁 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝛿𝑐 2 − 3𝑏1 𝜁 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝛿𝜇2 ,
2 √ √ √ ) (61)
𝜁 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
((𝜓))3 =ℎ2 𝑏31 + 2𝑏1 𝛿 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝑐 2 − 2𝑏1 𝛿 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴)2 𝜇2 . (− − (tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓) + coth𝜌 ( 𝜓))) .
𝛿 2𝛿 4 4
The aforementioned system (49) is solved using modern software (Group 3): When 𝜗𝛿 > 0 and 𝜁 = 0,
Mathematica, results, (√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
Set 1: 11 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
ℎ 2 2 2 2
√ √ √ ) (62)
−1 2
𝑐 + 21 𝜇 2 𝜁 𝑙𝑛(𝐴) 2𝛿 −1 2
𝑐 + 12 𝜇 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴) 𝜗 √
𝑏0 = ±
2
, 𝑏1 = ±
2
, ×( tan𝜌 ( 𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ,
ℎ ℎ 𝛿
√ (50) (√ √
1 1 ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
𝑔=± 2𝜗𝑐 2 𝛿 − 2𝜗𝛿𝜇2 − 𝜁 2 𝑐 2 + 𝜁 2 𝜇 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴), ℎ = ℎ. 12 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
2 2 ℎ 2 2 2 2
√ ) (63)
The general solution of Eq. (1) by plugging Eq. (50) in the Eq. (47) is: 𝜗 √
√ √ ×(− cot 𝜌 ( 𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ,
−1 2 1 2 2𝛿 −1 2
𝛿
2
𝑐 + 2
𝜇 𝜁 𝑙𝑛(𝐴) 2
𝑐 + 12 𝜇 2 𝑙𝑛(𝐴) (√ √
 (𝑥, 𝑡) = ± ± × 𝜄 . (51) ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
ℎ ℎ 13 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ℎ 2 2 2 2
Set 1: Now we will obtain many different solutions by taking 𝜄 from √ √ ) (64)
√
(7) to (43) respectively. ( tan𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓) ± 𝑚𝑛 sec𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ,
(Group 1): When 𝜁 2 − 4𝜗𝛿 < 0 and 𝛿 ≠ 0, (√ √
(√ √
14 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
ln(𝐴) 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1 ℎ 2 2 2 2
1 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ) (65)
ℎ 2 2 2 2 √ √ √
√ √ ) (52) ( − cot 𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓) ± 𝑚𝑛 csc𝜌 (2 𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ,
𝜁 −𝜋 −𝜋
×( + (tan𝜌 ( 𝜓))) ,
2𝛿 2𝛿 2 (√ √
(√ √ ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
15 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1 ℎ 2 2 2 2
2 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 √ √ √ (66)
ℎ 2 2 2 2 )
√ √ ) (53)
(
𝜗
(tan𝜌 (
4𝛿
𝜓) − cot 𝜌 (
4𝛿
𝜓))) .
𝜁 −𝜋 −𝜋 𝛿 2 2
×( + (cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓))) ,
2𝛿 2𝛿 2
(√ √ (Group 4): When 𝜗𝛿 < 0 and 𝜁 = 0,
3 (𝑥, 𝑦.𝑡) =
ln(𝐴) 1 2 1 2
− 𝑐 + 𝜇 𝜁+
2𝛿 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × (√ √
ℎ 2 2 2 2 ln(𝐴) 1 2 1 2 2𝛿 1 1
16 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 + 𝜇 𝜁+ − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
√ ) (54) ℎ 2 2 2 2
𝜁 −𝜋 √ √ √ √ ) (67)
(− + (tan( −𝜋𝜓) ± 𝑚𝑛 sec𝜌 ( −𝜋𝜓))) , −𝜗 √
𝛿 𝛿 ×(− tanh𝜌 ( −𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ,
(√ √ 𝛿
4 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
ln(𝐴) 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × (√ √
ℎ 2 2 2 2 ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
17 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
√ ) (55) ℎ 2 2 2 2
𝜁 −𝜋 √ √ √ √ ) (68)
(− + (cot( −𝜋𝜓) ± 𝑚𝑛 csc𝜌 ( −𝜋𝜓))) , −𝜗 √
𝛿 𝛿 ×(− coth𝜌 ( −𝜗𝛿𝜓)) .
(√ √ 𝛿
5 (𝑥, 𝑡) =
ln(𝐴) 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × (√ √
ℎ 2 2 2 2 ln(𝐴) 1 1 1 1
18 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 𝜁 + 2𝛿 − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 ×
√ √ √ ) (56) ℎ 2 2 2 2
𝜁 −𝜋 −𝜋 −𝜋 √ ) (69)
(− + (tan𝜌 ( 𝜓) − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓))) . 𝜗 √ √ √
𝛿 2𝛿 4 4 ( − (− tanh𝜌 2( −𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ± 𝜄 𝑚𝑛 sech𝜌 (2( −𝜗𝛿𝜓))) ,
𝛿
(Group 2): When 𝜁 2 − 4𝜗𝛿 > 0 and 𝛿 ≠ 0, (√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
(√ √ √ ) 19 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ln(𝐴) 1 1 1 1 𝜋 ℎ 2 2 2 2
6 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓) . √ ) (70)
ℎ 2 2 2 2 2 𝜗 √ √ √
( − (− coth𝜌 2( −𝜗𝛿𝜓)) ± 𝑚𝑛 csch𝜌 (2( −𝜗𝛿𝜓))) ,
(57) 𝛿
(√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
(√ √ √ ) 20 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ×
ln(𝐴) 𝜋 ℎ 2 2 2 2
1 1 1 1 √ √ √ (71)
7 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × coth𝜌 ( 𝜓) , )
ℎ 2 2 2 2 2 𝜗 −𝜗𝛿 −𝜗𝛿
( − ( − (tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓) + coth𝜌 ( 𝜓)))) .
(58) 𝛿 2 2
(Group 5): When 𝜁 = 0 and 𝛿 = 𝜗,
(√ √
8 (𝑥, 𝑦.𝑡) =
ln(𝐴) 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿 1 1
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × (√ √ )
ℎ 2 2 2 2 ln(𝐴) 1 2 1 2 2𝛿 1 1
√ (59) 21 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 + 𝜇 𝜁+ − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × (tan𝜌 (𝜗𝜓)) ,
) ℎ 2 2 2 2
𝜁 𝜋 √ √ √
(− + (− tanh𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓) ± 𝜄 𝑚𝑛 sech𝜌 ( 𝜋𝜓))) , (72)
𝛿 𝛿

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

(Group 10): When 𝜁 = 𝜗 = 0,

(√ √ ) (√ √ )
ln(𝐴) 1 1 1 1 ln(𝐴) 1 1 𝛿 1 1 −1
22 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 +
2𝛿
− 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × (− cot 𝜌 (𝜗𝜓)) , 34 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ( ) . (85)
ℎ 2 2 2 2 ℎ 2 2 2 2 𝛿𝜓 ln 𝜌

(73) (Group 11): When 𝜗 = 0, 𝜁 ≠ 0,

(√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 1 1
(√ √ 𝛿
35 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1 ℎ 2 2 2 2
23 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ) (86)
ℎ 2 2 2 2 𝑚𝜁
) (74) × (− ) ,
√ 𝛿(cosh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) − sinh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + 𝑚)
× (tan𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝑚𝑛 sec𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓)) , ( √ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 1 1
(√ √ 2𝛿
36 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
ln(𝐴) 1 2 1 2 2𝛿 1 1 ℎ 2 2 2 2
24 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 + 𝜇 𝜁+ − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ) (87)
ℎ 2 2 2 2 𝜁(sinh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + cosh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + 𝑚)
) (75) × (− ) .
√ 𝛿(sinh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + cosh𝜌 (𝜁 𝜓) + 𝑛)
× (cot 𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝑚𝑛 csc𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓)) ,
(Group 12): When 𝜁 = 𝑝, 𝛿 = 𝑝𝑞(𝑞 ≠ 0), 𝜗 = 0,
(√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1 (√ √ )
25 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 ln(𝐴) 1 2 1 2 2𝛿 1 1 𝑚𝜌𝑝𝜓
ℎ 2 2 2 2 37 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 + 𝜇 𝜁+ − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × (− ) .
) (76) ℎ 2 2 2 2 𝑚 − 𝑞𝑛𝜌𝑝𝜓
𝜗 𝜗
× (tan𝜌 ( 𝜓) − cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓)) .
2 2 (88)
(Group 6): When 𝜁 = 0 and 𝛿 = −𝜗,
(√ √ ) Graphical representation
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
26 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × (− tanh𝜌 (𝜗𝜓)) ,
ℎ 2 2 2 2 Graphical study
(77)
The physical aspects of the wave patterns of the considered dynam-
(√ √ ) ical systems are presented graphically in this section. We displayed
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
27 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × (− coth𝜌 (𝜗𝜓)) , the optical exact solution to wave velocity in 3D, 2D, and contour
ℎ 2 2 2 2 graphs. This section contains physical simulations of some obtained
(78) solutions by assigning appropriate values to the arbitrary parameters
of the mentioned nonlinear Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation. To plot
(√ √
graphs for better presentation, the modern software program Wolfram
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
28 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 × Mathematica is used.
ℎ 2 2 2 2
) (79) Fig. 1 displays the contrast of the traveling wave solution 1 (𝑥, 𝑡)
√
(− tanh𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) ± 𝜄 𝑚𝑛 sech𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓)) , with parametric values 𝜗 = 0.4; 𝜁 = 0.1; 𝛿 = 0.9, ℎ = 1.2, 𝜇 = 0.4, 𝐴 = 0.3
and for different wave speed values. At 𝑐 = 0.009 plane combined
(√ √
bright-dark solitonic wave behavior is seen in a 3D profile, and by
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
29 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 (− coth𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓) enhancing the value of wave velocity, the same multiple combined
ℎ 2 2 2 2
) bright-dark behavior is observed in 1(g), and for more visualization,
√
± 𝑚𝑛 csch𝜌 (2𝜗𝜓)) , contour graphs plotted and noticed the bright-dark solitary wave in
1(b), (e), and (h) for different values of wave speed and 2D indicates
(80) the bright-dark traveling wave soliton in 1(c), (f), and (i). In Fig. 2,
graphs for 18 (𝑥, 𝑡) for parametric values 𝜗 = 0.94; 𝜁 = 2; 𝛿 = 0.3,
(√ √
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1 ℎ = 1.2 𝜇 = 0.4 𝐴 = 0.85. In Fig. 2(a) flat multiple bright solitons
30 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2
ℎ 2 2 2 2 are observed in a 3D profile by enhancing the value of wave velocity,
) (81)
𝜗 𝜗 for higher wave speed graphs show the same behavior, where contour
× (tanh𝜌 ( 𝜓) + cot 𝜌 ( 𝜓)) . shows bright soliton and 2D shows the dark periodic soliton. Similar
2 2
behavior was noticed in various graphs of the same equations for varied
(Group 7): When 𝜁 2 = 4𝜗𝛿, values of wave speed and found the same behavior in the graphs. In
(√ √
Fig. 3, graphs are plotted for solution 23 (𝑥, 𝑡) for parametric values
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
31 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜗 = 1.2, 𝜁 = 2, ℎ = 0.2, 𝜇 = 1.5, 𝛿 = 0.3, 𝐴 = 0.9. At wave speed 𝑐 = 0.9,
ℎ 2 2 2 2
) (82) unique multiple bright-periodic soliton is seen, as increasing the value
−2𝜗(𝜁 𝜓 ln 𝜌 + 2)
×( ) . of wave speed same soliton structure found in other 3D graphs for the
𝜁 2 𝜓 ln 𝜌
same parametric values and better visualization of the contour graph
(Group 8): When 𝜁 = 𝑝, 𝜗 = 𝑝𝑞 (𝑞 ≠ 0), 𝛿 = 0, plotted and the bright periodic soliton was discovered while in 2D
(√ √ ) graphs profile was presented and the bright-periodic soliton discovered
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1 for different values of wave velocity.
32 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × (𝜌𝑝𝜓 − 𝑞) .
ℎ 2 2 2 2 Fig. 4 displays the contrast of the traveling wave with parametric
(83) values 1 (𝑥, 𝑡) 𝜗 = 0.4, 𝜁 = 0.1, 𝛿 = 0.9, ℎ = 1.2, 𝑐 = 0.4 𝐴 = 0.3 and for
different values for wave number. At 𝜇 = 0.4 bright-dark solitary wave
(Group 9): When 𝜁 = 𝛿 = 0, behavior is seen in a 3D profile, and by enhancing the wave number
(√ √ ) value, the multiple bight soliton is observed in Fig. 4(d) and (g), and
ln(𝐴) 1 1 2𝛿 1 1
33 (𝑥, 𝑡) = − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇2 𝜁 + − 𝑐 2 + 𝜇 2 × (𝜗𝜓 ln 𝜌) . for more visualization, a contour plotted and noticed the bright solitary
ℎ 2 2 2 2 wave in 4(b), (e), and (h) for different values of wave number and 2D
(84) indicates the bright-dark periodic traveling wave soliton in 4(c), (f),

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

Fig. 1. Graphical illustration of wave velocity through 3D, 2D and contour for solution 1 (𝑥, 𝑡).

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

Fig. 2. Graphical illustration of wave velocity through 3D, 2D and contour for solution 18 (𝑥, 𝑡).

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

Fig. 3. Graphical illustration of wave velocity through 3D, 2D and contour for solution 23 (𝑥, 𝑡).

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

Fig. 4. Graphical illustration of wave number through 3D, 2D and contour for solution 1 (𝑥, 𝑡).

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

Fig. 5. Graphical illustration of wave number through 3D, 2D and contour for solution 18 (𝑥, 𝑡).

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N.T. Alqurashi et al. Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116

Fig. 6. Graphical illustration of wave number through 3D, 2D and contour for solution 23 (𝑥, 𝑡).

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N.T. Alqurashi et al.
Fig. 7. Periodic profile of dynamical system with perturbation term, 𝑗 = 0.001, 𝑐 = 0.002, 𝑙 = 0.002 and 𝑘 = 0.4.
Fig. 8. Quasi-periodic of dynamical system with perturbation term, 𝜇 = 0.3, 𝛿 = 0.6, 𝜌 = 0.7 and 𝜐 = 0.8.
and (i). In Fig. 5, graphs for 18 (𝑥, 𝑡) for parametric values 𝜗 = 0.94;
𝜁 = 2; 𝛿 = 0.1, ℎ = 1.2 𝑐 = 0.8 𝐴 = 0.85 In Fig. 5(a) multiple bright
solitonic behavior is observed in a 3D profile at 𝜇 = 0.9, for higher
wave speed graphs show the same behavior, where contour shows
bright soliton and 2D shows the multiple bight periodic soliton. Similar
behavior was noticed in various graphs of the same equations for varied
values of the wave number and found the same wave behavior in the
graphs. In Fig. 6, graphs are plotted for solution 31 (𝑥, 𝑡) for parametric
values 𝜗 = 0.4, 𝜁 = 2, ℎ = 1.2, 𝑐 = 0.7, 𝛿 = 0.3. As the wave
number value increases, it reveals distinct multiple bright-periodic
solitons. Similar soliton structures are observed in other 3D graphs with
the same parameter values, providing enhanced visualization through
contour plots. Furthermore, while examining 2D graphs for various
wave number values, bright periodic solitons were identified, and their
profiles were presented.
Furthermore, the reported results and explanations of our inno-
vative study are expected to aid future research on nonlinear wave
difficulties in applied sciences and NLEEs.
Dynamical study of Landau-Ginzburg-Higgs equation
The plane dynamical system can be utilized to assist chaotic be-
haviors of the Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation by using the Galilean
transformation process to Eq. (46). As a result, the dynamical system
of equations is given as follows:
𝑑
= 𝑀,
𝑑𝜓
(89)
𝑑𝑀 𝑔2  ℎ2  3
= − .
𝑑𝜓 (𝑐 − 𝜇 ) (𝑐 2 − 𝜇 2 )
2 2
Chaos analysis
Chaos theory is an important part of nonlinear science. They are
widely used in many natural sciences, particularly plasma physics,
medical science, optics, fluid dynamics, condensed matter physics,
12
Results in Physics 54 (2023) 107116
etc. In this section, periodic, quasi-periodic and quasi-periodic chaotic
resonant oscillations for the solitary waves of a perturbed dynamical
system (89) are performed. We added a perturbation factor 0 cos (𝑠𝑡),
using Eq. (89) to estimate the separate simulation tools, including the
phase portrait analysis in 3D, time series analysis and Poincare section
to better understand the dynamic system of nonlinear periodic solitary
waves.
𝑔2  ℎ2  3
𝑀′ = − + 0 cos (𝑠𝑡). (90)
(𝑐 2 − 𝜇2 ) (𝑐 2 − 𝜇 2 )
The solution of the nonlinear dynamical system is sensitive to pertur-
bation factor [51] and initial condition, so we take different parameter
ranges and keep changing the rate of amplitude 𝜓 and angular 𝑠 to
investigate the dynamics of the given system .
In Fig. 7, 0 = 0.99, 𝑠 = 2.9 and initial condition (0,0.25), 3D, 2D,
and time series graphs are displayed. It is easy to see that the perturbed
system of the dynamical plane (90) exhibits periodic behavior. On the
other hand, in Fig. 8, the perturbed system develops a quasi-periodic
manner for Eq. (90) for 3D, 2D, and time series graphs at 0 = 1.9,
𝑠 = 3.52 and initial condition (0, 0.25). In Fig. 9, the graphs are plotted
for 3D, 2D, and time series for the initial condition (0, 0.25). It is easy
to see that the perturbed system (90) shows the quasi-periodic chaotic
behavior at 0 = 2.7 and 𝑠 = 5.6.
Conclusion
In this study, we obtained numerous types of solitary waves to the
Landau–Ginzburg–Higgs equation. The explicit solitonic structures are
discussed using the new extended direct algebraic method. As a result
of this,
• Combined and multiple bright-dark, periodic, bright, and multiple
bright-periodic soliton and many others have been constructed.
• The periodic, Quasi-periodic and Chaotic trajectories are visual-
ized.
• 3D, contour and 2D graphical demonstration of the propagating
waves is presented.
N.T. Alqurashi et al.
Fig. 9. Quasi-periodic chaotic profile of dynamical system with perturbation term, 𝜇 = 0.3, 𝛿 = 0.6, 𝜌 = 0.7 and 𝜐 = 0.8.
• The wave velocity and wave number parameter governs the prop-
agation of the soliton.
• The solutions could be useful for better understanding the me-
chanics of complex nonlinear physical phenomena, as well as for
studying resonant nonlinear relations in dispersive wave systems.
• The present methodologies are more effective for this model to
get more general results in the form of 3D, contour and 2D.
This study supports that the new extended direct algebraic approach is
a practical and effective way to extract solitary wave solutions from
other PDEs in mathematical physics and engineering. Our findings
demonstrate that the resulting wave solutions’ topologies in a nonlin-
ear dynamic system are various. The non-autonomous wave solutions
produced by various PDEs when their coefficients are changeable will
be examined in the next research investigation. Professionals and re-
searchers can use these methodologies for other complex phenomena
more quickly and efficiently.
CRediT authorship contribution statement
Nura Talaq Alqurashi: Writing – original draft, Methodology, For-
mal analysis. Maria Manzoor: Methodology, Formal analysis. Sheikh
Zain Majid: Writing – original draft, Methodology, Formal analysis.
Muhammad Imran Asjad: Writing – original draft, Formal analysis.
M.S. Osman: Superposition, Writing – review & editing.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors have declared no conflict of interest.
Data availability
No data was used for the research described in the article.
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