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دليل الفحص السريري لتشخيص الأمراض في الحيوان
دليل الفحص السريري لتشخيص الأمراض في الحيوان
ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ :
ﺑﺮﻓﯿﺴﻮر :ﺟﻼل اﻟﺪﯾﻦ اﻻزھﺮى ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ
دﻛﺘﻮر :ﺳﮭﺎم اﻟﯿﺎس ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ
ﻋﺮﺑﻰ -اﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰى
2014م ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) (
اﻟﻔﮭﺮﺳﺖ
رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﻗﻢ
1 اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ .1
2 اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان .2
2 ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﯿﺔ -
3 اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﻮان -
4 اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﻧﻔﺴﮫ -
4 اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى اﻟﻌﺎدى .3
4 اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻨﻈﺮى -
9 اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻰ ﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ .4
9 اﻟﺮاس -
9 اﻟﻌﯿﻦ -
10 اﻟﻌﻨﻖ -
10 اﻟﺼﺪر -
12 اﻟﺒﻄﻦ -
12 اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮى اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ .5
13 اﻟﺠﺲ -
13 اﻟﻄﺮق -
14 اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ -
15 طﺮق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ .6
15 درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة -
16 اﻟﻨﺒﺾ -
19 ﻓﺤﺺ اﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪة .7
19 اﻟﺮأس واﻟﻌﻨﻖ -
19 اﻟﻌﯿﻦ -
ﻓﮭﺮﺳﺖ اﻟﺠﺪاول
رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع اﻟﺮﻗﻢ
10 ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ .1
15 ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮارة .2
17 اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺾ .3
44 اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ .4
46 اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ ﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ .5
48 اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ .6
49 اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ .7
ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ
ﻫذا اﻟدﻟﯾل ﯾﺷﺗﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ طرق إﺟراء اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟﻠﺣﯾوان وﯾﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ طرق
اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ واﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺣﯾوان ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟطﺎﻟب اﻟﺑﯾطري واﻟطﺑﯾب اﻟﺑﯾطري ﻣن ﺗﺣدﯾد
طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻣﺻﺎب.
وﻗد ﺑذﻟﻧﺎ ﻛل اﻟﺟﻬد ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟدﻟﯾل ﻟﯾﻛون ﺳﻬﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻧﺎول وﻋوﻧﺎً ﻟطﻼب اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري
واﻷ طﺑﺎء اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﯾن ﻟﺗطﺑﯾق طرق اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﺳرﯾري اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗؤدي إﻟﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد أﻧواع
اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺗﻣﻬﯾداً ﻹﺟراء اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب واﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺟﻌﺔ.
وﺑﺎﷲ اﻟﺗوﻓﯾق،،،
إن ﻓﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺑﺎﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣرﺗﻛزات اﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻫﻲ-:
أ -ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ ).(The history
ب -اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﯾوان ).(The environment
ج -اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻧﻔﺳﻪ ).(The animal
ج -ﻓﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان :وذﻟك ﯾﺗم ﺑﻔﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟﻣرﯾض وﺗﻧﻘﺳم اﻷﻣراض إﻟﻲ ﻣﺟﻣـوﻋﺗﯾن )اﻟﺷـﻛل
-:(1
-أﻣراض اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ )وﺗظﻬر ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻷﻋراض اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ(.
-أﻣراض ﻏﯾر اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ )اﻟﺟروح ،اﻟورم اﻟﺧﺑﯾث ،أﻣراض اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ ،ﻧﻘص اﻟﻐذاء ،واﻻﻧﺳداد(.
* اﻷﻣراض اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ:
-ﺣـﺎدة :وﯾﻛون ﺗطور اﻟﻣرض ﺳرﯾﻊ واﻷﻋراض ظﺎﻫرة ﺑوﺿوح.
-ﻣزﻣﻧﺔ :وﯾﻛون ﺗطوراﻟﻣرض ﺑطﺊ واﻷﻋراض ﻏﯾر واﺿﺣﺔ.
ﻗ ــد ﺗﻛ ــون ) (1ﺛﺎﺑﺗ ــﺔ ) (2ﻣﺗﻘطﻌ ــﺔ ) (3ﻓ ــﻲ درﺟ ــﺔ ﻗرﯾﺑ ــﺔ ﻣ ــن اﻻﺧﺗﻔ ــﺎء ) (4أﻛﺛ ــر وﺿ ــوﺣﺎً ﻋﻧ ــد
اﻹﺟﻬﺎد.
اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎً ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻲ:
.1اﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻌــﺔ أو اﻻﺧــﺗﻼل ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟﻬــﺎز اﻟﻌﺻــﺑﻲ ﻣ ــﺛﻼً ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻌﺟــول ،اﻟﺳــﻣوم اﻟﻔطرﯾــﺔ ،ﻣــرض ﻟ ــوﺑﻧﺞ
) (Louping illﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن ،ﻟﺳﺗرﯾوﺳس ،ﻣرض ازدﯾﺎد اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﺗوﻧﯾﺔ.
.2أﻣراض اﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﯾﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺛﺎل) ،ﻣرض اﻟﺳﺎق اﻷﺳود ،اﻟﺣﺛل اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ ،اﻟﺣﺛل اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ،
اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل ،أو ﻟﺳﺎن ،ﻣض ﻧﻌﻔن اﻟﺣﺎﻓر(.
.3اﻟﺗﺳﻣم ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻣوم اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ ﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺣﺎﻓر ،اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺣم ،اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع.
-8اﻻرﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎت واﻻﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت-:
ﻫذﻩ ﺣرﻛﺎت ﻏﯾر إرادﯾﺔ:
-اﻻرﺗﻌﺎش :ﯾﻛون ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار ،او اﻫﺗزاز ﻣﺗردد ﻓﻲ ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﻬﯾﻛل اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ )ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ أو ﻋﺎم(.
-اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت اﺳﺗﻧﺳﺎﺧﯾﺔ :ﺗردد ،ﺗﺷﻧﺞ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﻣﻊ ﺣرﻛﺔ ﺑداﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻸرﺟل ،ﻣﻊ ﻓﺗرات اﺳﺗرﺧﺎء –ﻫﻧﺎ
اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت ﺗﻛززﯾﺔ ،ﺗردد ﺗﺷﻧﺞ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﺑﺄﺳﺗﻣرار وﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر.
-اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت ﺻرﻋﯾﺔ :وﻫﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﺛم ﺗﻣﯾل إﻟﻲ اﻻزدﯾﺎد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺗﻛرار واﻟﺷدة.
-اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت طرﻓﯾﺔ :وﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻟﻌوز اﻟﺗﺄﻛﺳﺟﻲ ،ﻧﻘص اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم ،ﻋدم ﺗوازن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر.
-9اﻟﺻوت:
أﺟش :اﻟﺳﻌر.
ﺿﻌﯾف :وذﻣﺔ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء.
ﺻراخ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر :أﻟم ﺣﺎد.
وﻋدم ﺻراخ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺛﺎؤب – اﻟﺳﻌر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻘر ،اﻟﻔﺷل اﻟﻛﺑدي.
-10ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان:
وﻗد ﺗﻛون ﺿﻌف ،ﻫزال ،ﺑداﻧﯾﺔ أو ﺳﻣﻧﺔ.
-11اﻟﺗطﺎﺑق :وﻫذا ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺎظر أو اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳـق ،اﻟﺷـﻛل ،وﺣﺟـم اﻷﻋﺿـﺎء اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺟ ﺳـم
وﻗرﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻷﺧرى.
-12اﻟﺟﻠد :ﻫو اﻟﻔﺣص ﻣن ﺑﻌد ﻋن اﻻﺗﻰ-:
) (1اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻌر أو اﻟﺻوف.
) (3اﻟﻌﻧق:
* ﺗورم ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧق ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻣن :ﺗورم اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔ ﺎوﯾﺔ او اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ .ﺗﺿﺧم
ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻣرئ.
* ﺗورم اﻟورﯾد اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ ،ﻧﺑض اﻟورﯾد اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ ،اﻟوذﻣﺔ ).(edema
) (4اﻟﺻدر:
(1ﺗطﺎﺑق اﻟﺻدر.
(2اﻟﺗﻧﻔس.
ﯾ ــﺗم ﻓﺣ ــص اﻟﺗ ــﻧﻔس اﻷوﻟ ــﻲ ﻣ ــن ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺑ ﻌ ــد ﻣﺳ ــﺎﻓﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳ ــن أن ﯾﻛ ــون اﻟﺣﯾـ ـوان واﻗﻔ ــﺎً ،اﻟﻔﺣ ــص
اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻔس ﯾﺿم.
(2اﻧﺗظﺎم اﻟﺗﻧﻔس:
دورة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس – اﻟﺷﻬﯾق – اﻟزﻓﯾر – وﻗﻔﺔ )راﺣﺔ( وﻫـﻲ ﻣﺗﺳـﺎوﯾﺔ ﻓـﻲ اطواﻟﻬـﺎ واﻻﺧـﺗﻼف ﻓـﻲ
اﻟطول ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ.
* ازدﯾﺎد ﻓﺗرة اﻟﺷﻬﯾق ≡ اﻻﻧﺳداد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻌﻠوي ﻣن ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس.
.1اﻟﺟس:
-ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ،إﻣﺳﺎك اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ.
-ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺟس.
اﻟﻬدف ﻣن اﻟﺟس:
-ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻷﻟم.
-اﻟﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ )اﻟﺣﺟم ،اﻟﺷﻛل ،اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي ،اﻟﺣ اررة(.
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟس ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر اﻵﺗﯾﺔ:
)أ( ﻣرن :ﻫو رﺟوع اﻟﻌﺿو اﻟﻣﺟﺳوس ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ أو اﻟﻌﺎدي ﺑﻌد اﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﯾﻪ.
)ب( ﻋﺟﯾﻧﻰ :ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿﻐط ﺗﺗﻛون ﺣﻔرة أو ﺛﻘب وﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻔﺗرات ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟزﻣن )وذﻣﺔ(.
)ﺟ( ﻗوي :ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿﻐط ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ.
)د( ﺻﻠب :ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻌﺿو ﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌظم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺗواﻩ.
)ﻫ( ﻣﺎﺋﻲ :إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺗﻣوج أو ﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺿو وذﻟك ﺑﺎﻟﺿط اﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎدل.
)ﺣ( ﻫواﺋﻲ :وﯾﻛون اﻟﻌﺿو ﻣﻧﺗﻔﺦ وﻣﺗﺿﺧم وﻋﻧـد اﻟﺿـﻐط ﯾﺻـدر ﺻـوت اﻟﻔرﻗ ﻌـﺔ أواﻟﺧﺷﺧﺷـﺔ وذﻟـك
ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻬواء واﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ ) اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم .(2
.2اﻟطرق:
وﻫذا ﯾﺗم ﺑﺿرب ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم ﻷ ﺧـذ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣـﺎت ﻋـن ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ اﻷﻧﺳـﺟ ﺔ وﺧﺎﺻـﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘـﺔ ﻣﻧﻬـﺎ
اﻟذﺑ ــذﺑﺎت ﻣﻬﻣ ــﺔ وﻟﻬ ــﺎ أﺻ ــوات ﻣﺳ ــﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓ ــﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘ ــﺔ اﻟﺗ ــﺄﺛﯾر وﻫ ــﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠ ــف ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺣﺟ ــم ،اﻟﻧﻐ ﻣ ــﺔ ﻋﻧ ــد
ﺳـﻣﺎﻋﻬﺎ ،وﻫــذﻩ اﻟطرﯾﻘــﺔ ﻋــﺎدة ﺗﺳـﺗﻌﻣل ﻓــﻲ ﻓﺣــص اﻟﺻــدر )اﻟرﺋـﺔ ،اﻟﻘﻠــب( ،أﻣـراض ﺗﺟــﺎوﯾف اﻟــﺑطن،
ﺗﺟﺎوﯾف اﻷﻧف ،اﻟﻧﻔﺎخ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد )اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم .(3
اﻷدوات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻰ اﻟطرق ﻫﻰ:
اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ )ﻋﺎج أو طﺑق ﻣن ﺧﺷب ﺻﻠب( ،وﺷﺎﻛوس ﯾﻧﺗﻬﻰ ﺑﻣطﺎط ﻗوي )ﻣطرﻗﺔ ،ﺷﺎﻛوس( ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة .اﻟطرق ﯾﺗم ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﯾدي.
أﺻﺑﻊ اﻟوﺳط ﻟﯾد واﺣدة. اﻟﻣطرق:
اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ :أﺻﺑﻊ اﻟوﺳط ﺑﺎﻟﯾد اﻷﺧرى.
اﻹﺻﺑﻊ أو اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻠد. اﻟطرق اﻟوﺳﯾط:
اﻟطرق ﻏﯾر اﻟﺑﺳﯾط :اﻟﺿرب ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ أو اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ.
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟطرق ﻣﺣدود اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻷن اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ،واﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﺳﻣﯾﻛﺔ ووﺟود
ﺷﺣوم ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد.
طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟطرق-:
.1ﯾﺟب ﺗﺛﺑﯾت اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم ﺑﺷدة ﺣﺗﻰ ﻻ ﯾدﺧل ﻫواء .
.2اﻟﯾد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﺷﺎﻛوش ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي أي ﻣن اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ واﻟﺷﺎﻛوس وﯾﺟب أن ﻻ
ﯾﻛون اﻟﺷﺎﻛوس ﻣﺣﻣول ﺑﺷدة وﺗﻛون ﺣرﻛﺗﻪ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟرﺳﺦ.
.3ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون اﻟﺿرﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار.
.4ﯾﻛون اﻟطرق ﺑﺎﻧﺗظﺎم وﺗﻛون اﻟﺿرﺑﺎت ﻣﻌﻘوﻟﺔ وﻏﯾر ﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ .
ﺗﻬــز ) :(Ballottementﻫــو ﺿــﻐط ﻗــوى ﺑــﺄطراف اﻷﺻــﺎﺑﻊ أو ﺑواﺳــطﺔ اﻟﯾــد وﺗ ﻛــون ﻣﻘﻔوﻟــﺔ )وﺟــود
اﻟﺟﻧﯾن(.
طرق اﻟﺳواﺋل :ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﺳواﺋل اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﺟﺳم وﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﺑﺿرب ﺳطﺢ اﻟﺟﺳم ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧب
واﺣــد وﺟــس ﻣوﺟــﻪ اﻟﺳــﺎﺋل ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧــب اﻵﺧــر .وﻫــذﻩ اﻟطرﯾﻘــﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟــﺔ ﻋﻧــد اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﯾــدﯾن اﻻﺛﻧــﯾن،
ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺔ ﺳطﺢ اﻟﺟﺳم أﻗل ﻣن ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ،أن اﻟطرق ﯾﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻲ ﺗﻣرﯾن ﻧﺳﺑﻪ ﻟﺳﻣك ﺟدار اﻟﺟﺳم
وﻛذﻟك وﺟود اﻟﻬواء واﻟﻐﺎز .ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺻدرﯾﺔ.
اﻟطرق ﯾﻛون ﻓوق اﻟﺿﻠوع وﯾﺟب ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟطرق ﺑﯾن ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﺿﻠوع.
ﯾﺻﻧف ﺻوت اﻟطرق إﻟﻲ اﻵﺗﻲ:
.1رﻧﺎن :ﻫو ﯾﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﺻوت اﻟﻬواء داﺧل اﻟﻌﺿو ﻣﺛل اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ .
.2طﺑﻠﻲ :ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣن اﻟﺿرب ﻛﻌﺿو ﻓﺎرغ ﺑﻪ ﻫواء ﻣﺿﻐوط ﻣﺛل اﻟﺻوت اﻟطﺑﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﻛرش واﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻷﻋور.
.3أﺻـــم :وﯾﻛ ــون اﻟﺻ ــوت اﻟﻧ ــﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ ــن ﻋﺿ ــو ﺻ ــﻠب ﺷ ــﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺑ ــد واﻟﻘﻠ ــب ﻋﻧ ــد ﺿـ ـرﺑﻬﺎ أو ﺿ ــرب
اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة.
-3اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ:
ﻫــو ﺳــﻣﺎع ﺻــوت اﻟﺣرﻛــﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾــﺔ ﻟﻧﺷــﺎط اﻟﻌﺿــو اﻟﻣوﺿــوع ﺑــﯾن اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﻣﺧــﺗص ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺳــم وذ ﻟــك
ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ،وﻫو ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟرﺋﺗﯾن ،اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ وأﺟـزاء ﻣﺣـددة ﻣـن اﻟﺟ ﻬـﺎز اﻟﻬ ﺿـﻣﻲ
) اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم .(3
* اﻟﻨﺒﺾ:
ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻧﺑض ﺑﺟﺎﻧب ﻓﺣص اﻟﻘﻠب واﻟدم اﻟدوري ،ﻟﯾﻌطﻲ اﻟطﺑﯾب اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺟﻬﺎز
اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﻲ.
اﻟﺧﯾول :ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻧﺑض ﻣن اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن ﺗﺣـت اﻟﻔﻛـﻲ ،أو اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟـوﺟﻬﻲ اﻟﻌرﺿـﻲ أو اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺳـطﻲ
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻻوﺳط أﻋﻠﻲ اﻻرﺟل اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ .اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ) .(5
اﻷﺑﻘﺎر :ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻧﺑض ﻣن اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔك أو اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟـوﺟﻬﻲ اﻟﻌرﺿـﻲ
أﯾﺿـﺎً اﻟ ﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺳــطﻰ ،ﺷ ـرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺳــطﻰ اﻻﻋﺻــﻣﻰ ﯾﻌﻣــل ﺑــﻪ )ﯾوﺟــد ﺗﺣــت ا ﻟــذﯾل 10 cmﻣــﻊ
ﻣﺳﺗوي ﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻟﺷرج(.
اﻟﻌﺟــول ،اﻟﺿــﺄن ،اﻟﻣــﺎﻋز ،اﻟﻛﻠــب ،اﻟﻘــط :اﻟﻧــﺑض ﯾؤﺧــذ ﻣــن اﻟﺷ ـرﯾﺎن اﻟﻔﺧــذي ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﻌﻠــوي ﻣــن
ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻻرّﺑﻰ ) (inguinal regionﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻬﺔ اﻟوﺳطﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺧذ.
-1ﻣﻌدل ﻋد اﻟﻧﺑض ﯾﻘدر ﺑﺎﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ.
-2أﺧــذ اﻟﻧــﺑض ﯾوﺿــﻊ اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﻛــروري ﻣــن أﺻــﺑﻊ واﺣــد أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋــﺔ أﺻــﺎﺑﻊ ﻓــﻲ ﻧﻘطــﺔ ﻣــن اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن
ﻓوق اﻟﺟﻠد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌظم اﻟراﻗد وﯾﺿﻐط ﺧﻔﯾف ﯾﻣﻛن ﯾﻘدر ﻣوﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﺑض.
ﯾﺗﺄﺛر ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ:
.1اﻟﻧوع )أﻧظر إﻟﻲ اﻟﺟدول رﻗم ).((3
اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻟﻠﻧﺑض )ﻣوﺟﺔ/دﻗﯾﻘﺔ(
اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﺣﯾوان
/ 28-40دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺣﺻﺎن
/70-80دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺣﺻﺎن ﻋﻣر ﺳﻧﺔ
55-80دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر
/100-120دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﺟول
/70-90دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺿﺄن واﻟﻣﺎﻋز
/65-90دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻛﻠب )ﻛﺑﯾر(
/90-120دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻛﻠب )ﺻﻐﯾر(
/110-130دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻘطن
/30-50دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺟﻣل
/60-90دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر )اﻟﻛﺑﯾر(
/100-130دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر )اﻟﺻﻐﯾر(
/120-250دﻗﯾﻘﺔ اﻻرﻧب
/115-200دﻗﯾﻘﺔ ﻣﻧك
Normal pulse
* اﻟﻧـﺑض ﻏﯾـر اﻟﻣﻧـﺗظم وﻣﺗﻘطـﻊ )وﻟـﯾس ﻟـﻪ ﻧﺑﺿـﺎت دورﯾـﺔ واﺿـﺣﺔ ﻧﺳـﺑﺔ ﻻﻧﺳـداد اﻟﻘﻠـب ﻣـن اﻟدرﺟـﺔ
اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾـﺔ ،اﻟﺿـرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﻛـرة اﻟﺑطﯾﻧﯾـﺔ ،اﻟرﺣﻔـﺎن اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎﻧﻲ ،ﺗ ﻘـدر ﻧوﻋﯾـﺔ اﻟﻧـﺑض ﺑﻣﻼﺣظـﺔ درﺟـﺔ اﻟﺿـﻐط
اﻟرﻗﻣﻲ اﻹﺟﺑﺎري ﻟﻣوﺟـﻪ اﻟﻧـﺑض ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن .ﻧوﻋﯾـﺔ اﻟ ﻧـﺑض ﺗﺗـﺄﺛر ﺑـﺄﻣراض اﻟﻘﻠـب واﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾـرات ﻏﯾـر
اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدم(.
ﻓﺤﺺ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة )اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻰ ،ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺲ ،اﻟﻄﺮق ،
اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ(
اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻔـم :ﻫـو اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب ﻋـﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺷـﺎء اﻟﻣﺧـﺎطﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔـم ﻓـﻲ ﻏﺷـﺎء اﻟﻔـم ﻗـد ﺗوﺟـد آﻓـﺎت ﻣوﺿـﻌﯾﺔ،
) ﻧزﯾف وﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠون ،اﺣﺗﻘﺎن وﺷﺣوب .اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺗوﺟد ﻓـﻲ ﻏﺷـﺎء اﻟﻔـم ،ﺣوﯾﺻـﻼت
،(Vesiclesﺗﺂﻛل اﻟﻐﺷﺎء) (erosionواﻟﺗﻘرح ).(ulceration
* ﻓﺣص اﻷﺳﻧﺎن:
ﺗــﺄﺧر ظﻬــور اﻷﺳــﻧﺎن :ﻏﯾــر ﻣﻧ ــﺗظم) ﻧﻘﺻــﺎن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻــر( ،زﯾــﺎدة ﺿــﻌف اﻷﺳــﻧﺎن ﻣ ــﻊ ظ ﻬــور ﺑﻘ ــﻊ
وﺛﻘوب ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﻧﺎء اﻟﺳن) ،داء اﻟﻔﻠوري اﻟﻣزﻣن(.
* اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺳﺎن:
ﺗﺿ ــﺧﻣﻪ ،وذﻣ ــﺔ ﻣﺣﻠﯾ ــﺔ ،اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑ ــﻪ ،اﻧﻛﻣﺎﺷ ــﻪ واﺿ ــﻣﺣﻼﻟﻪ ،اﻟﺗﻬ ــﺎب ﻗ ــدﯾم ،او اﺿ ــﻣﺣﻼل ﻋﺻ ــﺑﻲ.
اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻗطﻌــﺔ ﻣﻌدﻧﯾــﺔ أﺳــطواﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻬــﺎ ﻓﺗﺣــﺔ ﻣــﻊ ﺿــوء ﺳــﺎطﻊ )إﺿــﺎءة( ﻟﻔﺣــص اﻟﺣﻧﺟـرة واﻟﺑﻠﻌــوم.
وﯾــﺗم اﻟﻔﺣــص اﻷﺟﺳــﺎم اﻟﻐرﯾﺑ ــﺔ ،اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﻬﻠــل اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺷــر) ،(Diffuse cellulitesﺗﺿــﺧم اﻟﻐــدة
اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ.
ﺗﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي ﻟﻶﺗﻲ:
.1ﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ.
.2وذﻣﺔ.
.3اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ.
اﻟﻘــﻲ :وﻫــذا ﯾﻔﺣــص ﻟﻼﺗــﻲ :ﺗﻛـ اررﻩ ،اﻟوﻗــت اﻟــذي ﯾﺣــدث ﻓﯾــﻪ وﻋﻼﻗﺗــﻪ ﻣــﻊ آﺧــر وﺟﺑــﺔ أﻛــل .طﺑﯾﻌــﺔ
اﻟﻣﺎدة ،ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﻲء ﯾﻼﺣظ اﻻﺗﻰ :درﺟﺔ اﻟﻬﺿم ،وﺟود ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺑطن ﻣﺛل اﺟﺳﺎم ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ ،ﺻدﯾد،
طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت وﺑراز.
* اﻟﻌﻧق واﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺟﻣﯾﺔ:
إن اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺟﻣﯾـﺔ ﺗﺣﺗـوي ﻋﻠـﻰ :اﻟﺑﻠﻌـوم ،اﻟﺣﻧـك اﻟرﺧـو ،اﻟﺟﯾـب اﻟﺣﻠﻘـﻲ ،اﻟﻐـدة اﻟﻧﻛﻔﯾـﺔ
اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ ،اﻟﺣﻧﺟرة ،اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ ،اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻧﻛﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ.
اﻟﻌﻧ ــق ﯾﺣﺗــوي ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ،اﻟﻣــريء ،اﻟورﯾ ــد اﻟﺗ ــﺎﺟﻲ ،اﻟﻘﺻــﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾ ــﺔ ،وﯾــﺗم ﻓﺣ ــص ﻛ ــل ﺗﻠــك اﻟﻣﻧ ــﺎطق
ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر واﻟﺟس ،ﻟﻛن اﻟﺣﻧﺟرة واﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﻓﺣﺻﻬﺎ اﯾﺿـﺎً ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻟﺗﺳـﻣﻊ
ﯾوﺿﺢ اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ:
(1اﻟﺗﺿــﺧم وذﻟــك ﻣﺛــل ﺣــﺎﻻت اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﻧﻛﻔ ﯾــﺔ ،ﺧـراج ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻐــدة اﻟﻧﻛﻔﯾــﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوﻣﯾــﺔ اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾــﺔ ،اﻟــورم
اﻟﺧﺑﯾث .ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻧظﺎر ﻟﻠﻧظر ﻟﻠﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔم اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ.
oesphygeal (2ﺗﺿـ ــﺧم اﻟﻐ ـ ــدة اﻟدرﻗﯾ ـ ــﺔ ،ﺗﺿ ـ ــﺧم ﻣوﺿ ـ ــﻌﻰ او ﻋـ ــﺎم ﻟﻠﻣ ـ ــريء )رﺗ ـ ــﺞ ﺑ ـ ــﺎﻟﻣريء
،diverticulumﺟﺳم ﻏرﯾب ،ﺿﯾق أو ﺷﻠل(.
-اﻟﺟس اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ:
ﯾــﺗم ﺑواﺳــطﺔ اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﯾــدﯾن اﻻﺛﻧــﯾن ،واﺣــدة ﻓــﻲ ﻛــل ﺟﺎﻧــب واﻟﺿــﻐط ﯾﻛــون أوﻻً ﺧﻔﯾﻔــﺎً ﺛــم ﯾــزداد
ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾﺎً وﯾﻼﺣظ ﻓﯾﻪ اﻵﺗﻰ :اﻟﺣ اررة ،اﻟﺣﺟم واﻻﻟم واﻟﻣﺣﺗوي.
-اﻟﺟس اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ :ﻟﻠﺑﻠﻌوم ﯾﺗم ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﻔم.
ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺧﯾــول ﺣﻘــن دواء ﻣﻬــدئ ﯾﺳــﺎﻋد ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﻔﺣــص اﻟــدﻗﯾق ،ﻟﺗﺟوﯾــف اﻟﺟ ﺳــم اﻻﻣــﺎﻣﻲ ﯾﺳــﺗﻌﻣل
اﻟﻣﻧظﺎر اﻻﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺣﻧﺟري.
* اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ):(Trachea
-اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر :ﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل واﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ،ووﺟود اﻟﻧدب ).(Scar
-اﻟﺟس :ﻟﻠﻛﺷف ﻋن وﺟود أﻟم ،ﺗﺿﺧم ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ او ﺗﺷوﻫﺎت.
-اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ :وذﻟك اﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺻوت اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ،ﺧرﺧرة اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ او اﺻوات ﺻﻔﺎرﯾﺔ.
طرق اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺗزاﻣﻧﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻟرﺋﺔ ،ﯾﺗم اﻟطرق اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟوﺳطﻰ ﻣن
ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧق ﺑﺿرﺑﻪ واﺣدة ،وﻓﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺋﺔ ﻟﻬذا اﻟﺻوت.
ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت ﺣﯾث ﺗﺗواﺟد اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر واﺿﺣﺎً وﺑﻌﯾداً.
اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟﻣﺗﺟﻣدة ﻣن اﻟرﺋﺔ :ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت واﺿﺢ وﻋﺎﻟﯾﺎً.
-اﻟﻛﺷـف اﻻﺷـﻌﺎﻋﻲ او اﻟﺗﺻـوﯾر اﻻﺷـﻌﺎﻋﻲ ) (Rodiologyأﯾﺿـﺎً ﻣـن اﻻدوات اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻـﯾﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ
اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ.
* اﻟﻣرئ:
اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر واﻟﺟس :اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﺗؤدي إﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷـﻛل واﻟﺧـط اﻟﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ،
أن اﻟﺿــﻐط اﻟﻘــوي ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻣــرئ وﻋ ﻠــﻰ طــول اﻟﺟﺎﻧــب اﻻﯾﺳــر ﻻ ﺧــدود اﻟورﯾــد اﻟﺗــﺎﺟﻲ ﯾﺣــدث ﺗﺟﺷــؤ،
)ﺟﺗرا ارً( وﺣﺗﻲ اﻟﻘﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣراض ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣرئ واﻟﺗوﺳﻊ.
اﻟﺳــﻌﺎل ﻗــد ﯾﻛــون ﻋــﺎﻟﻲ او ﻫــﺎدئ اوﻧﻘﯾــق )ﺻــوت أﺟــش( او ﺻــﻔﯾر اوﻧﺑــﯾﺢ ،ﻋﻧــدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛــون اﻟﺣﻧــك
اﻟرﺧو ﻣﻬﺗزاً .اﻟﺳﻌﺎل ﯾﻌﺑر ﻋﻧﻪ ﺑﺿﺣل أو ﻋﻣﯾق ﻣﻌﺗﻣداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺟم ﺧروﺟﻪ.
* اﻟﺳﻌﺎل اﻟرﺣﺎب او اﻟﻐزﯾر :ﯾﺻﺎﺣﺑﻪ اﺧراج اﻻﻓ ارزات او اﻟﺳواﺋل.
* اﻟﺳﻌﺎل اﻟﺟﺎف أو ﻏﯾر اﻟﻐزﯾر :ﻻ ﯾﺻﺎﺣﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﺗﺣرك.
* اﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺋﯾﺔ:
وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ (1) :اﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ ) (2ﻏﺷﺎء اﻻﻧف ) (3ﻏﺷﺎء اﻟﻔم ) (4ﻣﻬﺑل ) (5اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم.
ﻗد ﯾﺗم اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑﺎﻟﺿوء اﻟﻌﺎدي اﻟﯾوﻣﻲ اواﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺑطﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻬرﺑﯾﺔ وأﯾﺿﺎً اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟﻣﻬﺑل
واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم.
اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔاﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺷﺎء ﻧﻔﺳﻪ أو ﺑﺎﻻﻣراض اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم.
.1ﺷﺎﺣب) :اﻧﯾﻣﯾﺎء(.
.2ﻣﺣﻣر )ﻣﺣﺗﻘن( :اﻟﺣﻣﻲ ،اﻟﻣﻐص ،ﺿﯾق اﻟﺗﻧﻔس .
.3زراق )ازرق ﺑﺎﻫت( ،اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻋﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب )اﻟﻘﻼب( اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺗﺎﻣور ،ﺗﺳﻣم ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌدن واﻟﻧﺑﺎت.
.4ﺑﺎﻫت ﯾرﻗﺎﻧﻲ ) اﺻﻔر ﺧﻔﯾف ﻟﯾﻣوﻧﻲ أﺻﻔر( )ﯾرﻗﺎن= اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛﺑد ،طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟدم ،داء اﻟﺑرﯾﻣﯾﺎت
اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ .( Leptospirosis
.5اﻟﺗﺿﺧم.
.6وﺟﻮد ﺻﺪﯾﺪ )اﻓﺮاز(.
)أ( ﺧرﺧرة رطﺑﺔ :وذﻟك ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﺧﺎط أو اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﻗﻠﯾل اﻟﻠزوﺟﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻣر ﻓﯾﻪ ﻫواء ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺻوت
ﻓﻘــﺎﻗﯾﻌﻲ ﻓــﻲ طﺑﯾﻌﺗــﻪ )وﻫــو ﺷــﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺻــوت اﻟ ﻬ ـواء ﻋﻧــدﻣﺎ ﯾﺧــرج ﻣــن ﺧ ـﻼل ﻓﺗﺣــﺔ ﺿــﯾﻘﺔ ﻓــﻲ آﺧــر
اﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ ﻣوﺿوﻋﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﺎء( وﻫذا ﯾﺣدث ﻓﻲ أﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ،اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي اﻟﺷـﻌﺑﻲ،
اﻟوذﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋوﯾﺔ ،اﻟدم اﻟرﺋوي ،اﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎق اﻟﺳﺎﺋل.
)ب( ﺧرﺧرة ﺟﺎﻓﺔ :وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻋﻧد ﻣرور اﻟﻬواء ﺑﻘوة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺷـﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾـﺔ وﻫـﻲ ﺗﺻـف ﺿـﯾﻘﺔ ،وذﻟـك
أﻣــﺎ ﻻن اﻟﻣﺧــﺎط ﺳــﻣﯾك أو أﻛﺛــر ﻟزوﺟــﺔ أو اﻟﻐﺷــﺎء اﻟﻣﺧــﺎطﻲ ﻣﺗﺿــﺧم ،وﻫــذا اﻟﺻــوت ﯾﻛــون ﻓــﻰ
ﺷﻛل دﻧدﻧﺔ ،ﺻﻔﯾر ،ﻓرﻗﻌﺔ ،أو ﺻرﯾر ﺣﺎد .اﻟﺧرﺧرة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻬﺎب
اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬوﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎد واﻟﻣزﻣن ،ﺗﺷﻧﺞ ﻋﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ،اﻟورم اﻟﺧﺑﯾث اﻟرﺋوي ،أو اﻟﺳل.
* ﺧرﺧرة ﻣﻔرﻗﻌﺔ )اﻟﻔرﻗﻌﺔ( :ﻫﻲ اﺻوات ﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﯾرة ﻣن اﻟطور اﻟﺷﻬﯾﻘﻲ وﯾﺣدث
ﻋﻧد-:
.1اﻟورم ﻓﻲ اﻏﺷﯾﺔ ا ﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ.
.2ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺗﺿﺧم ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣوﯾﺻﻼت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﺻﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض واﻟﺷﻬﯾق ﯾزﯾل ﻫـذا اﻟﺗﻼﺻـق
وﺗﺣدث اﻟﻔرﻗﻌﺔ) .وﺳﺗﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺻـوت ﺷـﻌر ﺑـﯾن اﻻﺻـﺎﺑﻊ ﯾوﺿـﻊ ﻗرﯾـب ﻣـن اﻷذن( .وﻫـذا ﯾﺣـدث
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ،اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي ،واﻟوذﻣﺔ(.
اﻻﺻﻮات اﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﯿﺔ:
* ﺻـــوت اﻟﻔرﻗﻌـــﺔ اﻟﺷـــدﯾدة :ﯾﺣ ــدث ذﻟــك اﺛﻧ ــﺎء طــور اﻟﺷ ــﻬﯾق واﻗــل اﻣﺗ ــداداً ﻓــﻲ اﻟزﻓﯾ ــر وﻫــذا ) ﻣﺛــل
اﺣﺗﻛﺎك( ﻗطﻌﺔ ﻣـن اﻟـورق اﻟﻧـﺎﻋم ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻛـرﻩ .وﯾﺣـدث ذﻟـك ﻓـﻲ ﺣـﺎﻻت اﻻﻧﺗﻔـﺎخ اﻟﺣوﯾﺻـﻠﻲ اﻟﻣـزﻣن
واﻟﺣﺎد.
* اﻻﺻوات اﻟﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﯾﺔ :ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺻوات ﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻏﺷﺎء اﻟﺟﻧب واﻟﺗﺎﻣور أن أﺻوات اﻟﻛﺷط ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻋﻧد
ﺟﻔﺎف وﺧﺷوﻧﺔ اﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻧب اﻟﺣﺷوي واﻟﺿﻠﻌﻲ .وﻫذا اﻟﺻوت ﺛﺎﺑـت وﯾﺣـدث ﻣـﻊ أي دورة ﺗﻧﻔﺳـﯾﺔ
)واﻟﺻوت ﯾﻣﺎﺛل اﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻗطﻌﺗـﯾن ﻣـن اﻟﺟ ﻠـد اﻟﻧﺎﺷـف أو ﺿـﻐط اﻻﺻـﺑﻊ ﻋ ﻠـﻰ اﻷذن وﺧدﺷـﻪ ﺑظﻔـر
اﻻﺳﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﯾد اﻷﺧري( وﻫذا ﯾﺣﺻل ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟﺟﻧـب ،اﻻﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟﺗـﺎﻣوري )أﺻـوات اﻻﺣﺗﻛـﺎك
اﻟﺗﺎﻣوري ﻟﯾﺳت ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ دورة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس(.
اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻻﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﺋﺔ ﯾﺿم-:
.2اﻟﺑزل ).(Paracentesis .1اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ.
-اﻻﻟم اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟطرق :وﺟود اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﺗﺎﻣوري ﺣﺎد أو اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺟﻧب ﺣﺎد.
* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﻲ:
/2اﻧﺑﺳﺎط /1اﻧﻘﺑﺎض )أ( ﻓﻲ اﻟدور اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻣرﺣﻠﺗﯾن:
)ب( أن اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﯾﻘدر وﯾﻣﯾز أﺻوات اﻟﻘﻠب وﯾﺣدد وﺟود أﺻوات ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ.
)ج( اﻟﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺿﻠوع اﻟراﺑﻊ واﻟﺧﺎﻣس .واﻟﺻوت اﻷول
)اﻻﻧﻘﺑﺎض( ﯾﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻣﺔ ﻓوق رأس اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﺻوت اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ )اﻻﻧﺑﺳﺎط( اﯾﺿﺎً ﯾﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ
ﻗﻣﺗﻪ ﻓوق ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﻘﻠب.
)د( اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﯾﻘدر ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ :ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﻠب ،اﻻﻧﺗظﺎم ،ﺷدﺗﻪ أو ﻗوﺗﻪ واﻷﺻوات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ.
-ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﻠب ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻐﯾﯾرﻩ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺎً وذﻟك ﺑﺎﻗﻼق ﻓﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻷﻧف ﻋﻧد اﻟﺧﯾل واﻟﺟﻣﺎل ،وﻗﻔل ﻓﺗﺣﺔ
اﻻﻧف واﻟﻔم ﻋﻧد اﻷﺑﻘﺎر.
-ﯾﻧﻘص ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﻠب ﻣﺛﻼً ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﺷل اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺳﻣﻧﺔ واﻻﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎء.
* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ:
ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ ﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﻬﺿم .اﻷﺻوات ،ﺧرﯾر ،ﺧﻔﯾف ،ﺧرﺧرة ≡ اﻟﺗﻣﻌﺞ اﻟﻌﺎدي وﺣرﻛﺔ
اﻟﻘطﻌﺔ.
* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ:
.1ﯾﺟب ﻟﺑس ﺟوﻧﺗﺎت واﻗﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻣﯾص ﻣطﺎطﻲ طوﯾل أو ﻣرﯾﻠﺔ ،ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﻠﯾن ،ﯾﺟب ﻗطﻊ
اﻷظﺎﻓر.
.2ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب.
)أ ( ﺣﻘﻧﺔ ﺷرﺟﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎء داﻓﺊ.
)ب( ﻧرﻓﻊ رأس اﻟﺣﯾوان.
)ﺟ ( ﻋﻣل ﺿﻐط ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ
)د ( اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﻬدآت أو ﻣﺳﻛﻧﺎت ،أو اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺧدر ﻓوق اﻻم اﻟﺟﺎﻓﯾﺔ.
* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ :ﺻوت ﺟرﺳﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ ،ازﯾز اورﺷﺎﺷﻰ ﻫذا اﻟﺻوت ﯾﻣﻛن ﺳﻣﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟطرق ﺑﺿرﺑﺔ ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ
ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺑﻊ واﺟراء اﻟﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت.
اﻟطرق ،واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ،واﻟﺟس ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﻔﺦ ﻣن اﻟﺑطن ﯾوﺿﺢ ﻧﻔس اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق او اﻻﻋراض
ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﻣن.
* اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم :وﯾﻼﺣظ ﻓﯾﻪ اﻻﺗﻰ-:
-1ﺷدة او ﻗوة وﺗﻛرار اﻟﺗﻘﻠﺻﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛرش.
-2طﺑﯾﻌﺔ ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻛرش )ﺳﺎﺋل ،اﺻم ،ﻏﺎز(.
-3اﻟﻧﻘﺻﺎن واﻟزﯾﺎدة ف اﻟﺣﺟم.
-4ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﯾﻣﯾن اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻰ.
-5اﻧﺳداد اﻻﻣﻌﺎء.
-6اﻻﻓﺎت اﻟﻌﻘدﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة ﻓﻰ ﻣرض اﻟﺳل واﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺻﻔﺎق.
-7اﻣﺗﻼء اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ وﺣوض اﻻﺣﻠﯾل.
-8زﯾﺎدة ﺳﻣك ﺟدار اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ.
-9زﯾﺎدة ﺳﻣك اﻟﺣﺎﻟب.
-10اﻟﺗﺿﺧم واﻻﻟم ﻟﻠﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ.
* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾرى ﻟﻠﻛﻼب واﻟﻘطط-:
* اﻟﺟــس :ﯾﻌﺗﺑــر ﻣﻬــم ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾــﺔ واﻻﻋﺿــﺎء اﻟﺗــﻰ ﯾﺷــﻣﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺟــس ﻫــﻰ :اﻟﻣﻌــدة اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔــﻰ ﻣــن اﻟﻛﻠﯾــﺔ
اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ ،اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﻛﺑد.
واﻟطرق اﻷﺧرى اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﻌﻣل ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر ،اﻟطرق ،اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ.
* اﻟطرق اﻻﺧري ﻟﻔﺣص اﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺑطن ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت:
.3ﺑذل اﻟﺑطن .2ﻓﺗﺢ او ﺷق اﻟﺑطن .1اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص
.6ﻓﺣض اﻟﺑراز .5اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ .4ﻓﺣص اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ
-اﻟﺟس ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة واﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﺣﺟم ﯾﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣن
اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﻧﻲ .اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﺳري ﯾﻣﻛن ﺟﺳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠب اﻷﺑﻘﺎر ،وﯾﻣﻛن ﺟس اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎً
ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن ،اﻟﻣﺎﻋز ،اﻟﻛﻠب ،اﻟﻘط.
-ﺟس اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ وذﻟك ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر:
.4اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي .3اﻟﺷﻛل .2اﻟﺣﺟم ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ .1اﻻﻟم اﻟﻣﺿﻌﻰ
-وﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻵﺗﯾﺔ:
.2ﻣؤة اﻟﻛﻼء )ﻛﻼء اﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎﺋﻲ(. .1ﯾﻛون اﻟورم )ﺟدﯾد(.
.4داء اﻟﻛﻼء اﻟﺣوﺿﻲ. .3اﻟورم اﻟﻛﻠوي
ﯾﺳﻬل ﺟس اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻻﻣﺗﻼء ﺑﺎﻟﺑول )اﻻﻟم ،اﻟﺣﺻوة ،ﺗﻛون ورم ﺟدﯾد ،اﻟﺟدار ﺳﻣﯾك(.
.4ﺣﻠق اﻟﺷﻌر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﻣراد اﻟطﻌن ﻓﯾﻪ وﺗطﻬﯾرﻩ ﺑﻌد ﻧظﺎﻓﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺣول ﺣﺗﻲ ﯾﺟفٕ .واذا ﻛﺎن
ﻛﻣﯾﺎت اﻟدم ﺻﻐﯾرة ﯾﻣﻛن ﺧذﻫﺎ ﻣن ورﯾد اﻷذﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﺻﯾوان اﻻذن .إذا ﻛﺎن
اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎج ﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﯾﻣﻛن اﺧد اﻟدم ﻣن اﻻﺗﻰ -:
)أ( اﻟورﯾد اﻟوداﺟﻲ )طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(.
)ب( اﻟورﯾد اﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ.
)ﺟ( اﻟورﯾد أو اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن اﻟﻌﺻﻌﺻﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر.
)د( اﻟورﯾد اﻷوﺳط اﻟرأﺳﻲ )اﻟﻛﻌﺑري( اﻟورﯾد اﻟرﺿﻌﻲ اﻟراﺟﻊ )ﺻﻔﺎﻧﻰ( ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻻﺧذ اﻟدم ﻣن
اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط ).أﯾﺿﺎً اﻟورﯾد اﻟوداﺟﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل(.
.5ﯾﺟب اﺧذ اﻟدم ﺑﻠطف ﻟﺗﺟﻧب اﻧﺧﻣﺎص اﻟورﯾد ﺣول ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻﺑرة )ﺗﺟﻧب ﺗﺣﻠل اﻟدم.
.6اﺿﻐط اﻟﺟﻠد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘطﺔ دﺧول اﻻﺑرة ﻗﺑل اﺳﺗﺧراﺟﻬﺎ.
.7ﻏﺳل ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﺣﻘن ﺑﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد ﺑﻌد أﺧذ اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ.
وﻫذا ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻏﺎﺋب ،ﺿﻌﯾف أو ﻗﻠﯾل ،أو ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺷدة .وﯾﺿم اﻟﻔﺣص ﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘل
اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﺗﯾﺔ-:
.1اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﻘرﻧﻲ :وذﻟك ﺑﻠﻣس ﻗرﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن ،وﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟطرﻓﻲ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻓﺗﯾﻠﺔ )رﺑدة(
ﻣﺑﻠﻠﺔ ،أو ﻓرﺷﺔ ﻧظﯾﻔﺔ ،أو ﻟﻣس اﻟﻣوق اﻻوﺳط ) ،(medial canthusوﻫذا ﯾﺟﻌل اﻟﺣﯾوان
ﯾﻐﻣز ﻻ ارادﯾﺎً.
.2اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﺑؤﺑؤي :ﯾﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﯾون أوﻻً ﺛم ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻠم ﺿوﺋﻲ ﯾوﺟﻪ اﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ
ﻟواﺣدة ﻣن ﻟﻌﯾون ،ﻋﺎدة اﻟﺑؤﺑو ﯾﺗوﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟظﻼم وﯾﺿﯾق ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿوء اﻟﺳﺎطﻊ .
.3اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﺟﻠدي :ﯾﺗم اﺧﺗﺑﺎرﻩ وﺑﺎﻟﻠﻣس أو ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟطﻌن ﻓﻲ أﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ دﺑوس أو
أﺑرة ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد.
)أ( اﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻧﺳﺣﺎب اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ :وذﻟك ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟطﻌن اﻟﺧﻔﯾف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻻﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ
اﻟﺟﻠد )اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط( وﺑﯾن اﺻﺑﻊ اﻻﺑﻬﺎم واﻟظﻔر ﻓﻲ اﻻﺻﺑﻊ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ ،او اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ او
اﻻﻛﻠﯾﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﻠدي )اﻟﺧﯾل ،واﻻﺑﻘﺎر( .وﻫذا اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﯾﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟراﻗد.
)ب( اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﺷرﺟﻲ.
اﺑﺗداء ﻣن اﻟذﯾل
)ﺟ( اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﻠدي )اﻟﻠﺣﻣﺔ( :وﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﺑﺎﻟطﻌن اﻟﺧﻔﯾف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻠد ً
وﻣﺎﺿﯾﺎً ﺑﻛل ﺟﺎﻧب ﻣن ﺟواﻧب اﻟﻌﻣود اﻟﻔﻘﺎري.
.4اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟوﺗري )اﻟوﻗوف واﻟﻣﺷﻲ(:
-اﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟرﺿﻔﻰ )) :(Patellar reflexﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟراﻗد( اﻟرﺑﺎط اﻟﻣطﺑق اﻟرﺿﻔﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺑﻧﻘرﻩ
ﺑﺄﺻﺑﻊ اﻟﺳﺑﺎﺑﺔ ،اوﺷﺎﻛوش ،ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﯾؤدى اﻟﻧﻘر اﻟﻰ اﻣﺗداد اﻟرﺟل إﻟﻲ اﻻﻣﺎم.
-اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس ﻟﻠﻌرﻗوب.
.5اﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت اﻟوﻗوف )اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط(.
)أ( اﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت ﺗوﺗر اﻟﻌﻧق واﻟﻌﯾن) :ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟواﻗف وﻗﻔﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ( .اﺛﻧﺎء اﻧﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻌﻧق ﺗﺗوازن ﻋﯾن
اﻟﺣﯾوان وﺗﺣدق إﻟﻲ اﻻﻣﺎم وﻟﻛن اﻻرﺟل اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﺗدة واﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻧﺛﻧﯾﺔ.
)ب( اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻣدﻋوﻣﺔ :وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل اﻷرﺟل اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ او اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ وذﻟك ﯾﺗم اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﺑدون
وﺿﻊ ﻋﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﯾن.
)ج( اﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﻘﯾﺎم :اﻟﻛﻠب أو اﻟﻘط ﯾﻌﺻب اﻟﻌﯾﻧﯾن وﯾوﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻪ ﺛم ﯾطﻠق اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ
ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﯾﺟﻠس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻدرﻩ ﺛم ﯾﻘف.
اﻻﻧﺣراف أو
ﺗﺷﻧﺞ أو ﺗﻘوس اﻟرأس دوران اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛل واﻟﺗطﺎﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو
اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء
ﺗورم ﻋظﺎم اﻟﻔك اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ ﺑروز ﻫوس
ﺟﺎﻣد ﻣﺗﺻﻠب اﻟرأس
واﻟﻌﻠوي اﻟﺟﺑﻬﺔ ﻣﻬوس
ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش اﻟرﻣش أو اﻟطرف اﻟﻣﻔرط أو
ﺗوﺳﻊ أو اﻧﻛﻣﺎش ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن ﺑروز ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن اﻻﻓراز اﻟﻌﯾون
اﻟزاﺋد
اﻹﻓراز اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ اﻻﻧف
اﻟﻠﻌﺎب اﻟرﻏوي زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻠﻌﺎب اﻟﻔم
اﻟﺟس
ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم )أﺻم( ﺻوت طﺑﻠﻲ ﺻوت رﻧﺎن اﻟﻘرع او اﻟطرق
اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ
د -اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم
ورم ﺳرطﺎﻧﻲ ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش ﺟﻔون ﻣﻘﻔوﻟﺔ ﺣرﻛﺔ زاﺋدة اﻟﺟﻔون
وذﻣﺔ ﻧزﯾف اﺣﺗﻘﺎن ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺻﻔرة ﺷﺎﺣﺑﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻠﺣﻣﺔ )ﺑﺎطن اﻟﺟﻔن(
ﻟون أﺑﯾض ﻣﺗﺻﻠب ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ﻟون ﻏﻣﺎﻣﻲ
اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ
زﯾﺎد ة ﺗﺣدب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻫت
ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ :اﻟﺟس اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﻣﺟﺳوﺳﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻔوﺣﺻﺎت اﻻﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ :اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ،ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﺑطن اﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات
اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ ،اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ،اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺑراز.
اﻻﻧﺣراف أو
ﺗﺷﻧﺞ أو ﺗﻘوس اﻟرأس دوران اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛل واﻟﺗطﺎﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو
اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء
ﺑروز
ﺗورم ﻋظﺎم اﻟﻔك اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ واﻟﻌﻠوي ﻫوس ﻣﻬوس ﺟﺎﻣد ﻣﺗﺻﻠب اﻟرأس
اﻟﺟﺑﻬﺔ
ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش اﻟرﻣش أو اﻟطرف اﻟﻣﻔرط أو
ﺗوﺳﻊ أو اﻧﻛﻣﺎش ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن ﺑروز ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن اﻻﻓراز اﻟﻌﯾون
اﻟزاﺋد
اﻹﻓراز اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ اﻻﻧف
اﻟﻠﻌﺎب اﻟرﻏوي زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻠﻌﺎب اﻟﻔم
اﻟﺟس
ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم )أﺻم( ﺻوت طﺑﻠﻲ ﺻوت رﻧﺎن اﻟﻘرع او اﻟطرق
اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ
ورم ﺳرطﺎﻧﻲ ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش ﺟﻔون ﻣﻘﻔوﻟﺔ ﺣرﻛﺔ زاﺋدة اﻟﺟﻔون
وذﻣﺔ ﻧزﯾف اﺣﺗﻘﺎن ﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﻣﺻﻔرة ﺷﺎﺣﺑﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻠﺣﻣﺔ )ﺑﺎطن اﻟﺟﻔن(
ﻟون أﺑﯾض ﻣﺗﺻﻠب ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ ﻟون ﻏﻣﺎﻣﻲ
اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ
زﯾﺎد ة ﺗﺣدب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻫت
اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ
ﺻﻮت ﻏﯿﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ )ﺧﺮﯾﺮ (
ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ :اﻟﺟس اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﻣﺟﺳوﺳﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻔوﺣﺻﺎت اﻻﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ :اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص ،ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﺑطن اﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات
اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ ،اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ ،اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺑراز.
1
2010-2007 ﺗدرﯾس ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑﺎطﻧﯾﺔ ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﯾﺎﻻ.
-2008 ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﺗدرﯾس ﻣﺎدة أﻣراض اﻷﺳﻣﺎك واﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﺑرﯾﺔ ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان
ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ -ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري.
2009 أﺳﺗﺎذ ﻣﺷﺎرك.
2009 وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﻣﻣﺗﺣن داﺧﻠﻲ وﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟطﻼب اﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﯾر واﻟدﻛﺗوراﻩ ﺑﻛﻠﯾﺎت وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ.
اﻟﺗدرﯾب:
-ﻣﺎرس 2009ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﺣﯾﺎء اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم.
25-20 -ﻧوﻓﻣﺑر 1999/ﻣرﺷد ﻓﻲ اﻟدورة اﻟﺗدرﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺣﺔ ٕوادارة اﻟﺟﻣﺎل.
2006-2004 -وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻷوﻟﻲ واﻹﺷراف ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗوازن ﺑﻘﺳم ﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان واﻟﺟراﺣﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻲ
اﻟﺑﯾطري اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ ﺑﺣﻠﺔ ﻛوﻛو.
2008 -ﺣﺿور اﻟﻣؤﺗﻣر اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻋﺷر ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﺳﯾوط
2010 -ﺣﺿور اﻟﻣؤﺗﻣر اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻋﺷر ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﺳﯾوط
2009-2012 -ﻋﺿو ﻟﺟﻧﺔ اﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎﻧﺎت.
2010 -ﻣﺷرف ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ووﺣدة أﺑﺣﺎث اﻹﺑل ،ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري-ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم
واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ.
2010 -ﺣﺿور ﻛورس ﺗدرﯾﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻹدارة وﺿﻣﺎن اﻟﺟودة.
2010 -ﺣﺿور دورة ﺗدرﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗطوﯾر أداء اﻷﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ
2010 -ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺛروة اﻟﺳﻣﻛﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺻﯾد اﻟﺟﺎﺋر
2010 -ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻻﺳﺗزراع اﻟﺳﻣﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ اﻟﻌذﺑﺔ -اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ
2011 -ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﺑﯾطري ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان )اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ -اﻟﺣﺎﺿر -اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل( -اﺗﺣﺎد اﻟﺑﯾﺎطرة
اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﯾن وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ )ﻋﺎم اﻟطﺑﯾب اﻟﺑﯾطري(
2011 -ﻣﺷرف ﻋﻠﻲ أﻣراض اﻷﺳﻣﺎك واﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑري.
2012 -ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل اﺳﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ.
2012 -ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺿﺔ اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ.
2
اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ
2007 -وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﺑﺎﺣث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷروع اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﻣﻌدي.
2010 -وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﺑﺎﺣث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷروع ﻓرط اﻟﺷﺣوم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول.
2011 -وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن اﻟﺑﺎﺣث اﻟرﺋﯾس ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷروع ﺑﻌض ﻣظﺎﻫر ﺗﺳﻣم اﻻﯾﻔروﻛﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر.
2012 -وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن اﻟﺗﺣﻘق ﻣن اﻟﻠﺳﺗرﯾﺔ وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺟﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﻟﺦ اﻟدواﺟن ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم -اﻟﺳودان.
اﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ:
اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ أﻣراض اﻹﺑل.
اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣراض اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻧﺳﺟﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﻲ.
اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ أﻣراض اﻷﺑﻘﺎر ،اﻟﺿﺄن واﻟﻣﺎﻋز.
اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ:
-ﻋﺿو اﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ.
-ﻋﺿو اﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺎء اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺎت.
اﻹﺷراف:
ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺷروع اﺳم اﻟدارس
اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ وﻓﺣص اﻟدم واﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎء اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول واﻟﺣﻣﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﯾﺎﻻ ﻋﺑد اﷲ اﺑن ﻋﻣر ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﺑﺷﯾر
اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻼزﻣﺔ اﻟوﻻدة راﻧﯾﺎ إﺑراﻫﯾم ﻣﺻطﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﯾر
ﻣﺷرف ﻣﻌﺎون:
ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺷروع اﺳم اﻟدارس
ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺑب اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري اﻟذي ﯾﺻﯾب اﻟﻌﯾن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﻣﻌدي ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ طﻪ ﺣﺎﻣد ﺻدﯾق
اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع اﻟﺑﻘري :اﻷﺳﺑﺎب واﻟﺗﻘﺑل أﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ ﻋﻔﺎف ﻣﺣﻣد ﻣﺣﻣد ﺻﺎﻟﺢ
ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌرف ﻋن اﻟﺳﻠﻔﺎﻣﯾد واﻟدﯾﻣﺎزﯾن ذﻛﺗﯾروﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر رﺷﺎ ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺛﻣﺎن
ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﺳﺗﻣرار اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر وﻓﺗرات اﻟﻌﻼج ﻟﻣﺿﺎدات اﻟدﯾدان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺎ ﻋﺑداﻟرﺣﯾم ﻋﺑد اﷲ آدم ﻣﺣﻣد
درﺟﺔ اﻟﺷرف:
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ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺷروع اﺳم اﻟطﺎﻟب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ
.1أﺑو ﺳﻔﯾﺎن اﻟﺑﻧﺎن ﺗﺎج اﻷﺻﻔﯾﺎء 2004
ﻣﺳﺢ اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﺗﺣت اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺣﻠوﺑﺔ وﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﻠﺑن .2ﻓﺎطﻣﺔ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ أﺣﻣد
.3ﺳﺟود ﻓﺿل اﻟﻣوﻟﻲ أﺣﻣد
.1 2005ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم أﺣﻣد
.2أﻓراح أﺣﻣد أﺑو اﻟورد
اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌوﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة ﻓﻲ ﻣزرﻋﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان .3إﯾﻣﺎن ﻋﺑد اﻟوﻫﺎب ﻣزﻣل
.4ﻣﺣﻣد إﺳﻣﺎﻋﯾل ﻣﺣﻣد
.5ﻧور إدرﯾس ﻣﺣﻣد
.1 2005اﺑوﺑﻛر اﻷﻣﯾن ﻣﺣﻣد ﺳﯾد
.2اﺷرف اﻟﺑﻼل ﻣﺣﻣد ادم
اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻷﯾﻔرﻣﻛﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج اﻟدﯾدان اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول .3ﻟﯾﻣﯾﺎء اﺣﻣد ﻣﺣﻣد اﻷﻣﯾن
.4ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺳﯾد ﻣﺣﻣد
.5ﻋﻣر ﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻧور
.1 2006ﻋﻔراء أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﷲ
.2أﯾﻣن ﻋﺛﻣﺎن إﺑراﻫﯾم
.3ﻫﻧﺎدي ﯾوﺳف ﻋﺑد اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ
اﻟﺳﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼﺑﯾﺔ وﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟم اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺣﻣل .4ﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻛري ﻣﺣﻣد
.5ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺛﻣﺎن ﻋﺑد اﷲ
.6ﻣﻧﯾرة ﯾوﺳف ﻣﺣﻣد
.7ﺳﺎرة ﻋﺑداﻟرﺣﯾم ﻋﺑد اﻟرؤوف
.1 2007أﻣل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺳن
اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز )ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑﻛﺗﯾري( .2دﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﺎطف رزق اﷲ
.3رﯾﺎن ﻋﺑد اﻟﻌزﯾز ﻣﺣﻣد
.1 2008ﻋﺑد اﻟﻌزﯾز ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﻬﺎدي
اﻹﺳﻬﺎل اﻟﺑﻘري .2ﻋﺑد اﻟﻠطﯾف ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﺣﺎﻣد
.3ﺧﺿر ﻋﺎﺑدﯾن ﺧﺿر
.1 2009ﻣﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺑد اﷲ
.2ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ طﻪ ﺣﺎﻣد
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اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي .3ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟﺎﻣﻊ
.4راﻧﯾﺎ إﺑراﻫﯾم ﻣﺻطﻔﻲ
.5ﻣﯾﺎدة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم
.1 2010ﻋﻔﺎف ﻋﺑداﻟﻣﻠك ﺑﺷﯾر
.2ﻋﻣﺎر إﺑراﻫﯾم ﺣﺳن
.3إﯾﻣﺎن ﻋﺑد اﷲ اﻟﺣﺎج
اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم .4ﻓﺎطﻣﺔ آدم اﻟﺣﺎج
.5ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم ﻣﺣﻣد
.6وﺟدان ﻋﺛﻣﺎن ﻣﺣﻣد ﺧﯾر
.1 2010أﺗون ﺟﺎد اﻟﺳﯾد ﻣزﻣل
اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ ﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز .2ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻣر ﻣﺣﻣد
.3أم ﺳﻠﻣﻪ ﺿﯾﺎء اﻟدﯾن ﺑﻛري
.4ﺷﻣس ﻣﺣﻣد ﺳﯾد
.1 2011ﻋزة ﺻﻼح اﻟدﯾن ﺣﺳن
اﻟدﯾدان اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺳﻧﺎم .2إﯾﻣﺎن اﻟطﺎﻫر ﻣﺣﻣد
.3ﻧﻬﻲ ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺳر
.1 2011ﻛرﺳﺗﯾﻧﺎ ﻋدﻟﻲ ﺻﻣوﯾل
اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز .2إﯾﻣﺎن ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺛﻣﺎن
.3ﻣﯾﺳﺎء ﯾوﺳف إﺑراﻫﯾم
.4ﻣﻧﻲ اﻟطﺎﻫر اﻟﺷﯾﺦ
.5ﻧﻬﻲ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻣﺣﻣد
.6ﻧو ار اﻟطﯾب ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم
.7رﺑﺎب ﻣراﻟﺟواب ﺳﻌد
.8ﺷﯾﻣﺎء ﻣﺣﻣد اﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﺧﯾر
.1 2012ﺑﻠﻘﯾس ﻣﺣﻣد وﻫﯾب إﺑراﻫﯾم
.2إﯾﻧﺎس ﻋﺑد اﻟرازق اﻟﺣﺎج ﻣﺣﻣد
اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺟول .3ﻫﻧﺎء ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﻣﺣﻣد
.4ﻣودة ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺣﺳن
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.1 2012ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﻣن ﺷﯾﺦ اﻟدﯾن ﻋﺛﻣﺎن
.2أﺣﻣد ﻣﺣﻣد اﻷﻣﯾن ﺣﺳن
.3ﺑدر اﻟدﯾن ﻋﺑد اﷲ إﺑراﻫﯾم ﯾﺣﻲ
اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠدﯾدان اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر .4اﻟطﺎﻫر ﻣﺣﻣد ﺑﺎﺑﻛر ﻣﺣﻣد ﺣﺳن
.5ﻫﺎﺟر ﺑﺎﺑﻛر ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ
.6ﻫﺎﺷم ﻣﺣﻣد زﯾن ﻋﺑد اﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ
.7ﻣﺣﻣد ﺑﺎﺑﻛر ﻣﺣﻣد ﺣﺳن
.8ﺷﻬرزاد ﻣﺟذوب أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﷲ
.1 2012ﻫﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻣﻧﻌم ﺷﻣس اﻟدﯾن
اﻹﺳﻬﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺟول اﻟوﻟﯾدة .2ﻣﯾﺎدة ﻋوض أﺣﻣد
.3ﻣروة ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﺳﯾد
.4ﺗﻘوي أﺣﻣد ﯾوﺳف
اﻟﻣﻧﺷورات اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ:
.1992 اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﻟﻠﻣﻘوﺳﺔ ﻏﻧدﯾﺎي اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل اﻟرﻋوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬل اﻟﺑطﺎﻧﺔ.
.1993 اﻧﺗﺷﺎر داء اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺎت )داء اﻟﻔﯾﻼرﯾﺎ( ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان.
.1993 اﻟﻣﺎﻋز ﻧﻣوذج ﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛﻠوة واﻟﺣوﺿﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟوﺗدﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠوﯾﺔ.
.1994 اﻟﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري واﻟﻣﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠوﺗدﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠوﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب اﻟﻣﺎﻋز.
ﯾﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز(.
.1997 اﻟﺻورة اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﯾﻣوﻧﻛس ﻛوﻧﺗورﺗس ) اﻟﻛوﻛﺳﯾدا ﺗﺟر ً
.1997 اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟداء اﻟﻛوﻛﺳﯾدا اﻟﻣﺎﻋزي.
.1998 أﻧواع اﻻﯾﻣﯾرﯾﺎ اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز اﻟﻧوﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم.
.2003 اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻔﯾروس اﻟﻠﺳﺎن اﻷﺳود ﻟﻣﻌزوﻻت اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﺑدﻻﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﺳﻠﺳﺔ ﺑﻠﯾﻣرﯾز.
.2004 أﻧواع اﻟﻣﯾوﻟﻛس اﺣﺗﻣﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ دور ﻓﻲ اﻧﺗﻘﺎل داء اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺎت اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻹﺑل وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺳﻧﺎم.
.2005 إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺷطﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳط اﻟﺳودان.
.2007 ﺳﯾﻣﺎء ﻟﺑﻌض اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐرى ﻓﻲ ﻛﺑد اﻹﺑل ،اﻷﺑﻘﺎر ،اﻟﺿﺄن و اﻟﻣﺎﻋز.
.2008 اﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﻣن اﻷﻣراض اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب اﻟﺣﻣﯾر.
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.2008 داء اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﺳﺎﺋد اﻟﻔﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ أﺑو ﺣﺟﺎر.
.2008 دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﻼﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم –اﻟﺧرطوم ﺷﻣﺎل.
.2008 اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ دﺧﻠت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻲ اﻟﺑﯾطري اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ ﺑﺣﻠﺔ ﻛوﻛو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺗرة ﻣن -1997
.2006
.2008 ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم.
.2009 ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟوﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﻔﻠوﻧ از اﻟطﯾور.
.2009 اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻟذﺑﯾﺣﺔ اﻟﺿﺄن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﻠﺧﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﺑوﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم.
.2009 ﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري ﻟﻠذﺑﯾﺢ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﺑﻠدي ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم-اﻟﺳودان.
.2009 ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ واﻟﻣطﺑﻘﺔ ﻣن ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻲ أﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺎرع ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻋطﺑرة-وﻻﯾﺔ ﻧﻬر اﻟﻧﯾل.
.2010 طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺗﻠوث ﻓﻲ اﻟذﺑﯾﺢ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﺑﻠدي أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟذﺑﺢ.
.2010 ﺗطﺑﯾق ﺣﻣل اﻟﻠﺣوم ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠك وﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم –اﻟﺳودان.
.2011 ﻗرار اﻟﻠﺑودﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺿﺎرف.
.2011 داء اﻟﺑروﺳﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن ﺑوﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺿﺎرف.
.2012 اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻟذﺑﯾﺢ اﻟدﺟﺎج أﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟذﺑﯾﺢ ﺑوﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم-اﻟﺳودان.
.2012 اﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻲ اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب ﻋﯾون اﻟﻌﺟول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان.
.2012 دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻟﻠدﺟﺎج اﻟﻼﺣم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟﺦ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم.
.2012 ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺑﻘﺔ ﻣن ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻰ أﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺎرع ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻗﯾزان -اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ
اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ.
.2013 ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺎري اﻟﻣوﻛﺳﯾدﯾﻛﺗﯾن واﻻﯾﻔرﻣﻛﺗﯾن ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﺣﻘن ﺿد اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ
ﺑﺎﻟدﯾدان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان.
.2013 وﺟود اﻟﺳﻣوم اﻟﻘطرﯾﺔ M1ﻓﻲ ﻟﺑن اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺣﻠوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم-اﻟﺳودان.
7
Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of
Animal Diseases
Edited By
Contents
Subject No of Pages
Table of Contents I
Tables III
Figures IV
Clinical Examination of the animal 1
The history 1
The environment 4
The animal 4
Routine Clinical Examination 5
General examination and inspection 5
Inspection of body regions 9
Head 9
Eye 9
Neck 9
Thorax 9
Abdomen 11
Physical examination 12
Palpation 12
Percussion 12
Auscultation 14
Examination methods 14
Temperature 14
Pulse 15
Examination of body regions 17
Head and Neck 17
Eye 18
Nostrils 19
Subject No of Pages
Mouth 19
Cranial cervical region and neck 20
Trachea 21
Clinical examination of the lung 23
Clinical examination of the heart 26
The Clinical examination of the abdomen 28
Clinical examination of the stomach and intestine in horse 29
Clinical examination of the rumen 29
Clinical examination of the reticulum 29
Clinical examination of the abomasum 31
Clinical examination of the abdomen of dogs and cat 31
Clinical examination of the liver 32
Clinical examination of the urinary system 32
Clinical examination of the mammary gland and teats 33
Clinical examination of the lymph nodes 34
Clinical examination of the nervous system 35
Disturbance of autonomic nervous system 35
References 77
Tables
Number Subject No of Pages
1 Respiratory Rate 9
2 Temperature 14
3 Pulse Rate 15
4 General examination and inspection 37
5 Inspection of body regions 39
6 Physical examination 42
7 Clinical examination of body regions 43
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. III
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Figures
Introduction
2. Disease history:
This comprises:
i. Present disease (immediate history), this relates to the sequence of
events associated with the period of time that the animal has been ill.
Specific questions should be therefore centered on:
1. Intake of food or drink.
2. Milk production.
Inflammatory disease:
Acute : Rapid course – signs are marked.
Chronic: slow course – signs are much less obvious.
[6] Posture:
Abnormality in posture is not necessary indication of disease, unless
it is associated with other clinical signs.
1. Shifting of the weight from one limb to the other (e.g. laminitis in horse).
2. Arching the back, feet more closely together or depressing the back and
feet widely apart (signs of abdominal pain mainly in horse colic).
3. Dog-setting position: in horses in case of acute gastric distension which
result in pressure on the diaphragm.
4. Abduction of the elbows: pain in the chest or difficulty in breathing.
5. Rigidity and erection of the ears, restricted limbs movement, separation
of the eyelids, partial elevation and rigidity of the tail: due to increased
muscles tone (tetanus).
6. Lowering of the head and weakness of the limb in dogs due to loss of
muscle tone.
7. Elevated head and ears pricked (listening attitude in sheep – early stage
of pregnancy toxaemia).
8. Head and neck extended or held to one side – painful unilateral
conditions of the pharyngeal regions.
9. Lateral deviation of the head: listeriosis, coenurosis.
10. Rotation of the head: middle ear infection.
11. Sternal recumbency with head deviated towards flank region –
parturient paresis in cattle.
12. Frog – like attitude: bilateral hip joint dislocation.
[7] Gait:
1. This is to be examined when the animal is involuntary movement, or.
2. The animal is led or driven at a varying spaces.
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 6
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Assessment of the movement includes:
i. Rate; ii. Range; iii. Force; iv. Direction
Abnormal limbs movement include: lameness, stiffness, shortened stride,
stilted gait, exaggerated flexion, abduction, stumbling, staggering,
swaying of the hind quarter, forced movement.
The disturbance in movement may be:
1. Constant.
2. Intermittent.
3. Of gradual disappearance.
4. More pronounced with exertion.
The locomotion is mainly affected by:
1. Nervous system disturbances, e.g. enzootic ataxia of calves, mycotoxins,
louping ill of sheep, coenurosis, listeriosis and ketosis.
2. Diseases of musculosketetal system (black leg, nutritional muscular
dystrophy, oesteodytrophy, arthritis, foot and mouth disease and foot-rot.
3. Intoxication by bacterial toxins (laminitis, metritis, mastitis).
[8] Tremors and convulsions:
These are an involuntary movement.
Tremor: persistent, repetitive twitching of the skeletal muscles (local or
generalized).
Convulsions: this is a violent muscular reaction.
Clonic convulsions: repeated muscle spasms, with paddling movements of
the limbs, and interspersed with period of relaxation.
Tetanic or tonic convulsions: continuous muscle spasm which may be
intensified periodically to become clonic.
Epileptiform convulsions: initially mild with tendency to increase in
frequency and severity.
Peripheral convulsion: this may be due to hypoxia, hypoglycemia,
electrolyte imbalance.
[9] Voice:
Coarse – rabies
Weak – gut oedema
Persistent bellowing – acute pain
Soundless bellowing and yawning – rabid cattle, hepatic
insufficiency
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 7
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
[10] Condition of the animal:
This is either thin, emaciated or obese.
[11] Conformation:
This is based on the symmetry, shape and size of the different body
regions relative to other regions.
[12] Skin:
This is mainly seen at a distance:
1. Changes in hair or wool.
2. Abnormal sweating.
3. Discrete or diffuse lesions.
4. Soiling by discharge.
5. Itching.
6. Absence of normal luster of the coat.
Dry skin – chronic debilitating disease.
Alopecia – in hyperkeratosis.
Absence of sweating –anhidrosis.
Patching sweating – peripheral nerve lesions
Excessive sweating – abdominal pain.
Discrete lesions – urticarial plague, pox, ring worm.
Diffuse lesions – subcutaneous edema, hemorrhage, emphysema and
enlargement of the lymph nodes.
Inspection of body regions:
This should be done as much as possible before the animal is
handled so as (1) to avoid excitement; (2) some abnormalities are better
seen at a distance.
1. Head:
Facial expression: rigid as in tetanus
Maniacal as in rabies or acute lead poisoning
Symmetry and configuration of bony structures:
Doming of forehead – congenital hydrocephalus
Swelling of mandible and maxillae – oestodystrophia fibrosa, sinusitis in
horse, actinomycosis in cattle.
Rotation of the head – defects in vestibular apparatus
Deviation of the head – defect the medulla and cervical cord.
Opisthotonus (e.g. tetanus, encephalitis).
3. Respiratory depth:
Reduced – pain on chest or diaphragm.
Increased – anoxia.
Hyperpnea – moderate increase in depth.
Dyspnea – labored breathing, extension of head and neck, nostrils dilatation,
elbows abduction, breathing through the mouth, increased movement of the
thoracic and abdominal wall, grunting may be heard.
Type of respiration:
Movement of thoracic and abdominal walls – normal respiration Abdominal
– type – respiration – (acute pleurisy, paralysis of the intercostals muscle).
Thoracic-type-respiration – (peritonitis especially when there is
diaphragmatic involvement).
Costo-abdominal – in horses.
Mainly costal – dog and cats.
Mainly abdominal – sheep and goat.
Chest symmetry: is seen in an infection of one lung or in ricket.
Abdomen:
The following should be observed:
1. Increase in size (excess food, fluid, fat, fetus, or neoplasm).
2. Decrease in size (gaunt) (starvation, severe diarrhea, chronic diseases).
3. Umbilical hernia or infection
4. Vental oedema (parturition, gangrenous mastitis, congestive heart failure,
rupture of urethra).
5. Ruminal movement
External genitalia: observation for any abnormalities.
Limbs: posture, gait, symmetry, enlargement or distortion of bones,
joints, tendons, sheath and bursae, peripheral lymph nodes and lymphatic
vessels.
Physical examination:
Techniques used in physical examination:
1. Palpation (Fig. 2):
i. Direct: handling tissues with finger
ii. Indirect: with the probe
Aim of palpation:
1. Detection of pain
2. For certain pathological changes (size, shape, consistency, temp.).
In palpation the following terms must be used:
a. Resilient: when the palpated structure quickly resumes its normal
shape after the application of pressure has ceased.
2. Percussion:
This is done by means of striking part of the body to obtain
information about the condition of the tissues particularly the deeper
lying parts (vibration imported at the point of impact producing audible
sounds that vary in volume, pitch on tone when reflected back). The
methods is usually used for examination of the thorax (lung and heart,
disease of the abdominal cavity, paranasal sinuses, subcutaneous
emphysema). (Fig 3).
The equipment used: pleximeter (ivory or hard wood plate), hammer
with firm rubber and (plexor or hammer). In small animals percussion is
performed by using both hands:
Pleximeter: middle finger of one hand.
Hammer: flexed middle finger of the other hand.
Mediate percussion: finger or pleximeter on the skin
Immediate percussion: striking directly with finger or plexor.
Percussion is of limited value in large animals because of the too
large internal organs, thick muscles and subcutaneous fats.
Temperature:
Internal body temperature is measured by means of clinical thermometer
(36oC (97oF) to 42.5 oC (108oF).
Procedure:
1. Shake the mercury column down the lowest point to be recorded.
2. Lubricate the bulb end of the thermometer (soap or petroleum jelly).
3. Gently insert the thermometer into the rectum with a rotatory action.
4. The thermometer should be in contact with mucous membrane and left in
situe for about 2 minutes (Fig. 4).
Temperature values: (Table 2).
Horse = 37.5oC (±) 1oC Silver fox= 38.9 oC to 41.0 oC.
Cattle = 38.5oC (±) 1oC Chinchilla= 37.0oC to 38.4oC.
Sheep = 39.5oC (±) 1oC Rabbit= 38.9 oC to 40.5oC.
Camel = 36.5 oC to 39oC Guinea pig= 37.5 to 39.4oC.
Dog = 37.5oC to 38oC.
Cat = 36.5oC to 39.2 oC.
Physiological increase in temperature occurs in the following:
1. After feeding.
2. In forced exercise.
3. On day of parturition.
4. After exercise.
5. In local inflammation of rectum.
The physiological decrease occurs in:
1. Diarrhea.
2. Following normal defecation.
3. Flaccid anal sphinter.
4. After cold fluid enema.
Pulse:
Pulse taking besides examination of the heart and the circulating
blood, enables the clinician to formulate an opinion as to the state of the
cardiovascular system.
Horse: Pulse is taken mainly at the submandibular artery. It may be taken at
the transverse facial artery or at the median artery at the medial
aspect and the upper extremity of the foreleg (Fig. 5).
Cattle: The pulse is taken at the facial artery at the lateral aspect of the
mandible, or at the transverse facial artery. The median artery is
also used. The middle coccygeal artery is in use also (under the tail
and 10 cm below the level of the anus).
Young calf, sheep, goat, dog and cat: The pulse is taken at the femoral
artery, high up in the inguinal region on the medial aspect of the
thigh.
1. Frequency of the pulse is determined by counting for 1 minute.
2. Talking of the pulse is done by placing the ball part of one or more
fingers on the skin over the selected artery at the point where it overlies
bone and then gentle pressure is applied till the pulse wave can be
detected.
The pulse rate is affected by:
1. Species (see table 3).
Normal pulse rate (wave/minute)
Animal Range Pig (large) 60 - 90
Horse 28 – 40 Pig (small) 100 - 130
Calf (yearling) 70 – 80 Rabbit 120- = 250
Cattle 55 – 80 Mink 115 - 200
Calf (young) 100-120
Sheep 70 – 90
Dog (large) 65 – 90
Dog (small) 90 – 120
Cat 110-130
Camel 30 – 50
2. Size (higher in small animals)
3. Age (higher in the very young animals)
4. Physical condition (race horse has less frequent pulse)
5. Sex: lower pulse rate in males
Normal pulse
(ii) Irregular intermittence (no obvious cyclical pattern due to second degree
heart block, ventricular premature beat and arterial fibrillation. The
quality or amplitude of the pulse is assessed by noting the degree of the
digital pressure required to obliterate the pulse wave in the artery. The
quality of the pulse is affected by heart diseases and abnormalities in
blood vessel).
Abnormal position:
Pupil: (better examined by ophthalmoscope)
Unilateral dilatation = lesion in the orbit
= diffuse lesion (encephalomyelitis)
= functional disorder (botulism, anoxia)
= peripheral blindness
Excessive constriction (miosis)= (unusual) due to over dose of organic
phosphatic insecticides, parasympathetic drugs.
Test for blindness:
1. Menace reflex: This is to elicit eye preservation reflex manifested by
reflex closure of the eyelid. A blow at the eye is stimulated. The
reflex is absent in peripheral and central blindness.
2. Obstacle test: this is to test the ability of the animal to avoid obstacle.
This test also can be done to test night-blindness (Nyctalopia) in
subdued light.
A maurosis: Total blindness
Amblyopia: Partial blindness
Pupilary light reflex: (closure and dilatation of the iris). This is done with
strong flash light.
Nostrils:
1. Odor of nasal breath: sweet sickly – ketosis.
2. Fetid: gangrenous pneumonia, necrosis in nasal cavity, accumulation of
nasal exudates.
Constant odor with breath: originates from the respiration tract.
Sour odor with eructation: originates from alimentary tract.
Odor more strong in the oral than nasal breath: originates from the mouth
breath (bad teeth, necrotic ulcers).
2. Nasal discharge:
In one nostril: local infection.
Bilateral discharge: systemic infection.
Discharge evenly mixed with blood: originate from the lower resp. tract.
Examination of teeth:
Delayed eruption uneven wear: mineral deficiency
Excessive wear with mottling and
pitting of the enamel: chronic flurosis
Changes in the tongue include:
Swollen local edema, inflammation
Shrunken and atrophied: post inflammatory or nervous atrophy.
Trachea:
Inspection: changes in shape or position, scars.
Palpation: pain, local swelling or deformities.
Cough:
This usually indicates the presence of primary or secondary disease
of the respiratory tract. Cough is infrequent in the early stage of
inflammation, as the condition progresses cough becomes more frequent.
Induction of cough:
1. Repeated application of gentle pressure to larynx in the region of its
junction with the first cartilaginous ring of the trachea (especially horse).
2. Intermittent pressure over the trachea in front of the entrance to the chest.
3. Sharp "blow" with hand, within the respiratory areas, on the thoracic wall.
4. Occlusion of the both nostrils in horse, nostrils and mouth in cattle and
sheep for 30-60 seconds with hand or folded towels (induce hypoxia).
1. Inspection:
During the general inspection, the so-called "apex-beat" of heart,
causing movement of the chest wall during the cardiac systole over the
3. Percussion:
a) Heart is a muscular organ, air-free: percussion= complete absolute
"dullness".
b) Cardiac area is located, approximately in the lower 2/3 of the left thoracic
cavity between 3-6 pairs of ribs in the horse (situated behind the
shoulder, above the level of the elbow and in size of hand-palm) and
between 3-5 pairs of ribs in cattle, sheep and goats.
c) Area of cardiac dullness can be demonstrated if percussion is carried out
in the direction of the arrows.
OX Heart
1. First line of percussion running downwards to area of dullness
2. Second line of percussion running horizontally backwards from the
area of cardiac dullness.
3. Approximate angle of the lung.
4. Absolute dullness area because of the sternum.
5. Area of relative dullness caused by the heart.
Cardiac area can be slightly increased by extending the left foreleg
forwards. Area of dullness increases in cardiac hypertrophy, dilatation,
perciarditis, hydropericardium, haemopercardium.
Area of dullness decreases in: over distension of the lung.
Pain during percussion: presence of acute pericarditis or pleurisy
External palpation:
Procedure: By the use of the whole hand or closed fist, this is placed firmly
in contact with the abdomen, following muscular relaxation a firm punch
or jab is applied for detection of superficial pain. For deeper seated lesion
pain is elicited by firm pressure. In cattle the palpated organs are rumen
(motility, amount and consistency of the rumen contents), liver (when
enlarged), reticulum (traumatic reticulo-peritonitis).
Palpation in horse, sheep and goat is unsatisfactory.
Palpation in dog and cat is done by the use of both hands with the fingers
firmly extended together, placed on each side with thumbs pointing
upwards.
Percussion: (of limited value).
Loud tympanic sound = gas – filled area.
Dull sound = solid organ.
Auscultation: for functional activity of the digestive tract.
Gurgling, murmuring or rumbling sound= normal peristalsis and
segmentation movement.
Rectal examination:
1. Protective gloves and rubber grown or apron should be worn, lubricate
before use, finger nail should be clipped.
2. Suitable restraint should be employed.
i. Enemas of warm water.
ii. Elevation of the animal head.
Percussion: Adds little to the results of the physical examination and for
confirmation of the other methods (thickness of the abdominal wall).
Under normal condition:
Upper part = slightly tympanic
One third down the left flank – dull
Under abnormal condition:
Simple overfeeding = dullness in the left paralumbar fossa. Mild
gaseous distension = tympanic sound.
Gas dispersed throughout the ingesta = Resonant sound at much
lower down the abdominal wall than normal.
Severe tympany = ringing sound.
Auscultation:
Normal contractions = gurgling fluid and booming sounds
Persistent ruminal atony = high-pitched and splashing sounds in the upper
part of the left flank.
Left abomasal displacement = similar sound as above but at the lower and
slightly at more cranial point.
Palpation:
Detection of pain especially in traumatic reticulo-peritonitis (grunt or groan
or violet reactions) pressure points for detection of pain are at several
areas over the abdomen:
1. Pinching of the wither.
2. Stick method.
3. Down hill.
4. Strong percussion on the reticulum (xiphoid cartilage).
Metal detector helps in the diagnosis of traumatic reticulo-peritonitis.
Inspection:
In mammary gland for:
Swelling (oedema and mastitis).
Reduction in size (dry cow, chronic mastitis).
Eruptions, ulceration and superficial injury.
Rupture of the suspensory ligament (dropped udder and increase in direction
and level of the teats size of the four quarter).
Lymph nodes:
In acute inflammation: Swollen, hot, painful, indistinct lobulation.
In chronic inflammation: enlarged, painless, firm, normal temp., adherent to
skin and tissues.
In pyogenic lymph node: fluctuation, hot skin, painful and swollen
surrounding tissues.
Lymph nodes of importance in clinical examination:
Swaying of
Findings Lamenes Exaggeration
Stiffness Abduction Staggering the hind Forced movement
Test s flexion
quarter
Gait
Tremor &
Clonic Tetanic Epileptiform
convulsion Tremor
convulsion convulsion convulsions
Condition of Thin Emaciated Obese
the animal
Findings Swelling
Region
Inflammation
Oesophygeal Jugular vein Jugular vein
Neck Lymph Salivary Oedema
distension enlargement pulsation
node gland
Respiration
Thorax Chest symmetry
Rate Rhysm Depth Type
Decrease in Umbilical Ruminal
Abdomen Increase in size Ventral oedema
size hernia movement
Findings
Region
Result
Resilient Doughy Firms Hard Fluctuating Emphysematous
Technique
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation
Discharge
Test
Region Watery Serious Purulent Unilateral Bilateral
Eyes
Excessive movement Closed lids Prolapse of nictating membrane Tumor
Eyelids
Normal Pale Yellow Dry Congestion Hemorrhage Oedema
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Constant with Sour odor with Strong with oral than nasal
Sweet Sticky Fetid
Region breath eructation breath
Nostrils
Evenly mixed Unevenly mixed
Bilateral Unilateral Watery Thick and cheesy
with blood with blood
Nasal discharge
Buccal mucosa
Haemorrhage Pallor Cyanosis Vesicles Erosion Ulceration
Mouth
Submaxillary
Enlargement of lymph node Oedema Local inflammation
region
Frequenc
Vomiting True Projectile Nature Watery
y
Inspection Endoscopy Palpation
Cranial cervical
Enlargement
region and the Enlargement of
Swelling of thyroid Heat Swelling Pain
neck oesophagus
gland
Trachea
Tracheal Distant and indistinct (not clear) Loud and distinct (clear)
percussion + lung
auscultation
Sounds (Auscultation)
Abdomen Auscultation
Normal sound (gurgling) Abnormal sound
Note
Rectal examination to reveal abnormalities in the palpable organs
Other tests include: absorption test, laboratomy, paracentesis, peritoneal fluid tests, radiology,
faecal examinations
Stomach and
intestine of horse
Auscultation
Test
Palpation Percussion
Region Sharp edge Uniformly thickened and Extension of
Pain (normal) round edge (abnormal) Pain dull area
Rectal palpation in horse and cattle – external palpation in sheep, goat, dog, cat
Test Inspection
Region Swelling Size Lesions Rapture of suspensary Direction and level of teats
ligament
Palpation
Mammary gland
Temperature Consistency & Pain Frictional dermatitis
+ teats +
texture
supramammary
lymph nodes
Macroscopic examination of milk
Visible particle Colour Smell Consistency
Inspection Palpation
Lymph nodes Enlargement Size Pain Lobulation Consistency Temperature Abscess Discharge Adhesion
Test Inspection
History
Region Abnormal behavior Paralysis Ataxia Forced movement Convulsion Tremor
اﻧﺑوب اﻟﻣﻌدة
1-12. Vaginoscope
ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟرﺣم
1-14. Speculum
ﻣﻧظﺎر ﺟوﻓﻰ
ﻣﻛﺣﻧﺔ
1-24. Swabs
اﻟﻣﺎﺳﺣﺎت
Physical examination
اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮى
Fig.2-5Palpation of udder
اﻟﺿرع ﺟﺲ
Fig. (5)
5- Procedure of taking pulse rate in equine – submandibular artery.
طرﯾﻘﺔ اﺧذ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض ﻓﻰ اﻟﺧﯾول – اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك
Normal pulse
References
اﻟﻣراﺟﻊ
.(2005) ﯾوﺳف ﻣﺗﻰ وأﺣﻣد ﺷﻔﯾق اﻟﺧطﯾب. د- ﻋرﺑﻲ- أﻧﺟﻠﯾزي- ﻗﺎﻣوس ﻣﺗﻰ اﻟطﺑﻲ-
. ﻟﺑﻧﺎن-ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎن ﻧﺎﺷرون.اﻟطﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ
ﺻﺎدر ﻋن. ﻣﺣﻣد طﻪ ﻋﺑداﷲ ﺷﻘدي وآﺧرون.( ب2003) ﻣﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺣد-
. ﺟﻣﻬورﯾﺔ اﻟﺳودان،اﻟﻬﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾب ﺑوزارة اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ
Sternal
Abnormal head & neck
Abduction recumbency
Posture Shifting of Arching of Dog sitting Erected position (lowered, frog-like
of the + Head
the weight the back position ears elevated, extended, attitude
elbows towards
lateral deviation
flank
Skin
Hair & wool Sweating Discrete lesion Diffuse lesion Itching Alopecia
Excessive
Mouth Frothy salivation
salivation
Findings Swelling
Region
Inflammation
Oesophygeal Jugular vein Jugular vein
Neck Lymph Salivary Oedema
distension enlargement pulsation
node gland
Respiration
Thorax Chest symmetry
Rate Rhysm Depth Type
Decrease in Umbilical Ruminal
Abdomen Increase in size Ventral oedema
size hernia movement
Findings
Region
External genitala Normal Abnormal
Limbs Posture Gait Symmetry Enlargement
Result
Resilient Doughy Firms Hard Fluctuating Emphysematous
Technique
Palpation
Auscultation
Discharge
Test
Region Watery Serious Purulent Unilateral Bilateral
Eyes
Excessive movement Closed lids Prolapse of nictating membrane Tumor
Eyelids
Normal Pale Yellow Dry Congestion Hemorrhage Oedema
Conjunctiva
Cornea
Teeth Tongue
Test Shrunken
Delayed eruption uneven Excessive wear mottling +
Region Swollen and
wear pitting of enamel
atrophied
Mouth
Submaxillary
Enlargement of lymph node Oedema Local inflammation
region
Frequenc
Vomiting True Projectile Nature Watery
y
Inspection Endoscopy Palpation
Cranial cervical
Enlargement
region and the Enlargement of
Swelling of thyroid Heat Swelling Pain
neck oesophagus
gland
Trachea
Tracheal Distant and indistinct (not clear) Loud and distinct (clear)
percussion +
lung
auscultation
Inspection and palpation Stomach tube
Oesophagus
Pain Swelling Deformities Normal Constriction Blockage
Test Inspection
Region
Increased size Decreased size Anatomical conformation Localized
lesion
Palpation Percussion
Pain in internal Rumen motility Rumen contents Loud tympanic Dull sound
organs sound
Auscultation
Abdomen
Normal sound (gurgling) Abnormal sound
Note
Rectal examination to reveal abnormalities in the palpable organs
Other tests include: absorption test, laboratomy, paracentesis, peritoneal fluid tests, radiology,
faecal examinations
Stomach and
intestine of
horse
Auscultation
Rectal palpation in horse and cattle – external palpation in sheep, goat, dog, cat
Test Inspection
Region Swelling Size Lesions Rapture of suspensary Direction and level of teats
ligament
Mammary Palpation
gland + teats + Temperature Consistency & texture Pain Frictional dermatitis
supramammary
lymph nodes
Macroscopic examination of milk
Visible particle Colour Smell Consistency
Inspection Palpation
Lymph nodes Enlargement Size Pain Lobulation Consistency Temperature Abscess Discharge Adhesion
Nervous
system Reflex areas
Cutaneous reflex Tendon reflex Postural reflex
Corneal Pupilliary
Flexor with Anal Cutaneous muscle Patellar Hock Tonic neck Supporting or Rightin
reflex reflex
drawl reflex reflex reflex (panniculua) reflex reflex & eye reflex placing reflex g reflex