‫دﻟﯿﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﺘﺸﺨﯿﺺ اﻻﻣﺮاض ﻓﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬

‫ﺗﺄﻟﯿﻒ ‪:‬‬
‫ﺑﺮﻓﯿﺴﻮر‪ :‬ﺟﻼل اﻟﺪﯾﻦ اﻻزھﺮى ﻣﺤﻤﺪ اﻟﺤﺴﻦ‬
‫دﻛﺘﻮر‪ :‬ﺳﮭﺎم اﻟﯿﺎس ﺳﻠﯿﻤﺎن ﻣﺤﻤﺪ‬

‫ﻛﻠﯿﺔ اﻟﻄﺐ اﻟﺒﯿﻄﺮى‬

‫ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺴﻮدان ﻟﻠﻌﻠﻮم واﻟﺘﻜﻨﻮﻟﻮﺟﯿﺎ‬

‫ﻋﺮﺑﻰ ‪-‬اﻧﺠﻠﯿﺰى‬
‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) (‬
‫اﻟﻔﮭﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫‪1‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻘﺪﻣﺔ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪2‬‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻤﺮﺿﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪3‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﯿﺌﺔ اﻟﻤﺤﯿﻄﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫اﻟﺤﯿﻮان ﻧﻔﺴﮫ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى اﻟﻌﺎدى‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪4‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﺎم اﻟﻨﻈﺮى‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻰ ﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮاس‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪9‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻨﻖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫اﻟﺼﺪر‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫اﻟﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪12‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮى اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺲ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪13‬‬ ‫اﻟﻄﺮق‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪14‬‬ ‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫طﺮق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪16‬‬ ‫اﻟﻨﺒﺾ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪة‬ ‫‪.7‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫اﻟﺮأس واﻟﻌﻨﻖ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪19‬‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯿﻦ‬ ‫‪-‬‬

‫أ‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) (‬
‫اﻟﻔﮭﺮﺳﺖ‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫ﻓﺘﺤﺎت اﻻﻧﻒ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪21‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻢ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪22‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻨﻘﯿﺔ اﻟﺠﻤﺠﻤﯿﺔ ‪.‬‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪23‬‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺼﺒﺔ اﻟﮭﻮاﺋﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪26‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﺮﺋﺔ‬ ‫‪.8‬‬
‫‪29‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ‬ ‫‪.9‬‬
‫‪31‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﺒﻄﻦ‬ ‫‪.10‬‬
‫‪33‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﻜﺮش‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪34‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﺸﺒﻜﯿﺔ واﻟﻤﻨﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪39‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺪ‬ ‫‪-‬‬
‫‪36‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﺒﻮﻟﻰ‬ ‫‪.11‬‬
‫‪38‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻐﺪة اﻟﺜﺪﯾﺔ واﻟﺤﻠﻤﺎت‬ ‫‪.12‬‬
‫‪40‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪.13‬‬
‫‪41‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻰ‬ ‫‪.14‬‬
‫‪42‬‬ ‫اﻻﺿﺮاﺑﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻰ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ‬ ‫‪.15‬‬
‫‪43‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﺮاﺟﻊ‬ ‫‪.16‬‬

‫ﻓﮭﺮﺳﺖ اﻟﺠﺪاول‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫‪10‬‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺪل اﻟﺘﻨﻔﺲ اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪15‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﻢ اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪17‬‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪل اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻨﺒﺾ‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪44‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪46‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ ﻻﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪48‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺒﺪﻧﻲ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪49‬‬ ‫اﻟﻜﺸﻒ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬

‫ب‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) (‬
‫ﻓﮭﺮﺳﺖ اﻻﺷﻜﺎل‬
‫رﻗﻢ اﻟﺼﻔﺤﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻮﺿﻮع‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻗﻢ‬
‫‪54‬‬ ‫اﻻدوات اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮى‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫‪70-67‬‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺲ )اﻟﻀﺮع ‪،‬اﻟﻤﻨﻔﺤﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﻜﻠﻰ (‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪72-71‬‬ ‫ﻣﻨﻄﻘﺔ اﻟﻄﺮق واﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر واﻟﺨﯿﻮل‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪73‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﺤﺮارة‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫‪74‬‬ ‫ﻗﯿﺎس اﻟﻨﺒﺾ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬
‫‪75‬‬ ‫أﻧﺘﻈﺎم اﻟﻨﺒﺾ‬ ‫‪.6‬‬
‫‪76‬‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﻻﻏﺸﯿﺔ اﻟﻤﺨﺎطﯿﺔ‬ ‫‪.7‬‬

‫ج‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ﻣﻘدﻣﺔ‬

‫ﻫذا اﻟدﻟﯾل ﯾﺷﺗﻣل ﻋﻠﻰ طرق إﺟراء اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟﻠﺣﯾوان وﯾﺣﺗوى ﻋﻠﻰ طرق‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ واﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻔﯾزﯾﺎﺋﻲ ﻟﻠﺣﯾوان ﻣﻣﺎ ﯾﻣﻛن اﻟطﺎﻟب اﻟﺑﯾطري واﻟطﺑﯾب اﻟﺑﯾطري ﻣن ﺗﺣدﯾد‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾر اﻟﻣﻌﻘدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻣﺻﺎب‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺑذﻟﻧﺎ ﻛل اﻟﺟﻬد ﻓﻲ ﻫذا اﻟدﻟﯾل ﻟﯾﻛون ﺳﻬﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻧﺎول وﻋوﻧﺎً ﻟطﻼب اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‬
‫واﻷ طﺑﺎء اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﯾن ﻟﺗطﺑﯾق طرق اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﺳرﯾري اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ واﻟﺗﻲ ﺗؤدي إﻟﻲ ﺗﺣدﯾد أﻧواع‬
‫اﻹﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺗﻣﻬﯾداً ﻹﺟراء اﻟﻌﻼج اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب واﻟﻣﻛﺎﻓﺣﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺟﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫وﺑﺎﷲ اﻟﺗوﻓﯾق‪،،،‬‬

‫ﺑروﻓﯾﺳور‪ /‬ﺟﻼل اﻟدﯾن اﻷزﻫري ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺣﺳن‬

‫دﻛﺗورة‪ /‬ﺳﻬﺎم اﻟﯾﺎس ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺎن‬

‫‪1‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺤﯿﻮان‬

‫)‪(Clinical examination of the animal‬‬

‫إن ﻓﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺑﺎﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺛﻼث ﻣرﺗﻛزات اﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻫﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫أ‪ -‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ )‪.(The history‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺣﯾوان )‪.(The environment‬‬
‫ج‪ -‬اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻧﻔﺳﻪ )‪.(The animal‬‬

‫أ‪ .‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﯾﻌﺗﺑر ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ ﺟزءاً ﻣﻬﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﻣرﺿﻲ وذﻟك ﺑﺈﻋطﺎء ﻓﻛرة ﻋن‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺿرورﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣرض وﯾﻌﺗﺑر اﻟﻣﻔﺗﺎح اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺢ ﻟﻠﺗﺷﺧﯾص‪ .‬ﻋﻧد أﺧذ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ ﺗوﺟد ﻧﻘﺎط ﯾﺟب وﺿﻌﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻋﺗﺑﺎر وﻫﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬أن ﯾﻛون اﻟطﺑﯾب ﻟﻪ اﻟﻣﻘدرة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻔﺎﻫم ﻣﻊ ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﺣﯾوان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺟب اﻟﺗﺣدث ﻣﻊ ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺑطرﯾﻘﺔ دﺑﻠوﻣﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻷﺧذ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻋدم اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾرات واﻟﻛﻠﻣﺎت اﻟﻔﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻬﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬إﻋطﺎء زﻣن ﻛﺎﻓﻲ ﻷﺧذ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﯾﺟب ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ زﻣن اﻟﻣرض ﺑﺣرص ﺷدﯾد ﻛﻣﺎ ﯾﺟب اﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﺻﺣﺔ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬ﯾﺟب ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟطﺑﯾب ﻋدم اﻻﻋﺗﻣﺎد اﻟﻛﻠﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﺣﯾوان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻋدم اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻷﺳﺋﻠﺔ اﻟﻣؤﺛرة )اﻹﯾﺣﺎﺋﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫اﻟطرق اﻟﺻﺣﯾﺣﺔ ﻷﺧذ ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ ﻫﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن اﻟﻣرﯾض‪:‬‬
‫أﺳم ﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﺣﯾوان‪ ،‬ﻋﻧواﻧﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﻬﺎﺗف‪ ،‬ﻧوع اﻟﺣﯾوان وﻓﺻﯾﻠﺗﻪ وﺟﻧﺳﻪ وﻋﻣرﻩ‪ ،‬أﺳﻣﻪ أو رﻗﻣﻪ‪،‬‬
‫وزﻧﻪ‪ ،‬ﻋﻼﻣﺗﻪ )وﺳﻣﻪ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻣرض‪:‬‬
‫وﻫذا ﯾﺿم‪:‬‬

‫‪2‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ )اﻟﻣﺑﺎﺷر(‪:‬‬

‫وﻫذا ﻣرﺗﺑط ﺑﺎﻟزﻣن أو اﻟﻣدة اﻟﺗـﻲ ﺗـم ﻓﯾﻬـﺎ اﻟﻣـرض وارﺗﺑﺎطـﻪ وﻋﻼﻗ ﺗـﻪ ﺑـﺎﻟﺣوادث اﻟﻣﺗﺳﻠ ﺳـﻠﺔ واﻟﻣﺗداﺧﻠـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣرض‪ .‬وﯾﺗم اﻻﺳﺗﻔﺳﺎر ﻋن اﻵﺗﻲ‪ :‬ﺷﻬﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان )اﻷﻛل أو اﻟﺷرب(‪ ،‬ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﻣو‪ ،‬ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗـﻧﻔس‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺑرز‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺑول‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻌرق‪ ،‬اﻟوﻗﻔﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺷﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺻوت‪ ،‬واﻟراﺋﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺑﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟــﻲ ذﻟــك إذا ﻛــﺎن اﻟﻣــرض ﻗــد أﺻــﺎب ﻣﺟﻣوﻋــﺔ ﻣــن اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت ﯾــﺗم اﻻﺳﺗﻔ ﺳــﺎر ﻋــن ﺳــﻠوك‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻗﺑل اﻟﻧﻔوق إذا ﺣدث ﻧﻔوق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘطﯾﻊ‪ .‬أﯾﺿﺎً ﻻﺑـد ﻣـن ﻣﻌرﻓـﺔ زﻣـن ظ ﻬـور اﻷﻋـراض اﻷوﻟﯾـﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣرض أو ﺣﺗﻰ إذا ﺷﻔﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان‪ ،‬ﻧوع اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ إذا ﻛﺎﻧت طﺑﯾﺔ أو ﺟراﺣﯾﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﺗم ﻛذﻟك اﻟﺳـؤال ﻋـن‬
‫ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘطﯾﻊ وﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﻔوق‪ .‬اﻟﺗﺄﻛد ﻣن ﻛل اﻟﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت اﻟﺳﺎﺑﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻣـن‬
‫اﻟطﺑﯾــب اﻟﻣﻌــﺎﻟﺞ ‪،‬وﯾﺳــﺎﻋد ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺗﺷــﺧﯾص واﻟﻌــﻼج اﻟ ﺻــﺣﯾﺢ أﻫﻣﯾــﺔ اﻻﺧﺗﺑــﺎر ﻟﻸﻋ ـراض اﻟﻣرﺿــﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫وﻛﺗﺎﺑــﺔ وﺻــﻔﺔ ﺟدﯾــدة ﻟﻠﻌــﻼج‪ ،‬ﻓﺗ ـرة ﺧــروج اﻟــدواء ﻣــن اﻟﺟﺳــم(‪ ،‬ﻛــذﻟك اﻟوﻗﺎ ﯾــﺔ وطــرق اﻟﺳــﯾطرة ﻋﻠــﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣـرض )اﻟﻣﻌرﻓـﺔ إذا ﻛـﺎن ﯾوﺟـد أي ﻧـوع ﻣـن اﻟوﻗﺎﯾـﺔ وﻣﺣﺎوﻟـﺔ اﻟﺳـﯾطرة ﻋﻠﯾﻬـﺎ( ﻣﻌرﻓـﺔ أن ﻛـﺎن ﻫﻧﺎﻟــك‬
‫ﺗﻌرض ﺳﺎﺑق ﻟﻬذا اﻟﻣـرض ﻓـﻲ ﺣﯾـوان واﺣـد أو ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺟﻣوﻋـﺔ ﻣـن اﻟﺣﯾواﻧـﺎت‪ ،‬أو ﻫـذا اﻟﺣﯾـوان أدﺧـل‬
‫ﺟدﯾــداً ﻟﻠﻣزرﻋــﺔ )ﻫــذا ﻣﻬــم ﺑﺎﻟﻧﺳــﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻘطﯾــﻊ(‪ .‬أﯾﺿــﺎً اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﻧﻘﻠــﺔ )ﻣﻧﺑــﻊ اﻟﻌــدوى(‪ .‬ﻛــذﻟك ﻣﻌــدل‬
‫اﻟﻌزل أو اﻟﻧﻔوق وأﺳﺑﺎﺑﻪ‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎم‪:‬‬

‫وﻫذا ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﻐذﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان‪ :‬ذﻟك ﺑﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﻛﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻐذاء أ ٕواذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﺣﯾوان ﯾرﻋﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻘول أو ﯾﺗم ﺗﻐذﯾﺗﻪ‪(2) .‬‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻟﻺﻧﺗﺎج )‪ (3‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳل ) ‪ (4‬اﻟطﻘس ) ‪ (5‬اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺑﯾﺋﯾـﺔ اﻟﻌﺎﻣـﺔ )ﻣﺳـﺗوي اﻟﻧظﺎﻓـﺔ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺑﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻛﯾﯾف أو اﻟﺗﻬوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺻرﯾف اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ واﻟﺷراﺑﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻣﺎرﯾن ‪.(...‬‬
‫ب‪ -‬ﻓﺣص اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﯾطﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‪ :‬وذﻟك ﺑوﺻف اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ واﻟﺗرﺑﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﺻﺎدر اﻷﻛل واﻟﺷـرب ﻟﻠﺣﯾوان واﻟﺗﺧﻠص‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﻔﺿﻼت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻟﺑﯾﺋﺔ اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﻧظﺎﻓﺔ واﻟﺗطﻬﯾر‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬوﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺎﻓﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧوع اﻷرض ﻓﻲ اﻟداﺧل‪.‬‬

‫‪3‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ج‪ -‬ﻓﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان‪ :‬وذﻟك ﯾﺗم ﺑﻔﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟﻣرﯾض وﺗﻧﻘﺳم اﻷﻣراض إﻟﻲ ﻣﺟﻣـوﻋﺗﯾن )اﻟﺷـﻛل‬
‫‪-:(1‬‬
‫‪ -‬أﻣراض اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ )وﺗظﻬر ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻷﻋراض اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أﻣراض ﻏﯾر اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ )اﻟﺟروح‪ ،‬اﻟورم اﻟﺧﺑﯾث‪ ،‬أﻣراض اﻟﺗﻣﺛﯾل اﻟﻐذاﺋﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘص اﻟﻐذاء‪ ،‬واﻻﻧﺳداد(‪.‬‬
‫* اﻷﻣراض اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣـﺎدة‪ :‬وﯾﻛون ﺗطور اﻟﻣرض ﺳرﯾﻊ واﻷﻋراض ظﺎﻫرة ﺑوﺿوح‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣزﻣﻧﺔ‪ :‬وﯾﻛون ﺗطوراﻟﻣرض ﺑطﺊ واﻷﻋراض ﻏﯾر واﺿﺣﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي اﻟﻌﺎدي )‪(Routine for clinical examination‬‬

‫وﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳــن أن ﯾــﺗم ﺗطﺑﯾ ﻘــﻪ ﻓــﻰ ﻛــل اﻟﺣــﺎﻻت اﻟﻣرﺿــﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻟﻛــن ﻗــد ﺗﻛــون ﻣﺗﻐﯾـرة ﻋﻠــﻰ ﺣﺳــب اﻻﺧﺗﯾــﺎر‬
‫اﻟﺷﺧﺻﻲ أو ﺑطﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻣرض‪ ،‬ﻛل اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﯾﻔﺿل ﻗﯾﺎس درﺟﺔ ﺣرارة اﻟﺟﺳم وﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض واﻟﺗـﻧﻔس‬
‫ﻗﺑل اﺟراء اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻟﺗطﺑﯾﻘﯾﺔ اﻻﺧرى‪.‬‬
‫)أ(‪ -‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر )‪.(General examination and inspection‬‬
‫)ب(‪ -‬ﻓﺣص اﻷﻋﺿﺎء )اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺿوي( ‪.Physical examination‬‬
‫)أ( اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظرى‪-:‬‬
‫* اﻟﺳﻠوك واﻟﻣظﻬر اﻟﻌﺎم‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻧﻌزال أو اﻧﻔﺻﺎل اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻣن اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ )‪.(General demeanors‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻛﺎﻣل اﻟوﻋﻰ‪ ،‬وذﻟك اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻟﻠﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ﻛون طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﻣـول أو ﻋﻠﯾـل )‪ (dullness or apathy‬وﺗﻛـون اﻻﺳـﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻗﻠﯾﻠـﺔ أو ﺑطﯾﺋـﺔ أو ﻣﻛﺗﺋـب )ﺣـﺎﻻت‬
‫ﺣﻣﯾﺎت وﺳﻣدﻣﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﻣـول ﻛﺛﯾـف )‪ (dummy‬وﻫـﻲ اﻟدرﺟـﺔ اﻟﻣﺗـﺄﺧرة ﻟﻼﺳـﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾـﺔ )وﯾﻛـون اﻟﺣﯾـوان ﺣﺗـﻰ اﻵن‬
‫واﻗــف‪ ،‬وﻋﻧــدﻩ اﻟﻣﻘــدرة ﻋ ﻠــﻰ اﻟﺗﺣــرك اﻟﻣﺗـرﻧﺢ )ﺗﻠﯾــف اﻟﻛﺑــد اﻟﺣﺳــﯾن‪ ،‬ﻣــرض اﻟﻠﺳــﺗرﯾﺎ واﻟﺗ ﺳــﻣم ﺑﻣــﺎدة‬
‫اﻟرﺻﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻻﻏﻣــﺎء )‪ (comma‬وﻫــﻲ اﻟدرﺟــﺔ اﻟﻣﺗــﺄﺧرة ﻣــن اﻟدﻣﯾــﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾﻛــون اﻟﺣﯾــوان ﻓﺎﻗــد اﻟــوﻋﻲ )اﻻﺳــﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪4‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫زﯾﺎدة اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ ﺗﺿم‪:‬‬

‫‪ -‬ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ )‪ (mild‬ﻣﻧﺗﺑﻪ أو ﯾﻘظ وﻣرﻛز‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺿﺟر‪ ،‬اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ﻣﺳﺗﻣرة )ﯾرﻗد اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷرض ‪،‬ﯾﺗﻘﻠب ﺑﺎﻟﺟواﻧب‪ ،‬ﯾﻘوم ﻣرة أﺧري‪ ،‬ﯾﻧظر إﻟﻲ‬
‫ﺟﻬــﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻـ ـرة‪ ،‬وﯾرﻛــل ﻣﻧطﻘــﺔ اﻟ ــﺑطن‪) ،‬ﯾﺻــرح اﻟﻣﻐــص ﻋﻧ ــد اﻟﺧﯾ ــول‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﺣــوض اﻟﻛﻠــوي‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌدي ﻋﻧد اﻷﺑﻘﺎر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻬوس )‪:(Mania‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﺣس ﻋﺿو ﺧﺎص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم ﺑﻘوة )ازدﯾﺎد اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﺗوﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺧﻔض اﻟرأس إﻟﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺳﺣﺎﯾﺎ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻣﺷﻲ ﻓﻲ ﺣرﻛﺔ داﺋرﯾﺔ أو ﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﺑدون اﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎم ﺑﺎﻟﻌواﺋق )اﻟﻼﻣﺑﺎﻻة(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻟﺣس أو ﻣﺿﻎ اﻟﺟﻣﺎدات‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟﻧون )‪:(Frenzy‬‬
‫وﻫـو ﻋـدم اﻟـﺗﺣﻛم واﻟ ﺳــﯾطرة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺣرﻛـﺔ ﻓﯾــﻪ ﺧطـورة ) أﻟﺗﺳـﻣم اﻟﺣـﺎد ﺑﺎﻟرﺻــﺎص‪ ،‬اﻟرﺟﻔـﺔ اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺟـﺔ ﻣــن‬
‫ﻧﻘص اﻟﻣﺎﻏﺳﻧﯾوم‪ ،‬ازدﯾﺎد ﻟﻸﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﺗوﻧﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺳﻌر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻷﻛل‪:‬‬
‫ﻓﻘدان اﻟﺷﻬﯾﺔ ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣن اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻰ ﺗﻧﺎول ) ‪ (1‬اﻷﻛل )‪ (2‬ﻣﺿﻐﻪ ) ‪ (3‬ﺑﻠﻌﻪ ) ‪ (4‬اﺗﺟﺷﺄﻩ )‪(5‬‬
‫اﺟﺗ اررﻩ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (1‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾـرات ﻏﯾـر اﻟﻌﺎدﯾـﺔ ﻓـﻲ ﺗﻧـﺎول اﻷﻛـل ﺗﻛــون ﻣـﺛﻼً ﻓـﻰ ﺣـﺎﻻت اﻟﺗـرﻧﺢ اﻟﻣﺧـﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟﻌظــﺎم‬
‫ﻟﻠﻔﻘرات اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻧق‪ ،‬اﻟم اﻟﻔم‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (2‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾ ـرات ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻣﺿــﻎ ﻗــد ﯾﻛــون ﺑطــﺊ ﻓــﻲ ﺟﺎﻧــب وا ﺣــد او ﻏﯾــر ﻣﻛﺗﻣــل )ﺗــﺄﺛر اﻟﻔــم واﻷﺳــﻧﺎن(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺿﻎ اﻟﻣﺗﻘطﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻓﺗرات )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟدﻣﺎغ واﻟﻧﺧﺎع اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (3‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻠﻊ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﺎت‪ ،‬واﺳداد أو اﻻرﺗﺧﺎء ﻓﻲ ﻋﺿﻼت أﻟﻣريء واﻟﺑﻠﻌوم‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (4‬واﻟﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﻋﻧد اﻻﺟﺗرار ﺗﻧﺗﺞ داﺋﻣﺎً ﻣن اﻧﺳداد اﻟﻣرئ أو اﻟﺟزء اﻷﻋﻠﻰ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻌدة أو‬
‫اﻟﻛرش‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (5‬اﻟﻔﺷل ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﺟﺷﺄ ﻗد ﯾﺗﻛون ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻧﻔﺎخ‪.‬‬
‫‪-4‬اﻟﺗﺑــرز‪ :‬ﯾﻛــون اﻟﺗﺑــرز ﺑﺻــﻌوﺑﺔ ﻋ ﻧــد اﻹﻣﺳــﺎك او اﻻرﺗﺧــﺎء و اﻟﺿــﯾق ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻣﺳــﺗﻘﯾم‪ .‬أو ﻗــد ﯾﻛــون‬
‫اﻟﺗﺑرز ﺟزﺋﻲ ﻋﻧد أﻟم اﻟﺑطن واﻟﻔﺗك ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻛﺎن اﻟذي ﯾرﺑط اﻟﻐﺷـﺎء اﻟﻣﺧـﺎطﻲ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻠـد‪ .‬أو ﻗـد ﯾﻛـون‬

‫‪5‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪(mucocutaneous‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻـ ـرة اﻟﺷ ــرج‬

‫اﻟﺗﺑ ــرز ﻏﯾ ــر إرادي‪ ،‬ﻓ ــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ــﺔ اﻹﺳ ــﻬﺎل‪ ،‬ﻟﻼرﺗ ﺧ ــﺎء ﻓ ــﻲ ّ‬
‫)‪.junction of the anus‬‬
‫‪ -5‬اﻟﺗﺑول‪ :‬وﯾﻛون اﻟﺗﺑول ﺑﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﻠﯾل و اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ازدﯾﺎد ﻓﺗرات اﻟﺗﺑول واﻟﺑول‬
‫ﻟﻛﻣﯾــﺔ ﺻــﻐﯾرة ﯾﻛــون ﻧــﺎﺗﺞ ﻣــن اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﺣﻠﯾــل‪ .‬واﻟﺗﺑــول اﻟﻣﺗﻘطــﻊ وذﻟــك ﻋﻧــد اﻻﻧﺳــداد‬
‫اﻟﻣﺻرة‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺟزﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺣﻠﯾل أو اﻻرﺗﺧﺎء ﻓﻰ ّ‬
‫‪ -6‬اﻟوﻗوف‪ :‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟوﻗـوف ﯾﻛـون ذا اﻫﻣﯾـﺔ ﻛﺑﯾـرة ﻋﻧـدﻣﺎ ﯾـرﺗﺑط ﻣـﻊ اﻷﻋـراض‬
‫اﻟﺳرﯾﺔ اﻷﺧرى‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ -(1‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻷرﺟل ﻣن واﺣدة ﻷﺧرى ﻟﺗﺑدﯾل اﻟوزن ) اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﺻﻔﺎﺋﺢ اﻟﺣﺎﻓر ﻋﻧد اﻟﺧﯾول(‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ -(2‬ﺗﻘوس اﻟظﻬر واﻷرﺟل ﻣﺗﻘﺎرﺑﺔ أو اﻧﺣﻧﺎء اﻟظﻬر واﻷرﺟـل ﻣﺗﺑﺎﻋـدة )أﻋـراض اﻟـم اﻟـﺑطن ﺧﺎ ﺻـﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻐص اﻟﺧﯾول(‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (3‬ﺟﻠﺳــﺔ اﻟﻛ ﻠــب‪ .‬ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺧﯾــول ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ اﻻﻣــﺗﻼء اﻟﻣﻌــوي اﻟﺣــﺎد اﻟ ﻧــﺎﺗﺞ ﻣــن اﻟ ﺿــﻐط ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﺣﺟــﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﺟز‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (4‬ﺗﺑﺎﻋد ﻣﻔﺎﺻل اﻟﻛوع‪ ،‬دﻻﻟﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻدر أو ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (5‬ﺗﻘﻠص وﺷد اﻻذﯾﻧﯾن‪ ،‬ﺗﺣدﯾد ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻷرﺟل‪ ،‬ﻓﺻل أﺟﻔﺎن اﻟﻌﯾن‪ ،‬ارﺗﻔﺎع ﺟزﺋﻲ وﺗﻘﻠص ﻓﻲ اﻟذﯾل‬
‫وذﻟك ﻻزدﯾﺎد ﺗﺷﻧﺞ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت )اﻟﺗﺗﻧوس(‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (6‬اﻧﺧﻔﺎض ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟرأس وﺿﻌف اﻷرﺟل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻼب ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﺿﻌف ﻓﻰ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (7‬ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟرأس واﻷذﻧﯾن )ﻣوﻗف اﻻﺳﺗﻣﺎع( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺣﻣل اﻟﺳﻣدﻣﻰ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (8‬اﻣﺗداد اﻟرأس واﻟﻌﻧق أو اﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺎﻻت ﺷدﯾدة اﻷﻟم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (9‬اﻧﺣﻧﺎء اﻟرأس إﻟﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‪ ،‬ﻣرض اﻟﻠﺳﺗرﯾﺎ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (10‬ﺗدوﯾر اﻟرأس ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻷذن اﻟوﺳطﻲ‬
‫) ‪ (11‬اﻟﺟﻠوس ﻋﻠﻰ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺻدر ﻣﻊ اﻧﺣﻧﺎء اﻟرأس اﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﺻرة‪ ،‬ﺣﻣﻲ اﻟﻠﺑن ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (12‬اﻟﺟﻠوس اﻟﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻔدﻋﺔ – اﻻﻧزﻻق اﻟﻐﺿروﻓﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻔﺎﺻل اﻟورك‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬اﻟﻣﺷﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻫو ﻓﺣص اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺑﻣﺷﯾﺗﻪ اﻹرادﯾﺔ وﯾﺣرك اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻟﻣﺳﺎﻓﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ وﺗﻘدر ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻲ‪ (1) :‬اﻟﻣﻌدل )‪ (2‬اﻟﻘوة )‪ (4‬اﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ‪ .‬ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻷرﺟـل ﻏﯾـر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾـﺔ ﺗﺿـم‪ :‬اﻟﻌـرج اﻟﻣﺷـﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺻﻠﺑﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺧطوة اﻟﻘﺻﯾرة‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺻـﻧﻌﺔ اﻟﻣروﻧـﺔ اﻟﻣﺷـﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻌﺛـرة‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻌﺛـر ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻣﺷـﻲ ﻛﺄﻧـﻪ‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ وﺷك اﻟﺳﻘوط‪ ،‬ﺗﻣﺎﯾل اﻷرﺟل اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺷﻲ ﺑﺻﻌوﺑﺔ أو ﺑﻘوة ‪ .‬اﻻﺧﺗﻼل ﻓﻲ ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﯾﺔ‬

‫‪6‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ﻗ ــد ﺗﻛ ــون )‪ (1‬ﺛﺎﺑﺗ ــﺔ )‪ (2‬ﻣﺗﻘطﻌ ــﺔ )‪ (3‬ﻓ ــﻲ درﺟ ــﺔ ﻗرﯾﺑ ــﺔ ﻣ ــن اﻻﺧﺗﻔ ــﺎء )‪ (4‬أﻛﺛ ــر وﺿ ــوﺣﺎً ﻋﻧ ــد‬
‫اﻹﺟﻬﺎد‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ رﺋﯾﺳﯾﺎً ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪.1‬اﻟﻣﻘﺎطﻌــﺔ أو اﻻﺧــﺗﻼل ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟﻬــﺎز اﻟﻌﺻــﺑﻲ ﻣ ــﺛﻼً ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻌﺟــول‪ ،‬اﻟﺳــﻣوم اﻟﻔطرﯾــﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣــرض ﻟ ــوﺑﻧﺞ‬
‫)‪ (Louping ill‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن ‪ ،‬ﻟﺳﺗرﯾوﺳس‪ ،‬ﻣرض ازدﯾﺎد اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻛﺗوﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬أﻣراض اﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﻬﯾﻛﻠﻲ ﻣﺛﺎل‪) ،‬ﻣرض اﻟﺳﺎق اﻷﺳود‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺛل اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺛل اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻل‪ ،‬أو ﻟﺳﺎن‪ ،‬ﻣض ﻧﻌﻔن اﻟﺣﺎﻓر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣم ﺑﺎﻟﺳﻣوم اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ ﻣﺛﺎل اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺣﺎﻓر‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺣم‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬اﻻرﺗﻌﺎﺷﺎت واﻻﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت‪-:‬‬
‫ﻫذﻩ ﺣرﻛﺎت ﻏﯾر إرادﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻻرﺗﻌﺎش‪ :‬ﯾﻛون ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار‪ ،‬او اﻫﺗزاز ﻣﺗردد ﻓﻲ ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﻬﯾﻛل اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ )ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ أو ﻋﺎم(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت اﺳﺗﻧﺳﺎﺧﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺗردد‪ ،‬ﺗﺷﻧﺞ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﻣﻊ ﺣرﻛﺔ ﺑداﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻸرﺟل‪ ،‬ﻣﻊ ﻓﺗرات اﺳﺗرﺧﺎء –ﻫﻧﺎ‬
‫اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت ﺗﻛززﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗردد ﺗﺷﻧﺞ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﺑﺄﺳﺗﻣرار وﻗد ﺗﻛون اﻟﻰ ﺣد ﻛﺑﯾر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت ﺻرﻋﯾﺔ‪ :‬وﻫﻲ ﺗﺑدأ ﺑﺳﯾطﺔ ﺛم ﺗﻣﯾل إﻟﻲ اﻻزدﯾﺎد ﻓﻰ اﻟﺗﻛرار واﻟﺷدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺧﺗﻼﺟﺎت طرﻓﯾﺔ‪ :‬وﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻣن اﻟﻌوز اﻟﺗﺄﻛﺳﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘص اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم‪ ،‬ﻋدم ﺗوازن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬اﻟﺻوت‪:‬‬
‫أﺟش‪ :‬اﻟﺳﻌر‪.‬‬
‫ﺿﻌﯾف‪ :‬وذﻣﺔ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء‪.‬‬
‫ﺻراخ ﻣﺳﺗﻣر‪ :‬أﻟم ﺣﺎد‪.‬‬
‫وﻋدم ﺻراخ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺛﺎؤب – اﻟﺳﻌر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻘر‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺷل اﻟﻛﺑدي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان‪:‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺗﻛون ﺿﻌف‪ ،‬ﻫزال‪ ،‬ﺑداﻧﯾﺔ أو ﺳﻣﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -11‬اﻟﺗطﺎﺑق‪ :‬وﻫذا ﯾﻌﺗﻣد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺗﻧﺎظر أو اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳـق‪ ،‬اﻟﺷـﻛل‪ ،‬وﺣﺟـم اﻷﻋﺿـﺎء اﻟﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔـﺔ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺟ ﺳـم‬
‫وﻗرﺑﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻷﺧرى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -12‬اﻟﺟﻠد‪ :‬ﻫو اﻟﻔﺣص ﻣن ﺑﻌد ﻋن اﻻﺗﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫) ‪ (1‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻌر أو اﻟﺻوف‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫) ‪ (2‬اﻟﻌرق اﻟﻐﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‪.‬‬

‫) ‪ (3‬اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺷرة أو اﻟداﺋرﯾﺔ او اﻟﻣﺣدودة‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (4‬اﻓراز اﻟﺟﺳم ﻣﻊ اﻷﺗرﺑﺔ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (5‬اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (6‬اﺧﺗﻔﺎء اﻟﻠﻣﻌﺎن اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﺟﻠد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟﻔﺎف اﻟﺟﻠد‪ )،‬ﺿﻌف ﻣزﻣن ﻟﻠﻣرض(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺻﻠﻊ‪) ،‬ﻓرط اﻟﺗﻘرن(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺧﺗﻔﺎء اﻟﻌرق‪) ،‬اﻻﺣﺎئ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﻌرق‪ ،‬اﻟم اﻟﺑطن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟداﺋرﯾﺔ‪) ،‬اﻟطﺎﻋون‪ ،‬اﻟﺟدري‪ ،‬اﻟﻘوب(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟﻣﺗﺷرة‪) ،‬وذﻣﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد‪ ،‬اﻟﺗزﯾف‪ ،‬اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ‪ ،‬ﺗورم اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫‪8‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻰ ﻟﻠﺠﺴﻢ )اﻟﻔﺤﺺ ﺑﺎﻟﻨﻈﺮ ‪(Inspection‬‬

‫وﻫو ﯾﺟب ﻋﻣﻠﻪ ﻗﺑل اﻣﺳﺎك اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺑﺎﻟﯾد وذﻟك ﻟﻼﺳﺑﺎب اﻻﺗﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫) ‪ (1‬ﺣﺗــﻲ ﯾﺗﻔــﺎدي ﺧــوف وﺗﺣــرك اﻟﺣﯾـوان )‪ (2‬ﺑﻌــض اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾـرات ﻏﯾراﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾــﺔ ﯾﺳﺗﺳــﺣن اﻟﻧظــر ﻟﻬــﺎ ﻣــن‬
‫ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑﻌد‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (1‬اﻟرأس‪:‬‬
‫* اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﺷدود ) اﻟﺗﺗﻧﺎﻧوس( ﺟﻧوﻧﻲ) اﻟﺳﻌر( او ﺣﺎد) ﺗﺳﻣم اﻟرﺻﺎص(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗطﺎﺑق واﻟﻘوام ﻓﻲ ﺑﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌظﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗﺑﺔ أو اذدﯾﺎد ﻓﻰ ﺣﺟم اﻟﺟﺑﻬﺔ )‪) ،(doming of the forehead‬ﻣؤة اﻟﻣﺦ اﻟﺧﻠﻘﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗورم ﻓﻛﻲ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻠﯾن اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺗﺟﺎوﯾف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول‪ ،‬اﻛﺗﻧوﻣﺎﯾﻛوس اﻻﺑﻘﺎر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟداﺋرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠرأس‪ ) :‬اﻻﻋطﺎل‪ ،‬اﻟﺟﻣﻠﺔ اﻟدﻫﻠﯾزﯾﺔ )‪.((Vestibular apparatus‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻧﺣراف اﻟرأس‪ :‬اﻻﻋطﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺑل اﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ )اﻟﻌﻧﻘﻲ( ‪.(medulla and cervical cord‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺷدد )‪ :(Opisthotonus‬ﻣﺛﻼً اﻟﺗﺗﺎﻧوس‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣﺦ‪.‬‬
‫) ‪ (2‬اﻟﻌﯾن‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺟب ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫* ظﻬور اﻟﺳواﺋل اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‪Lymphomatasis .‬‬
‫* ﺑروز ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن )اﻟﺗورم اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﻲ اﻟﺧﺑﯾث ) ‪ ( Orbital lymphomalus‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺟﺎﺟﻲ اﻟﻣداري(‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗراﺟﻊ ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن )اﻟﺗﺟﻔﺎف‪.(dehydration ،‬‬
‫* ﺗﺷﻧﺟﺎت ﺟﻔون اﻟﻌﯾن وازدﯾﺎد أﻏﻣﺎض أو طرف اﻟﻌﯾن )ﻟﻼﻟم أو اﺛﺎرة اﻻﻋﺻﺎب اﻟطرﻓﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫* ﺑروز اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣﺷﻲ ) ‪) (Nictating Membrane‬اﻟﺗﺗﺎﻧوس(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗوﺳﯾﻊ ﻓﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻷﻧف واﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﻠﻌﺎب أو اﻟرﻏوة )اﻟم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔم‪ ،‬أو ارﺗﺧﺎء أو رﻋﺎش ﻓﻲ ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﻔك(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗورم ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك ) ﻧﻘص اﻟﺑروﺗﯾن‪ ،‬ﻓﺷل اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗورم اﻟﻧﺻﻔﻲ أو اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧدود ﻋﻧد اﻟﻌﺟول )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻔم اﻟﻧﺧرى (‪.‬‬

‫) ‪ (3‬اﻟﻌﻧق‪:‬‬

‫‪9‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* ﺗورم ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧق ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﻣن‪ :‬ﺗورم اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔ ﺎوﯾﺔ او اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ‪ .‬ﺗﺿﺧم‬
‫ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ ﻟﻠﻣرئ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗورم اﻟورﯾد اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬ﻧﺑض اﻟورﯾد اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟوذﻣﺔ )‪.(edema‬‬
‫)‪ (4‬اﻟﺻدر‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ﺗطﺎﺑق اﻟﺻدر‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫ﯾ ــﺗم ﻓﺣ ــص اﻟﺗ ــﻧﻔس اﻷوﻟ ــﻲ ﻣ ــن ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺑ ﻌ ــد ﻣﺳ ــﺎﻓﺔ وﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳ ــن أن ﯾﻛ ــون اﻟﺣﯾـ ـوان واﻗﻔ ــﺎً ‪،‬اﻟﻔﺣ ــص‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻﻲ ﻟﻠﺗﻧﻔس ﯾﺿم‪.‬‬

‫‪ (1‬ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪ :‬ﺟدول رﻗم )‪-:(1‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﻠب ‪ /30-15‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﯾول ‪ /10 – 8‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘط ‪ /30-20‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻘﺎر ‪ /30 – 10‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻷرﻧب ‪ /45-30‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﺄن ‪ /20 – 10‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر ‪ /18-8‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺎﻋز ‪ /35 – 25‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺄر ‪ /110-90‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬
‫* اﻟﻠﻬث‪ :‬ازدﯾﺎد ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫* ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪ :‬ﻧﻘﺻﺎن ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫* ﻋدم اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪ :‬اﻟﺗوﻗف اﻟﻛﺎﻣل ﻋن اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻘدر اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﺿﻠوع وﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻷﻧف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﺣﺳﺎس ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻬواء ﻓﻰ اﻻﻧف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻدر واﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪ (2‬اﻧﺗظﺎم اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪:‬‬
‫دورة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس – اﻟﺷﻬﯾق – اﻟزﻓﯾر – وﻗﻔﺔ )راﺣﺔ( وﻫـﻲ ﻣﺗﺳـﺎوﯾﺔ ﻓـﻲ اطواﻟﻬـﺎ واﻻﺧـﺗﻼف ﻓـﻲ‬
‫اﻟطول ﯾﻌﻧﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ازدﯾﺎد ﻓﺗرة اﻟﺷﻬﯾق ≡ اﻻﻧﺳداد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻌﻠوي ﻣن ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬

‫‪10‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* طول اﻟزﻓﯾر ≡ اﻟﻔﺷل ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ اﻧﺧﻣﺎص )‪ ،(collapse‬ﻧﻔﺎخ )‪.(emphysema‬‬

‫* ﻏﯾﺎب اﻟوﻗﻔﺔ ≡ وﺟود أﻣراض ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺗــدرﯾﺞ ﻓــﻲ ازدﯾــﺎد اﻟﺗــﻧﻔس وأﯾ ﺿــﺎً اﻟﺗــدرج ﻓــﻲ ﻧﻘﺻــﺎن اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳــﻲ ﻓــﻲ ﻋﻣــق اﻟﺗــﻧﻔس ≡ اﻟﻣ ارﺣــل ‪1‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺄﺧرة ﻟﻠﻣرض اﻟﻛﻠوي أو اﻟﻘﻠﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫* ﺗﺑﺎدل اﻟوﻗﻔﺔ )راﺣﺔ( ﺑﯾن ازدﯾﺎد وﻋدم اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ) ﻻ ﯾﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺎن ≡ اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺳﺣﺎﯾﺎ )‪.(meningitis‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺗرات ﻣن ﻋدم اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﻣﺻﺣوﺑﺔ ﺑﺎﻧﻔﺟﺎر ﻗﺻﯾر ﻣن ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﺗﻬوﯾﺔ ≡ ﻓﺗرة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﻓﻲ ﻋدم ﺗوازن‬
‫اﻟﺣﺎﻣض – اﻟﻘﻠوى ‪ -‬ﻛﻬرل )‪.(electrolyte‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻋﻣق اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪:‬‬
‫* ﻗﻠﯾل – اﻷﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺻدر أو اﻟﺣﺟﺎب اﻟﺣﺎﺟز‪.‬‬
‫* ازدﯾﺎد ‪ -‬اﻟﻌوز اﻻﻛﺳﺟﯾﻧﻲ )‪.(anoxia‬‬
‫* اﻟﻠﻬث – ﻣﻌﺗدل ﻋﻣق اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫* ﺿﯾق اﻟﺗﻧﻔس – اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﻋﻣﯾق وﻫذا ﯾظﻬر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫)اﻣﺗـداد اﻟـرأس واﻟﻌﻧــق‪ ،‬اﺗﺳـﺎع ﻓﺗﺣﺗــﻲ اﻷﻧـف‪ ،‬ﺗﺑﺎﻋــد اﻟ ﻣـرﻓﻘﯾن‪ ،‬اﻟﺗــﻧﻔس ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻟﻔــم‪ ،‬ازدﯾـﺎد ﺣرﻛــﺔ‬
‫ﺟدار اﻟﺻدر واﻟﺑطن‪ ،‬ﻗد ﯾﺳﻣﻊ أﻧﯾن(‪.‬‬
‫* ﻧوع اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪:‬‬
‫ﺣرﻛﺔ ﺟدار اﻟﺑطن واﻟﺻدر ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض ﯾﻛون اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﻋﺎدي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧوع اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﺑطﻧﻰ )اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑﺎت اﻟﺣﺎدة ﻟﻠﺟﻧب ‪ Acute pleurisy‬ﺷﻠل اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﺑﯾن اﻟﺿﻠوع(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧوع اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﺻدري )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺻﻔﺎق ‪.(peritonitis‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧوع اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﺿﻠﻌﻲ )اﻟﻛﻼب واﻟﻘطط(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑطﻧﻲ ﺿﻠﻌﻲ – اﻟﺧﯾول ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗطﺎﺑق اﻟﺻدر ﯾﺷﺎﻫد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌدوة ﻟواﺣدة ﻣن اﻟرﺋﺔ أو اﻟﻛﺳﺎح )‪.(rickets‬‬
‫* اﺻوات اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻗـواق أو ﺷـﻬﺎق ﻋﻧﯾــف )اﻫﺗـزاز ﻣﻔـﺎﺟﺊ ﻟﻠﺷــﻬﯾق ﯾﻧﺷـﺄ ﻣــن اﻟـﺗﻘﻠص اﻟﻣﻔـﺎﺟﺊ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺣﺟـﺎب اﻟﺣــﺎﺟز(‪.‬‬
‫أﻣﺛ ﻠــﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻘــﻼء )‪ ،(alkalosis‬ﻧﻘﺻــﺎن اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳــﯾوم ﻓــﻲ اﻟــدم – ﻧﻘﺻــﺎن اﻟﺑوﺗﺎﺳــﯾوم ﻓــﻲ اﻟــدم‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺻــﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻛﻠور ﻓﻲ اﻟدم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻌطس‪ :‬ﺗﻬﯾﺞ ﻟﻸﻧف‪.‬‬

‫‪11‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺷﺧﯾر )‪ :(snoring‬اﻧﺳداد اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم )ﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ﺧﻠف اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم(‪.‬‬

‫‪ -‬زﺋﯾر‪ ،‬ﻫدﯾر‪ ،‬دوي )‪ :(Roaring and whistling‬اﻟﺷﻠل ﻓﻰ ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﺣﻧﺟرة ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أزﯾز ﺗﻧﻔس )‪ :(Wheezing‬ﺿﯾق اﻟﻣﻣرات اﻻﻧﻔﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬أﻧﯾن )‪ :(Grunting‬اﻟزﻓﯾر ﺑﻘوة أو ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون ﻟﺳﺎن اﻟﻣزﻣﺎر )‪ (epiglottis‬ﻣﻐﻠﻘﺎً ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺛـﺎؤب )‪ :(Yawing‬ﺷـﻬﯾق طوﯾـل ﻣــﻊ ﻓـﺗﺢ اﻟﻔـم ورﻓـﻊ اﻟﺣﻧــك اﻟرﺧـو )‪) (soft palate‬اﻻﻟﺗﻬــﺎب‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌدي اﻟﻣزﻣن‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛﺑدي اﻟﻣزﻣن‪ ،‬أﻣراض اﻟﻣﺦ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺳﻌﺎل )‪ :(Coughing‬اﻟﺗﻬﯾﺞ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺑطن‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺟب ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ (1‬ازدﯾﺎد ﺣﺟم اﻟﺑطن )ﻟﻛﺛرة اﻷﻛل‪ ،‬اﻟﺳواﺋل ‪ ،‬اﻟﺷﺣوم‪ ،‬وﺟود ﺟﻧﯾن أوورم ﺧﺑﯾث(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (2‬ﻧﻘﺻﺎن ﺣﺟم اﻟﺑطن )أﻧﯾن( )اﻟﺟوع‪ ،‬إﺳﻬﺎل ﺣﺎد‪ ،‬أﻣراض ﻣزﻣﻧﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ (3‬ﻓﺗق ﺳري أو اﻟﺗﻬﺎب‪.‬‬
‫‪ (4‬وذﻣﺔ ﺑطﻧﯾﺔ )اﻟوﻻدة‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع اﻟﻘﻧﻘرﯾﻧﻲ )‪ ،(gangrenous mastitis‬ﻓﺷل اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﻲ‪،‬‬
‫اﻧﻔﺟﺎر اﻻﺣﻠﯾل‪.‬‬
‫‪ (5‬ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻛرش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ أى ﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻷرﺟل‪ :‬اﻟوﻗوف‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺷـﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳـق‪ ،‬ﺗﺿـﺧم أو اﻋوﺟـﺎج ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻌظـﺎم‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻔﺎﺻـل‪ ،‬اﻷوﺗـﺎر‪ ،‬اﻻﻏﻠﻔـﺔ‬
‫واﻷﻛﯾﺎس اﻟزﻻﻟﯾﺔ )‪ (Sheath and bursae‬اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟطرﻓﯾﺔ واﻷوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻓﺣص اﻟﺿرع‪:‬‬
‫) اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ ‪ ،‬وﺿﻊ اﻟـورم‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺟـم ‪ ،‬اﻻﻓـﺎت ‪ ،‬ﺗﻣـزق اﻟرﺑـﺎط اﻟﺣﺎﻣـل ﻟﻠﺿـرع ‪ ،‬ﻣﺳـﺗوى واﺗﺟـﺎﻩ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺿوى ﺑﺎﻟﺟس(‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺿوي اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫اﻟطرق اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺑﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺿوي )اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ‪.(2‬‬

‫‪12‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺟس‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة‪ ،‬إﻣﺳﺎك اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺟس‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻬدف ﻣن اﻟﺟس‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻷﻟم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺎﻛد ﻣن اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ )اﻟﺣﺟم‪ ،‬اﻟﺷﻛل‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي‪ ،‬اﻟﺣ اررة(‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟس ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﻌﺎﺑﯾر اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫)أ( ﻣرن‪ :‬ﻫو رﺟوع اﻟﻌﺿو اﻟﻣﺟﺳوس ﺑﺳرﻋﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ أو اﻟﻌﺎدي ﺑﻌد اﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﯾﻪ‪.‬‬
‫)ب( ﻋﺟﯾﻧﻰ‪ :‬ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿﻐط ﺗﺗﻛون ﺣﻔرة أو ﺛﻘب وﯾﺳﺗﻣر ﻟﻔﺗرات ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻟزﻣن )وذﻣﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫)ﺟ( ﻗوي‪ :‬ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿﻐط ﺗﻛون اﻟﻣﻘﺎوﻣﺔ ﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻛﺑد اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)د( ﺻﻠب‪ :‬ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﻌﺿو ﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻌظم ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺗواﻩ‪.‬‬
‫)ﻫ( ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﻣﺗﻣوج أو ﺷﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻣوﺟﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺿو وذﻟك ﺑﺎﻟﺿط اﻟﻣﺗﺑﺎدل‪.‬‬
‫)ﺣ( ﻫواﺋﻲ‪ :‬وﯾﻛون اﻟﻌﺿو ﻣﻧﺗﻔﺦ وﻣﺗﺿﺧم وﻋﻧـد اﻟﺿـﻐط ﯾﺻـدر ﺻـوت اﻟﻔرﻗ ﻌـﺔ أواﻟﺧﺷﺧﺷـﺔ وذﻟـك‬
‫ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻬواء واﻟﻐﺎز ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ ) اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ‪.(2‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟطرق‪:‬‬
‫وﻫذا ﯾﺗم ﺑﺿرب ﺟزء ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم ﻷ ﺧـذ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣـﺎت ﻋـن ﺣﺎﻟـﺔ اﻷﻧﺳـﺟ ﺔ وﺧﺎﺻـﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘـﺔ ﻣﻧﻬـﺎ‬
‫اﻟذﺑ ــذﺑﺎت ﻣﻬﻣ ــﺔ وﻟﻬ ــﺎ أﺻ ــوات ﻣﺳ ــﻣوﻋﺔ ﻓ ــﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘ ــﺔ اﻟﺗ ــﺄﺛﯾر وﻫ ــﻲ ﺗﺧﺗﻠ ــف ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺣﺟ ــم‪ ،‬اﻟﻧﻐ ﻣ ــﺔ ﻋﻧ ــد‬
‫ﺳـﻣﺎﻋﻬﺎ‪ ،‬وﻫــذﻩ اﻟطرﯾﻘــﺔ ﻋــﺎدة ﺗﺳـﺗﻌﻣل ﻓــﻲ ﻓﺣــص اﻟﺻــدر )اﻟرﺋـﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﻠــب(‪ ،‬أﻣـراض ﺗﺟــﺎوﯾف اﻟــﺑطن‪،‬‬
‫ﺗﺟﺎوﯾف اﻷﻧف‪ ،‬اﻟﻧﻔﺎخ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد )اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ‪.(3‬‬
‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻓﻰ اﻟطرق ﻫﻰ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ )ﻋﺎج أو طﺑق ﻣن ﺧﺷب ﺻﻠب(‪ ،‬وﺷﺎﻛوس ﯾﻧﺗﻬﻰ ﺑﻣطﺎط ﻗوي )ﻣطرﻗﺔ‪ ،‬ﺷﺎﻛوس( ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‪ .‬اﻟطرق ﯾﺗم ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﯾدي‪.‬‬
‫أﺻﺑﻊ اﻟوﺳط ﻟﯾد واﺣدة‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟﻣطرق‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ‪ :‬أﺻﺑﻊ اﻟوﺳط ﺑﺎﻟﯾد اﻷﺧرى‪.‬‬
‫اﻹﺻﺑﻊ أو اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻠد‪.‬‬ ‫اﻟطرق اﻟوﺳﯾط‪:‬‬
‫اﻟطرق ﻏﯾر اﻟﺑﺳﯾط‪ :‬اﻟﺿرب ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ أو اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪13‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة اﻟطرق ﻣﺣدود اﻟﻘﯾﻣﺔ ﻷن اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة‪ ،‬واﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﺳﻣﯾﻛﺔ ووﺟود‬
‫ﺷﺣوم ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد‪.‬‬
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟطرق‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾﺟب ﺗﺛﺑﯾت اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﺳم ﺑﺷدة ﺣﺗﻰ ﻻ ﯾدﺧل ﻫواء ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﯾد اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌﻣل ﻛﺷﺎﻛوش ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺗوي أي ﻣن اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ واﻟﺷﺎﻛوس وﯾﺟب أن ﻻ‬
‫ﯾﻛون اﻟﺷﺎﻛوس ﻣﺣﻣول ﺑﺷدة وﺗﻛون ﺣرﻛﺗﻪ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟرﺳﺦ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﻛون اﻟﺿرﺑﺎت ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻣرار‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﯾﻛون اﻟطرق ﺑﺎﻧﺗظﺎم وﺗﻛون اﻟﺿرﺑﺎت ﻣﻌﻘوﻟﺔ وﻏﯾر ﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻬــز )‪ :(Ballottement‬ﻫــو ﺿــﻐط ﻗــوى ﺑــﺄطراف اﻷﺻــﺎﺑﻊ أو ﺑواﺳــطﺔ اﻟﯾــد وﺗ ﻛــون ﻣﻘﻔوﻟــﺔ )وﺟــود‬
‫اﻟﺟﻧﯾن(‪.‬‬
‫طرق اﻟﺳواﺋل‪ :‬ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﺳواﺋل اﻟﻣوﺟودة ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻟﺟﺳم وﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﺑﺿرب ﺳطﺢ اﻟﺟﺳم ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫واﺣــد وﺟــس ﻣوﺟــﻪ اﻟﺳــﺎﺋل ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧــب اﻵﺧــر‪ .‬وﻫــذﻩ اﻟطرﯾﻘــﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟــﺔ ﻋﻧــد اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﯾــدﯾن اﻻﺛﻧــﯾن‪،‬‬
‫ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺔ ﺳطﺢ اﻟﺟﺳم أﻗل ﻣن ﻣﺳﺗوي اﻟﺳﺎﺋل‪ ،‬أن اﻟطرق ﯾﺣﺗﺎج إﻟﻲ ﺗﻣرﯾن ﻧﺳﺑﻪ ﻟﺳﻣك ﺟدار اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫وﻛذﻟك وﺟود اﻟﻬواء واﻟﻐﺎز‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺻدرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟطرق ﯾﻛون ﻓوق اﻟﺿﻠوع وﯾﺟب ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺗﻪ ﻣﻊ اﻟطرق ﺑﯾن ﻋﺿﻼت اﻟﺿﻠوع‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺻﻧف ﺻوت اﻟطرق إﻟﻲ اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬رﻧﺎن‪ :‬ﻫو ﯾﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﺻوت اﻟﻬواء داﺧل اﻟﻌﺿو ﻣﺛل اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬طﺑﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت اﻟﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻣن اﻟﺿرب ﻛﻌﺿو ﻓﺎرغ ﺑﻪ ﻫواء ﻣﺿﻐوط ﻣﺛل اﻟﺻوت اﻟطﺑﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻛرش واﻷﻣﻌﺎء اﻷﻋور‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬أﺻـــم‪ :‬وﯾﻛ ــون اﻟﺻ ــوت اﻟﻧ ــﺎﺗﺞ ﻣ ــن ﻋﺿ ــو ﺻ ــﻠب ﺷ ــﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺑ ــد واﻟﻘﻠ ــب ﻋﻧ ــد ﺿـ ـرﺑﻬﺎ أو ﺿ ــرب‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿﻼت اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﻫــو ﺳــﻣﺎع ﺻــوت اﻟﺣرﻛــﺔ اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾــﺔ ﻟﻧﺷــﺎط اﻟﻌﺿــو اﻟﻣوﺿــوع ﺑــﯾن اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﻣﺧــﺗص ﺑﺎﻟﺟﺳــم وذ ﻟــك‬
‫ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ‪ ،‬وﻫو ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟرﺋﺗﯾن‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ وأﺟـزاء ﻣﺣـددة ﻣـن اﻟﺟ ﻬـﺎز اﻟﻬ ﺿـﻣﻲ‬
‫) اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ‪.(3‬‬

‫‪14‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﯾﻛون ﻛﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬ﻏﯾر ﻣﺑﺎﺷر‪ :‬وﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺑﺎﺷــر‪:‬وذﻟــك ﺑوﺿــﻊ اﻷذن ﻣﻼﻣﺳــﺔ ﻟﺳــطﺢ اﻟﺟﺳــم ﻟﻠﻌﺿــو اﻟﻣ ـراد ﻓﺣﺻــﻪ ﻫــذﻩ اﻟطرﯾﻘــﺔ ﺻــﻌﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗطﺑﯾق ﻷﻧﻪ ﻻ ﯾﻣﻛن ﻣﻼﻣﺳﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟﻘﻠق‪ ،‬ﺻوت اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺻوف اﻟﺟﻠد‪ ،‬زﯾﺎدة ﻋﻠﻰ‬
‫ذﻟــك اﻟﺻــوت اﻟﺧــﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﺑﯾﺋــﺔ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﯾــﺔ ﺣــول اﻟﺣﯾـوان ﺑﺎﻹﺿــﺎﻓﺔ إﻟــﻲ ذﻟــك ﻗــد ﯾﻛــون اﻟﺟﻠــد ﻣﺗﺳــﺧﺎً‬
‫وﻣﻠوﺛــﺎً‪ .‬وﺧﯾ ــر طرﯾﻘ ــﺔ ﻫــﻰ ﺑواﺳ ــطﺔ اﻟﯾــد ﯾﺗﺑــﻊ ذﻟــك اﺳ ــﺗﻌﻣﺎل اط ـراف اﻻﺻ ــﺎﺑﻊ ﻟﻠﻣ ــس اﻻﻋﺿ ــﺎء‬
‫اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫طرق اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣؤﺛرة ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان‪ :‬وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺣ اررة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻧﺑض‪.‬‬
‫ﻫذﻩ اﻟطرق ) ‪ (1‬ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺗم ﺑﻬدوء وﻟطف )‪ (2‬ﯾﻛون اﻟﺣﯾوان واﻗﻔﺎً‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺣرارة‪:‬‬
‫‪ (36 C,‬إﻟ ــﻲ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫درﺟ ــﺔ ﺣـ ـ اررة اﻟﺟﺳ ــم اﻟداﺧﻠﯾ ــﺔ ﯾ ــﺗم ﻗﯾﺎﺳ ــﻬﺎ ﺑوا ﺳ ــطﺔ ﻣﯾـ ـزان ﺣـ ـرارة طﺑ ــﻲ )‪97 F‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫)‪.(42.5 oC, 108 oF‬‬

‫اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻫز اﻟزﺋﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣود إﻟﻲ أﺳﻔل ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﺻل أﻗل ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻣن اﻷرﻗﺎم اﻟﻣﺳﺟﻠﺔ ) ‪( 35 C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺑﺻﯾﻠﻲ ﻣن ﻣﯾزان اﻟﺣ اررة )ﺻﺎﺑون أو ﺟﻠﻲ اﻟﺑﺗروﻟﯾوم(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﯾدﺧل ﻣﯾزان اﻟﺣ اررة ﺑﻠطف ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﺑﺣرﻛﺔ داﺋرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﯾﺟب وﺿﻊ ﻣﯾزان اﻟﺣرارة ﻣﻼﻣس ﻟﺟدار اﻟﺟﺳم اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﻲ ﻟﻣدة دﻗﯾﻘﺗﯾن ﺷﻛل رﻗم )‪(4‬‬
‫* ﻗﯾم اﻟﺣ اررة‪ :‬ﺟدول رﻗم ) ‪-:(2‬‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪37.5 C (±) 1 C‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺧﯾل‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪38.5 C (±) 1 C‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫=‬ ‫اﻻﺑﻘﺎر‬
‫‪39.5oC (±) 1oC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺿﺄن‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪39 C (±) 36.5 C‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣـﺎل‬
‫‪37.5 C - 38.5 C‬‬
‫‪o‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫=‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼب اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‬

‫‪15‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪38.6 oC - 39.2‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻼب اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‬

‫‪37.8 oC - 39.2oC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻟﻘطـط‬
‫‪40.0 - 38.9 oC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺛﻌﻠب اﻟﻘطﺑﻰ‬
‫‪o‬‬
‫‪38.4 C - 37.0 C‬‬ ‫‪o‬‬
‫=‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻧﺟﺎب ) ‪(Chinchilla‬‬
‫‪40.5 - 38.9 oC‬‬ ‫=‬ ‫اﻻرﻧب‬
‫‪39.4 - 37.5 oC‬‬ ‫اﻻرﻧب اﻟروﺳﻰ ) ‪= (Guineapig‬‬
‫* اﻟزﯾﺎدة اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣرارة ﺗﺣﺻل ﻓﻰ اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺑﻌد اﻷﻛل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن اﻟﺷدﯾد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﯾوم اﻷول ﻟﻠوﻻدة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺑﻌد اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﻰ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﻌﺿوي ﻟﻠﺣرارة ﯾﺣﺻل ﻓﻰ اﻻﺗﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻻﺳﻬﺎﻻت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺻﺎﺣب اﻟﺗﺑرز اﻟﻌﺎدي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ارﺗﺧﺎء ﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻟﺷرج‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺑﻌد اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد ﺑﺎﻟﺣﻘﻧﺔ اﻟﺷرﺟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟﻨﺒﺾ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻧﺑض ﺑﺟﺎﻧب ﻓﺣص اﻟﻘﻠب واﻟدم اﻟدوري‪ ،‬ﻟﯾﻌطﻲ اﻟطﺑﯾب اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺞ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣﺎت ﻋن ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺟﻬﺎز‬
‫اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺧﯾول‪ :‬ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻧﺑض ﻣن اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن ﺗﺣـت اﻟﻔﻛـﻲ‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟـوﺟﻬﻲ اﻟﻌرﺿـﻲ أو اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺳـطﻲ‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻻوﺳط أﻋﻠﻲ اﻻرﺟل اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‪ .‬اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ‪.(5‬‬
‫اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‪ :‬ﯾﻘﺎس اﻟﻧﺑض ﻣن اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻔك أو اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟـوﺟﻬﻲ اﻟﻌرﺿـﻲ‬
‫أﯾﺿـﺎً اﻟ ﺷـرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺳــطﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺷ ـرﯾﺎن اﻟوﺳــطﻰ اﻻﻋﺻــﻣﻰ ﯾﻌﻣــل ﺑــﻪ )ﯾوﺟــد ﺗﺣــت ا ﻟــذﯾل ‪ 10 cm‬ﻣــﻊ‬
‫ﻣﺳﺗوي ﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻟﺷرج(‪.‬‬

‫‪16‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﺟــول‪ ،‬اﻟﺿــﺄن‪ ،‬اﻟﻣــﺎﻋز‪ ،‬اﻟﻛﻠــب‪ ،‬اﻟﻘــط‪ :‬اﻟﻧــﺑض ﯾؤﺧــذ ﻣــن اﻟﺷ ـرﯾﺎن اﻟﻔﺧــذي ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﻌﻠــوي ﻣــن‬
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻻرّﺑﻰ )‪ (inguinal region‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻬﺔ اﻟوﺳطﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻔﺧذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﻣﻌدل ﻋد اﻟﻧﺑض ﯾﻘدر ﺑﺎﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬أﺧــذ اﻟﻧــﺑض ﯾوﺿــﻊ اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﻛــروري ﻣــن أﺻــﺑﻊ واﺣــد أو ﻣﺟﻣوﻋــﺔ أﺻــﺎﺑﻊ ﻓــﻲ ﻧﻘطــﺔ ﻣــن اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن‬
‫ﻓوق اﻟﺟﻠد ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌظم اﻟراﻗد وﯾﺿﻐط ﺧﻔﯾف ﯾﻣﻛن ﯾﻘدر ﻣوﺟﺔ اﻟﻧﺑض‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗﺄﺛر ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻧوع )أﻧظر إﻟﻲ اﻟﺟدول رﻗم )‪.((3‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌدل اﻟﻌﺎدي ﻟﻠﻧﺑض )ﻣوﺟﺔ‪/‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ(‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾوان‬
‫‪/ 28-40‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻﺎن‬
‫‪/70-80‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺻﺎن ﻋﻣر ﺳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪55-80‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‬
‫‪/100-120‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺟول‬
‫‪/70-90‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺿﺄن واﻟﻣﺎﻋز‬
‫‪/65-90‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠب )ﻛﺑﯾر(‬
‫‪/90-120‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠب )ﺻﻐﯾر(‬
‫‪/110-130‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻘطن‬
‫‪/30-50‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻣل‬
‫‪/60-90‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر )اﻟﻛﺑﯾر(‬
‫‪/100-130‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺧﻧزﯾر )اﻟﺻﻐﯾر(‬
‫‪/120-250‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫اﻻرﻧب‬
‫‪/115-200‬دﻗﯾﻘﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻧك‬

‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺣﺟم )ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة(‪.‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻌﻣل )ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة ﺟداً(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء )ﺧﯾول اﻟﺳﺑﺎق أﻗل ﻣﻌد ﻻً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﺑض(‪.‬‬

‫‪17‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ .5‬اﻟﺟﻧس‪ ،‬اﻟﻧﺑض أﻗل ﻓﻲ اﻟذﻛور‪.‬‬

‫‪ .6‬اﻟوﻻدة‪ ،‬ﯾزداد ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟﺣﻠوب‪ ،‬اﻟﻧﺑض ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻫذﻩ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬اﻟﺧوف‪ ،‬ﯾزداد ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض‪.‬‬
‫‪ .9‬اﻟﺗﻣرﯾن‪ ،‬وﻣدﺗﻪ واﻟﻠﯾﺎﻗﺔ اﻟﺑدﻧﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﯾوان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .10‬اﻟوﻗوف‪ ،‬ﯾﻘل ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض ﻋﻧد اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟراﻗد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .11‬ﺗﻧﺎول اﻷﻛل‪ ،‬اﻻﺟﺗرار‪ ،‬ارﺗﻔﺎع أو اﻧﺧﻔﺎض درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣ اررة‪ ،‬ﺣﺎﻻت اﻷﻟم اﻟﺷدﯾدة واﻟﺣﻣﻲ ﺗزﯾد ﻣن‬
‫ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض‪ .‬اﻧﺗظﺎم اﻟﻧﺑض ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﻘطﻌﺎً ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺎً )درﺟﺔ ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ ﻣن اﻧﺳداد اﻟﻘﻠب(‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ) ‪-:(6‬‬

‫‪Normal pulse‬‬

‫‪Regular intermittent pulse‬‬

‫* اﻟﻧـﺑض ﻏﯾـر اﻟﻣﻧـﺗظم وﻣﺗﻘطـﻊ )وﻟـﯾس ﻟـﻪ ﻧﺑﺿـﺎت دورﯾـﺔ واﺿـﺣﺔ ﻧﺳـﺑﺔ ﻻﻧﺳـداد اﻟﻘﻠـب ﻣـن اﻟدرﺟـﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺿـرﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﺑﻛـرة اﻟﺑطﯾﻧﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟرﺣﻔـﺎن اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎﻧﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗ ﻘـدر ﻧوﻋﯾـﺔ اﻟﻧـﺑض ﺑﻣﻼﺣظـﺔ درﺟـﺔ اﻟﺿـﻐط‬
‫اﻟرﻗﻣﻲ اﻹﺟﺑﺎري ﻟﻣوﺟـﻪ اﻟﻧـﺑض ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺷـرﯾﺎن‪ .‬ﻧوﻋﯾـﺔ اﻟ ﻧـﺑض ﺗﺗـﺄﺛر ﺑـﺄﻣراض اﻟﻘﻠـب واﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾـرات ﻏﯾـر‬
‫اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ أوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدم(‪.‬‬

‫‪18‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ﻓﺤﺺ أﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ ﺑﻄﺮق اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻤﺘﻌﺪدة )اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻰ ‪ ،‬ﺑﺎﻟﺠﺲ ‪،‬اﻟﻄﺮق ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ(‬

‫ﻫذا اﻟﻔﺣص ﯾﺿم ﻓﺣص اﻟﻧﺑض‪ ،‬اﻟﺣ اررة واﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟرأس واﻟﻌﻧق‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾن‪ :‬اﻹﻓراز ﻣن اﻟﻌﯾن ﻗد ﯾﻛون‪:‬‬
‫اﻧﺳداد ﻓﻲ ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﻐدة اﻟدﻣﻌﯾﺔ )‪.(Lacrimal gland‬‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋـﻲ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺗﻬﺎب‪.‬‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻠﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻣﺧﺎطﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺄﺧرة ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب‪.‬‬
‫إﻓراز ﻧﺻﻔﻲ )ﻋﯾن واﺣدة(‪ :‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ‪.‬‬
‫إﻓراز ﻛﺎﻣل )اﻟﻌﯾﻧﯾن اﻻﺛﻧﯾن(‪ :‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻛﺎﻣل – ﻋﺎم‪.‬‬
‫* ﺟﻔن اﻟﻌﯾن )‪:(Eyelid‬‬
‫ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻣﻔرطﺔ = اﻷﻟم‪ ،‬اﻻﻧﻔﻌﺎل اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻧﺳداد اﻟﺟﻔن = اﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯾن أو ورم ﻓﻲ ﺟﻔن اﻟﻌﯾن‪.‬‬
‫اﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟراﻣﺷﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﻋرض اﻟﻌﯾن = اﻟم ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺗﻧوس‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣﺦ‪ ،‬ﻗد ﺗﻛون ورم ﺧﺑﯾث ﻓﻲ ﺟﻔن اﻟﻌﯾن‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ = اﻟﻠون اﻟﻌﺎدي – وردي‪.‬‬
‫ﺷﺎﺣب = اﻧﯾﻣﯾﺎ‪.‬‬
‫أﺻﻔر = ﯾرﻗﺎن‪.‬‬
‫ﺟﺎف = اﻻﻟم اﻟﺣﺎد‪ ،‬ارﺗﻔﺎع اﻟﺣ اررة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﻛون ﻣﺣﺗﻘن‪ ،‬وذﻣﻲ‪ ،‬ﺣﺑري‪.‬‬
‫اﻻﺟراء ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ )‪-:(conjuctiva‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺣص ﯾﻔﺗﺢ اﻟﺟﻔون ﺑﺎﻹﺻـﺑﻊ اﻷﻣـﺎﻣﻲ واﻹﺑ ﻬـﺎم ﻓـﻲ اﻟﯾـد اﻟواﺣـدة وﻗﻠﺑ ﻬـﺎ ﺑﻠطـف‪ ،‬وﻓـﻲ ﻧﻔـس‬
‫اﻟوﻗت ﻛرﻩ اﻟﻌﯾن ﺗدﻓﻊ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺧﻠف إﻟﻲ ﺗﺟوﯾف ﻣﺣﺟر اﻟﻌـﯾن ﺑﺎﻟﺿـﻐط ﻋـل اﻟﺟﻔـن اﻟـذي ﻟـم ﯾـﺗم ﻗﻠﺑـﻪ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش ﯾﻔﺣص ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻹﺻﺑﻊ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﻲ ﺑﺿﻐط ﺧﻔﯾف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻔن اﻟﻌﻠوي‪ ،‬ﻟﻛن ﺑﻘوة ﻋﻠﻰ ﻛرة‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾن وﻓﻲ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت اﻹﺑﻬﺎم ﯾﺿﻐط إﻟﻲ أﺳﻔل وﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺟﻔن اﻷﺳﻔل )اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم ‪. (7‬‬

‫‪19‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* ﻗرﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‪:(Cornea) :‬‬

‫اﻟظﻼﻟﺔ أو اﻟﻌﺗﻣﺔ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﺳﺣﺎﺑﺔ ﺿﺋﯾﻠﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﯾن = اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟظﻼﻟﺔ ﻗد ﺗﻛون ﺑﯾﺿﺎء ﺻﻠﺑﺔ = اﻟﻣراﺣل اﻷﺧﯾرة اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗﻛوﯾر = زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺿﻐط ﻓﻲ ﻛرة اﻟﻌﯾن اﻟﻣﺎء اﻷﺳود ‪ ،‬ﺻدﯾد ﺧزاﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ(‬
‫* ﺣﺟم ﻛرة اﻟﻌﯾن )‪:(Eye bull size‬‬
‫اﻟﺑروز = ﻋﻧـدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛـون ﻧﺻـﻔﻲ = اﻟﺿـﻐط ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻣﺟﻬـر اﻟﻌـﯾن اﻟﺧﻠﻔـﻲ )ورم ﻟﯾﻣﻔـﻲ ﺣـول اﻟﺣﺟـﺎج‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷوﻫﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔك اﻷﺳﻔل‪ ،‬ﺗزﯾف ﺣول اﻟﺣﺟﺎج(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗراﺟﻊ‪ :‬اﻟﻣﺟﺎﻋﺔ )ﻧﻘص اﻟدﻫون(‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺟﻔﺎف )ﻧﻘص اﻟﺳﺎﺋل(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات اﻟﻐﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺣرﻛﺔ ﻛرة اﻟﻌﯾن‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬أررأة اﻟﻌــﯾن )‪ :(Nystamns‬اﻟﺣرﻛــﺔ اﻟﻐﯾــر إرادﯾــﺔ ﻋ ﻠــﻰ ﻓﺗ ـرات وﻫــذﻩ اﻟﺣرﻛــﺔ ﻗــد ﺗﻛــون ﻋرﺿــﯾﺔ أو‬
‫راﺳﯾﺔ أو داﺋرﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺣدث ﻋﺎدة ﺑﺳﺑب اﻟﻌوز اﻻﻛﺳﺟﯾﻧﻲ‪ ،‬آﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺧﯾﺦ أو ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟدﻫﻠﯾز‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺣدﯾد اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺷﻠل ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺻﺎب اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺟر اﻟﻌﯾن‪ .‬وﺿﻊ ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‪ ،‬ﻟﻠﻌﺿل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬إﻧﺳﺎن اﻟﻌﯾن‪ :‬ﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳن ﻓﺣﺻﻪ ﺑﻣﺟﻬر اﻟﻌﯾن ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ اﻟﻧﺻﻔﻲ = آﻓﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣﺣﺟر اﻟﻌﯾن )‪. (orbit‬‬
‫= آﻓﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺷرة )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟدﻣﺎغ واﻟﻧﺧﺎع اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ( ‪.‬‬
‫= إﺿراب وظﯾﻔﻰ )ﻧﻘص اﻷﻛﺳﺟﯾن‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣم اﻟوﺷﯾﻘﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫= اﻟﻌﻣﻰ اﻟطرﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫زﯾ ــﺎدة اﻟﺿ ــﯾق = )ﻏﯾ ــر ﻋ ــﺎدي( وذﻟ ــك ﯾﻛ ــون ﻣ ــن ازدﯾ ــﺎد اﻟﺣرﻛ ــﺔ ﻣ ــن ﻣﺑﯾ ــد اﻟﺣﺷـ ـرات اﻟﻌﺿ ــوي‬
‫اﻟﻔﺳﻔوري ) اﻧﻘﺑﺎض إﻧﺳﺎن اﻟﻌﯾن) ‪ parasympathetic drugs‬أدوﯾﺔ ﺗظﯾر اﻟودي(‪.‬‬
‫* اﺧﺗﺑـــﺎر اﻟﻌﻣــــﻲ‪ :‬ﺧط ــر اﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ ــﻰ أوﻻ إرادي‪ :‬ﻫ ــو ﺣﺻ ــول اﻟﻌ ــﯾن ﻋﻠ ــﻰ ﺣﻔ ــظ اﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳ ــﻰ‪ ،‬وﯾﺗﻣﯾ ــز‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﻧﺳداد اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس ﻟﺟﻔون اﻟﻌﯾن‪ .‬ﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺿرﺑﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﯾن‪ ،‬اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس ﯾﻧﻌدم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﻲ اﻟطرﻓﻲ‬
‫واﻟﻣرﻛزي‬
‫اﺧﺗﺑــﺎر اﻟﻌــﺎﺋق‪ :‬ﻫــو اﺧﺗﺑــﺎر ﻣﻘــدرة اﻟﺣﯾ ـوان ﺗﻔﺎدﯾــﺎ ﻟﻌــﺎﺋق‪ ،‬أﯾﺿ ـﺎً ﻫــذا اﻻﺧﺗﺑــﺎر ﯾ ﺳــﺗﻌﻣل ﻻﺧﺗﯾــﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ اﻟﻠﯾﻠﻲ )ﻋﻣﻲ اﻟﻠﯾل( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿوء اﻟﺧﺎﻓت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ ﺑدون آﻓﺔ واﺿﺣﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﻌﻣﻲ اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪20‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ازدواﺟﯾﺔ اﻟرؤﯾﺔ ) ‪ : (Amblyopia‬اﻟﻌﻣﻲ اﻟﻧﺻﻔﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺿوء اﻟﺑوﺑوي اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻲ ) اﻧﺳداد وﺗوﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘزﺣﯾﺔ ‪ (iris‬وﻫو ﯾﺗم ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺿوء ﻗوي ﺳﺎطﻊ‪.‬‬
‫* ﻓﺗﺣﺎت اﻷﻧف‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬راﺋﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔس اﻻﻧﻔﻲ‪ :‬ذﻛﻲ اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ – ﻛرﯾﻪ – اﻟﻛﯾوﺗوزﯾز‪.‬‬
‫راﺋﺣﺔ ﻛرﯾﻬﻪ‪ :‬ﻗرﻏرﯾﻧﯾﺔ ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻟﻧﺧر ﻓﻲ ﺗﺟوﯾف اﻷﻧف‪ ،‬ﺗﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻧﺿﺢ )اﻟﺻدﯾد( اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗدﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪ :‬ﺗﻧﺑﻊ ﻣن ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‪.‬‬
‫راﺋﺣﺔ ﻣﺗﺧﻣرة ﻣﻊ اﻟﺟﺷﺎء‪ :‬ﺗﻧﺑﻊ ﻣن ﻗﻧﺎة اﻟﻬﺿم‬
‫اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ اﻟﻘوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔم‪ :‬ﺗﻧﺑﻊ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﺑﺎﻟﻔم أﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﺑﺎﻷﻧف )اﻟﺗﺟﺷﻊ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘرح اﻟﺗﺣزﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻹﻓراز اﻷﻧﻔﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻣن ﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻧف واﺣدة‪ ،‬ذﻫﺎﺑﻪ ﻣﺣﻠﯾﺔ‬
‫إﻓراز ﻣن اﻟﻔﺗﺣﺗﯾن‪ :‬إﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻋﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫إﻓراز ﻣﺧﻠوط ﺑﺎﻟدم ‪ :‬ﻣﻧﺗظم ﯾﻧﺑﻊ ﻣن أﺳﻔل اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫إﻓراز ﻣﺧﻠوط ﺑﺎﻟدم ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗظم ‪ :‬ﯾﻧﺑﻊ ﻣن أﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‬
‫إﻓراز ﻣﺎﺋﻲ‪ :‬اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب‬
‫إﻓراز ﺳﻣﯾك ﻣﺗﺟﺑن‪ :‬اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﯾرة ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬ ــﺎب اﻟﺗﺟوﯾ ــف اﻷﻧﻔ ــﻲ ﯾﺣﺗ ــوي ﻋﻠ ــﻰ‪ :‬ﺗﺑﯾ ــﻎ )‪ ،(hyperemia‬ﺣﺳﺎ ﺳ ــﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻬ ــﺎب اﻷﻧ ــف‪ ،‬اﻧﺗﺷ ــﺎر‬
‫اﻟﻧﺧر‪ ،‬ﻣرض اﻷﻏﺿﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘرح اﻟﻌﻣﯾﻘﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟرﻋﺎم‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔم‪ :‬ﯾﺗم ﻓﺣص اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟﻣﺧـﺎطﻲ ﻟﻠﺷـﻔﺎة اﻟﻌﻠﯾـﺎ واﻟ ﺳـﻔﻠﻲ وذﻟـك ﺑﻣﺳـك اﻟﺷـﻔﺎة ﺑﻠطـف‪ ،‬ﺗرﻓـﻊ وﺗرﺟـﻊ‬
‫إﻟــﻲ اﻟﺧﻠــف – ﯾﻔــﺗﺢ اﻟﻔــم ﻟﻠﻔﺣــص وذﻟــك ﺑﻣﺳــك اﻟﻠﺳــﺎن ﺑﺎﻷﺻــﺎﺑﻊ واﻹﺑﻬــﺎم ﺛــم ﺗــدوﯾر اﻟﯾــد وﯾﻛــون‬
‫اﻹﺑﻬﺎم ﻓـﻲ أﻋﻠـﻰ ﻧﻘطـﺔ ﺑـدﻻً ﻣـن ذﻟـك ﯾﺗـﻧﻔس اﻟطرﯾﻘـﺔ ﺑﻣﺳـك اﻟﻠﺳـﺎن إﻟـﻲ ﺟﺎﻧـب ﻣـن اﻷﺳـﻧﺎن وﯾـﺗم‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص ﻟﻛل أﺟزاء اﻟﻔم‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻠب ﯾﻣﺳك اﻟﻔك اﻷﻋﻠﻰ واﻷﺳﻔل ﺑﯾد واﺣدة واﻟﺷﻔﺎة ﺗدﻓﻊ إﻟﻲ داﺧل‬
‫اﻟﻔــم ﻓ ــﻲ ﺗــﺎج اﻟطـ ـواﺣن ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺟ ــﺎﻧﺑﯾن وﯾﻛــون ﺑواﺳ ــطﺔ اﻹﺑﻬــﺎم واﻷﺻــﺎﺑﻊ اﻷوﺳــطﻲ ﺑﯾﻧﻣ ــﺎ أطـ ـراف‬
‫اﻷﺻــﺎﺑﻊ ﻣرﺗﺎﺣــﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﻷﻧﯾــﺎب ﺑــدﻻً ﻣــن ذﻟــك ﯾﺳــﺗﻌﻣل ﺷ ـرﯾط ﺣــول اﻟﻔﻛــﯾن ﺧﻠــف اﻷﻧﯾــﺎب‪ .‬وﻛــذﻟك‬
‫ﻣﺳ ــﺎﻋد ﻟ ــﺗﺣﻛم اﻷرﺟ ــل اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾ ــﺔ‪ .‬ﻓ ــﺎﺗﺢ اﻟﻔ ــم ﯾﺳ ــﺗﻌﻣل ﻟﻣﻌرﻓ ــﺔ ﻣﻌﻠوﻣ ــﺎت أﻛﺛ ــر ﻟﻠﻔ ــم ﻋﻧ ــد اﻟﻔﺣ ــص‬
‫)‪.(Gags‬‬

‫‪21‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻔـم‪ :‬ﻫـو اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب ﻋـﺎم ﻟﻠﻐﺷـﺎء اﻟﻣﺧـﺎطﻲ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻔـم ﻓـﻲ ﻏﺷـﺎء اﻟﻔـم ﻗـد ﺗوﺟـد آﻓـﺎت ﻣوﺿـﻌﯾﺔ‪،‬‬
‫)‬ ‫ﻧزﯾف وﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠون‪ ،‬اﺣﺗﻘﺎن وﺷﺣوب‪ .‬اﻵﻓﺎت اﻟﺗﻲ ﻗد ﺗوﺟد ﻓـﻲ ﻏﺷـﺎء اﻟﻔـم‪ ،‬ﺣوﯾﺻـﻼت‬
‫‪ ،(Vesicles‬ﺗﺂﻛل اﻟﻐﺷﺎء)‪ (erosion‬واﻟﺗﻘرح )‪.(ulceration‬‬
‫* ﻓﺣص اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‪:‬‬
‫ﺗــﺄﺧر ظﻬــور اﻷﺳــﻧﺎن‪ :‬ﻏﯾــر ﻣﻧ ــﺗظم) ﻧﻘﺻــﺎن اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻــر(‪ ،‬زﯾــﺎدة ﺿــﻌف اﻷﺳــﻧﺎن ﻣ ــﻊ ظ ﻬــور ﺑﻘ ــﻊ‬
‫وﺛﻘوب ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﻧﺎء اﻟﺳن‪) ،‬داء اﻟﻔﻠوري اﻟﻣزﻣن(‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﻠﺳﺎن‪:‬‬
‫ﺗﺿ ــﺧﻣﻪ‪ ،‬وذﻣ ــﺔ ﻣﺣﻠﯾ ــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎﺑ ــﻪ‪ ،‬اﻧﻛﻣﺎﺷ ــﻪ واﺿ ــﻣﺣﻼﻟﻪ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬ ــﺎب ﻗ ــدﯾم‪ ،‬او اﺿ ــﻣﺣﻼل ﻋﺻ ــﺑﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻗطﻌــﺔ ﻣﻌدﻧﯾــﺔ أﺳــطواﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﻬــﺎ ﻓﺗﺣــﺔ ﻣــﻊ ﺿــوء ﺳــﺎطﻊ )إﺿــﺎءة( ﻟﻔﺣــص اﻟﺣﻧﺟـرة واﻟﺑﻠﻌــوم‪.‬‬
‫وﯾــﺗم اﻟﻔﺣــص اﻷﺟﺳــﺎم اﻟﻐرﯾﺑ ــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﻬﻠــل اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺷــر)‪ ،(Diffuse cellulites‬ﺗﺿــﺧم اﻟﻐــدة‬
‫اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي ﻟﻶﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬وذﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻘــﻲ‪ :‬وﻫــذا ﯾﻔﺣــص ﻟﻼﺗــﻲ‪ :‬ﺗﻛـ اررﻩ‪ ،‬اﻟوﻗــت اﻟــذي ﯾﺣــدث ﻓﯾــﻪ وﻋﻼﻗﺗــﻪ ﻣــﻊ آﺧــر وﺟﺑــﺔ أﻛــل‪ .‬طﺑﯾﻌــﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎدة‪ ،‬ﻓﻰ اﻟﻘﻲء ﯾﻼﺣظ اﻻﺗﻰ ‪ :‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﻬﺿم‪ ،‬وﺟود ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﺑطن ﻣﺛل اﺟﺳﺎم ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻدﯾد‪،‬‬
‫طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت وﺑراز‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻌﻧق واﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺟﻣﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫إن اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺟﻣﯾـﺔ ﺗﺣﺗـوي ﻋﻠـﻰ‪ :‬اﻟﺑﻠﻌـوم‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﻧـك اﻟرﺧـو‪ ،‬اﻟﺟﯾـب اﻟﺣﻠﻘـﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻐـدة اﻟﻧﻛﻔﯾـﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﻧﺟرة‪ ،‬اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻧﻛﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﻧ ــق ﯾﺣﺗــوي ﻋﻠ ــﻰ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣــريء‪ ،‬اﻟورﯾ ــد اﻟﺗ ــﺎﺟﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺻــﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾ ــﺔ‪ ،‬وﯾــﺗم ﻓﺣ ــص ﻛ ــل ﺗﻠــك اﻟﻣﻧ ــﺎطق‬
‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر واﻟﺟس‪ ،‬ﻟﻛن اﻟﺣﻧﺟرة واﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﯾﺗم ﻓﺣﺻﻬﺎ اﯾﺿـﺎً ﺑواﺳـطﺔ اﻟﺗﺳـﻣﻊ‬
‫ﯾوﺿﺢ اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‪:‬‬

‫‪22‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ (1‬اﻟﺗﺿــﺧم وذﻟــك ﻣﺛــل ﺣــﺎﻻت اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﻧﻛﻔ ﯾــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧـراج ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻐــدة اﻟﻧﻛﻔﯾــﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوﻣﯾــﺔ اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾــﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟــورم‬
‫اﻟﺧﺑﯾث‪ .‬ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل اﻟﻣﻧظﺎر ﻟﻠﻧظر ﻟﻠﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺑﻠﻌوﻣﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔم اﻟﻔﺎﺗﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪oesphygeal‬‬ ‫‪ (2‬ﺗﺿـ ــﺧم اﻟﻐ ـ ــدة اﻟدرﻗﯾ ـ ــﺔ‪ ،‬ﺗﺿ ـ ــﺧم ﻣوﺿ ـ ــﻌﻰ او ﻋـ ــﺎم ﻟﻠﻣ ـ ــريء )رﺗ ـ ــﺞ ﺑ ـ ــﺎﻟﻣريء‬
‫‪ ،diverticulum‬ﺟﺳم ﻏرﯾب‪ ،‬ﺿﯾق أو ﺷﻠل(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟس اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫ﯾــﺗم ﺑواﺳــطﺔ اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﯾــدﯾن اﻻﺛﻧــﯾن‪ ،‬واﺣــدة ﻓــﻲ ﻛــل ﺟﺎﻧــب واﻟﺿــﻐط ﯾﻛــون أوﻻً ﺧﻔﯾﻔــﺎً ﺛــم ﯾــزداد‬
‫ﺗدرﯾﺟﯾﺎً وﯾﻼﺣظ ﻓﯾﻪ اﻵﺗﻰ‪ :‬اﻟﺣ اررة‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺟم واﻻﻟم واﻟﻣﺣﺗوي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟس اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ‪ :‬ﻟﻠﺑﻠﻌوم ﯾﺗم ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﻔم‪.‬‬
‫ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺧﯾــول ﺣﻘــن دواء ﻣﻬــدئ ﯾﺳــﺎﻋد ﻋﻠــﻰ اﻟﻔﺣــص اﻟــدﻗﯾق‪ ،‬ﻟﺗﺟوﯾــف اﻟﺟ ﺳــم اﻻﻣــﺎﻣﻲ ﯾﺳــﺗﻌﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧظﺎر اﻻﻧﻔﻲ اﻟﺣﻧﺟري‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ )‪:(Trachea‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر‪ :‬ﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻛل واﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ‪ ،‬ووﺟود اﻟﻧدب )‪.(Scar‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟس‪ :‬ﻟﻠﻛﺷف ﻋن وﺟود أﻟم‪ ،‬ﺗﺿﺧم ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ او ﺗﺷوﻫﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪ :‬وذﻟك اﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺻوت اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧرﺧرة اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ او اﺻوات ﺻﻔﺎرﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫طرق اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﻣﺗزاﻣﻧﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﺑﺎﻟرﺋﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺗم اﻟطرق اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟوﺳطﻰ ﻣن‬
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻧق ﺑﺿرﺑﻪ واﺣدة‪ ،‬وﻓﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت ﯾﺗم اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺋﺔ ﻟﻬذا اﻟﺻوت‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت ﺣﯾث ﺗﺗواﺟد اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﻏﯾر واﺿﺣﺎً وﺑﻌﯾداً‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﺎطق اﻟﻣﺗﺟﻣدة ﻣن اﻟرﺋﺔ‪ :‬ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت واﺿﺢ وﻋﺎﻟﯾﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺷـف اﻻﺷـﻌﺎﻋﻲ او اﻟﺗﺻـوﯾر اﻻﺷـﻌﺎﻋﻲ )‪ (Rodiology‬أﯾﺿـﺎً ﻣـن اﻻدوات اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻـﯾﺔ ﻋﻠــﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻣرئ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر واﻟﺟس‪ :‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﺗؤدي إﻟﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾرات ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷـﻛل واﻟﺧـط اﻟﺧـﺎرﺟﻲ‪،‬‬
‫أن اﻟﺿــﻐط اﻟﻘــوي ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻣــرئ وﻋ ﻠــﻰ طــول اﻟﺟﺎﻧــب اﻻﯾﺳــر ﻻ ﺧــدود اﻟورﯾــد اﻟﺗــﺎﺟﻲ ﯾﺣــدث ﺗﺟﺷــؤ‪،‬‬
‫)ﺟﺗرا ارً( وﺣﺗﻲ اﻟﻘﺊ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣراض ﻣﺛل اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣرئ واﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‪.‬‬

‫‪23‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ -‬أﻧﺑوﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدة )‪:(Stomach tube‬‬

‫ﺗﻠك ﺗﺳﺎﻋد إذا ﻛﺎن اﻟﻣرئ ﺑﻪ ﻣرض أو ﺿﯾق او ﺑﻪ ﻛﺗﻠﺔ أﻛل ﺻﻠﺑﺔ او اﺟﺳﺎم ﻏرﯾﺑﺔ‪ ،‬او ورم أو‬
‫آﻓﺎت ﺗﺳﺑب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿـﯾق‪ .‬ﯾﺟـب ﻣﺳـﺢ أﻧﺑوﺑـﺔ اﻟﻣﻌـدة ﺑﻣﻠـﯾن ﻗﺑـل اﻻﺳـﺗﻌﻣﺎل‪ ،‬وﯾ ﻛـون اﻟـرأس واﻟﻌﻧـق‬
‫ﻣﻣﺗدان وﯾﻛون اﻟﺣﯾوان ﺗﺣت اﻟﺳﯾطرة اﻟﺗﺎﻣﺔ‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر واﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻷﺧرى ﺗدﺧل اﻧﺑوﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدة‬
‫ﺧــﻼل اﻟﻔــم ﺑﻣﺳــﺎﻋدة اﺳــﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻓــﺎﺗﺢ اﻟﻔــم‪ .‬ﻓــﻲ اﻟﻛﻠــب واﻟﻘــط ﯾﺳــﺗﻌﻣل دواء ﻣﻬــدئ‪ .‬ﻓــﻰ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧــﺎت‬
‫ﺗدﺧل ﻣن ﺧﻼل ﻓﺗﺣﺔ اﻻﻧف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺳﻌﺎل‪:‬‬
‫ﻫذا ﯾدل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود ﻣرض أوﻟﻲ أو ﺛﺎﻧوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‪ .‬وﯾﻛون اﻟﺳـﻌﺎل ﻣﺗﻘطـﻊ ﻓـﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠـﺔ‬
‫اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب‪ .‬وﻋﻧد ﺗﻘدم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺳﻌﺎر ﻣﺗﻛرر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻷﺣداث اﻻﺻطﻧﺎﻋﻰ ﻟﻠﺳﻌﺎل‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬وذﻟــك ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺿــط اﻟﺧﻔﯾــف اﻟﻣﺗﻛــرر ﻓــﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘــﺔ اﻟﺣﻧﺟـرة ﻓــﻲ اﻟرﺑــﺎط ﺑــﺄول ﺣﻠﻘــﺔ ﻏﺿــروﻓﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘﺻــﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ )ﺧﺎص ﺑﺎﻟﺧﯾول(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻣﺗﻘطﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﻣﻣر اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺻدر‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺿرﺑﺔ ﺣﺎدة ﺑﺎﻟﯾد ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺟدار اﻟﺻدر‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺳد ﻓﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻻﻧف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾل‪ ،‬وﻓﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻻﻧﻔﻲ واﻟﻔم ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺿـﺄن ﻟﻣـدة ‪ 30-60‬ﺛﺎﻧﯾـﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﯾـد‬
‫أو ﻗطﻌﺔ ﻗﻣﺎش )ﯾﺣدث اﻟﺳﻌﺎل ﺑﺳﺑب ﻧﻘص اﻻوﻛﺳﺟﯾن(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة ﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﺑﺎﻟﺿـﻐط ﻋﻠـﻰ اﻟﺻـدر ﺑﺎﻟﯾـدﯾن‪ ،‬أو أﻣﺳـﺎك طﯾـﺔ ﻛﺑﯾـرة ﻣـن اﻟﺟ ﻠـد‬
‫ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟظﻬر ﺧﻠف اﻻﻛﺗﺎف وﺑﻬﺎ ﯾﺣﻣل وزن اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻗﻠﯾﻼً ﻣﻘرﻩ ﺟدﯾدة‪.‬‬
‫ﺿرورة ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﺳﻌﺎل ﺑﺎﻻﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺗﻛ اررﻩ وﻓﺗرﺗﻪ‪:‬‬
‫* اﻻﻧﺗﯾﺎب )اﺷﺗداد اﻷﻋراض(‪ :‬ﻛﺛرة اﻟﺳﻌﺎل وﯾﻛون ﻣﺗﺗﺎﺑﻊ واﺣدة ﺑﻌد اﻷﺧرى‪.‬‬
‫* ﺑﺳــﯾط‪ :‬ﯾﻛــون ﻓــﻲ ﻓﺗ ـرة ﻗﺻــﯾرة وﺟــﺎرح‪ .‬وﯾﻛــون ﺟﺎرﺣ ـﺎً ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ اﻟﺗﻬــﺎب اﻟﺣﺑــﺎل اﻟﺻــوﺗﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻧﻔــﺎخ‬
‫اﻻﺳﻧﺎﺧﻲ اﻟﻣزﻣن‪.(Chronic alveolar emphysema) .‬‬
‫ﻗد ﯾﻛون اﻟﺳﻌﺎل ﻟﻔﺗـرة ﻗﺻـﯾرة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟ ﺷـﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾـﺔ اﻟﺣـﺎد‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟﺑﻠـورة ﻧﺳـﺑﺔ ﻟﻸﻟـم‪ .‬وﻓـﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺳل اﻟﻣزﻣن ) اﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎق(‪ .‬وﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛون اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋﺔ واﺳﻊ اﻟﻧطﺎق ﯾﻘﻠل ﺣﺟم اﻟﻬواء اﻟزﻓﯾري‪.‬‬

‫‪24‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﺳــﻌﺎل ﻗــد ﯾﻛــون ﻋــﺎﻟﻲ او ﻫــﺎدئ اوﻧﻘﯾــق )ﺻــوت أﺟــش( او ﺻــﻔﯾر اوﻧﺑــﯾﺢ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧــدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛــون اﻟﺣﻧــك‬
‫اﻟرﺧو ﻣﻬﺗزاً‪ .‬اﻟﺳﻌﺎل ﯾﻌﺑر ﻋﻧﻪ ﺑﺿﺣل أو ﻋﻣﯾق ﻣﻌﺗﻣداً ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺟم ﺧروﺟﻪ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺳﻌﺎل اﻟرﺣﺎب او اﻟﻐزﯾر ‪ :‬ﯾﺻﺎﺣﺑﻪ اﺧراج اﻻﻓ ارزات او اﻟﺳواﺋل‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺳﻌﺎل اﻟﺟﺎف أو ﻏﯾر اﻟﻐزﯾر‪ :‬ﻻ ﯾﺻﺎﺣﺑﻪ ﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﺗﺣرك‪.‬‬
‫* اﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﺋﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‪ (1) :‬اﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ ) ‪ (2‬ﻏﺷﺎء اﻻﻧف ) ‪ (3‬ﻏﺷﺎء اﻟﻔم )‪ (4‬ﻣﻬﺑل )‪ (5‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪.‬‬
‫ﻗد ﯾﺗم اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑﺎﻟﺿوء اﻟﻌﺎدي اﻟﯾوﻣﻲ اواﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺑطﺎرﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻬرﺑﯾﺔ وأﯾﺿﺎً اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟﻣﻬﺑل‬
‫واﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻷﻏﺷﯾﺔاﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ ﻣرﺗﺑطﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻐﺷﺎء ﻧﻔﺳﻪ أو ﺑﺎﻻﻣراض اﻟﻌﺎﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺳم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺷﺎﺣب‪) :‬اﻧﯾﻣﯾﺎء(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺣﻣر )ﻣﺣﺗﻘن(‪ :‬اﻟﺣﻣﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻐص‪ ،‬ﺿﯾق اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬زراق )ازرق ﺑﺎﻫت(‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻋﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب )اﻟﻘﻼب( اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺗﺎﻣور‪ ،‬ﺗﺳﻣم ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻌدن واﻟﻧﺑﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺑﺎﻫت ﯾرﻗﺎﻧﻲ ) اﺻﻔر ﺧﻔﯾف ﻟﯾﻣوﻧﻲ أﺻﻔر( )ﯾرﻗﺎن= اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛﺑد‪ ،‬طﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟدم‪ ،‬داء اﻟﺑرﯾﻣﯾﺎت‬
‫اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ ‪.( Leptospirosis‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻟﺗﺿﺧم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬وﺟﻮد ﺻﺪﯾﺪ )اﻓﺮاز(‪.‬‬

‫‪25‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻟﻠﺮﺋﺔ‪Clinical examination of the lungs :‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺟس‪ :‬ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﺣﺳﺎﺳﯾﺔ ﻟﺟدار اﻟﺻدر ﻋﻧد اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ذات اﻟﺟﻧب(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟطرق‪:‬‬
‫)أ( اﻟﺻـوت اﻟرﻧـﺎن‪ ،‬اﻟرﺋــﺔ اﻟﻌﺎدﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬وﻋﻧـدﻣﺎ ﯾﻛــون اﻟﺻـوت ﺟرﺳـﻲ ﻫــذا ﯾـدل ﻋﻠـﻰ وﺟــود ﻫـواء ﻓــﻲ‬
‫ﻋﺿو ﻓﺎرغ‪.‬‬
‫)ب( إزدﯾــﺎد اﻟﺻــوت اﻟرﻧــﺎن )اﻟﺻــوت اﻟﺟرﺳــﻲ اﻟواﺿــﺢ اﻟرﻧــﺎن أﻛﺛــر ﺣﺳﺎﺳــﯾﺔ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺻــوت( ﻫــذا‬
‫ﯾﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ اﻟرﺋوي‪.‬‬
‫)ﺟ( ﻗﻠﺔ أو اﺧﺗﺻﺎر اﻟﺻوت اﻟﺟرﺳﻲ )اﻟﺻوت أﻗل ﻣن اﻟرﻧﺎن‪ ،‬ﻏﯾر واﺿـﺢ وأﻋﻠـﻲ ﻣـن اﻟ ﺻـوت‬
‫اﻟﺟرﺳﻲ( ﻫذا اﻟﺻوت ﯾﺣدث ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗوﺟد وذﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟرﺋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)د( اﻟﺻ ــوت اﻟﻣﻌ ــﺗم‪ :‬ﻓ ــﻲ اﻻﻟﺗﻬ ــﺎب اﻟرﺋ ــوي )وذﻟ ــك ﻟﻠﺗﻛﺑ ــد أو اﻻﺳ ــﺗﻛﺑﺎد‪ ،‬ﻣ ــؤة اﻟﺻ ــدر‪ ،‬اﻻﺣﺗﻘ ــﺎن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻛﯾن‪ ،‬اﻻورام اﻟﺧﺑﯾﺛﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﻧﺧﻣﺎص ‪ ،‬اﻟوذﻣﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﺷﺣوم ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد(‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻣوﺿﻊ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟذي ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﻪ اﻟطرق واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﻣﺛﻠث اﻟﻣوﺟود ﻓﻲ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻘﻔص اﻟﺻدري وﻫو ﯾﻣﺗـد ﻣـن اﻟزاوﯾـﺔ اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾـﺔ ﻟﻠـوح اﻟﻛﺗـف إﻟـﻲ اﻟﻣﻛـﺎن‬
‫اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺿﻠﻌﺔ ﻗﺑل اﻻﺧﯾرة وﻫذا اﻟﻣﺛﻠث ﯾﻣﺛل )اﻟﺿﻠﻊ اﻻول( ﺛم إﻟﻲ اﻟﻧﺗوء اﻟﻣرﻗﻘﻲ ﻟﻌظم اﻟزﻧد‬
‫ﯾﻣﺛــل )اﻟﺿــﻠﻊ اﻟﺛــﺎﻧﻰ( اﻟﺿــﻠﻊ اﻻﺧﯾــر ﯾﺗﺟــﻪ اﻟــﻰ اﻋﻠــﻰ ﯾﺗﺟــﻪ وﺧﻠﻔــﺎً ﻣــن اﻟﻧﺗــوء اﻟ ﻣرﻓﻘــﻰ ﻓــﻰ اﻟ ﺿــﻠﻊ‬
‫اﻻول ﻓﻰ اﻟﺿﻠﻊ اﻻﺧﯾر اﻟﺷﻛل رﻗم )‪.(3‬‬

‫* ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﺮﻧﺎن ﯾﻤﻜﻦ ﺗﻌﺮﻓﮫ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﺎﻟﺔ اﻻﺗﯿﺔ‪-:‬‬

‫)ب( ازدﯾﺎد ﻛﺛﺎﻓﺔ اﻟرﺋﺔ‬ ‫)أ ( وﺟود ﺳﺎﺋل ﻓﻲ ﻛﯾس اﻟﺟﻧب‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻣﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣدة ﺗﻛون ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ اﻟﺧط‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ ﻏﯾر ﻣﺣدودة اﻓﻘﯾﺎً وﻫﻲ ﺗﺗﻐﯾر ﻣﻊ‬ ‫‪.1‬‬
‫اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋﺔ(‬ ‫ﺗﻐﯾر اﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻟﺣﯾوان )اﻟﺟﻧب اﻟﻧﺿﺣﻰ‪ ،‬ﻣؤة اﻟﺻدر‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺻوت اﻟﻘﻠب ﻣﺳﻣوع واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻوت اﻟﻘﻠب ﻏﯾر واﺿﺢ أو ﺧﺎﻓت‪.‬‬ ‫‪.2‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﯾوﺿﺢ ﺻوت اﻟﺧرﺧرة او اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك‪.‬‬ ‫ﺻوت اﻟﺧرﺧرة اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻏﯾر واﺿﺢ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.3‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻋﻧد اﻟطرق ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﯾﺳﻣﻊ ﺻوت‬ ‫اﻟﺻوت ﯾﺳﻣﻊ ﺑﻧﻔس اﻟطرﯾﻘﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺑﻌد ﻣﺳﺎﻓﺔ‪.‬‬ ‫‪.4‬‬
‫ﻗوي ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب ﻣن ﻗطﻌﺔ اﻟﺻدر ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻘﻔص اﻟﺻدري‪.‬‬

‫‪26‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ﯾﻣﻛن اﺳﺗﺧراج اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﺑﺎﻟﺣرم اﻻﺳﺗﻘﺻﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫‪.5‬‬

‫)‪.(exploratory puncture‬‬
‫* اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗوﺿﻊ ﻗطﻌﺔ اﻟﺻدر ﻣن اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺻدر ﺑﻣﺳﻛﻪ ﻣﺣﻛﻣﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﻻ ﺗﺣدث ﻓرﻗﻌﺔ وذﻟك ﻣن‬
‫وﺟود اﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﺑﯾن ﺻوف اﻟﺣﯾوان وﻗطﻌﺔ اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬إذا ﻛﺎن ﺻوف اﻟﺟﻠد أو اﻟﺷﻌر طوﯾل ﯾﺟب ﺟﻣﻌﻪ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌض ﻗﺑل وﺿﻊ اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﺗﻧﻔس ﻛﻠﻬﺎ )اﻟطرق‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ( ﯾﺟب أن ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﺣرك اﻓﻘﯾﺎً‬
‫ﯾل ﺣﺗﻲ ﺗﻛون ﻛل اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺗم اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫ﻟﻠﺧﻠف ٕواﻟﻲ اﻷﻣﺎم أﯾﺿﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗوي اﻷدﻧﻲ ﻗﻠ ً‬
‫‪ .4‬ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻛل ﻧﻘطﺔ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟدار اﻟﻘﻔص اﻟﺻدري وذﻟك ﻟﻣدة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻗل دورة‬
‫ﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ ﻛﺎﻣﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* أﺻوات اﻟﺗﻧﻔس اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ ﻧوﻋﯾن ﻣن اﻻﺻوات‬
‫أ (‪ -‬ﺻوت اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﻲ )ش‪ ،(CH ،‬وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﻣﺛﻠث ﺑوﺿوح‪.‬‬
‫ب(‪ -‬ﺻوت اﻟﺣوﯾﺻﻠﺔ اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ )ﭬ ‪ (V‬ﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺷﻬﯾق وﺻوت )ف‪ (F ،‬ﯾﺳﻣﻊ اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟزﻓﯾر‬
‫وﻫذا واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ اﻧﺣﻧﺎء اﻟﻣﺛﻠث‪.‬‬
‫* اﻻﺻوات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ )اﻟﻌﺎرﺿﺔ( اﻟﺗﻧﻔﺳﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺧرﺟرة‪ (2 ) ،‬ﺻوت ﻫواﺋﻲ )‪ (3‬ﺻوت اﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺧرﺧرة ﻫﻲ ﺗدل ﻋﻠﻰ وﺟود إﻓراز ﺳﺎﺋل ﻓﻲ ﺷﻛل ﻧﺿﺢ‪ ،‬رﺷﺢ‪ ،‬دم او ﺳﺎﺋل ﻣﺳﺣوب ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻌب أواﻟﺷﻌﯾﺑﺎت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫* ﻧوع اﻟﺧرﺧرة ﯾﻣﻛن أن ﯾﻛون ﻋﻠﻰ ﺣﺳب ﻟزوﺟﺔ اﻻﻓراز وﻫﻰ‪-:‬‬

‫)أ( ﺧرﺧرة رطﺑﺔ‪ :‬وذﻟك ﯾﻛون اﻟﻣﺧﺎط أو اﻟﺳﺎﺋل ﻗﻠﯾل اﻟﻠزوﺟﯾﺔ ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﯾﻣر ﻓﯾﻪ ﻫواء ﯾﻧﺗﺞ ﻋﻧﻪ ﺻوت‬
‫ﻓﻘــﺎﻗﯾﻌﻲ ﻓــﻲ طﺑﯾﻌﺗــﻪ )وﻫــو ﺷــﺑﯾﻪ ﺑﺻــوت اﻟ ﻬ ـواء ﻋﻧــدﻣﺎ ﯾﺧــرج ﻣــن ﺧ ـﻼل ﻓﺗﺣــﺔ ﺿــﯾﻘﺔ ﻓــﻲ آﺧــر‬
‫اﻧﺑوﺑﯾﺔ ﻣوﺿوﻋﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻣﺎء( وﻫذا ﯾﺣدث ﻓﻲ أﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي اﻟﺷـﻌﺑﻲ‪،‬‬
‫اﻟوذﻣﺔ اﻟرﺋوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟدم اﻟرﺋوي‪ ،‬اﺳﺗﻧﺷﺎق اﻟﺳﺎﺋل‪.‬‬

‫‪27‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫)ب( ﺧرﺧرة ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‪ :‬وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻋﻧد ﻣرور اﻟﻬواء ﺑﻘوة ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺷـﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾـﺔ وﻫـﻲ ﺗﺻـف ﺿـﯾﻘﺔ‪ ،‬وذﻟـك‬
‫أﻣــﺎ ﻻن اﻟﻣﺧــﺎط ﺳــﻣﯾك أو أﻛﺛــر ﻟزوﺟــﺔ أو اﻟﻐﺷــﺎء اﻟﻣﺧــﺎطﻲ ﻣﺗﺿــﺧم‪ ،‬وﻫــذا اﻟﺻــوت ﯾﻛــون ﻓــﻰ‬
‫ﺷﻛل دﻧدﻧﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻﻔﯾر‪ ،‬ﻓرﻗﻌﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﺻرﯾر ﺣﺎد‪ .‬اﻟﺧرﺧرة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ ﺗﺣدث ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻬﺎب‬
‫اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬوﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺣﺎد واﻟﻣزﻣن‪ ،‬ﺗﺷﻧﺞ ﻋﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟورم اﻟﺧﺑﯾث اﻟرﺋوي‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺳل‪.‬‬
‫* ﺧرﺧرة ﻣﻔرﻗﻌﺔ )اﻟﻔرﻗﻌﺔ(‪ :‬ﻫﻲ اﺻوات ﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷﺧﯾرة ﻣن اﻟطور اﻟﺷﻬﯾﻘﻲ وﯾﺣدث‬
‫ﻋﻧد‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟورم ﻓﻲ اﻏﺷﯾﺔ ا ﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺗﺿﺧم ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣوﯾﺻﻼت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﺻﺎﻗﻬﺎ ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ اﻟﺑﻌض واﻟﺷﻬﯾق ﯾزﯾل ﻫـذا اﻟﺗﻼﺻـق‬
‫وﺗﺣدث اﻟﻔرﻗﻌﺔ‪) .‬وﺳﺗﻣﻊ ﻛﺎﻧﻪ ﺻـوت ﺷـﻌر ﺑـﯾن اﻻﺻـﺎﺑﻊ ﯾوﺿـﻊ ﻗرﯾـب ﻣـن اﻷذن(‪ .‬وﻫـذا ﯾﺣـدث‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﻌب اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي‪ ،‬واﻟوذﻣﺔ(‪.‬‬

‫اﻻﺻﻮات اﻻﻧﺘﻔﺎﺧﯿﺔ‪:‬‬
‫* ﺻـــوت اﻟﻔرﻗﻌـــﺔ اﻟﺷـــدﯾدة‪ :‬ﯾﺣ ــدث ذﻟــك اﺛﻧ ــﺎء طــور اﻟﺷ ــﻬﯾق واﻗــل اﻣﺗ ــداداً ﻓــﻲ اﻟزﻓﯾ ــر وﻫــذا ) ﻣﺛــل‬
‫اﺣﺗﻛﺎك( ﻗطﻌﺔ ﻣـن اﻟـورق اﻟﻧـﺎﻋم ﻋﻠـﻰ ﻛـرﻩ‪ .‬وﯾﺣـدث ذﻟـك ﻓـﻲ ﺣـﺎﻻت اﻻﻧﺗﻔـﺎخ اﻟﺣوﯾﺻـﻠﻲ اﻟﻣـزﻣن‬
‫واﻟﺣﺎد‪.‬‬
‫* اﻻﺻوات اﻟﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﻫذﻩ اﻻﺻوات ﻣﺻﺎﺣﺑﺔ ﻏﺷﺎء اﻟﺟﻧب واﻟﺗﺎﻣور أن أﺻوات اﻟﻛﺷط ﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻋﻧد‬
‫ﺟﻔﺎف وﺧﺷوﻧﺔ اﻏﺷﯾﺔ اﻟﺟﻧب اﻟﺣﺷوي واﻟﺿﻠﻌﻲ‪ .‬وﻫذا اﻟﺻوت ﺛﺎﺑـت وﯾﺣـدث ﻣـﻊ أي دورة ﺗﻧﻔﺳـﯾﺔ‬
‫)واﻟﺻوت ﯾﻣﺎﺛل اﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻗطﻌﺗـﯾن ﻣـن اﻟﺟ ﻠـد اﻟﻧﺎﺷـف أو ﺿـﻐط اﻻﺻـﺑﻊ ﻋ ﻠـﻰ اﻷذن وﺧدﺷـﻪ ﺑظﻔـر‬
‫اﻻﺳﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﯾد اﻷﺧري( وﻫذا ﯾﺣﺻل ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟﺟﻧـب‪ ،‬اﻻﻟﺗﻬـﺎب اﻟﺗـﺎﻣوري )أﺻـوات اﻻﺣﺗﻛـﺎك‬
‫اﻟﺗﺎﻣوري ﻟﯾﺳت ﻟﻬﺎ ﻋﻼﻗﺔ ﻣﻊ دورة اﻟﺗﻧﻔس(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣوﺻﺎت اﻻﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟرﺋﺔ ﯾﺿم‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺑزل )‪.(Paracentesis‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪28‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻟﻠﻘﻠﺐ‪Clinical examination of the heart :‬‬

‫‪ .3‬اﻟطرق‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﺟس ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظري‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫ﻻﺻوات اﻟﻘﻠب‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ )ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب(‬
‫‪ .6‬ﺗﺧطﯾط اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟﻛﻬرﺑﺎﺋﻲ )م ق ك( )‪.(E.C.G‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظري‪-:‬‬
‫ﻓــﻲ أﺛﻧــﺎء اﻟﻔﺣــص ﺑــﺎﻟﻧظر ﯾــﺗم ﻣﻼﺣظــﺔ ﻣــﺎ ﯾﺳــﻣﻲ ذروة اﻟﺿ ـرﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾــﺔ وﻫــﻲ ﺗ ﺳــﺑب ﺣرﻛــﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟدار اﻟﺻـدري أﺛﻧـﺎء اﻻﻧﻘﺑـﺎض اﻟﻘﻠﺑـﻲ ﻓـوق اﻟﺣ ﯾـز اﻟﺧـﺎﻣس واﻟﺳـﺎدس ﺑـﯾن اﻟﺿـﻠوع‪ ،‬ﺧﺎﺻـﺔ ﻟـدى‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺗﻰ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻟﺟدار اﻟﺻدري ﺧﻔﯾف‪.‬‬

‫‪ .2‬ﺟس ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب‪-:‬‬

‫وﯾﻛون ذﻟك ﺑوﺿﻊ اﻟﯾد ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧطﻘﺔاﻟﻘﻠب ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر ﺷدة واﻣﺗداد اﻟﻧﺑﺿﺎت اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟطرق‪-:‬‬
‫)أ ( اﻟﻘﻠب ﻫو ﻋﺿو ﻋﺿﻠﻲ ﺧﺎﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻬواء‪ ،‬وﯾﻛون اﻟطرق ﻓﯾﻪ ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم‪.‬‬
‫)ب( ﻣﻛــﺎن اﻟﻣﻧطﻘ ــﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾــﺔ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑ ــﺎً ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺛﻠ ــث اﻟﺛــﺎﻧﻲ )⅔( ﻓ ــﻲ اﻟﺟــزء اﻻدﻧــﻲ ﻣــن ﺷــﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺟوﯾ ــف‬
‫اﻟﺻدري ﺑﯾن ‪ 3-6‬ازواج ﻣن اﻟﺿﻠوع ﻓـﻲ اﻟﺧﯾـل )ﺗﻘـﻊ ﺧﻠـف ﻟـوح اﻟﻛﺗـف ﻓـﻲ ﻣﺳـﺗوي أﻋﻠـﻲ ﻣـن‬
‫ﻣﻔﺻل اﻟﻣرﻓق ﻓﻲ ﺣﺟم ﻛﻔﺔ اﻟﯾد(‪ .‬وﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﻘﺎرواﻟﺿﺄن واﻟﻣﺎﻋز ﺑﯾن ‪ 3-5‬أزواج ﻣن اﻟﺿﻠوع‪.‬‬
‫)ج( اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ ﺗﻛون ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺎً واﺿﺣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻷﺳﻬم ﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﺧط اﻷول ﻣن اﻟطرق ﯾﺟري اﻟﻰ أﺳﻔل ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺧط اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻣن اﻟطرق ﯾﺟري أﻓﻘﯾﺎً إﻟﻲ اﻟﺧﻠف ﻣن اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ )‪.(dullness‬‬
‫‪ .3‬زاوﯾﺔ اﻟرﺋﺔ ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﯾﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟوﺟود اﻟﻘﻔص ﺣﺗﻣﺎً اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘرﯾﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠب‪.‬‬
‫وﻗد ﺗزداد اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﺗم ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻟﻔﺣص ﻋﻧد اﻣﺗداد اﻟرﺟل اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎً‪ٕ .‬وازدﯾﺎد‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ ﺗﻛون ﻓﻲ ﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺿﻣﺣﻼل‪ ،‬واﻟﺗوﺳﻊ ﺑﺎﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺗﺎﻣوري‪ ،‬ﻣؤﻩ اﻟﺗﺎﻣوري‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺎﻣوري‬
‫اﻟدﻣوي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻧﻘص اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﻌﺗﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻔﺎخ اﻟرﺋوى‪.‬‬

‫‪29‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻻﻟم اﺛﻧﺎء اﻟطرق‪ :‬وﺟود اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﺗﺎﻣوري ﺣﺎد أو اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺟﻧب ﺣﺎد‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ /2‬اﻧﺑﺳﺎط‬ ‫‪ /1‬اﻧﻘﺑﺎض‬ ‫)أ( ﻓﻲ اﻟدور اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ ﻣرﺣﻠﺗﯾن‪:‬‬
‫)ب( أن اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﯾﻘدر وﯾﻣﯾز أﺻوات اﻟﻘﻠب وﯾﺣدد وﺟود أﺻوات ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ج( اﻟﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب ﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺿﻠوع اﻟراﺑﻊ واﻟﺧﺎﻣس‪ .‬واﻟﺻوت اﻷول‬
‫)اﻻﻧﻘﺑﺎض( ﯾﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ ﻗﻣﺔ ﻓوق رأس اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘﻠﺑﯾﺔ واﻟﺻوت اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ )اﻻﻧﺑﺳﺎط( اﯾﺿﺎً ﯾﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻗﻣﺗﻪ ﻓوق ﻗﺎﻋدة اﻟﻘﻠب‪.‬‬
‫)د( اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﯾﻘدر ﺑﺎﻵﺗﻲ‪ :‬ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﻠب‪ ،‬اﻻﻧﺗظﺎم‪ ،‬ﺷدﺗﻪ أو ﻗوﺗﻪ واﻷﺻوات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﻠب ﯾﻣﻛن ﺗﻐﯾﯾرﻩ ﻣﻛﺎﻧﯾﻛﯾﺎً وذﻟك ﺑﺎﻗﻼق ﻓﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻷﻧف ﻋﻧد اﻟﺧﯾل واﻟﺟﻣﺎل‪ ،‬وﻗﻔل ﻓﺗﺣﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻧف واﻟﻔم ﻋﻧد اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﯾﻧﻘص ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﻠب ﻣﺛﻼً ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻻت ﻓﺷل اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟوﻋﺎﺋﻲ واﻟﺳﻣﻧﺔ واﻻﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎء‪.‬‬

‫* اﻷﺻوات اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻘﻠب‪:‬‬

‫ﻫﻣﺎ ﺻوﺗﺎن‪ ،‬اﻟﺻوت اﻟﻘﻠﺑﻲ اﻷول )ﻟـب ‪ (Lubb‬ﻋﺎﻟﯾـﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻌﺗﻣـﺔ وطوﯾﻠـﺔ اﻟﺻـوت )اﻻﻧﻘﺑـﺎض(‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺻوﺗﻲ اﻟﻘﻠب اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ )دب ‪ (Dubb‬ﺣﺎد وﻗﺻﯾر وﻫو اﻻﻧﺑﺳﺎط‪ ،‬ﻟب – دب ‪) (...‬ﺗوﻗف( ﻟب – دب‬
‫‪) ...‬ﺗوﻗ ــف( ‪ ...‬ﻋﻧ ــدﻣﺎ ﯾ ــزداد ﻣﻌ ــدل اﻟﻘﻠ ــب ﺗﻛ ــون اﻷﺻـ ـوات ﻏﯾ ــر ﻣﻣﯾـ ـزة‪ ،‬إذا ﻛ ــﺎن ﻣﻌ ــدل اﻟﻘﻠ ــب‬
‫ﻣﻧﺧﻔض ﯾﻛون اﻟﺻوت اﻷول واﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﯾﻛوﻧﺎن ﻣﻌروﻓﯾن‪ ،‬اﻟﺻوت اﻷول ﻟﻠﻘﻠب ﯾﺳـﻣﻊ ﺑﺻـورة واﺿـﺣﺔ‬
‫‪ 4 th‬ﻟﻠﻣﻧطﻘــﺔ ﺑــﯾن اﻟﺿــﻠوع )ﻣﺳــﺎﺣﺔ ‪ 10‬ﺳــم( أﻋﻠــﻲ اﻟﻘﻔــص‪.‬‬ ‫ﻓــﻲ أﻧﺳــب ﻣﻛــﺎن ﻫــو ﺑــﯾن اﻟﺿــﻠﻊ‬
‫واﻟﺻوت اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﻘﻠب اﻧﺳب ﻣﻛﺎن ﻟﺳﻣﺎﻋﻪ ﻣﺳﺗوي ﻟوح اﻟﻛﺗف ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿﻠﻊ اﻟﺛﺎﻟـث‪ .‬اﻷﺻـوات ﻏﯾـر‬
‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾـﺔ )‪ (adventitious sound‬ﺣﻔﯾـف او ﻧﻔﺧـﺔ ‪ .‬اﻟﺣﻔﯾـف اﻟﻘﻠﺑـﻲ ﯾﺗﻐﯾـر أو ﯾﺻـﺎﺣب أﺻـوات‬
‫اﻟﻘﻠ ــب إذا ﻛ ــﺎن وا ﺣ ــد أو اﻻﺛﻧ ــﯾن ﻣﻌـ ـْﺎ‪ .‬اﻟﺣﻔﯾ ــف ﻗ ــد ﯾﻛ ــون اﻧﻘﺑﺎﺿ ــﻰ أو ﺣﻔ ﯾ ــف اﻧﺑﺳ ــﺎطﻲ أو ﺣﻔﯾ ــف‬
‫ﻣﺳــﺗﻣر‪ .‬وﻫــذﻩ اﻷ ﺻـ ـوات ﺗﺣ ــدث ﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟ ــﺔ إﺻــﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﻠ ــب ﺑــﺎﻷﻣراض اﻟﻌﺿــﻠﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺻ ــﻣﺎﻣﺎت اﻟﻘﻠ ــب‪،‬‬
‫اﻷوﻋﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣوﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﺑﯾرة‪.‬‬

‫‪30‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻟﻠﺒﻄﻦ‪Clinical examination of the abdomen :‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظرى‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺣﺟم اﻟﻘرﯾب ﻟﻠﺑطن‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻟﺗﺻﻣﯾم ﻋن وﺟود آﻓﺎت ﻣوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﺑطن ﻣﺛﻼً اﻟﺣﻣل ‪ ،‬اﻣﺗﻼء اﻟﻛرش واﻟﻣﻌدة‪ ،‬اﻟورم اﻟﺧﺑﯾث‪ ،‬ﺣﺑس اﻟﺑول ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻼب‬
‫واﻟﻘطط‪ ،‬ﻧﺿﺢ اﻟرﺣم‪ ،‬وذﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺻﻔﺎق‪ ،‬اﻟﻧﻔﺎخ‪ .‬وﻧﻘﺻﺎن ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﺣﺟم اﻟﺑطن )اﻟﻣظﻬر اﻟﻬزﯾل( ﻧﻘص ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐذاء‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺻﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﻬﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺟﻔﺎف‪ ،‬ﻋدم ﺗوازن اﻟﺳﺎﺋل‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺄﻛﯾد اﻟﺗﺷرﯾﺣﻲ ﻟﻠﻌظﺎم اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﺎرزة‪ :‬ﻣﺛﻼً ﺿرﺑﺔ ﺳﻔﻠﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﻛﺎﻟﺳﯾوم أو اﻟﻔﺳﻔور‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟس اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻷﺟراء‪:‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم اﻟﺟس ﺑوﺿﻊ اﻟﯾد وﻫﻲ ﻣﻘﻔوﻟﺔ ﺑﻘوة ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺑطن وﺑﺎﻟﺗﺻﺎق ﺷدﯾد وﻫذا ﻣﺻﺣوب ﺑﺎرﺗﺧﺎء ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿﻼت وﺿرﺑﺔ ﻗوﯾﺔ ﺣﺗﻰ ﯾﻘﻔز )‪ (Jump‬اﻟﺣﯾوان ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد اﻷﻟم اﻟﺳطﺣﻲ ﻟﻼﻟم اﻟداﺧﻠﻲ اﻟﻌﻣﯾق‬
‫ﻟﻼﻓﺔ ﯾﻛون ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻐط ﺑﺎﻟﻘوة‪ .‬ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر ﯾﻛون اﻟﺟس ﻟﻠﻛرش )ﺣرﻛﺔ‪ ،‬ﻛﻣﯾﺔ وﻧوع واﻟﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣوﺟودة‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻛرش(‪ ،‬اﻟﻛﺑد )ﻋﻧدﻣﺎ ﺗﺗﺿﺧم(‪ ،‬اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ )اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺻﻔﺎق اﻟرﺿﺧﻲ( وﻫذا اﻟﺟس ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺣﺻﺎن واﻟﺿﺄن واﻟﻣﺎﻋز ﻏﯾر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺗم اﻟﺟس ﻓﻲ اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط ﺑﺎﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﯾدﯾن اﻻﺛﻧﯾن ﻣﻊ ﻣد اﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﺑﻘوة ﻣﻊ ﺑﻌﺿﻬﺎ ﻓﻲ ﻛل‬
‫ﺟﺎﻧب ﻣﻊ اﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻹﺑﻬﺎم إﻟﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟطرق )ذو ﻗﯾﻣﺔ ﻣﺣددة(‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﺻوت اﻟطﺑﻠﻲ اﻟﻣرﺗﻔﻊ ≡ ﻏﺎز ﯾﻣﻼً اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم ≡ ﻋﺿو أﺻم‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫ﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ ﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﻬﺿم‪ .‬اﻷﺻوات ‪،‬ﺧرﯾر‪ ،‬ﺧﻔﯾف‪ ،‬ﺧرﺧرة ≡ اﻟﺗﻣﻌﺞ اﻟﻌﺎدي وﺣرﻛﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘطﻌﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪31‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﯾﺟب ﻟﺑس ﺟوﻧﺗﺎت واﻗﯾﺔ ﻣﻊ ﻗﻣﯾص ﻣطﺎطﻲ طوﯾل أو ﻣرﯾﻠﺔ ‪ ،‬ﻗﺑل اﻻﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﻠﯾن‪ ،‬ﯾﺟب ﻗطﻊ‬
‫اﻷظﺎﻓر‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﯾﺟب اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﺗﺣﻛم اﻟﻣﻧﺎﺳب‪.‬‬
‫)أ ( ﺣﻘﻧﺔ ﺷرﺟﯾﺔ ﺑﻣﺎء داﻓﺊ‪.‬‬
‫)ب( ﻧرﻓﻊ رأس اﻟﺣﯾوان‪.‬‬
‫)ﺟ ( ﻋﻣل ﺿﻐط ﺑﺎﻷﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﻘرات ﻓﻲ ﻣﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫)د ( اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل ﻣﻬدآت أو ﻣﺳﻛﻧﺎت‪ ،‬أو اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺧدر ﻓوق اﻻم اﻟﺟﺎﻓﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟﻠﻣﻌدة واﻻﻣﻌﺎء ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾل‪:‬‬

‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻣﻌدة‪ :‬ﻫو ﻏﯾر ﻛﺎﻓﻲ‪ ،‬وأﻣراض اﻟﻣﻌدة ﺗﺷﺧص ﻣﻌﺗﻣدة اﻋﺗﻣﺎداً ﻛﺑﯾراً ﻋﻠﻰ اﻷﻋراض اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ‬
‫وﻣﺳﺎﻋدة اﻟﻣﻌﻣل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻻﻣﻌﺎء‪) :‬ﺗﺷﻧﺞ‪ ،‬ﻧﻔﺎخ‪ ،‬ﺗﻠﺑك‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻻﻣﻌﺎء(‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر‪ :‬اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻻوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻧﻔﺎخ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟس‪ :‬اﻻﻟم‪ ،‬ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﺗﺷﻧﺞ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟطرق‪ :‬ازدﯾﺎد اﻟﺻوت اﻟرﻧﺎن اﻟﻌﺎم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑطن ﻛﻠﻬﺎ ≡ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ اﻷوﻟﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺻوت اﻟرﻧﺎن اﻟﻣوﺿﻌﻰ ≡ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ اﻟﺛﺎﻧوي‬
‫* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪ :‬اﻟﺗوﺗر أو ﻏﯾﺎب اﻟﺣرﻛ ﺔ اﻟﺗﻣﻌﺟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﺧرﯾر ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫أو ﺣدوث ﺧرﺧرة‪ :‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻻﻣﻌﺎء‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻘص اﻟﺗﺷﻧﺟﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣرﺣﻠﺔ اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺗﻠﺑك وذﻟك ﻣن اﻻﻟﺗواء‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌوي(‪ ،‬اﻧﻐﻣﺎد ﻣﻌوي‪ ،‬اﻟﺧﻧق اﻟﻣﻌوي أو اﻟﺗﻠﺑك ﻋﻧد اﻟﺻﻣﺎم اﻟﺣرﻗﻔﻲ اﻟﻌﺟزي‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻧﺧﻔﺎض‪ ،‬اوﻏﯾﺎب اﻟﺻوت‪ :‬اﻟﺗﻠﺑك ﺑﻌد ﺳﺎﻋﺎت ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻣن اﻻﻧﺳداد اﻟﻣﻌوى‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺻوت اﻟﺟرﺳﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔض‪ :‬اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ اﻻﻣﻌﺎء‪ ،‬اﻧﺣﺑﺎس اﻟﻬواء ﻓﻲ ﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﺣدد‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪ :‬وﻫو اﻟﺟس ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﻣﺗﻐﯾرات اﻟﻐﯾر ﻋﺎدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪ ،‬اﻟﻐﻠون‬
‫اﻟﺻﻐﯾر واﻟﻛﺑﯾر‪ ،‬اﻷﻋور‪ ،‬اﻻﻣﻌﺎء اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدة ﻻ ﺗﺟس اﻟطﺣﺎل واﻟﻣﻌدة‪ .‬واﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة‪ ،‬اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻻﺧري اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ﺟﺳﻬﺎ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻻﺣﻠﯾل‪ ،‬اﻟرﺣم‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺑﺎﯾض‪ ،‬اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﺿﺧﻣﺔ واﻟﺻﻔﺎق‪.‬‬

‫‪32‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾرى ﻟﻠﻛرش ‪-:‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎخ اﻟﻐﺎزى )اﻟﻔﻘرة ﻧظﯾر اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬اﻻﻧﻛﻣﺎش اﻟﻛرﺷﻰ )‪.(1-3/min‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻛرش ﺗﻧﺧﻔض او ﺗﺗوﻗف ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻻﺗﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬اﻟﻬﺿم اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ‪ -2 .‬اﻻﻣﺗﻼء اﻟﺣﺎد ‪ -3‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ اﻟﺟرﺻﻰ ‪ -4‬ﻋﺳر ﻫﺿم ﻣﺑﻬﻣﻰ‬
‫‪ -5‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛرش ‪ -6‬داء اﻟﻌﺻﯾﺎت اﻟﺷﻌﯾﺔ ‪ -7‬اﻻورام اﻟﺳرطﺎﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺗﻛوﻧﺔ ‪ -8‬اﻟﻘرح واﻻﻟﺗواء‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ‪.‬‬
‫*اﻟطرق‪ ) :‬ﻫﻧﺎ ﻟﯾس ﻟﻪ ﻓﺎﺋدة ﻛﺑﯾرة ﺑﺳﺑب ﺟدار اﻟﺑطن اﻟﺳﻣﯾك (‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻌﻠوى ≡ اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ﺧﻔﯾف‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺛﻠث اﻻﺳﻔل اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻰ ﻟﻣﻧﺧﻔض اﻟﺟوع ≡ ﻣﻌﺗم‪.‬‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ ﻏﯾراﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓرض اﻻﻛل اﻟﺑﺳﯾط ≡ ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﻘرة ﻧظﯾر اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻣدد ﻏﺎزى ≡ ﺻوت طﺑﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻐﺎز اﻟﻣﻧﺗﺷر ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣواد اﻟﻣﺎﻛوﻟﺔ ≡ ﺻوت رﻧﺎن ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟزء اﻻﺳﻔل ﻣن ﺟدار‬
‫اﻟﺑطن‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪:‬‬
‫اﻟﺗﻘﻠﺻﺎت اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻛرش ≡ ﺧرﯾر اﻟﺳﺎﺋل وﺻوت ﻋﻣﯾق ﻓﻰ ﻣﻛﺎن ﻓﺎرق )ﯾدوى(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺳ ــﺗﻣرار اﺳ ــﺗرﺧﺎء اﻟﻛ ــرش ≡ اﺻـ ـوات ﻋﺎﻟﯾ ــﺔ ﻓﺎرﻗ ــﺔ ورﻧﺎﻧ ــﺔ ﻓـ ــﻰ اﻟﺟ ــزء اﻟﻌﻠـ ــوى ﻟﻣ ــﻧﺧﻔض اﻟﺟـ ــوع‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻰ ≡ اﻻﺻوات ﺷﺑﯾﻬﺔ ﺑﺎﺻوات اﻟﻛرش وﻟﻛن ﻗﻠﯾﻠﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻰ واﻛﺛر‬
‫ﻓﻰ اﻟﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪33‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫ﻫذا اﻟﻌﺿو ﯾﻛون داﺋﻣﺎً ﻓﻲ ﺷﻣﺎل اﻟﺧط اﻟوﺳطﻲ ﺑﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﺿﻠوع‪ 6 ،‬و‪ 7‬وﺣﺗﻲ اﻟﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 8‬ﻟﻠﻔﺣص‬
‫اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﺻﻰ وﺟود اﻻﻟم وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ اﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻘرص )اﻧﯾن أو ﯾؤن أو‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻋﻧﯾﻔﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫*اﻟﺟس‪-:‬‬
‫ﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ ﻟﺗﻘﺻﻰ وﺟود اﻻﻟم وﺧﺎﺻﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻰ اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻰ اﻟﻘرﺣﻰ )اﻧﯾن او ﯾؤن او‬
‫ﺗﻔﺎﻋﻼت ﻋﻧﯾﻔﺔ (‪.‬‬
‫ﻧﻘﺎط اﻟﺿﻐط ﻟﻛﺷف اﻻﻟم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺑطن‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻘرص ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎرك )اﻟﻐﺎرب(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻋﺻﺎ ﻏﻠﯾظﺔ ﯾﺟﻌﻠﻬﺎ ﺗﺷﺧﺻﺎن‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻣﺷﻲ ﻻﺳﻔل اﻟﺗل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻟطرق ﺑﻘوة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ )اﻟرﻫﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻐﺿروﻓﯾﺔ أو اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﻣﺛﻠث اﻟﻐﺿروﻓﻲ(‪ .‬ﯾﺳﺎﻋد اﻟﻣﻛﺷﺎف‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص ﻋﻧد اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺷﺑﻛﻲ اﻟﺻﺎﻗﻲ اﻟﻘرﺣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪ :‬ﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳن ﻓﻲ اﻟراﺑط اﻟﻐﺿروف اﻟﺿﻠﻌﻲ ﻟﻠﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 7‬ﺷﻣﺎﻻً‪ ،‬ﺗﻘرﯾﺑﺎً ‪ 10‬ﺳم ﺧﻠف ﻧﻘطﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣرﻓق‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﺻوت اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ ‪ :‬ﻣﯾزﺗﻪ ﻣﺗﺑدل‪.‬‬
‫اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺻوت‪ :‬اﻟﻣرض اﻷوﻟﻲ ﻟﻠﺷﺑﻛﯾﺔ أﻣراض اﻟﻛرش ٕواﻣراض اﻟﻘﻧﺎة اﻟﻬﺿﻣﯾﺔ اﻷﺧرى‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾرى ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻘﺣﺔ‪:‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟس )اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻘوي اﻻوﻟﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﯾد وﻫﻰ ﻣﻘﻔوﻟﺔ( ﯾﺗم ﻋﻣﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﻠﻣﻧﻘﺣﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻘرب‬
‫ﻣن ﺟدار اﻟﻛرش ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﻧﻲ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺿﻠوع ‪.10-7‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟس ﻟﻠﻛﺷف ﻋن اﻷﻟم‪-:‬‬
‫* ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻘﺣﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻟﺟﻬﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻧظر‪ :‬ﺑروز واﺿﺢ )اﻟﻣﻧﻘﺣﺔ اﻻﻧﺗﻔﺎﺧﯾﺔ( ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ أﺳﻔل اﻟﺣﻔرة ﻧظﯾر اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟﻠﺷﻣﺎل‪ ،‬ورﺑﻣﺎ ﺗﻣﺗد إﻟﻲ أﻋﻠﻰ‪.‬‬
‫واﻟطرق اﻻﺧري اﻟﺗﻲ ﯾﻌﻣل ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﻲ اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻧظرى‪ ،‬اﻟطرق‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟس‪ :‬ﺑروز ﻋﺿو اﺳطواﻧﻰ ﺑﺎﻟﺿﻐط ﺧﻠف اﻟﻘوس اﻟﺿﻠﻌﻰ‪.‬‬

‫‪34‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪ :‬ﺻوت ﺟرﺳﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‪ ،‬ازﯾز اورﺷﺎﺷﻰ ﻫذا اﻟﺻوت ﯾﻣﻛن ﺳﻣﺎﻋﻪ ﺑﺎﻟطرق ﺑﺿرﺑﺔ ﺧﻔﯾﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻻﺻﺑﻊ واﺟراء اﻟﺳﻣﻊ ﻓﻰ ﻧﻔس اﻟوﻗت‪.‬‬
‫اﻟطرق‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪ ،‬واﻟﺟس ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﻣن اﻟﻣﻧﺗﻔﺦ ﻣن اﻟﺑطن ﯾوﺿﺢ ﻧﻔس اﻟﺣﻘﺎﺋق او اﻻﻋراض‬
‫ﻓﻰ ﺣﺎﻟﺔ ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ ﻟﻠﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﻣن‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪ :‬وﯾﻼﺣظ ﻓﯾﻪ اﻻﺗﻰ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -1‬ﺷدة او ﻗوة وﺗﻛرار اﻟﺗﻘﻠﺻﺎت ﻓﻰ اﻟﻛرش‪.‬‬
‫‪ -2‬طﺑﯾﻌﺔ ﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت اﻟﻛرش )ﺳﺎﺋل‪ ،‬اﺻم‪ ،‬ﻏﺎز(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -3‬اﻟﻧﻘﺻﺎن واﻟزﯾﺎدة ف اﻟﺣﺟم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -4‬ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﯾﻣﯾن اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -5‬اﻧﺳداد اﻻﻣﻌﺎء‪.‬‬
‫‪ -6‬اﻻﻓﺎت اﻟﻌﻘدﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة ﻓﻰ ﻣرض اﻟﺳل واﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺻﻔﺎق‪.‬‬
‫‪ -7‬اﻣﺗﻼء اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ وﺣوض اﻻﺣﻠﯾل‪.‬‬
‫‪ -8‬زﯾﺎدة ﺳﻣك ﺟدار اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -9‬زﯾﺎدة ﺳﻣك اﻟﺣﺎﻟب‪.‬‬
‫‪ -10‬اﻟﺗﺿﺧم واﻻﻟم ﻟﻠﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾرى ﻟﻠﻛﻼب واﻟﻘطط‪-:‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟــس‪ :‬ﯾﻌﺗﺑــر ﻣﻬــم ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾــﺔ واﻻﻋﺿــﺎء اﻟﺗــﻰ ﯾﺷــﻣﻠﻬﺎ اﻟﺟــس ﻫــﻰ‪ :‬اﻟﻣﻌــدة اﻟﺟــزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔــﻰ ﻣــن اﻟﻛﻠﯾــﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺷﻣﺎﻟﯾﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ واﻟﻛﺑد‪.‬‬
‫واﻟطرق اﻷﺧرى اﻟﺗﻰ ﯾﻌﻣل ﺑﻬﺎ ﻫﻰ اﻟﻛﺷف ﺑﺎﻟﻧظر‪ ،‬اﻟطرق‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟطرق اﻻﺧري ﻟﻔﺣص اﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺑطن ﻓﻲ ﻛل اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‪:‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺑذل اﻟﺑطن‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻓﺗﺢ او ﺷق اﻟﺑطن‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﺧﺗﯾﺎر اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻓﺣض اﻟﺑراز‬ ‫‪ .5‬اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻓﺣص اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ‬

‫‪35‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮى ﻟﻠﻜﺒﺪ‪:‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﺿوي ﻟﻠﻛﺑد ﻣﺣدود ﻧﺳﺑﺔ ﻟﻣوﻗﻌﻬﺎ واﺗﺟﺎﻫﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟــس‪) :‬ﻟﻼﺑﻘــﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﻛــﻼب‪ ،‬اﻟﻘطــط( ﯾــﺗم ﻋﻣﻠــﻪ ﻓــﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻓــﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﻧــﻲ ﻟﻠﻛﺑــد وﻫــﻲ ﺗﻛــون ﺑــﺎرزة ﻋﻧــد‬
‫اﻟﻘــوس اﻟﺿــﻠﻌﻲ أو ﻏﺿــروف اﻟرﻫﺎﯾــﺔ وﻓــﻲ ﺣﺎﻟــﺔ ﺗ ﺿــﺧم اﻟﻛﺑــد ﺗﻛــون اﻟﺣﺎﻓــﺔ ﻣﺗﻧﺎﺳــﻘﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺳ ــﻣك‬
‫وداﺋرﯾﺔ )اﻟﻛﺑد اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ≡ ﺣﺎدة اﻟﺣواف(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻛﺑد ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻧﺎﺗﺞ ﻋن‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﺣﺗﻘﺎن ﺷدﯾد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺧراج ﻣﺗﻌددة‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬داء اﻟﻛﺳﺎت اﻟﻌدارﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟطرق‪ :‬ﯾﺗم اﻟطرق ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟزء اﻟظﻬري ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﻘوس اﻟﺿﻠﻌﻲ اﻟﯾﻣﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬وذﻟك ﻟﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻻﻣﺗداد واﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺻﻣﺎء اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻘﻊ ﻓﯾﻬﺎ اﻟﻛﺑد‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟطرق اﻟﺷدﯾد أو اﻟﺟس اﻟﻘوي ﻗد ﯾوﺿﺢ وﺟود وﺷدة اﻷﻟم‪.‬‬
‫* واﺧﺗﺑﺎرات أﺧري ﻟﻠﻛﺑد‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺧﺗﺑﺎر وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﻛﺑد‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟزﻋﺔ ﻛﺑدﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟﻠﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ‪Clinical examination of urinary system :‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظري اﻟﻌﺎم‪ :‬طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟوﻗوف‪ ،‬ﺗﻛرار اﻟﺗﺑول‪ ،‬وﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻷﻟم اﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﺑول‬
‫* اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺗﯾن‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺧﯾل ‪ :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟس اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﺗوﺟد ﺻﻌوﺑﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺿﻐط اﻟﻘوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﻗد ﺗوﺿﺢ وﺟود اﻻﻟم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟس ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪ ،‬ﯾﻣﻛن ﺟس اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ ﺻﻐﺎر اﻟﺧﯾل ‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾل ﻣﺗوﺳط اﻟﺣﺟم ﯾﻣﻛن‬
‫ﺟس اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣن اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﺳرى ﻓﻘط‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻻﺑﻘﺎر‪ :‬ﺻﻌب اﻟﺟس اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ‪.‬‬

‫‪36‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ -‬اﻟﺟس ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻟﺻﻐﯾرة واﻟﻣﺗوﺳطﺔ اﻟﺣﺟم ﯾﻛون ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﻣﻧﻲ‪ .‬اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﯾﺳري ﯾﻣﻛن ﺟﺳﻬﺎ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﻓﻲ أﻏﻠب اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‪ ،‬وﯾﻣﻛن ﺟس اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺎً‬
‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﺎﻋز‪ ،‬اﻟﻛﻠب‪ ،‬اﻟﻘط‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺟس اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ وذﻟك ﻟﺗﻘدﯾر‪:‬‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫‪ .2‬اﻟﺣﺟم ﻧﺳﺑﯾﺎ‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﻻﻟم اﻟﻣﺿﻌﻰ‬
‫‪ -‬وﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻵﺗﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣؤة اﻟﻛﻼء )ﻛﻼء اﺳﺗﺳﻘﺎﺋﻲ(‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬ﯾﻛون اﻟورم )ﺟدﯾد(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬داء اﻟﻛﻼء اﻟﺣوﺿﻲ‪.‬‬ ‫‪ .3‬اﻟورم اﻟﻛﻠوي‬
‫ﯾﺳﻬل ﺟس اﻟﻣﺛﺎﻧﺔ اﻟﺑوﻟﯾﺔ ﻋﻧد اﻻﻣﺗﻼء ﺑﺎﻟﺑول )اﻻﻟم‪ ،‬اﻟﺣﺻوة‪ ،‬ﺗﻛون ورم ﺟدﯾد‪ ،‬اﻟﺟدار ﺳﻣﯾك(‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظري واﻟﺟس ﻟﻠﻘﺿﯾب )ذﻛر( واﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻔﻠﻘﻲ ﻟﻼﻧﺛﻰ‪:‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺑول‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻻﻟم ﻣوﺿﻌﻰ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬أي ﺗﻐﯾر ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺧﺎص ﻟﻘﻧوات اﻟﺑول‪:‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻟﻘﺳطرة‬ ‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻔﺣص ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﺟزﻋﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫‪ .4‬اﺧﺗﺑﺎر وظﯾﻔﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪37‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟﻠﻐدة اﻟﺛدﯾﺔ واﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‪Clinical examination of the mammary :‬‬

‫‪gland and Teats‬‬
‫وﻫذا ﯾﺣﺗوي ﻋﻠﻰ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻐدة اﻟﺛدﯾﺔ واﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ ﻓوق اﻟﺿرع‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظري‪-:‬‬
‫* اﻟﻐدة اﻟﺛدﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺿﺧم )وذﻣﺔ واﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﺿﻣﺣﻼل اﻟﺣﺟم )اﻟﺑﻘرة اﻟﺟﺎﻓﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع اﻟﻣزﻣن(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟطﻔﺢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻘرح‪ ،‬اﻟﺟرح اﻟﺳطﺣﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻣزق اﻟرﺑﺎط اﻟﻣﻌﻠق )ﻧزول اﻟﺿرع وازدﯾﺎد ﺣﺟﻣﻪ( اﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت وﻣﺳﺗواﻫﺎ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟس‪) :‬ﯾﻌﻣل ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﯾدﯾن اﻻﺛﻧﯾن(‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ازدﯾﺎد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣ اررة‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي واﻟﻣﻠﻣس‪ ،‬اﻻﻟم )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع اﻟﺣﺎد‪ ،‬وﺗﺣت اﻟﺣﺎد(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺻﻠب ﻋﻣﯾق ﻗوي ‪ +‬آﻓﺎت ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗظﻣﺔ‪ ،‬آﻓﺎت ﻋﻘدﯾﺔ ﻣزﻣﻧﺔ )اﻟﺳل‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع اﻟﻣزﻣن( ‪-‬‬
‫ﺧراج ﻣزﻣن‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﻛون ورم ﺟدﯾد‪.‬‬
‫* ﻓﺣص اﻟﻘﻠﺞ ﺑﯾن اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻣن اﻟﺿرع واﻻوﺳﺎط ﻣن اﻟﻔﺧذ )اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺟﻠد اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫* ﻓﺣص اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت ‪-:‬‬
‫* اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﺎﻧﻲ )‪ (Macroscopic examination‬ﻟﻠﺑن ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻛﺄس اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﻠﺑن ﻟﻶﺗﻲ‪-:‬‬
‫ﺟزﯾﺋﺎت ﻣﻧظورة‪ ،‬اﻟﻠون‪ ،‬اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ‪ ،‬واﻟﻣﺣﺗوي‪.‬‬
‫* ﻋﯾﻧﺎت اﻟدم‪ :‬ﻋﻧد أﺧذ اﻟدم ﯾﺟب ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ اﻵﺗﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺟﻧب ﺗﺧوﯾف اﻟﺣﯾوان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬ﺗﺟﻧب اﻟﺿﻐط ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟورﯾد اﻟﺳطﺣﻲ ﻟﻔﺗرة طوﯾﻠﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺗﺟﻧب ﺗﺣﻠل اﻟدم‪.‬‬

‫‪38‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪ .4‬ﺣﻠق اﻟﺷﻌر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻟﻣراد اﻟطﻌن ﻓﯾﻪ وﺗطﻬﯾرﻩ ﺑﻌد ﻧظﺎﻓﺗﻪ ﺑﺎﻟﻛﺣول ﺣﺗﻲ ﯾﺟف‪ٕ .‬واذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻛﻣﯾﺎت اﻟدم ﺻﻐﯾرة ﯾﻣﻛن ﺧذﻫﺎ ﻣن ورﯾد اﻷذﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟﺻﯾوان اﻻذن‪ .‬إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫اﻻﺣﺗﯾﺎج ﻟﻛﻣﯾﺔ ﻛﺑﯾرة ﯾﻣﻛن اﺧد اﻟدم ﻣن اﻻﺗﻰ ‪-:‬‬
‫)أ( اﻟورﯾد اﻟوداﺟﻲ )طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻌﻣل اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(‪.‬‬
‫)ب( اﻟورﯾد اﻟﻠﺑﻧﻲ‪.‬‬
‫)ﺟ( اﻟورﯾد أو اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن اﻟﻌﺻﻌﺻﻰ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر‪.‬‬
‫)د( اﻟورﯾد اﻷوﺳط اﻟرأﺳﻲ )اﻟﻛﻌﺑري( اﻟورﯾد اﻟرﺿﻌﻲ اﻟراﺟﻊ )ﺻﻔﺎﻧﻰ( ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل ﻻﺧذ اﻟدم ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط‪ ).‬أﯾﺿﺎً اﻟورﯾد اﻟوداﺟﻲ ﯾﻣﻛن ان ﯾﺳﺗﻌﻣل(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬ﯾﺟب اﺧذ اﻟدم ﺑﻠطف ﻟﺗﺟﻧب اﻧﺧﻣﺎص اﻟورﯾد ﺣول ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻻﺑرة )ﺗﺟﻧب ﺗﺣﻠل اﻟدم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .6‬اﺿﻐط اﻟﺟﻠد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘطﺔ دﺧول اﻻﺑرة ﻗﺑل اﺳﺗﺧراﺟﻬﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻏﺳل ﻣﻛﺎن اﻟﺣﻘن ﺑﻣﺎء ﺑﺎرد ﺑﻌد أﺧذ اﻟﻌﯾﻧﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪39‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫‪Clinical examination of lymph‬‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻟﻠﻐﺪد اﻟﻠﯿﻤﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪:‬‬

‫‪glands‬‬
‫* اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻧظري‪ :‬ﺗﺿﺧم اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﺟس‪ :‬اﻟﺣﺟم‪ ،‬اﻻﻟم‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﻔﺻص ﻓﻰ )‪ ،(lobulation‬اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي‪ ،‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣ اررة‪ ،‬اﻟﺧراج اﻟﻣﺗﻛون‪،‬‬
‫اﻟﻧﺎﺿﺞ واﻻﻓراز‪ ،‬اﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎق ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻠد واﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ ﻋدد اﻟﻐدد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﺟﺳوﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﻘﺗﺿﯾﺔ إذا ﻛﺎن‬
‫ﻫذا اﻻﻗﺗﺿﺎء اﺣﺎدي أو ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﻣﯾﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺣﺎد‪ :‬ﺗﺗﺿﺧم‪ ،‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣ اررة‪ ،‬ﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻏﯾر واﺿﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﻔﺻص‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻣزﻣن‪ :‬ﻛﺑﯾرة‪ ،‬ﻏﯾر ﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ‪ ،‬ﻗوﯾﺔ‪ ،‬درﺟﺔ اﻟﺣ اررة اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻠﺗﺻﻘﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﺟﻠد‬
‫واﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﺻدﯾدﯾﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺗﺂرﺟﺢ‪ ،‬اﻟﺟﻠد ﺳﺎﺧن‪ ،‬ﻣؤﻟﻣﺔ وﻣﺗﺿﺧﻣﺔ ﺣول اﻷﻧﺳﺟﺔ‪.‬‬
‫* اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ﻗﺑل ﻟوح اﻟﻛﺗف‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ ﻗﺑل اﻟﻔﺧذ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﻣﯾﻔﯾﺔ ﻓوق اﻟﺿرع‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ ﺧﻠف اﻟﺑﻠﻌوم )‪.(Posterior Mediastal lymphnode‬‬
‫‪ .6‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﺻﻔﻲ اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ )ﺗﺟس ﻓﻘط ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾم ﻋﻧد اﻻﺑﻘﺎر(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .7‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ اﻟﻣرﻓﻘﯾﺔ )‪ (Cubital lymph node‬ﻋﻧد اﻟﺧﯾل ﻓﻘط‪ ،‬وﺗوﺟد ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳطﺢ‬
‫اﻷوﺳط ﻟﻠﻌﺿو ﺑﯾن اﻟﻣرﻓق وﺟدار اﻟﺻدر )ﺻﻌﺑﺔ اﻟﺟس(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .8‬اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﻣﯾﻔﯾﺔ اﻻرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﺳطﺣﯾﺔ‪ ،‬ﻋﻧد اﻟﺧﯾل اﻟﺻﺎﻟﺢ ﻟﻠﺗوﻟﯾد ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻲ اﻟﻘﺿﯾب‪.‬‬
‫)‪.(Superficial inqinal lymph node‬‬

‫‪40‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ‪Clinical examination of the nervous :‬‬

‫)‪(system‬‬
‫ﻫذا ذو ﻓﺎﺋدة ﺗﺷﺧﯾﺻﯾﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﺎت اﻻﻟﯾﻔﺔ ﻣﺛل اﻟﻘطط واﻟﻛﻼب وﻟﻛن ﯾﺻﻌب ﻋﻣﻠﻪ ﻓﻲ ﺣﯾواﻧﺎت‬
‫اﻟﻣزرﻋﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1‬ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﻣرﺿﯾﺔ ﻣﻬﻣﺔ ﻟﻠﻐﺎﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻧظري )ﻏﯾرى اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ(‪.‬‬
‫)أ ( اﻻﺿراﺑﺎت اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺷﻠل ≡ )اﻟﻧوع اﻟﻣﻧﺑﺳط(‪.‬‬
‫ﻏﯾﺎب روح اﻟﻌﺿﻼت وﺗﻛون اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ﻫﺎﻣدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﻣﺻﺎب واﻟﻧﺷﺎط ﻣﺣدود‪ .‬ﻣﻘد ار اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛﺳﺔ‪ٕ ،‬واﺣداث اﻻﻟم‪ ،‬أو ﻧواح أﺧري‪ ،‬واﻟﺗﻠف اﻟﻣرﺋﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺿﻼت ﯾﺣﺻل ﺳرﯾﻌﺎً )ﺿﻣور‬
‫ﻋﺻﺑﻲ(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﺷﻧﺞ )رﻋﺎﺷﻲ( اﺧﺗﻼج ﻣﻛرر أو ﺗوﺗري وارﺗﺟﺎﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟرأرأة )ﻫذﻩ ذﻛرت ﻣن ﻗﺑل(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗرﻧﺢ‪ :Ataxia :‬ﻗوة اﻟﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟواﺣدة ﻏﯾر ﻣﺗﺄﺛرة‪ ،‬ﻟﻛن ﻏﯾﺎب اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳق اﻟوظﯾﻔﻲ ﺑﯾن ﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ‬
‫ﻛﺛﯾرة ﻣن اﻟﻌﺿﻼت واﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ اﻟﻌطل ﻓﻲ ﻣﻌدل وﻣدي وﻗوة اﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ ﺑﻘوة )‪ :( Forced Movement‬ﻫو ﻋدم ﺗﻧﺎﺳق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻌﺿﻠﯾﺔ ﺑﺳﺑب اﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣراﻛز اﻟﺣرﻛﯾﺔ واﻟﺗﻛرار ﻣرة أﺧري وﺑﻧﻔس اﻻﺳﻠوب‪.‬‬
‫)ب( اﻻﺿراﺑﺎت اﻟﺣﺳﯾﺔ )اﻟﻠﻣس‪ ،‬اﻟﻧظر‪ ،‬اﻟﺷم‪ ،‬اﻟﺗذوق(‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺗﺳﻛﯾن اﻻﻟم )‪ : (Analgesia‬ﻏﯾﺎب اﻻﺣﺳﺎس وذﻟك ﺑﻣﺳﺎﻋدة اﻟطﻌن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻠد ﻓﻲ ﻧﻘﺎط ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‬
‫ﺑواﺳطﺔ أﺑرة )اﻟﺷﻔﺎة‪ ،‬ﺣول اﻟﻌﯾن‪ ،‬اﻟﻘﺎرب )اﻋﻠﻲ ﻛﺎﻫل اﻟﻔرس واﻟﻌﺟﺎن(‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻓرط اﻟﺣس )‪ ≡ (Hyperaesthesia‬ﻓرط اﻻﺣﺳﺎس‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﺗﻧﻣل )ﺗﺗوﺷﻰ اﻟﺣس( ≡ اﻧﺣراف ﺣﺳﻲ )ﺧﻠل ﻋﻘل(‪ .‬وﻫو ﯾﺗﻣﯾز ﺑﺎﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎك اﻟﺟﻠدي اﻟﺷدﯾد‪،‬‬
‫واﻟﻣﺳﺢ ﺑﻘوة‪ ،‬اﻟﺧدش‪ ،‬واﻟﻌض‪.‬‬

‫‪41‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻻﺿﺮاﺑﺎت ﻓﻲ اﻟﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ اﻟﻤﺴﺘﻘﻞ )اﻟﻨﺸﺎط اﻟﻼرادي(‬

‫‪Disturbances of autonomic nervous system‬‬

‫وﻫذا ﻗد ﯾﻛون ﻏﺎﺋب‪ ،‬ﺿﻌﯾف أو ﻗﻠﯾل‪ ،‬أو ﻣﺑﺎﻟﻎ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺷدة‪ .‬وﯾﺿم اﻟﻔﺣص ﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘل‬
‫اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت اﻻﺗﯾﺔ‪-:‬‬
‫‪ .1‬اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﻘرﻧﻲ‪ :‬وذﻟك ﺑﻠﻣس ﻗرﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‪ ،‬وﯾﺳﺗﺣﺳن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟزء اﻟطرﻓﻲ ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﻓﺗﯾﻠﺔ )رﺑدة(‬
‫ﻣﺑﻠﻠﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻓرﺷﺔ ﻧظﯾﻔﺔ‪ ،‬أو ﻟﻣس اﻟﻣوق اﻻوﺳط )‪ ،(medial canthus‬وﻫذا ﯾﺟﻌل اﻟﺣﯾوان‬
‫ﯾﻐﻣز ﻻ ارادﯾﺎً‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2‬اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﺑؤﺑؤي‪ :‬ﯾﻠﻘﻲ اﻟﺿوء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻌﯾون أوﻻً ﺛم ﺑواﺳطﺔ ﺷﻌﺎع ﻓﻠم ﺿوﺋﻲ ﯾوﺟﻪ اﻻﺗﺟﺎﻩ‬
‫ﻟواﺣدة ﻣن ﻟﻌﯾون‪ ،‬ﻋﺎدة اﻟﺑؤﺑو ﯾﺗوﺳﻊ ﻓﻲ اﻟظﻼم وﯾﺿﯾق ﻋﻧد اﻟﺿوء اﻟﺳﺎطﻊ ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .3‬اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﺟﻠدي‪ :‬ﯾﺗم اﺧﺗﺑﺎرﻩ وﺑﺎﻟﻠﻣس أو ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟطﻌن ﻓﻲ أﻣﻛﺎن ﻣﻌﯾﻧﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ دﺑوس أو‬
‫أﺑرة ﺗﺣت اﻟﺟﻠد‪.‬‬
‫)أ( اﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻧﺳﺣﺎب اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﻲ‪ :‬وذﻟك ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟطﻌن اﻟﺧﻔﯾف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﯾن اﻻﺻﺎﺑﻊ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻠد )اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط( وﺑﯾن اﺻﺑﻊ اﻻﺑﻬﺎم واﻟظﻔر ﻓﻲ اﻻﺻﺑﻊ اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ‪ ،‬او اﻟﺷﻛل اﻟﺗﺎﺟﻲ او‬
‫اﻻﻛﻠﯾﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﻠدي )اﻟﺧﯾل‪ ،‬واﻻﺑﻘﺎر(‪ .‬وﻫذا اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﯾﺗم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟراﻗد‪.‬‬
‫)ب( اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﺷرﺟﻲ‪.‬‬
‫اﺑﺗداء ﻣن اﻟذﯾل‬
‫)ﺟ( اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﻌﺿﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﻠدي )اﻟﻠﺣﻣﺔ(‪ :‬وﯾﺗم ذﻟك ﺑﺎﻟطﻌن اﻟﺧﻔﯾف ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﻠد ً‬
‫وﻣﺎﺿﯾﺎً ﺑﻛل ﺟﺎﻧب ﻣن ﺟواﻧب اﻟﻌﻣود اﻟﻔﻘﺎري‪.‬‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟوﺗري )اﻟوﻗوف واﻟﻣﺷﻲ(‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟرﺿﻔﻰ )‪) :(Patellar reflex‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟراﻗد( اﻟرﺑﺎط اﻟﻣطﺑق اﻟرﺿﻔﻲ ﯾﺗم ﺑﻧﻘرﻩ‬
‫ﺑﺄﺻﺑﻊ اﻟﺳﺑﺎﺑﺔ‪ ،‬اوﺷﺎﻛوش‪ ،‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﻌﺎدﯾﺔ ﯾؤدى اﻟﻧﻘر اﻟﻰ اﻣﺗداد اﻟرﺟل إﻟﻲ اﻻﻣﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس ﻟﻠﻌرﻗوب‪.‬‬
‫‪ .5‬اﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت اﻟوﻗوف )اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط(‪.‬‬
‫)أ( اﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت ﺗوﺗر اﻟﻌﻧق واﻟﻌﯾن‪) :‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟواﻗف وﻗﻔﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(‪ .‬اﺛﻧﺎء اﻧﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﻌﻧق ﺗﺗوازن ﻋﯾن‬
‫اﻟﺣﯾوان وﺗﺣدق إﻟﻲ اﻻﻣﺎم وﻟﻛن اﻻرﺟل اﻻﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ ﻣﻣﺗدة واﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ ﻣﻧﺛﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫)ب( اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﺎت اﻟﻣدﻋوﻣﺔ‪ :‬وﻫذﻩ ﺗﺳﺗﻌﻣل اﻷرﺟل اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ او اﻟﺧﻠﻔﯾﺔ وذﻟك ﯾﺗم اﻻﺧﺗﺑﺎر ﺑدون‬
‫وﺿﻊ ﻋﺻﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻌﯾﻧﯾن‪.‬‬

‫‪42‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫)ج( اﻧﻌﻛﺎس اﻟﻘﯾﺎم‪ :‬اﻟﻛﻠب أو اﻟﻘط ﯾﻌﺻب اﻟﻌﯾﻧﯾن وﯾوﺿﻊ ﻋﻠﻰ ﺟﺎﻧﺑﻪ ﺛم ﯾطﻠق اﻟﺣﯾوان اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬
‫ﻣﺑﺎﺷرة ﯾﺟﻠس ﻋﻠﻰ ﺻدرﻩ ﺛم ﯾﻘف‪.‬‬

‫* اﻟﻔﺤﻮﺻﺎت اﻻﺧﺮي ﻟﻠﺠﮭﺎز اﻟﻌﺼﺒﻲ ﺗﻀﻢ‪:‬‬

‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺧﻲ اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬ﺗﺧطﯾط ﻛﻬرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬
‫‪.Electroencephalography‬‬

‫‪43‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬

‫أ‪ -‬اﻟﺳﻠوك واﻟﻣظﻬر اﻟﻌﺎم‬

‫اﻟﻐﯾﺑوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻣت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺗور ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﺻرف طﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻧﺷط‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬

‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻬوس‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻣﻠﻣل‪ ،‬ﻗﻠق‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺗدل‪ ،‬ﻏﯾر ﺣﺎد‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺷرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫أرﺟﺎع اﻷﻛل )اﻟﻘﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﻎ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول اﻷﻛل‬ ‫اﻷﻛل‬
‫ﻣظﻬر اﻟﺑراز‬ ‫ﻏﯾر أرادي إﺳﻬﺎل‬ ‫ﻣؤﻟم‬ ‫ﺻﻌب )اﻻﻣﺳﺎك(‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺑرز‬
‫ﺳﻠﺳل اﻟﺑول )ﻏﯾر أرادي‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﻣؤﻟم‬ ‫ﺻﻌب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺑول‬

‫‪44‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫ﺗﺄرﺟﺢ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺢ أو ﺗﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣدد‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻠب أو‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣرك ﺑﻘوة‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﻧﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرج‬ ‫ﻧوع اﻟﻔﺣص‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻷرﺟل‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﯾﺑس‬
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻲ‬
‫اﺧﺗﻼج ﺻرﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﻼج ﺗﻛراري‬ ‫اﺧﺗﻼج ارﺗﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫رﺟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟرﺟﻔﺔ واﻻﺧﺗﻼج‬
‫ﺑدﯾن أو ﺳﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻫزﯾل‬ ‫ﻧﺣﯾف‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان‬
‫ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎﺳق أو ﺗطﺎﺑق اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫اﻟوﺿﻊ اﻟﻐﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻠوس‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻠﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻔص‬ ‫ﻟﻠراس واﻟرﻗﺑﺔ )ﺗدﻟﻰ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣل‬
‫اﻧﺗﺻﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺢ اﻻرﺟل‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ ﺟﻠوس‬ ‫ﺗﻘوس‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟوﻗف أو وﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺻدري ‪ +‬أﺗﺟﻪ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ،‬اﻣﺗداد ‪ ،‬او‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾوان‬
‫اﻹذﻧﯾن‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠب‬ ‫اﻟظﻬر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫ﻟﻠﺿﻔدﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟرأس ﻧﺣو اﻟﺧﺎﺻرة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء اﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻟوﻧﻪ )اﻟﻣﻧﺎوﺑﺔ(‬
‫(‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛﺎك‬ ‫ذﻣﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺷرة‬ ‫آﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﻣﯾزة أو‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌرق‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌر واﻟﺻوف‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫ﻣﻧﻔردة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻠد‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫ب – اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ ﻻﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻻﻧﺣراف أو‬
‫ﺗﺷﻧﺞ أو ﺗﻘوس اﻟرأس‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛل واﻟﺗطﺎﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء‬
‫ﺗورم ﻋظﺎم اﻟﻔك اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺑروز‬ ‫ﻫوس‬
‫ﺟﺎﻣد ﻣﺗﺻﻠب‬ ‫اﻟرأس‬
‫واﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺑﻬﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﻬوس‬
‫ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش‬ ‫اﻟرﻣش أو اﻟطرف اﻟﻣﻔرط أو‬
‫ﺗوﺳﻊ أو اﻧﻛﻣﺎش ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺑروز ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻻﻓراز‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾون‬
‫اﻟزاﺋد‬
‫اﻹﻓراز‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻧف‬
‫اﻟﻠﻌﺎب اﻟرﻏوي‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻠﻌﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻔم‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن) ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ(‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب واﺣد) آﺣﺎدي(‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻛﯾن واﻟﺟذور‬
‫زﯾﺎدة أو ﺗوﺳﯾﻊ اﻟورﯾد‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب‬
‫اﻟوزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺑض اﻟورﯾد اﻟوداﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻣدد اﻟﻣرئ‬ ‫اﻟرﻗﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟوداﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺎﺛل أو ﺗطﺎﺑق أﺟزاء اﻟﺻدر‬
‫اﻟﺻدر‬
‫اﻟﻧوع‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣق‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗظﺎم أو اﻟﻧﺳق‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬
‫ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻛرش‬ ‫وذﻣﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺑطن‬ ‫ﻓﺗق ﺳري‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺣﺟم‬
‫اﻟﺑطن‬
‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ أو اﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗوف‬ ‫اﻷرﺟل‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘﺻﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟزﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺿرع‬

‫ج‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺑدﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟرﺟوﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺟم‬
‫ﻣﺗﻣوج‬ ‫ﻋﺟﯾﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ﻫواﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻠب‬ ‫ﻗوي‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ )ﻣرن(‬
‫)ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﻘر(‬ ‫اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺣص‬

‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم )أﺻم(‬ ‫ﺻوت طﺑﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻوت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻘرع او اﻟطرق‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬
‫د‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫‪48‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻓــراز‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫آﺣﺎدي اﻟﺟﺎﻧب أو‬ ‫ﺻدﯾدي أو‬
‫ﻣﺻﻠﻲ اﻟﻘوم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾون‬
‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺻﻔﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب واﺣد‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺣﻲ‬

‫ورم ﺳرطﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش‬ ‫ﺟﻔون ﻣﻘﻔوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣرﻛﺔ زاﺋدة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻔون‬

‫وذﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧزﯾف‬ ‫اﺣﺗﻘﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻔرة‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺣﺑﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﺣﻣﺔ )ﺑﺎطن اﻟﺟﻔن(‬
‫ﻟون أﺑﯾض ﻣﺗﺻﻠب ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟون ﻏﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫زﯾﺎد ة ﺗﺣدب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻫت‬

‫‪49‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫راﺋﺣﺔ ﻧﻔس اﻷﻧف‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ ﻗوﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻫواء‬ ‫راﺋﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﺧﻣر‬ ‫ﺛﺎﺑت ﻣﻊ ﻫواء‬
‫ﻧﺗن‬ ‫ﻛرﯾﻬﺔ‬ ‫ذﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧف‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس اﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻷﻧف‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗﺟﺷؤ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬
‫ﻋدم اﻟﺧﻠط‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻠوط ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎً‬ ‫اﺣﺎدي‬
‫ﺳﻣﯾك وﻣﺗﺟﺑن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن‬ ‫إﻓراز اﻷﻧف‬
‫اﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎوي ﻣﻊ اﻟدم‬ ‫ﻣﻊ اﻟدم‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬

‫اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﻲ ﻟﻔﺗﺣﺔ اﻟﻔم‬

‫ﺗﺂﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﻘرح‬ ‫ﺣوﯾﺻﻼت‬ ‫أزراق‬ ‫ﺷﺣوب‬ ‫ﻧزﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﻔم‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﻧﺎء‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧر اﻟﺑزوغ )اﻟظﻬور وﻏﯾر‬
‫أﻧﻛﻣﺎش وﺿﻣور‬ ‫ﺗورم‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻧﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺿﻌف‬ ‫اﻟﻔم‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺔ وﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ(‬
‫واﻟﺗرﻗط )اﻟﺗﺑﻘﻊ(‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻣوﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫وذﻣﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ اﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﯾﺊ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺊ‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧظﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻧق‬
‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫اﻟﺣ اررة‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻣرئ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗورم‬

‫‪51‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺻوت‬ ‫ﺻوت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎن أو‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷوﻫﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫ﻧدﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺎت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ أو اﻟرﻏﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟرﻏﺎﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﻲ ﻫواﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ وواﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾد وﻏﯾر واﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻗرع اﻟرﻏﺎﻣﻲ ‪ +‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻟﻠرﺋﺔ‬

‫اﻧﺑوﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدة‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ واﻟﺟس‬

‫اﻟﻣرئ‬
‫اﻧﺳداد‬ ‫ﺿﯾق‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷوﻫﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬
‫إﻧﺗﺎج ﻏزﯾر ﻟﻠﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ )ﺳﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣﺧطﺎﯾﺔ )ﺳﻌﺎل ﺟﺎف(‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻌﺎل )اﻟﻛﺣﺔ(‬
‫رطب(‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻘرع‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺻوت اﻟرﻧﺎن‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺻوت اﻟرﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺣدوث ﺻوت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻷﻟم‬
‫اﻻﺻوات‬
‫اﻟﺻوت ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻوت اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن‬ ‫اﻟرﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻏﯾﺎب ﺻوت‬ ‫اﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻏﺷﺎء‬ ‫أو ﻏﯾﺎب‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺻوت‬
‫أزﯾز‬ ‫ﻓرﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺻوت اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﺻوت ﺗﻧﻔس طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻧب‬ ‫ﺻوت‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرع‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ‬
‫ﻗﻣﺔ ﺿرﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫ﺻوت ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺗم‬ ‫ﻗوة وﻣدي دﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫ﺻوت طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة أﻋﺗﺎم اﻟﺻوت‬ ‫)ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻘﻔص‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ )ﻧﺿﺣﺔ‬ ‫)طﺑﯾﻌﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫اﻟﺻدري(‬

‫‪53‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬
‫آﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮع )ذو ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﺪودة(‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺲ‬
‫ﺻﻮت ﻣﻌﺘﻢ‬ ‫ﺻﻮت طﺒﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻜﺮش‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻜﺮش‬ ‫اﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻄﻦ ‪ +‬اﻟﻜﺮش‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺻﻮت ﻏﯿﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ )ﺧﺮﯾﺮ (‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺟس اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﻣﺟﺳوﺳﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻔوﺣﺻﺎت اﻻﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ‪ :‬اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص‪ ،‬ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﺑطن اﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺑراز‪.‬‬

‫‪54‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻘﺮع‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬

‫ﺻﻮت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد أو أﻧﺘﻔﺎخ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﺷﺪة اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة واﻻﻣﻌﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﯿﻮل‬
‫ﺻﻮت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎن أو ﻏﯿﺎب اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﺻﻮت ﺧﺮﺧﺮة أوﻗﺮﻗﺮة ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬

‫‪55‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟس ) ‪ 4‬طرق(‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﻘﻠﻧﺳوة )ام اﻟﺗﻼﻓﯾف‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻌدة اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔﻟﻠﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 8 ،7 ،6‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟب ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬
‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺻوت‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ )ﺻوت ﻫﻔﻬﻔﺔ(‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬
‫اﻷﯾﺳر ‪ 10‬ﺳم ﻣن ﻣؤﺧرة ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻛوع(‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻘﺣﺔ )ﺗﺣت اﻟﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 7‬وﺣﺗﻲ ‪ 10‬وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻷﯾﻣن(‬
‫اﻷﻟم‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑروز واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟزء اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺻوت ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻘطرات‬ ‫ﺑروز اﺳطواﻧﻲ ﺧﻠف اﻟﻘوس‬ ‫ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﺳر‬
‫اﻟﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻻﯾﺳر ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎء أو ﻛﺎﻟرﺷﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻠﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻔرة ﺗﺣت‬
‫اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫‪56‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘرع‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺗﺿﺧم ﻛﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺗدور اﻻطراف‬ ‫اﻟطرق ﺣﺎد‬
‫اﻣﺗداد اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺟﺎﻣدة‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬
‫)ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(‬ ‫)طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺧزﻋﺔ اﻟﻛﺑد‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات ﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻛﺑد‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻻﻟم‬ ‫ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﺑول‬ ‫اﻟوﻗوف أو اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص ﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول واﻟﺑﻘر‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻏﻧﺎم )ﺿﺄن ﻣﺎﻋز( اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟم ﻣوﺿﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺧزﻋﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺑول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳطرة‪ ،‬ﻗﻧطرة‬
‫اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻛﻠوي‬

‫‪57‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﻣﺳﺗوي وأﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻣزق اﻟرﺑﺎط اﻟﺣﺎﻣل ﻟﻠﺿرع‬ ‫اﻵﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟورم‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟﺛدﯾﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺟﻠد اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي واﻟﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺣ اررة‬ ‫)اﻟﺿرع(‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺑن‬ ‫‪ +‬اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‬
‫‪ +‬اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠون‬ ‫ﺟزﺋﯾﺎت ﻣرﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓوق اﻻﺛداء‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎق‬ ‫اﻻﻓراز‬ ‫اﻟﺧراج‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت أو‬
‫اﻟﺣ اررة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺻص‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺣﺟم‬
‫اﻟﻘوام‬

‫‪58‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬م‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ ) ‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﺳوﻟك ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬
‫اﻟرﺟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼج‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣرك ﺑﻘوة‬ ‫اﻟرﺗﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرض‬
‫ﺗﻧﻣل او ﺗﻧوش اﻟﺣس‬ ‫ﻓﻘدان اﻻﺣﺳﺎس ﺑﺎﻻﻟم‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺳﻛﯾن‪ ،‬ﺑطﻼن اﻻﻟم ﻣﻔرط اﻟﺣس )زاﺋد اﻻﺣﺳﺎس(‬
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻲ أو اﻟﻼ رادي‬
‫اﻟﺟﻬﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس اﻟوﺗري‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس ﻟﻠوﻗوف أو اﻟﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس اﻟﺟﻠدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬
‫)ﻟﻠوﺗر(‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻣﻌل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬
‫ﻟﻠرﺟوع إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺗوﺗري‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ أو‬ ‫أواﻟﺑؤﺑؤي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻷرﺟل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻧق واﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌرﻗوب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺷرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟرﺿﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻠدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺳﺣﺎب‬
‫ﺗﺧطﯾط ﻛﻬرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺧﻲ اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﺧر‬

‫‪59‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﺎم واﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬

‫أ‪ -‬اﻟﺳﻠوك واﻟﻣظﻬر اﻟﻌﺎم‬

‫اﻟﻐﯾﺑوﺑﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻣت‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺗور ﻗﻠﺔ اﻟﻧﺷﺎط‬ ‫ﺗﺻرف طﺑﯾﻌﻲ ﻧﺷط‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬

‫اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺛرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻧون‬ ‫اﻟﻬوس‬ ‫ﻣﺗﻣﻠﻣل‪ ،‬ﻗﻠق‬ ‫ﻣﻌﺗدل‪ ،‬ﻏﯾر ﺣﺎد‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻻﺳﺗﺟﺎﺑﺔ ﻟﻠﻣؤﺷرات اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫أرﺟﺎع اﻷﻛل )اﻟﻘﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟﺑﻠﻎ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺿﻎ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎول اﻷﻛل‬ ‫اﻷﻛل‬
‫ﻣظﻬر اﻟﺑراز‬ ‫ﻏﯾر أرادي إﺳﻬﺎل‬ ‫ﻣؤﻟم‬ ‫ﺻﻌب )اﻻﻣﺳﺎك(‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺑرز‬
‫ﺳﻠﺳل اﻟﺑول )ﻏﯾر أرادي‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﻌدل‬ ‫ﻣؤﻟم‬ ‫ﺻﻌب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺑول‬

‫‪44‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ﺗﺄرﺟﺢ اﻟﺟزء اﻟﺧﻠﻔﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺢ أو ﺗﺑﻌﯾد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣدد‬ ‫ﺗﺻﻠب أو‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣرك ﺑﻘوة‬ ‫اﻟﺗرﻧﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﻌرج‬ ‫ﻧوع اﻟﻔﺣص‬
‫ﻣن اﻟﺟﺳم‬ ‫اﻷرﺟل‬ ‫واﻻﻧﺛﻧﺎء‬ ‫ﺗﯾﺑس‬
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻣﺷﻲ‬
‫اﺧﺗﻼج ﺻرﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﻼج ﺗﻛراري‬ ‫اﺧﺗﻼج ارﺗﺟﺎﺟﻲ‬ ‫رﺟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻟرﺟﻔﺔ واﻻﺧﺗﻼج‬
‫ﺑدﯾن أو ﺳﻣﯾن‬ ‫ﻫزﯾل‬ ‫ﻧﺣﯾف‬ ‫ﺣﺎﻟﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان‬
‫ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻧﺎﺳق أو ﺗطﺎﺑق اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫اﻟوﺿﻊ اﻟﻐﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﻰ‬
‫ﺟﻠوس‬ ‫اﺳﺗﻠﻘﺎء ﻋﻠﻰ اﻟﻘﻔص‬ ‫ﻟﻠراس واﻟرﻗﺑﺔ )ﺗدﻟﻰ‪،‬‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾر ﻓﻲ ﺣﻣل‬
‫اﻧﺗﺻﺎب‬ ‫ﻓﺗﺢ اﻻرﺟل‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ ﺟﻠوس‬ ‫ﺗﻘوس‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟوﻗف أو وﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻣﺷﺎﺑﻪ‬ ‫اﻟﺻدري ‪ +‬أﺗﺟﻪ‬ ‫ارﺗﻔﺎع ‪ ،‬اﻣﺗداد ‪ ،‬او‬ ‫اﻟﺣﯾوان‬
‫اﻹذﻧﯾن‬ ‫اﻷﻣﺎﻣﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻛﻠب‬ ‫اﻟظﻬر‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺳم‬
‫ﻟﻠﺿﻔدﻋﺔ‬ ‫اﻟرأس ﻧﺣو اﻟﺧﺎﺻرة‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء اﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﻟوﻧﻪ )اﻟﻣﻧﺎوﺑﺔ(‬
‫(‬
‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻﻠﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺣﻛﺎك‬ ‫ذﻣﺔ ﻣﻧﺗﺷرة‬ ‫آﻓﺔ ﻣﺗﻣﯾزة أو‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌرق‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻌر واﻟﺻوف‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫ﻣﻧﻔردة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻠد‬

‫‪45‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫ب – اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ ﻻﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻻﻧﺣراف أو‬
‫ﺗﺷﻧﺞ أو ﺗﻘوس اﻟرأس‬ ‫دوران‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﺛل واﻟﺗطﺎﺑق ﻓﻲ اﻟﺗرﻛﯾب اﻟﻌظﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻌﺑﯾر اﻟوﺟﻬﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻻﻧﺣﻧﺎء‬
‫ﺑروز‬
‫ﺗورم ﻋظﺎم اﻟﻔك اﻟﺳﻔﻠﻲ واﻟﻌﻠوي‬ ‫ﻫوس ﻣﻬوس‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻣد ﻣﺗﺻﻠب‬ ‫اﻟرأس‬
‫اﻟﺟﺑﻬﺔ‬
‫ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش‬ ‫اﻟرﻣش أو اﻟطرف اﻟﻣﻔرط أو‬
‫ﺗوﺳﻊ أو اﻧﻛﻣﺎش ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫ﺑروز ﻣﻘﻠﺔ اﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻻﻓراز‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾون‬
‫اﻟزاﺋد‬
‫اﻹﻓراز‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ‬ ‫اﻻﻧف‬
‫اﻟﻠﻌﺎب اﻟرﻏوي‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻠﻌﺎب‬ ‫اﻟﻔم‬

‫‪46‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن) ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ(‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب واﺣد) آﺣﺎدي(‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻛﯾن واﻟﺟذور‬
‫زﯾﺎدة أو ﺗوﺳﯾﻊ اﻟورﯾد‬ ‫اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب‬
‫اﻟوزﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧﺑض اﻟورﯾد اﻟوداﺟﻲ‬ ‫ﺗﻣدد اﻟﻣرئ‬ ‫اﻟرﻗﺑﺔ‬
‫اﻟوداﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﺎوﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟﻠﻌﺎﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﺗﻣﺎﺛل أو ﺗطﺎﺑق أﺟزاء اﻟﺻدر‬
‫اﻟﺻدر‬
‫اﻟﻧوع‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣق‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺗظﺎم أو اﻟﻧﺳق‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻌدل‬
‫ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻛرش‬ ‫وذﻣﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﺑطن‬ ‫ﻓﺗق ﺳري‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟﺑطن‬

‫‪47‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺗﻧﺎﺳﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗوﺳﻊ أو اﻟﺗﺑﺎﻋد‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺷﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﻗوف‬ ‫اﻷرﺟل‬
‫اﻟﻧﻘﺻﺎن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟزﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻣﺎﯾل‬ ‫اﻟﺿرع‬

‫ج‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺑدﻧﻲ‬

‫اﻟرﺟوﻋﺔ ﻟﻠﺣﺟم‬
‫ﻣﺗﻣوج‬ ‫ﻋﺟﯾﻧﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺗﯾﺟﺔ‬
‫اﻧﺗﻔﺎخ ﻫواﺋﻲ‬ ‫ﺻﻠب‬ ‫ﻗوي‬ ‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ )ﻣرن(‬
‫)ﻏﯾر ﻣﺳﺗﻘر(‬ ‫اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﺣص‬

‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم )أﺻم(‬ ‫ﺻوت طﺑﻠﻲ‬ ‫ﺻوت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻘرع او اﻟطرق‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬

‫‪48‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫د‪ -‬اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻓــراز‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﻣﻲ‬ ‫ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ‬ ‫آﺣﺎدي اﻟﺟﺎﻧب أو‬ ‫ﺻدﯾدي أو‬
‫ﻣﺻﻠﻲ اﻟﻘوم‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫اﻟﻌﯾون‬
‫اﻟﻛﺎﻣل‬ ‫اﻟﻧﺻﻔﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻧب واﺣد‬ ‫ﻗﯾﺣﻲ‬

‫ورم ﺳرطﺎﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﺗدﻟﻲ اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟراﻣش‬ ‫ﺟﻔون ﻣﻘﻔوﻟﺔ‬ ‫ﺣرﻛﺔ زاﺋدة‬ ‫اﻟﺟﻔون‬

‫وذﻣﺔ‬ ‫ﻧزﯾف‬ ‫اﺣﺗﻘﺎن‬ ‫ﺟﺎﻓﺔ‬ ‫ﻣﺻﻔرة‬ ‫ﺷﺎﺣﺑﺔ‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺗﻠﺣﻣﺔ )ﺑﺎطن اﻟﺟﻔن(‬
‫ﻟون أﺑﯾض ﻣﺗﺻﻠب ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎ‬ ‫ﻟون ﻏﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫زﯾﺎد ة ﺗﺣدب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺑﺎﻫت‬

‫‪49‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫راﺋﺣﺔ ﻧﻔس اﻷﻧف‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ ﻗوﯾﺔ ﻣن ﻫواء‬ ‫راﺋﺣﺔ اﻟﺗﺧﻣر ﻣﻊ‬
‫ﺛﺎﺑت ﻣﻊ ﻫواء اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻧﺗن‬ ‫ﻛرﯾﻬﺔ‬ ‫ذﻛﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻷﻧف‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس اﻛﺛر ﻣن اﻷﻧف‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺟﺷؤ‬
‫ﺳﻣﯾك وﻣﺗﺟﺑن‬ ‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫ﻋدم اﻟﺧﻠط اﻟﻣﺗﺳﺎوي ﻣﻊ اﻟدم‬ ‫ﻣﺧﻠوط ﺗﻣﺎﻣﺎً ﻣﻊ اﻟدم‬ ‫اﺣﺎدي اﻟﺟﺎﻧب‬ ‫ﺛﻧﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧﺑﯾن‬ ‫إﻓراز اﻷﻧف‬

‫اﻟﻐﺷﺎء اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﻲ ﻟﻔﺗﺣﺔ اﻟﻔم‬

‫ﺗﺂﻛل‬ ‫ﺗﻘرح‬ ‫ﺣوﯾﺻﻼت‬ ‫أزراق‬ ‫ﺷﺣوب‬ ‫ﻧزﯾف‬ ‫اﻟﻔم‬

‫‪50‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻠﺳﺎن‬ ‫اﻷﺳﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﺗﻐﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻣﯾﻧﺎء‬
‫ﺗﺄﺧر اﻟﺑزوغ )اﻟظﻬور وﻏﯾر‬
‫أﻧﻛﻣﺎش وﺿﻣور‬ ‫ﺗورم‬ ‫اﻻﺳﻧﺎن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺿﻌف‬ ‫اﻟﻔم‬
‫ﻣﺗﺳﺎوﯾﺔ وﺿﻌﯾﻔﺔ(‬
‫واﻟﺗرﻗط )اﻟﺗﺑﻘﻊ(‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﻣوﺿﻌﻲ‬ ‫وذﻣﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻌﻘدة اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك اﻟﻌﻠوي‬
‫ﻣﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﺔ اﻟﻘﯾﺋﻰ‬ ‫ﺗﻠﻘﺎﺋﻲ اﻧﺗﻘﺎﺋﻲ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻘﯾﺊ‬ ‫ﺣﻘﯾﻘﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﯾﺊ‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧظﺎر‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﺟﻣﺟﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻧﻘﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻧق‬
‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫اﻟﺣ اررة‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﺣﺟم اﻟﻣرئ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﻐدة اﻟدرﻗﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﺗورم‬

‫‪51‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺻوت‬ ‫ﺻوت‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻛﺎن أو‬
‫اﻟﺗﺷوﻫﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫ﻧدﺑﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺻﺑﺎت اﻟﻬواﺋﯾﺔ أو اﻟرﻏﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫اﻟرﻏﺎﻣﻰ‬ ‫ﺷﻌﺑﻲ ﻫواﺋﻲ‬ ‫اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻋﺎﻟﻲ وواﺿﺢ‬ ‫ﺑﻌﯾد وﻏﯾر واﺿﺢ‬
‫ﻗرع اﻟرﻏﺎﻣﻲ ‪ +‬اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻟﻠرﺋﺔ‬

‫اﻧﺑوﺑﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدة‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺷف اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ واﻟﺟس‬

‫اﻟﻣرئ‬
‫اﻧﺳداد‬ ‫ﺿﯾق‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺷوﻫﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺗورم‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬
‫إﻧﺗﺎج ﻏزﯾر ﻟﻠﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣﺧﺎطﯾﺔ )ﺳﻌﺎل‬
‫ﻏﯾر ﻣﻧﺗﺞ ﻟﻠﻣﺎدة اﻟﻣﺧطﺎﯾﺔ )ﺳﻌﺎل ﺟﺎف(‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻌﺎل )اﻟﻛﺣﺔ(‬
‫رطب(‬

‫‪52‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫ﻓﺣص‬
‫اﻟﻘرع‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫ﺻوت ﻣﻌﺗم‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺻوت اﻟرﻧﺎن‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺻوت اﻟرﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﺣدوث ﺻوت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻷﻟم‬
‫اﻻﺻوات‬
‫اﻟﺻوت ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺻوت اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟرﺋﺔ‬
‫ﻏﯾﺎب‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن أو‬
‫اﺣﺗﻛﺎك ﻏﺷﺎء‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺻوت‬
‫ﺻوت‬ ‫أزﯾز‬ ‫ﻓرﻗﻌﺔ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة ﻓﻲ ﺻوت اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫ﻏﯾﺎب ﺻوت‬ ‫ﺻوت ﺗﻧﻔس طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻧب‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬
‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻧﻔس‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘرع‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻰ‬
‫ﺻوت ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﻗﻣﺔ ﺿرﺑﺔ اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫ﻣﻌﺗم‬ ‫ﻗوة وﻣدي دﻓﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫ﺻوت طﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة أﻋﺗﺎم اﻟﺻوت‬ ‫)ﺣرﻛﺔ اﻟﻘﻔص‬
‫)طﺑﯾﻌﻲ(‬ ‫اﻟﻘﻠب‬
‫)ﻧﺿﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺻدري(‬

‫‪53‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬
‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﯾﺮي ﻷﺟﺰاء اﻟﺠﺴﻢ‬

‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬

‫آﻓﺔ ﻣﻮﺿﻌﯿﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﺸﻜﻞ اﻟﺘﺸﺮﯾﺤﻲ اﻟﻌﺎم‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎن اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺤﺠﻢ‬
‫اﻟﻘﺮع )ذو ﻓﺎﺋﺪة ﻣﺪودة(‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺲ‬
‫ﺻﻮت‬
‫ﺻﻮت طﺒﻠﻰ ﻋﺎﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻣﺤﺘﻮﯾﺎت اﻟﻜﺮش‬ ‫ﺣﺮﻛﺔ اﻟﻜﺮش‬ ‫اﻟﻢ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﻀﺎء اﻟﺪاﺧﻠﯿﺔ‬
‫ﻣﻌﺘﻢ‬
‫اﻟﺒﻄﻦ ‪ +‬اﻟﻜﺮش‬

‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ‬
‫ﺻﻮت ﻏﯿﺮ طﺒﯿﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﺼﻮت اﻟﻄﺒﯿﻌﻲ )ﺧﺮﯾﺮ (‬

‫ﻣﻠﺣوظﺔ‪ :‬اﻟﺟس اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ اﻟﺗﻐﯾﯾرات ﻏﯾر اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﻣﺟﺳوﺳﺔ ﺗﺣﺗوي اﻟﻔوﺣﺻﺎت اﻻﺧرى ﻋﻠﻰ‪ :‬اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻻﻣﺗﺻﺎص‪ ،‬ﻓﺗﺢ اﻟﺑطن اﻻﺳﺗﻛﺷﺎﻓﻲ اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات‬
‫اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﺻﻔﺎﻗﻲ‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‪ ،‬اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات اﻟﺑراز‪.‬‬

‫‪54‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻘﺮع‬ ‫اﻟﺠﺲ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﯿﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮ‬

‫ﺻﻮت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة إﻧﺘﺸﺎر اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﺗﻤﺪد أو أﻧﺘﻔﺎخ‬
‫زﯾﺎدة ﺷﺪة اﻟﻌﻀﻼت‬ ‫اﻻﻟﻢ‬
‫ﻣﻮﺿﻌﻰ‬ ‫اﻟﺮﻧﺎن‬ ‫اﻟﻤﻌﺪة واﻻﻣﻌﺎء‬
‫اﻟﺘﺴﻤﻊ‬ ‫ﻓﻲ اﻟﺨﯿﻮل‬
‫ﺻﻮت رﻧﺎن‬ ‫ﻧﻘﺼﺎن أو ﻏﯿﺎب اﻟﺼﻮت‬ ‫ﺻﻮت ﺧﺮﺧﺮة أوﻗﺮﻗﺮة ﻋﺎﻟﻰ‬

‫‪55‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟس ) ‪ 4‬طرق(‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫اﻟﻘﻠﻧﺳوة )ام اﻟﺗﻼﻓﯾف‪ ،‬اﻟﻣﻌدة اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ‪ ،‬ﻣﻘﺎﺑﻠﺔﻟﻠﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 8 ،7 ،6‬ﻓﻲ اﻟﻐﺎﻟب ﻓﻲ‬
‫ﻧﻘﺻﺎن اﻟﺻوت‬ ‫طﺑﯾﻌﻲ )ﺻوت ﻫﻔﻬﻔﺔ(‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬
‫اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻷﯾﺳر ‪ 10‬ﺳم ﻣن ﻣؤﺧرة ﻧﻘطﺔ اﻟﻛوع(‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻘﺣﺔ )ﺗﺣت اﻟﺿﻠﻊ ‪ 7‬وﺣﺗﻲ ‪ 10‬وﻏﺎﻟﺑﺎً ﻓﻲ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻷﯾﻣن(‬
‫اﻷﻟم‬
‫اﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫ﺑروز واﺿﺢ ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟزء اﻻﻣﺎﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺻوت ﻋﺎﻟﻲ ﻛﻘطرات‬ ‫ﺑروز اﺳطواﻧﻲ ﺧﻠف اﻟﻘوس‬ ‫ازاﺣﺔ اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ اﻟﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﺳر‬
‫اﻟﺗﺣﺗﻲ اﻻﯾﺳر ﻣن‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎء أو ﻛﺎﻟرﺷﺎش‬ ‫اﻟﺿﻠﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺣﻔرة ﺗﺣت‬
‫اﻟﻘطﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫‪56‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫ﻣﻼﺣظﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﻘرع‬ ‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﺗﺿﺧم ﻛﺎﻣل ﻣﻊ ﺗدور اﻻطراف‬ ‫اﻟطرق ﺣﺎد‬
‫اﻣﺗداد اﻟﻣﺳﺎﺣﺔ اﻟﺟﺎﻣدة‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬
‫)ﻏﯾر طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(‬ ‫)طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺔ(‬ ‫اﻟﻛﺑد‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺧزﻋﺔ اﻟﻛﺑد‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات ﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻛﺑد‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻬﺎز اﻟﺑوﻟﻲ‬
‫ﻋﻼﻣﺎت اﻻﻟم‬ ‫ﻣﻌدل اﻟﺗﺑول‬ ‫اﻟوﻗوف أو اﻟوﺿﻌﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص ﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول واﻟﺑﻘر‪ ،‬اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻻﻏﻧﺎم )ﺿﺄن ﻣﺎﻋز( اﻟﻛﻠب واﻟﻘط‬
‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟم ﻣوﺿﻌﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻛﻠﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫ﺧزﻋﺔ اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎرات‬ ‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﯾﻣﻲ‬
‫ﺗﺣﻠﯾل اﻟﺑول‬ ‫اﻟﻘﺳطرة‪ ،‬ﻗﻧطرة‬
‫اﻟﻧﺷﺎط اﻟﻛﻠوي‬

‫‪57‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬

‫ﻣﺳﺗوي وأﺗﺟﺎﻩ اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‬ ‫ﺗﻣزق اﻟرﺑﺎط اﻟﺣﺎﻣل ﻟﻠﺿرع‬ ‫اﻵﻓﺎت‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫اﻟورم‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬ ‫اﻟﻐدة اﻟﺛدﯾﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺟﻠد اﻻﺣﺗﻛﺎﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوي واﻟﻧﺳﯾﺞ‬ ‫اﻟﺣ اررة‬ ‫)اﻟﺿرع(‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﺎﻧﻲ ﻟﻠﺑن‬ ‫‪ +‬اﻟﺣﻠﻣﺎت‬
‫‪ +‬اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻘوام‬ ‫اﻟراﺋﺣﺔ‬ ‫اﻟﻠون‬ ‫ﺟزﺋﯾﺎت ﻣرﺋﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻓوق اﻻﺛداء‬
‫اﻟﻔﺣص‬
‫اﻟﺟس‬
‫اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻘد اﻟﻠﯾﻣﻔﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻻﻟﺗﺻﺎق‬ ‫اﻻﻓراز‬ ‫اﻟﺧراج‬ ‫اﻟﻣﺣﺗوﯾﺎت أو‬
‫اﻟﺣ اررة‬ ‫اﻟﺗﻘﺻص‬ ‫اﻻﻟم‬ ‫اﻟﺣﺟم‬ ‫زﯾﺎدة اﻟﺣﺟم‬
‫اﻟﻘوام‬

‫‪58‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫‪2014‬‬ ‫ﺳﻠﺴﻠﺔ اﻟﻜﺘﺐ اﻟﻤﻨﻬﺠﻴﺔ )‪( 43‬‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻷﺟزاء اﻟﺟﺳم‬

‫اﻟﻔﺣص اﻟﻌﯾﻧﻲ‬ ‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻌﺿو‬
‫اﻟﺳوﻟك ﻏﯾر‬ ‫ﺗﺎرﯾﺦ‬
‫اﻟرﺟﻔﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﺧﺗﻼج‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺣرك ﺑﻘوة‬ ‫اﻟرﺗﺢ‬ ‫اﻟﺷﻛل‬
‫اﻟطﺑﯾﻌﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣرض‬
‫ﺗﻧﻣل او ﺗﻧوش اﻟﺣس‬ ‫ﻓﻘدان اﻻﺣﺳﺎس ﺑﺎﻻﻟم‪ ،‬اﻟﺗﺳﻛﯾن‪ ،‬ﺑطﻼن اﻻﻟم ﻣﻔرط اﻟﺣس )زاﺋد اﻻﺣﺳﺎس(‬
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟﻔﻌل اﻻﻧﻌﻛﺎﺳﻲ أو اﻟﻼ رادي‬
‫اﻟﺟﻬﺎز‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس اﻟوﺗري‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس ﻟﻠوﻗوف أو اﻟﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس اﻟﺟﻠدي‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺻﺑﻲ‬
‫)ﻟﻠوﺗر(‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻣﻌل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﺣدﻗﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬
‫اﻟﻔﻌل‬
‫ﻟﻠرﺟوع إﻟﻲ‬ ‫ﻟﺗﺣدﯾد ﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻟﺗوﺗوﺗري‬ ‫اﻟﻔﻌل اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿﻠﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﺑﺗﺔ أو‬ ‫أواﻟﺑؤﺑؤي‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻘرﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻣﻧﻌﻛس‬
‫اﻟﻣوﺿﻊ‬ ‫اﻷرﺟل‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﻧق واﻟﻌﯾن‬ ‫اﻟﻌرﻗوب‬ ‫ﻟﻠﻌﺿﻼت‬ ‫اﻟﺷرﺟﻲ‬ ‫اﻟﻌﺎطﻔﺔ ﻣﻊ‬
‫اﻟرﺿﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺟﻠدﯾﺔ‬ ‫اﻻﻧﺳﺣﺎب‬
‫ﺗﺧطﯾط ﻛﻬرﺑﯾﺔ اﻟدﻣﺎغ‬ ‫اﻟﺗﺻوﯾر اﻻﺷﻌﺎﻋﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﻟﺳﺎﺋل اﻟﻣﺧﻲ اﻟﺷوﻛﻲ‬ ‫اﺧﺗﺑﺎر اﺧر‬

‫‪59‬‬ ‫دﻟﻴﻞ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﺴﺮﻳﺮي ﻟﺘﺸﺨﻴﺺ اﻷﻣﺮاض ﻓﻲ اﻟﺤﻴﻮان‬

 ‫اﻟﺳﯾرة اﻟذاﺗﯾﺔ‬

‫اﻻﺳم‪ :‬ﺳﻬﺎم اﻟﯾﺎس ﺳﻠﯾﻣﺎن‬

‫ﻣﻛﺎن وﺗﺎرﯾﺦ اﻟﻣﯾﻼد‪ :‬ود ﻣدﻧﻲ‪ -‬وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺟزﯾرة‪1959/9/18 -‬م‬
‫اﻟﺟﻧﺳﯾﺔ‪ :‬ﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﻌﻧوان‪ :‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪ -‬ﻗﺳم طب وﺟراﺣﺔاﻟﺣﯾوان ص‪.‬ب‪) 204 :‬ﺣﻠﺔ‬
‫ﻛوﻛو( اﻟﺧرطوم ﺑﺣري اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫ﺗﻠﻔون‪0922651757 :‬‬
‫اﻟﺑرﯾد اﻻﻟﻛﺗروﻧﻲ‪Siham_Suliman@yahoo.Co.UK :‬‬
‫اﻟﻣؤﻫﻼت اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﺑﻛﺎﻟرﯾوس اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪-‬ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ )‪.(1985‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﯾر ﺑﻌﻧوان )اﻟﻣﺎﻋز ﻧﻣوذج ﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ واﻟﺣوض( ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم )‪.(1988‬‬
‫‪ -‬دﻛﺗوراﻩ ﺑﻌﻧوان)اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﺎت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟﺟﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻬﯾﻣودﻛس ﻛوﻧﺗروﺗس واﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻟﻛوﻛﺳﯾدا ﻓﻲ‬
‫اﻟﻣﺎﻋز( ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم )‪.(1997‬‬
‫اﻟﺧﺑرات اﻟﻌﻣﻠﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ 1988-1985 ‬طﺎﻟﺑﺔ دراﺳﺎت ﻋﻠﯾﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1993-1988 ‬ﺑﺣوث ﻋن اﻻﻣراض اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑل‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1991-1990 ‬طﺑﯾب ﺑﯾطري ﺑو ازرة اﻟﺛروة اﻟﺣﯾواﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ 1996-1991 ‬طﺑﯾب ﺑﯾطري ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻲ اﻟﺑﯾطري اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ 1990-1986 ‬ﺗدرﯾس ﻋﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑﺎطﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﺟراﺛﯾم ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻟﺛﺔ‪ ،‬اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ و اﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ –ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺧرطوم )ﻣﺗﻌﺎون(‬
‫‪ 2003-1996 ‬طﺑﯾب ﺑﯾطري ﺑﻣرﻛز أﺑﺣﺎث اﻹﺑل‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2003-2001 ‬ﺗدرﯾس ﻋﻣﻠﻲ ﻣﺎدة اﻷﻣراض واﻟﺗﻐذﯾﺔ ﻟﻺﺑل ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ‪ -‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم‬
‫واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‪-‬ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2004 ‬أﺳﺗﺎذ ﻣﺳﺎﻋد‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‪ ,‬ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪ -‬ﺗدرﯾس ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑﺎطﻧﯾﺔ‬
‫ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ‪.‬‬

‫‪1‬‬
 ‫‪ 2010-2007 ‬ﺗدرﯾس ﻣﺎدة اﻟﺑﺎطﻧﯾﺔ ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟراﺑﻌﺔ واﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ ﻧﯾﺎﻻ‪.‬‬
‫‪-2008 ‬ﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﺗدرﯾس ﻣﺎدة أﻣراض اﻷﺳﻣﺎك واﻟﺣﯾﺎة اﻟﺑرﯾﺔ ﻟطﻼب اﻟﺳﻧﺔ اﻟﺧﺎﻣﺳﺔ‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان‬
‫ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‪ -‬ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2009 ‬أﺳﺗﺎذ ﻣﺷﺎرك‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2009 ‬وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﻣﻣﺗﺣن داﺧﻠﻲ وﺧﺎرﺟﻲ ﻟطﻼب اﻟﻣﺎﺟﺳﺗﯾر واﻟدﻛﺗوراﻩ ﺑﻛﻠﯾﺎت وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺎت ﻣﺧﺗﻠﻔﺔ‪.‬‬

‫اﻟﺗدرﯾب‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻣﺎرس ‪ 2009‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل ﻓﻲ ﺗﻘﻧﯾﺔ اﻷﺣﯾﺎء اﻟﺟزﯾﺋﯾﺔ ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ 25-20 -‬ﻧوﻓﻣﺑر‪ 1999/‬ﻣرﺷد ﻓﻲ اﻟدورة اﻟﺗدرﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺻﺣﺔ ٕوادارة اﻟﺟﻣﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2006-2004 -‬وﺿﻊ اﻟﻣﺑﺎدئ اﻷوﻟﻲ واﻹﺷراف ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗوازن ﺑﻘﺳم ﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﺣﯾوان واﻟﺟراﺣﺔ واﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺑﯾطري اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ ﺑﺣﻠﺔ ﻛوﻛو‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2008 -‬ﺣﺿور اﻟﻣؤﺗﻣر اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ اﻟﺛﺎﻟث ﻋﺷر ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﺳﯾوط‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬ﺣﺿور اﻟﻣؤﺗﻣر اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ اﻟراﺑﻊ ﻋﺷر ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ أﺳﯾوط‬
‫‪ 2009-2012 -‬ﻋﺿو ﻟﺟﻧﺔ اﻻﻣﺗﺣﺎﻧﺎت‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬ﻣﺷرف ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺟﻧﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ ووﺣدة أﺑﺣﺎث اﻹﺑل‪ ،‬ﻛﻠﯾﺔ اﻟطب اﻟﺑﯾطري‪-‬ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم‬
‫واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬ﺣﺿور ﻛورس ﺗدرﯾﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻹدارة وﺿﻣﺎن اﻟﺟودة‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬ﺣﺿور دورة ﺗدرﯾﺑﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺗطوﯾر أداء اﻷﺳﺗﺎذ اﻟﺟﺎﻣﻌﻲ‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل ﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ اﻟﺛروة اﻟﺳﻣﻛﯾﺔ ﻣن اﻟﺻﯾد اﻟﺟﺎﺋر‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻻﺳﺗزراع اﻟﺳﻣﻛﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﯾﺎﻩ اﻟﻌذﺑﺔ‪ -‬اﻟﻣﻧظﻣﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ 2011 -‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﺑﯾطري ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان )اﻟﻣﺎﺿﻲ‪ -‬اﻟﺣﺎﺿر‪ -‬اﻟﻣﺳﺗﻘﺑل(‪ -‬اﺗﺣﺎد اﻟﺑﯾﺎطرة‬
‫اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﯾن وﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان ﻟﻠﻌﻠوم واﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺎ )ﻋﺎم اﻟطﺑﯾب اﻟﺑﯾطري(‬
‫‪ 2011 -‬ﻣﺷرف ﻋﻠﻲ أﻣراض اﻷﺳﻣﺎك واﻟﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﻣﺧﺗﺑري‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2012 -‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل اﺳﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﻣﻌرﻓﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2012 -‬ورﺷﺔ ﻋﻣل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻧﻬﺿﺔ اﻟزراﻋﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪2‬‬
 ‫اﻟﻣﺷﺎرﯾﻊ اﻟﺑﺣﺛﯾﺔ‬
‫‪ 2007 -‬وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﺑﺎﺣث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷروع اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﻣﻌدي‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2010 -‬وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن ﺑﺎﺣث ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷروع ﻓرط اﻟﺷﺣوم ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2011 -‬وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن اﻟﺑﺎﺣث اﻟرﺋﯾس ﻓﻲ ﻣﺷروع ﺑﻌض ﻣظﺎﻫر ﺗﺳﻣم اﻻﯾﻔروﻛﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر‪.‬‬
‫‪ 2012 -‬وﺣﺗﻰ اﻵن اﻟﺗﺣﻘق ﻣن اﻟﻠﺳﺗرﯾﺔ وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺟﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻣﺳﺎﻟﺦ اﻟدواﺟن ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪ -‬اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫اﻻﻫﺗﻣﺎم اﻟﺣﺎﻟﻲ‪:‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ أﻣراض اﻹﺑل‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ اﻷﻣراض اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ ﺑواﺳطﺔ اﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎﺋﻲ اﻟﻧﺳﺟﻲ اﻟﻣﻧﺎﻋﻲ‪.‬‬
‫‪ ‬اﻟﺑﺣث ﻓﻲ أﻣراض اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺿﺄن واﻟﻣﺎﻋز‪.‬‬
‫اﻟﻌﺿوﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺿو اﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ -‬ﻋﺿو اﻟﺟﻣﻌﯾﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻛﻧوﻟوﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻧﺳﺎء اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺎت‪.‬‬

‫اﻹﺷراف‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺷروع‬ ‫اﺳم اﻟدارس‬
‫اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ وﻓﺣص اﻟدم واﻟﻛﯾﻣﯾﺎء اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول واﻟﺣﻣﯾر ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻧﯾﺎﻻ‬ ‫ﻋﺑد اﷲ اﺑن ﻋﻣر ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﺑﺷﯾر‬
‫اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻣل اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﺣﻣﺎﯾﺔ ﻣﺗﻼزﻣﺔ اﻟوﻻدة‬ ‫راﻧﯾﺎ إﺑراﻫﯾم ﻣﺻطﻔﻲ ﺑﺎﺳﯾر‬

‫ﻣﺷرف ﻣﻌﺎون‪:‬‬
‫ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺷروع‬ ‫اﺳم اﻟدارس‬
‫ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ اﻟﻣﺳﺑب اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري اﻟذي ﯾﺻﯾب اﻟﻌﯾن ﻣﻊ اﻟﺗرﻛﯾز ﻋﻠﻲ اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻘرﻧﯾﺔ واﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﻣﻌدي‬ ‫ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ طﻪ ﺣﺎﻣد ﺻدﯾق‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع اﻟﺑﻘري‪ :‬اﻷﺳﺑﺎب واﻟﺗﻘﺑل أﻋﺿﺎء اﻟﺣﯾوﯾﺔ‬ ‫ﻋﻔﺎف ﻣﺣﻣد ﻣﺣﻣد ﺻﺎﻟﺢ‬
‫ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﻌرف ﻋن اﻟﺳﻠﻔﺎﻣﯾد واﻟدﯾﻣﺎزﯾن ذﻛﺗﯾروﯾن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر‬ ‫رﺷﺎ ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺛﻣﺎن‬
‫ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ ﻓﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﺳﺗﻣرار اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر وﻓﺗرات اﻟﻌﻼج ﻟﻣﺿﺎدات اﻟدﯾدان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر اﻟﻣﺻﺎﺑﺔ طﺑﯾﻌﯾﺎ‬ ‫ﻋﺑداﻟرﺣﯾم ﻋﺑد اﷲ آدم ﻣﺣﻣد‬

‫درﺟﺔ اﻟﺷرف‪:‬‬
‫‪3‬‬
 ‫ﻋﻧوان اﻟﻣﺷروع‬ ‫اﺳم اﻟطﺎﻟب‬ ‫اﻟﺳﻧﺔ‬
‫‪ .1‬أﺑو ﺳﻔﯾﺎن اﻟﺑﻧﺎن ﺗﺎج اﻷﺻﻔﯾﺎء‬ ‫‪2004‬‬
‫ﻣﺳﺢ اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب ﺗﺣت اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺣﻠوﺑﺔ وﺻﺣﺔ اﻟﻠﺑن‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻓﺎطﻣﺔ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ أﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺳﺟود ﻓﺿل اﻟﻣوﻟﻲ أﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .1 2005‬ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم أﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .2‬أﻓراح أﺣﻣد أﺑو اﻟورد‬
‫اﻟطﻔﯾﻠﯾﺎت اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌوﯾﺔ اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة ﻓﻲ ﻣزرﻋﺔ ﺟﺎﻣﻌﺔ اﻟﺳودان‬ ‫‪ .3‬إﯾﻣﺎن ﻋﺑد اﻟوﻫﺎب ﻣزﻣل‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺣﻣد إﺳﻣﺎﻋﯾل ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻧور إدرﯾس ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .1 2005‬اﺑوﺑﻛر اﻷﻣﯾن ﻣﺣﻣد ﺳﯾد‬
‫‪ .2‬اﺷرف اﻟﺑﻼل ﻣﺣﻣد ادم‬
‫اﺳﺗﻌﻣﺎل اﻷﯾﻔرﻣﻛﺗﯾن ﻓﻲ ﻋﻼج اﻟدﯾدان اﻻﺳﺗواﺋﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ اﻟﻣﻌوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻟﯾﻣﯾﺎء اﺣﻣد ﻣﺣﻣد اﻷﻣﯾن‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺳﯾد ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻋﻣر ﺻﺎﻟﺢ اﻟﻧور‬
‫‪ .1 2006‬ﻋﻔراء أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﷲ‬
‫‪ .2‬أﯾﻣن ﻋﺛﻣﺎن إﺑراﻫﯾم‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻫﻧﺎدي ﯾوﺳف ﻋﺑد اﻟﻣﻌطﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻣﺎت اﻻﺳﺗﻘﻼﺑﯾﺔ وﺑﻌض اﻟﻣﻌﺎﻟم اﻟﻣﻌدﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟﺣﻣل‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻫﺎﻧﻲ ﺷﻛري ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺛﻣﺎن ﻋﺑد اﷲ‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻣﻧﯾرة ﯾوﺳف ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .7‬ﺳﺎرة ﻋﺑداﻟرﺣﯾم ﻋﺑد اﻟرؤوف‬
‫‪ .1 2007‬أﻣل ﻋﻠﻲ ﺣﺳن‬
‫اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز )ﺗﺣﻠﯾل ﺑﻛﺗﯾري(‬ ‫‪ .2‬دﯾﺎﻧﺎ ﻋﺎطف رزق اﷲ‬
‫‪ .3‬رﯾﺎن ﻋﺑد اﻟﻌزﯾز ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .1 2008‬ﻋﺑد اﻟﻌزﯾز ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﻬﺎدي‬
‫اﻹﺳﻬﺎل اﻟﺑﻘري‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻋﺑد اﻟﻠطﯾف ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﺣﺎﻣد‬
‫‪ .3‬ﺧﺿر ﻋﺎﺑدﯾن ﺧﺿر‬
‫‪ .1 2009‬ﻣﯾﺎدة اﻟﺗﺟﺎﻧﻲ ﻋﺑد اﷲ‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﺎرﯾﺎ طﻪ ﺣﺎﻣد‬

‫‪4‬‬
 ‫اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺟﺎﻣﻊ‬
‫‪ .4‬راﻧﯾﺎ إﺑراﻫﯾم ﻣﺻطﻔﻲ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻣﯾﺎدة ﻋﻠﻲ ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم‬
‫‪ .1 2010‬ﻋﻔﺎف ﻋﺑداﻟﻣﻠك ﺑﺷﯾر‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻋﻣﺎر إﺑراﻫﯾم ﺣﺳن‬
‫‪ .3‬إﯾﻣﺎن ﻋﺑد اﷲ اﻟﺣﺎج‬
‫اﻟدراﺳﺎت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﻼﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﺧﯾول ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‬ ‫‪ .4‬ﻓﺎطﻣﺔ آدم اﻟﺣﺎج‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .6‬وﺟدان ﻋﺛﻣﺎن ﻣﺣﻣد ﺧﯾر‬
‫‪ .1 2010‬أﺗون ﺟﺎد اﻟﺳﯾد ﻣزﻣل‬
‫اﻟﻌواﻣل اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ ﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز‬ ‫‪ .2‬ﻣﻌﺎﻟﻲ ﻋﻣر ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .3‬أم ﺳﻠﻣﻪ ﺿﯾﺎء اﻟدﯾن ﺑﻛري‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺷﻣس ﻣﺣﻣد ﺳﯾد‬
‫‪ .1 2011‬ﻋزة ﺻﻼح اﻟدﯾن ﺣﺳن‬
‫اﻟدﯾدان اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺳﻧﺎم‬ ‫‪ .2‬إﯾﻣﺎن اﻟطﺎﻫر ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻧﻬﻲ ﻣﺣﻣد اﻟﺳر‬
‫‪ .1 2011‬ﻛرﺳﺗﯾﻧﺎ ﻋدﻟﻲ ﺻﻣوﯾل‬
‫اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز‬ ‫‪ .2‬إﯾﻣﺎن ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺛﻣﺎن‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣﯾﺳﺎء ﯾوﺳف إﺑراﻫﯾم‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣﻧﻲ اﻟطﺎﻫر اﻟﺷﯾﺦ‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻧﻬﻲ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻘﺎدر ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻧو ار اﻟطﯾب ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﯾم‬
‫‪ .7‬رﺑﺎب ﻣراﻟﺟواب ﺳﻌد‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺷﯾﻣﺎء ﻣﺣﻣد اﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﺧﯾر‬
‫‪ .1 2012‬ﺑﻠﻘﯾس ﻣﺣﻣد وﻫﯾب إﺑراﻫﯾم‬
‫‪ .2‬إﯾﻧﺎس ﻋﺑد اﻟرازق اﻟﺣﺎج ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫اﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟرﺋوي اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺟول‬ ‫‪ .3‬ﻫﻧﺎء ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﻣﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .4‬ﻣودة ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﻟﻘﺎدر ﺣﺳن‬

‫‪5‬‬

‫‪ .3‬ﺑدر اﻟدﯾن ﻋﺑد اﷲ إﺑراﻫﯾم ﯾﺣﻲ‬
‫اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ ﻟﻠدﯾدان اﻟداﺧﻠﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر‬
‫اﻹﺳﻬﺎل ﻓﻲ اﻟﻌﺟول اﻟوﻟﯾدة‬
‫‪ .1 2012‬ﻋﺑد اﻟرﺣﻣن ﺷﯾﺦ اﻟدﯾن ﻋﺛﻣﺎن‬
‫‪ .2‬أﺣﻣد ﻣﺣﻣد اﻷﻣﯾن ﺣﺳن‬
‫‪ .4‬اﻟطﺎﻫر ﻣﺣﻣد ﺑﺎﺑﻛر ﻣﺣﻣد ﺣﺳن‬
‫‪ .5‬ﻫﺎﺟر ﺑﺎﺑﻛر ﻣﺣﻣد ﻋﻠﻲ‬
‫‪ .6‬ﻫﺎﺷم ﻣﺣﻣد زﯾن ﻋﺑد اﻟﺑﺎﻗﻲ‬
‫‪ .7‬ﻣﺣﻣد ﺑﺎﺑﻛر ﻣﺣﻣد ﺣﺳن‬
‫‪ .8‬ﺷﻬرزاد ﻣﺟذوب أﺣﻣد ﻋﺑد اﷲ‬
‫‪ .1 2012‬ﻫﺎﻟﺔ ﻋﺑد اﻟﻣﻧﻌم ﺷﻣس اﻟدﯾن‬
‫‪ .2‬ﻣﯾﺎدة ﻋوض أﺣﻣد‬
‫‪ .3‬ﻣروة ﻋﺑد اﷲ ﺳﯾد‬
‫‪ .4‬ﺗﻘوي أﺣﻣد ﯾوﺳف‬

‫اﻟﻣﻧﺷورات اﻟﻌﻠﻣﯾﺔ‪:‬‬
‫‪ .1992 ‬اﻷﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﺿﺎدة ﻟﻠﻣﻘوﺳﺔ ﻏﻧدﯾﺎي اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل اﻟرﻋوﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﺳﻬل اﻟﺑطﺎﻧﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1993 ‬اﻧﺗﺷﺎر داء اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺎت )داء اﻟﻔﯾﻼرﯾﺎ( ﻓﻲ اﻹﺑل ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1993 ‬اﻟﻣﺎﻋز ﻧﻣوذج ﻻﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﻛﻠوة واﻟﺣوﺿﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟوﺗدﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠوﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1994 ‬اﻟﻣﺳﺢ اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري واﻟﻣﺻﻠﻲ ﻟﻠوﺗدﯾﺔ اﻟﻛﻠوﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب اﻟﻣﺎﻋز‪.‬‬
‫ﯾﺑﺎ ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز(‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1997 ‬اﻟﺻورة اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ واﻟﻌﻼﺟﯾﺔ ﻟﻠﻬﯾﻣوﻧﻛس ﻛوﻧﺗورﺗس ) اﻟﻛوﻛﺳﯾدا ﺗﺟر ً‬
‫‪ .1997 ‬اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾر اﻟﺳرﯾري ﻟداء اﻟﻛوﻛﺳﯾدا اﻟﻣﺎﻋزي‪.‬‬
‫‪ .1998 ‬أﻧواع اﻻﯾﻣﯾرﯾﺎ اﻟﺳﺎﺋدة ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺎﻋز اﻟﻧوﺑﻲ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2003 ‬اﻟﻣﺟﻣوﻋﺔ اﻟﻣﺻﻠﯾﺔ ﻟﻔﯾروس اﻟﻠﺳﺎن اﻷﺳود ﻟﻣﻌزوﻻت اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﺑدﻻﻟﺔ ﺗﻔﺎﻋل ﺳﻠﺳﺔ ﺑﻠﯾﻣرﯾز‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2004 ‬أﻧواع اﻟﻣﯾوﻟﻛس اﺣﺗﻣﺎل ﻟﻬﺎ دور ﻓﻲ اﻧﺗﻘﺎل داء اﻟﺧﯾطﯾﺎت اﻟدﻗﯾﻘﺔ إﻟﻲ اﻹﺑل وﺣﯾدة اﻟﺳﻧﺎم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2005 ‬إﺻﺎﺑﺔ اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺳوداﻧﯾﺔ ﺑﺎﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺔ اﻟﻧﺷطﺔ ﻓﻲ وﺳط اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2007 ‬ﺳﯾﻣﺎء ﻟﺑﻌض اﻟﻌﻧﺎﺻر اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ اﻟﺻﻐرى ﻓﻲ ﻛﺑد اﻹﺑل‪ ،‬اﻷﺑﻘﺎر‪ ،‬اﻟﺿﺄن و اﻟﻣﺎﻋز‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2008 ‬اﻟﺗﺣﻘﯾق ﻣن اﻷﻣراض اﻟرﺋﯾﺳﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب اﻟﺣﻣﯾر‪.‬‬

‫‪6‬‬
 ‫‪ .2008 ‬داء اﻟﻣﺛﻘﺑﯾﺎت اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﺳﺎﺋد اﻟﻔﺻﻠﻲ ﻓﻲ ﻣﻘﺎطﻌﺔ أﺑو ﺣﺟﺎر‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2008 ‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﻣﺣﺗوى اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺛﻼﺟﺎت اﻟﻣﻧزﻟﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم –اﻟﺧرطوم ﺷﻣﺎل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2008 ‬اﻟﺣﺎﻻت اﻟﺳرﯾرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ دﺧﻠت اﻟﻣﺳﺗﺷﻔﻲ اﻟﺑﯾطري اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾﻣﻲ ﺑﺣﻠﺔ ﻛوﻛو ﻓﻲ اﻟﻔﺗرة ﻣن ‪-1997‬‬
‫‪.2006‬‬
‫‪ .2008 ‬ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2009 ‬ﺑﻌض اﻟﺗﺄﺛﯾرات اﻟوﺑﺎﺋﯾﺔ ﻷﻧﻔﻠوﻧ از اﻟطﯾور‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2009 ‬اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻟذﺑﯾﺣﺔ اﻟﺿﺄن ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳﻠﺧﺎﻧﺎت اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﺑوﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2009 ‬ﺗﻘدﯾر اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾري ﻟﻠذﺑﯾﺢ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﺑﻠدي ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪-‬اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2009 ‬ﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ واﻟﻣطﺑﻘﺔ ﻣن ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻲ أﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺎرع ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻋطﺑرة‪-‬وﻻﯾﺔ ﻧﻬر اﻟﻧﯾل‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2010 ‬طرﯾﻘﺔ اﻧﺧﻔﺎض اﻟﺗﻠوث ﻓﻲ اﻟذﺑﯾﺢ اﻟﺑﻘري اﻟﺑﻠدي أﺛﻧﺎء اﻟذﺑﺢ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2010 ‬ﺗطﺑﯾق ﺣﻣل اﻟﻠﺣوم ﻟﻠﻣﺳﺗﻬﻠك وﻣﻌرﻓﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم –اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2011 ‬ﻗرار اﻟﻠﺑودﯾﺎت ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺿﺎرف‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2011 ‬داء اﻟﺑروﺳﻼ ﻓﻲ اﻟﺿﺄن ﺑوﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﻘﺿﺎرف‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2012 ‬اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻟذﺑﯾﺢ اﻟدﺟﺎج أﺛﻧﺎء ﻋﻣﻠﯾﺔ اﻟذﺑﯾﺢ ﺑوﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪-‬اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2012 ‬اﻟﺗﻌرف ﻋﻠﻲ اﻷﺳﺑﺎب اﻟﺑﻛﺗﯾرﯾﺔ اﻟﺗﻲ ﺗﺻﯾب ﻋﯾون اﻟﻌﺟول ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2012 ‬دراﺳﺔ اﻟﺗﻠوث اﻟﺟرﺛوﻣﻲ ﻟﻠدﺟﺎج اﻟﻼﺣم ﻓﻲ اﻟﻣﺳﺎﻟﺦ اﻟﺣدﯾﺛﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2012 ‬ﻣراﻗﺑﺔ ﺳﻼﻣﺔ اﻷﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﻣطﺑﻘﺔ ﻣن ﺑﺎﺋﻌﻰ أﻏذﯾﺔ اﻟﺷﺎرع ﻓﻲ ﻣدﯾﻧﺔ ﻗﯾزان‪ -‬اﻟﻣﻣﻠﻛﺔ اﻟﻌرﺑﯾﺔ‬
‫اﻟﺳﻌودﯾﺔ‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2013 ‬ﻣﻘﺎرﻧﺔ اﻟﻔﻌﺎﻟﯾﺔ اﻟدواﺋﯾﺔ ﻟﻌﻘﺎري اﻟﻣوﻛﺳﯾدﯾﻛﺗﯾن واﻻﯾﻔرﻣﻛﺗﯾن ﻋن طرﯾق اﻟﺣﻘن ﺿد اﻻﺻﺎﺑﺔ‬
‫ﺑﺎﻟدﯾدان ﻓﻲ اﻟﺣﻣﯾر ﻓﻲ اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬
‫‪ .2013 ‬وﺟود اﻟﺳﻣوم اﻟﻘطرﯾﺔ ‪ M1‬ﻓﻲ ﻟﺑن اﻷﺑﻘﺎر اﻟﺣﻠوﺑﺔ ﻓﻲ وﻻﯾﺔ اﻟﺧرطوم‪-‬اﻟﺳودان‪.‬‬

‫‪7‬‬
Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of
Animal Diseases

Edited By

Professor. Galal Eldin Elazhari Mohammed Elhassan

Dr. Siham Elias Suliman Mohammed

College of Veterinary Medicine

Sudan University of Science and Technology
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Contents
Subject No of Pages
Table of Contents I
Tables III
Figures IV
Clinical Examination of the animal 1
The history 1
The environment 4
The animal 4
Routine Clinical Examination 5
General examination and inspection 5
Inspection of body regions 9
Head 9
Eye 9
Neck 9
Thorax 9
Abdomen 11
Physical examination 12
Palpation 12
Percussion 12
Auscultation 14
Examination methods 14
Temperature 14
Pulse 15
Examination of body regions 17
Head and Neck 17
Eye 18
Nostrils 19

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. I

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Subject No of Pages
Mouth 19
Cranial cervical region and neck 20
Trachea 21
Clinical examination of the lung 23
Clinical examination of the heart 26
The Clinical examination of the abdomen 28
Clinical examination of the stomach and intestine in horse 29
Clinical examination of the rumen 29
Clinical examination of the reticulum 29
Clinical examination of the abomasum 31
Clinical examination of the abdomen of dogs and cat 31
Clinical examination of the liver 32
Clinical examination of the urinary system 32
Clinical examination of the mammary gland and teats 33
Clinical examination of the lymph nodes 34
Clinical examination of the nervous system 35
Disturbance of autonomic nervous system 35
References 77

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. II

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Tables
Number Subject No of Pages
1 Respiratory Rate 9
2 Temperature 14
3 Pulse Rate 15
4 General examination and inspection 37
5 Inspection of body regions 39
6 Physical examination 42
7 Clinical examination of body regions 43

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. III
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Figures

Number Subject No of Pages

1 Instruments of clinical examination 54
2 Palpation (abomasums, kidneys and udders ) 67-70
3 The area of percussion and auscultation of lung in 71-72
cattle and equine
4 Procedure of taking body temperature 73
5 Procedure of taking pulse rate in equine 74
6 Regulation of the pulse 75
7 Examination of mucous membranes 76

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. IV

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Introduction

This manual comprises the different methods for making proper

clinical examinational of animals. It contains all the procedures for clinical
inspection and physical examination which will enable the veterinarians and
veterinary students to identify the natural complex alterations occurring in
the affected body system.
A lot of efforts have been put in the manual to render it very easily
to understand and to be with a fruitful assistance to both veterinary students
and veterinarians to implement the best ways of clinical examination
leading to the correct diagnosis for appropriate therapeutic management &
control.

Professor. Galal Eldin Elazhari Mohammed Elhassan

Dr. Siham Elias Suliman Mohammed

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 1

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Clinical Examination of the animal
This is considered as the mean for proper diagnosis. It has three
aspects:
1. The history.
2. The environment.
3. The animal.
[1]. The history:
1. History-taking:
This is the most important part in clinical examination. It is (i) the
mean to acquire the essential information relating to the circumstances of
the immediate disease problem, (ii) the main facet to the whole procedure of
clinical examination and (iii) the key for accurate diagnosis.
In history-taking the following points should be taken into
consideration:
1. Personality, knowledge and ability of the animal's owner.
2. The animal's owner should be handled with diplomacy.
3. Avoid using technical terms
4. Enough time should be given to obtain detailed information.
5. Statements concern the duration of the disease should be handled with
care and tested for accuracy.
6. The veterinarian should not fully depend on the owner observations in his
interpretation.
7. Avoid leading questions.

The routine for accurate history-taking includes:

1) Patient data:
The owner name, postal address, telephone number, the species type,
breed, sex, age, name or number, body weight, identifying marks on the
patient.

2. Disease history:
This comprises:
i. Present disease (immediate history), this relates to the sequence of
events associated with the period of time that the animal has been ill.
Specific questions should be therefore centered on:
1. Intake of food or drink.
2. Milk production.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 2

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
3. Growth rate.
4. Respiration.
5. Defecation.
6. Urination.
7. Sweating.
8. Physical activity.
9. Gait.
10. Posture.
11. Voice.
12.Odour.
In group of animals additional questions should be asked, such as:
13. Behaviour of the animal before death.
14. The period of time elapsed between the first onset of the signs till
recovery or death.
15. Prior surgical or medical procedure.
16. Morbidity and mortality rate (case fatality - % of affected animals that
die, population mortality is % of all animals that die).
17. To assure that the case has not already received professional attention
from another veterinarian.
18. Prior treatment and doses: (help in diagnosis), efficiency of treatment,
significance of clinical pathological test and prescription of new
treatment, drug withdrawal time.
19. Prophylactic and control measures (knowledge if any preventive or
control measures have already been attempted).
20. Previous exposure and here knowledge should be noted about, if the
animal is one of a group animal, is it newly introduced to the herd, is a
new animal has been recently introduced to the group, is it one of the
imported stock.
21. Transit animals (source of infection).
22. Culling rate (reason of culling).

ii. Previous disease (past history):

This is to obtain information of any previous disease in the same
manner as stated above in the immediate history.

iii. Management history:

This includes following:

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 3

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
a) Nutrition (if feed is enough to meet the nutritional requirement of the
animal), if the animal grazes at pasture or hand-fed.
b) Reproduction management and performance.
c) Breeding history.
d) Climate.
e) General management (hygiene, housing, ventilation, drainage, water-
troughs, exercise).

[2]. Examination of the environment:

i. Out door environment: topography and soil type, stocking rate
(population density), feed and water supply, waste disposal.
ii. Indoor environment: level of sanitation and hygiene, inadequate
ventilation, population density, quality of the floor.

[3]. The animal (Fig. 1):

Examination of the patient:
Introduction: diseases are classified into two main groups:
1. Inflammatory (show signs of inflammation).
2. Non-inflammatory (injuries, neoplasm, metabolic diseases, nutritional
deficiency, obstruction).

Inflammatory disease:
Acute : Rapid course – signs are marked.
Chronic: slow course – signs are much less obvious.

Routine for clinical examination:

It is always advisable to carry all procedure for routine examination
but this can be modified according to the personal choice or by the nature of
the disease. In all conditions it is preferable to assess the body temperature,
pulse and respiratory rate before disturbing the animal.
The routine examination consists of:
a) General examination and inspection.
b) Physical examination.

a) General examination and inspection

Behaviour and general appearance:
1. Separation from others animals.
2. Response to external stimuli (general demeanor).

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 4

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Bright: normal responses to external stimuli.
Dullness or apathy: responses are sluggish or retarded or even depressed
(febrile and toxaemic states).
Dummy: advanced degree of failure to respond to external stimuli (the
animal is still in standing position. Capable of sluggish and
uncoordinated movement (hepatic fibrosis in horses, listeriosis and
sub acute lead poisoning in cattle).
Comma: Advanced degree of apathy, unconsciousness, no response to
painful stimuli (e.g. parturient paresis).
Increased responses to external stimuli constitutes:
Mild: alert, look about constantly (slight consistent pain, defects in vision,
anxiety).
Restlessness: constant movement [lying down, rolling getting up again, look
round at the flank, kicking the belly, groaning or bellowing (colic in
horse or contagious pyelonephritis in cattle)].
Mania: i) Vigorous licking of specific part of the body surface (bovine
ketosis).
ii) Pressing forward with the head (meningitis)
iii) Compulsive walking in circles or straight line with failure to
avoid obstacles.
iv) Licking or chewing inanimate objects.
Frenzy: Uncontrolled action, dangerous (acute lead poisoning, hypo-
magnesemic tetany, ketosis, rabies).
Fixed anxious expression is the manifestation of anxiety and where
death is imminent.
[3] Eating: Inappetance may be due to abnormality in:
1) prehension; 2) mastication; 3) swallowing; 4) belching
(ruminant); 5) regurgitation (ruminant).
Abnormality in prehension e.g. cerebral ataxia, osteomyelitis of
cervical vertebrae, painful condition of the neck, pain in mouth.
Mastication may be slow, one-sided, incomplete (in affected mouth
or teeth), periodic chewing (encephalomyelitis).
Abnormality in swallowing: inflammation, obstruction or paralysis
of esophagus or pharynx.
Abnormality in regurgitation occurs e.g. in cases of esophageal or
cardiac obstruction. Failure to belch – bloat.
[4] Defecation:
Difficult act: constipation, paralysis or stenosis of the rectum.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 5

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Painful act: abdominal pain, laceration of the mucocutaneous
junction of the anus.
Involuntary act: diarrhea, paralysis of the sphinter.
[5] Urination:
Difficult act: obstruction.
Painful act: inflammation of the urethra or bladder.
Increase frequency and small amount: cystitis, urethritis.
Incontinence: partial obstruction of the urethra, paralysis of the
sphincter.

[6] Posture:
Abnormality in posture is not necessary indication of disease, unless
it is associated with other clinical signs.
1. Shifting of the weight from one limb to the other (e.g. laminitis in horse).
2. Arching the back, feet more closely together or depressing the back and
feet widely apart (signs of abdominal pain mainly in horse colic).
3. Dog-setting position: in horses in case of acute gastric distension which
result in pressure on the diaphragm.
4. Abduction of the elbows: pain in the chest or difficulty in breathing.
5. Rigidity and erection of the ears, restricted limbs movement, separation
of the eyelids, partial elevation and rigidity of the tail: due to increased
muscles tone (tetanus).
6. Lowering of the head and weakness of the limb in dogs due to loss of
muscle tone.
7. Elevated head and ears pricked (listening attitude in sheep – early stage
of pregnancy toxaemia).
8. Head and neck extended or held to one side – painful unilateral
conditions of the pharyngeal regions.
9. Lateral deviation of the head: listeriosis, coenurosis.
10. Rotation of the head: middle ear infection.
11. Sternal recumbency with head deviated towards flank region –
parturient paresis in cattle.
12. Frog – like attitude: bilateral hip joint dislocation.

[7] Gait:
1. This is to be examined when the animal is involuntary movement, or.
2. The animal is led or driven at a varying spaces.
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 6
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Assessment of the movement includes:
i. Rate; ii. Range; iii. Force; iv. Direction
Abnormal limbs movement include: lameness, stiffness, shortened stride,
stilted gait, exaggerated flexion, abduction, stumbling, staggering,
swaying of the hind quarter, forced movement.
The disturbance in movement may be:
1. Constant.
2. Intermittent.
3. Of gradual disappearance.
4. More pronounced with exertion.
The locomotion is mainly affected by:
1. Nervous system disturbances, e.g. enzootic ataxia of calves, mycotoxins,
louping ill of sheep, coenurosis, listeriosis and ketosis.
2. Diseases of musculosketetal system (black leg, nutritional muscular
dystrophy, oesteodytrophy, arthritis, foot and mouth disease and foot-rot.
3. Intoxication by bacterial toxins (laminitis, metritis, mastitis).
[8] Tremors and convulsions:
These are an involuntary movement.
Tremor: persistent, repetitive twitching of the skeletal muscles (local or
generalized).
Convulsions: this is a violent muscular reaction.
Clonic convulsions: repeated muscle spasms, with paddling movements of
the limbs, and interspersed with period of relaxation.
Tetanic or tonic convulsions: continuous muscle spasm which may be
intensified periodically to become clonic.
Epileptiform convulsions: initially mild with tendency to increase in
frequency and severity.
Peripheral convulsion: this may be due to hypoxia, hypoglycemia,
electrolyte imbalance.
[9] Voice:
Coarse – rabies
Weak – gut oedema
Persistent bellowing – acute pain
Soundless bellowing and yawning – rabid cattle, hepatic
insufficiency
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 7
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
[10] Condition of the animal:
This is either thin, emaciated or obese.
[11] Conformation:
This is based on the symmetry, shape and size of the different body
regions relative to other regions.
[12] Skin:
This is mainly seen at a distance:
1. Changes in hair or wool.
2. Abnormal sweating.
3. Discrete or diffuse lesions.
4. Soiling by discharge.
5. Itching.
6. Absence of normal luster of the coat.
Dry skin – chronic debilitating disease.
Alopecia – in hyperkeratosis.
Absence of sweating –anhidrosis.
Patching sweating – peripheral nerve lesions
Excessive sweating – abdominal pain.
Discrete lesions – urticarial plague, pox, ring worm.
Diffuse lesions – subcutaneous edema, hemorrhage, emphysema and
enlargement of the lymph nodes.
Inspection of body regions:
This should be done as much as possible before the animal is
handled so as (1) to avoid excitement; (2) some abnormalities are better
seen at a distance.
1. Head:
Facial expression: rigid as in tetanus
Maniacal as in rabies or acute lead poisoning
Symmetry and configuration of bony structures:
Doming of forehead – congenital hydrocephalus
Swelling of mandible and maxillae – oestodystrophia fibrosa, sinusitis in
horse, actinomycosis in cattle.
Rotation of the head – defects in vestibular apparatus
Deviation of the head – defect the medulla and cervical cord.
Opisthotonus (e.g. tetanus, encephalitis).

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 8

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
2. Eye: The following should be observed:
- Visible discharge.
- Protrusion of the eye ball (orbital lymphomatosis).
- Retraction of the bull (dehydration).
- Spasms of the eyelids and excessive blinking (pair or peripheral nerve
involvement).
- Prolapse of nictitating membrane (tetanus).
Dilatation of nostrils and nasal discharge.
Excessive salivation or frothing (pain in the mouth or pharynx or tremor of
the jaws muscle).
Swelling bellow the jaw (either inflammatory as in actinobacillosis and
strangles, or oedematous as in acute anaemia, protein starvation and
congestive heart failure).
Unilateral or bilateral swelling of the cheeks in calves (necrotic stomatitis).
Neck:
i. Enlargement of the neck region may be: inflammatory, due to enlarged
lymphnode, to a salivary gland enlargement, local oesophygeal distension.
ii. Jugular vein engorgement, jugular vein pulsation, oedema.
Thorax:
1. Chest symmetry.
2. Respiration.
Respiration should be examined first at a distance, preferably when the
animal is in standing possession.
Examination of respiration includes:
1. Respiratory rate (Table 1):
Horse: 8 – 10/min dog : 15 – 30/min
Cattle : 10-30 cycle/min Cat : 20 – 30/min
Sheep: 10-20/min Rabbit: 30 – 45/min
Goat : 25-35/min pig : 8 – 18/min
Camel: 2-12/min Rat : 90 – 110/min
Polypnea – increase in respiratory rate.
Oligopnea – decrease in respiratory rate.
Apnea – complete cessation of respiratory.
Respiration can be assessed by:
1. Ribs or nostrils movement.
2. Feeling the nasal air movement.
3. Auscultation of the thorax or trachea.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 9

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
2. Respiratory rhythm:
Respiratory cycle – inspiration – expiration – pause, these of equal length.
Variation in length means abnormality.
Prolonged inspiration = obstruction of the upper respiration tract.
Prolonged expiration = failure of normal lung collapse (emphysema).
Absence of pause = in most of respiratory tract diseases.
Gradual increase and then gradual decrease in depth of respiration – in
advanced renal or cardiac disease.
Alternating period of hyperpnea and apnea (unequal length) – in meningitis.
Periods of apnea followed by short burst of hyperventilation – periodic
breathing in electroyte and acid-base imbalances.

3. Respiratory depth:
Reduced – pain on chest or diaphragm.
Increased – anoxia.
Hyperpnea – moderate increase in depth.
Dyspnea – labored breathing, extension of head and neck, nostrils dilatation,
elbows abduction, breathing through the mouth, increased movement of the
thoracic and abdominal wall, grunting may be heard.

Type of respiration:
Movement of thoracic and abdominal walls – normal respiration Abdominal
– type – respiration – (acute pleurisy, paralysis of the intercostals muscle).
Thoracic-type-respiration – (peritonitis especially when there is
diaphragmatic involvement).
Costo-abdominal – in horses.
Mainly costal – dog and cats.
Mainly abdominal – sheep and goat.
Chest symmetry: is seen in an infection of one lung or in ricket.

Abnormal respiratory sound:

Violet hiccough: jerky inspiration arising from sudden contraction of the
diaphragm e.g. alkalosis, hypocalcaemia, hypokalaemia, hypochloraemia.
Sneezing: nasal irritation

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 10

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Snoring: pharyngeal occlusion (enlargement of retropharyngeal lymph
nodes).
Roaring and whistling: paralysis of intrinsic muscle of the larynx.
Wheezing: Stenosis of nasal passages.
Grunting: Forced expiration against closed glottis.
Yawing: Prolonged inspiration with mouth opened widely and soft palate
raised followed by an expiration (chronic gastritis, chronic hepatitis,
diseases of the brain).
Coughing: irritation of pharynx, trachea and bronchi.

Abdomen:
The following should be observed:
1. Increase in size (excess food, fluid, fat, fetus, or neoplasm).
2. Decrease in size (gaunt) (starvation, severe diarrhea, chronic diseases).
3. Umbilical hernia or infection
4. Vental oedema (parturition, gangrenous mastitis, congestive heart failure,
rupture of urethra).
5. Ruminal movement
External genitalia: observation for any abnormalities.
Limbs: posture, gait, symmetry, enlargement or distortion of bones,
joints, tendons, sheath and bursae, peripheral lymph nodes and lymphatic
vessels.
Physical examination:
Techniques used in physical examination:
1. Palpation (Fig. 2):
i. Direct: handling tissues with finger
ii. Indirect: with the probe

Aim of palpation:
1. Detection of pain
2. For certain pathological changes (size, shape, consistency, temp.).
In palpation the following terms must be used:
a. Resilient: when the palpated structure quickly resumes its normal
shape after the application of pressure has ceased.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 11

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
b. Doughy: when pressure causes pitting which persists for a variable
time (oedema).
c. Firm: when resistant to the pressure is similar to that of normal liver.
d. Hard: when the structure possesses bone-like consistency.
e. Fluctuation: when undulating or wave-like consistency, produced in a
structure by the application of alternate pressure.
f. Emphysematous: when the structure is swollen and puffy and yield on
pressure crepitating or crackling sound because of the presence of air
or gas in the tissue.

2. Percussion:
This is done by means of striking part of the body to obtain
information about the condition of the tissues particularly the deeper
lying parts (vibration imported at the point of impact producing audible
sounds that vary in volume, pitch on tone when reflected back). The
methods is usually used for examination of the thorax (lung and heart,
disease of the abdominal cavity, paranasal sinuses, subcutaneous
emphysema). (Fig 3).
The equipment used: pleximeter (ivory or hard wood plate), hammer
with firm rubber and (plexor or hammer). In small animals percussion is
performed by using both hands:
Pleximeter: middle finger of one hand.
Hammer: flexed middle finger of the other hand.
Mediate percussion: finger or pleximeter on the skin
Immediate percussion: striking directly with finger or plexor.
Percussion is of limited value in large animals because of the too
large internal organs, thick muscles and subcutaneous fats.

General rules for percussion:

1. Pleximeter should be pressed firmly (no air)
2. Hand using the hammer must be in a higher level than the pleximeter and
the hammer should not be held firmly and the movement should confined
to the wrist.
3. The blows should fall perpendicular.
4. Percussion should be done systematically and the blows should be no
heavier than necessary.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 12

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Ballottement and fluid percussion:
Ballottement: it is interrupted, firm push-stroke which is applied to an
appropriate part of the body with the object of the evoking motion in
the underlying organ and so causing it to rebound onto the fingertips
or the back of the partially closed hand e.g. presence of fetus.
Fluid percussion: this is for knowledge of free fluid in a body cavity, this is
done by striking the surface of the body on one side and detecting
the fluid wave so produced by palpation of the opposite side. This
method is more effective when holding both hands in contact with
the body surface below the upper level of the fluid. Percussion needs
practice and thickness of the body wall must be encountered and also
presence of air and gas. In thoracic area percussion over the ribs
must be compared with percussion on the intercostals space.
Sound produced by percussion are classified as follows:
1. Resonant: which is characteristic of the sound emitted by air containing
organ, such as the lungs when normal.
2. Tympanic: the sound produced by striking a hollow organ containing gas
under pressure e.g. tympanic rumen or caecum.
3. Dull: the sound produced by a solid organ like the liver or heart or when
percussion blows are struck over deep muscle masses in large
animals.
Auscultation:
It is the listening to the sounds produced by the functional activity of
an organ located within a particular part of the body in order to assess its
condition. It is used in examination of lungs, trachea, heart and certain
part of the digestive tract (Fig. 3).
Auscultation is performed by:
1. Indirect: using a stethoscope
2. Direct: placing the ear in contact with the body surface over the organ to
be examined, but this method is difficult to conduct in restless animal,
frictional sound in the hair coat plus the extraneous sound from the
immediate environment of the animal add to the difficulty of this method.
In addition the coat may be wet, also dirt, faeces, skin secretion,
ectoparasites, bacteria and fungi may be present on the skin surface.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 13

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Examination methods:
These include:
1. Respiration
2. Temperature
3. Pulse
These methods (1) should be done gently and quietly and (2) the animal
in standing position.

Temperature:
Internal body temperature is measured by means of clinical thermometer
(36oC (97oF) to 42.5 oC (108oF).

Procedure:
1. Shake the mercury column down the lowest point to be recorded.
2. Lubricate the bulb end of the thermometer (soap or petroleum jelly).
3. Gently insert the thermometer into the rectum with a rotatory action.
4. The thermometer should be in contact with mucous membrane and left in
situe for about 2 minutes (Fig. 4).
Temperature values: (Table 2).
Horse = 37.5oC (±) 1oC Silver fox= 38.9 oC to 41.0 oC.
Cattle = 38.5oC (±) 1oC Chinchilla= 37.0oC to 38.4oC.
Sheep = 39.5oC (±) 1oC Rabbit= 38.9 oC to 40.5oC.
Camel = 36.5 oC to 39oC Guinea pig= 37.5 to 39.4oC.
Dog = 37.5oC to 38oC.
Cat = 36.5oC to 39.2 oC.
Physiological increase in temperature occurs in the following:
1. After feeding.
2. In forced exercise.
3. On day of parturition.
4. After exercise.
5. In local inflammation of rectum.
The physiological decrease occurs in:
1. Diarrhea.
2. Following normal defecation.
3. Flaccid anal sphinter.
4. After cold fluid enema.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 14

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Pulse:
Pulse taking besides examination of the heart and the circulating
blood, enables the clinician to formulate an opinion as to the state of the
cardiovascular system.
Horse: Pulse is taken mainly at the submandibular artery. It may be taken at
the transverse facial artery or at the median artery at the medial
aspect and the upper extremity of the foreleg (Fig. 5).
Cattle: The pulse is taken at the facial artery at the lateral aspect of the
mandible, or at the transverse facial artery. The median artery is
also used. The middle coccygeal artery is in use also (under the tail
and 10 cm below the level of the anus).
Young calf, sheep, goat, dog and cat: The pulse is taken at the femoral
artery, high up in the inguinal region on the medial aspect of the
thigh.
1. Frequency of the pulse is determined by counting for 1 minute.
2. Talking of the pulse is done by placing the ball part of one or more
fingers on the skin over the selected artery at the point where it overlies
bone and then gentle pressure is applied till the pulse wave can be
detected.
The pulse rate is affected by:
1. Species (see table 3).
Normal pulse rate (wave/minute)
Animal Range Pig (large) 60 - 90
Horse 28 – 40 Pig (small) 100 - 130
Calf (yearling) 70 – 80 Rabbit 120- = 250
Cattle 55 – 80 Mink 115 - 200
Calf (young) 100-120
Sheep 70 – 90
Dog (large) 65 – 90
Dog (small) 90 – 120
Cat 110-130
Camel 30 – 50
2. Size (higher in small animals)
3. Age (higher in the very young animals)
4. Physical condition (race horse has less frequent pulse)
5. Sex: lower pulse rate in males

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 15

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
6. Parturition: increase in pulse rate
7. Lactation: higher pulse rate in lactating animals
8. Excitement: increase pulse rate
9. Exercise: the increase in pulse rate varies with severity of the exercise
and the fitness of the animal.
10. Posture: decrease in the pulse rate when the animal is lying down.
11. Ingestion of feed, rumination, very high or very low temperature painful
conditions and fever are known to increase the pulse rate. The pulse
rhythm could (i) be regular intermittence (mild degree of heart block)
(Fig. 6).

Normal pulse

Regular intermittence pulse

(ii) Irregular intermittence (no obvious cyclical pattern due to second degree
heart block, ventricular premature beat and arterial fibrillation. The
quality or amplitude of the pulse is assessed by noting the degree of the
digital pressure required to obliterate the pulse wave in the artery. The
quality of the pulse is affected by heart diseases and abnormalities in
blood vessel).

Examination of body regions:

This follows examination of the pulse, temperature and respiration.
1. Head and neck: (a) Eye:
Discharge from the eye may be:
Watery = obstruction of the lacrimal gland.
Serious = early stage of inflammation.
Purulent= late stage of inflammation.
Unilateral discharge = local inflammation.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 16

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Bilateral discharge = systemic disease.
Eyelid: excessive movement = pain or in nervous irritability.
Closed lids = pain on the eye or swollen eyelid.
The membrane nictitans carried across the eye = pain in the orbit, tetanus,
encephalitis.
There may be tumor in the eye lid
Conjunctiva: normal colour
Pallor = anaemia
Yellow = Jaundice
Dry = acute pain or high fever
There may be congestion, petechial haemorrhage and oedema.

Procedure for examination of conjunctiva:

It is examined by opening and gently everting each eyelid in turn
with fore-finger and thumb of one hand while, at the same time, the eye ball
is pushed back into the orbital cavity by pressure on the non-everted eyelid.
The membrane nictitans is examined by laying the forefinger along the
upper lid and pressing it gently, but firmly, against the globe of the eye with,
at the same time, the thumb pressing downwards on the lower eyelid (Fig.
7).
Cornea:
Opacity is faint cloudness = early keratitis.
Opacity is solid white = advanced keratitis.
Increased convexity = increased pressure within the eye ball
(glaucoma or hypopyon).

Eye ball size:

Protrusion: when unilateral = pressure from behind the orbit (periorbital
lymphoma, dislocation of the mandible, periorbital hemorrhage).
Retraction: in starvation (loss of fat), in dehydration (loss of fluid)

Abnormal eye ball movement:

Nystagmus: periodic involuntary movement. The movement can be
horizontal, vertical or rotatory. This is usually caused by anoxia,
lesion of the cerebellum or vestibular tract.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 17

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Restriction of movement : paralysis of the motor nerves to the orbital
muscle.

Abnormal position:
Pupil: (better examined by ophthalmoscope)
Unilateral dilatation = lesion in the orbit
= diffuse lesion (encephalomyelitis)
= functional disorder (botulism, anoxia)
= peripheral blindness
Excessive constriction (miosis)= (unusual) due to over dose of organic
phosphatic insecticides, parasympathetic drugs.
Test for blindness:
1. Menace reflex: This is to elicit eye preservation reflex manifested by
reflex closure of the eyelid. A blow at the eye is stimulated. The
reflex is absent in peripheral and central blindness.
2. Obstacle test: this is to test the ability of the animal to avoid obstacle.
This test also can be done to test night-blindness (Nyctalopia) in
subdued light.
A maurosis: Total blindness
Amblyopia: Partial blindness
Pupilary light reflex: (closure and dilatation of the iris). This is done with
strong flash light.

Nostrils:
1. Odor of nasal breath: sweet sickly – ketosis.
2. Fetid: gangrenous pneumonia, necrosis in nasal cavity, accumulation of
nasal exudates.
Constant odor with breath: originates from the respiration tract.
Sour odor with eructation: originates from alimentary tract.
Odor more strong in the oral than nasal breath: originates from the mouth
breath (bad teeth, necrotic ulcers).

2. Nasal discharge:
In one nostril: local infection.
Bilateral discharge: systemic infection.
Discharge evenly mixed with blood: originate from the lower resp. tract.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 18

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Discharge unevenly mixed with blood: originate from the upper resp.
tract.
Watery discharge: early inflammation.
Thick and cheesy discharge: Late inflammation.
Inflammation of the nasal cavity may include: hyperemia, allergic
rhinitis, diffuse necrosis, mucosal disease, deep ulceration, glander.
Mouth: in examination of labial mucous membrane the upper and lower lips
are grasped gently, lifted and turned back. Opening the mouth for
examination of the oral mucosa is done by grasping the free portion of
the tongue and then the whole tongue is held between the fingers and
thumb, then the hand is rotated so that the thumb is uppermost.
Alternatively the tongue is held in the same manner and drawn outwards
on one side of the mouth so that the attached portion is pulled between
the tables of the opposing molar teeth, at the same time the cheek on the
opposite side are pulled outwards with the fingers at the oral commissure
(horse and cattle). In dog the upper and lower jaws are each grasped by
one hand and the lips are pushed into the mouth over the crowns of the
molar teeth on both sides by the thumb and middle fingers while the
forefingers rest against the canine teeth. Alternatively tapes can be used
around both jaws just behind the canine teeth, tapes can be pulled apart
and an assistant must hold both forelegs.
Gags can be used in large animals for more detailed oral cavity
examination:
Stomatitis = general inflammation of the oral mucosa.
In buccal mucosa there may be: local lesions, hemorrhage,
discoloration, cyanosis, pallor.
Lesions encountered in buccal mucosa can be: vesicles, erosions,
ulceration.

Examination of teeth:
Delayed eruption uneven wear: mineral deficiency
Excessive wear with mottling and
pitting of the enamel: chronic flurosis
Changes in the tongue include:
Swollen local edema, inflammation
Shrunken and atrophied: post inflammatory or nervous atrophy.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 19

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
A metal cylindrical speculum with flash light can be used for examination
of pharynx and larynx. These are examined for foreign bodies,
diffuse cellulites and lymph node enlargement.
Submaxillary region is examined for:
1. Lymph node enlargement.
2. Oedema.
3. Local inflammation.
Vomiting: this should be examined for: frequency, time of its occurrence in
relation to the last meal, nature of the vomited material (degree of
digestion, presence of abnormal constituent as foreign bodies, blood,
pus, parasites and faecal material).

Cranial cervical region and the neck:

The cranial cervical region includes:
Pharynx, soft palate, guttural pouch in equidae, parotid salivary
gland, larynx, thyroid gland, parotid and pharyngeal lymph nodes.
The neck includes: oesophagus, jugular vein, trachea. All the region are
examined by inspection and palpation, but larynx and trachea are
examined by auscultation.
External inspection reveals: swelling (parotitis, abscess in parotid and
pharyngeal lymph nodes, tumors).
Endoscopy can be used for inspection of the pharyngeal region in the
opened mouth.
Enlargement of thyroid gland. Local or general enlargement of the
oesophugus (oesophygeal diverticulum, foreign body, stenosis or
paralysis).
External palpation: is done with both hand, one on either side, stroking
lightly at first and gradually increasing the pressure. The following
can be noted: heat, swelling, pain.
Internal palpation of the pharynx is done in the opened mouth and
administration of sedative or narcotic drugs may be useful in horses.
The rhinolaryngoscope can be used for detailed examination of the interior
of the body cavity.

Trachea:
Inspection: changes in shape or position, scars.
Palpation: pain, local swelling or deformities.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 20

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Auscultation: bronchial sound, tracheal rales, stenotic or whistling sounds.
Tracheal percussion combined with the lung auscultation: normal
percussion is performed in the tracheal region in the mid-neck region
with a single blow, simultaneously the manner of the sound
produced is observed by auscultation of the lung.
In normal lung: sounds are distant and indistinctly heard.
Consolidated areas in the lung: sounds are lound and distinct (pneumonia)
Radiology.
Oesophagus:
Inspection and palpation: abnormalities which cause changes in shape and
contour.
Firm pressure on the oesophagus at almost any point along the left jugular
furrow may cause eructation, regurgitation and even vomiting in
diseases such as oesophagitis, dilatation, regurgitation and even
vomiting in diseases such as oesophagitis, dilatation.
Stomach tube:
This is to determine whether the oesophagus is patent and whether
constriction, solid food masses, foreign bodies, neoplasm or lesions causing
compression stenosis are present.
The stomach tube should be lubricated before use. The head and
neck should be fully extended. The patient is adequately restrained. In horse
the stomach tube is usually passed through the nostrils, and in cattle and
other species the tube is usually passed through the mouth with the aid of
suitable gag. In dog and cat the animal may be anaesthetized.

Cough:
This usually indicates the presence of primary or secondary disease
of the respiratory tract. Cough is infrequent in the early stage of
inflammation, as the condition progresses cough becomes more frequent.
Induction of cough:
1. Repeated application of gentle pressure to larynx in the region of its
junction with the first cartilaginous ring of the trachea (especially horse).
2. Intermittent pressure over the trachea in front of the entrance to the chest.
3. Sharp "blow" with hand, within the respiratory areas, on the thoracic wall.
4. Occlusion of the both nostrils in horse, nostrils and mouth in cattle and
sheep for 30-60 seconds with hand or folded towels (induce hypoxia).

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 21

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
5. In small animal compression of the thorax between the hands, or lifting
up a large fold of the skin from the back behind the shoulders, so that the
weight of animal is almost supported. In cough it is important to know:
Frequency and periodicity:
Paroxysm: numerous cough following one after another.
Simple: protracted or of short duration as in inflammation of vocal cords,
chronic alveolar emphysema.
Cough may be short as in acute bronchitis, pleurisy due to pain. In
chronic tuberculosis (adhesion). In extensive pneumonia (reduced
volume of expired air).
Cough may be loud, soft, croaking, wheezing whistling, barking
when the soft palate vibrates. Cough is termed shallow or deep
depending on the volume expelled.
Productive or moist cough: expulsion of secretion and fluids.
Non-productive or dry cough: unaccompanied by fluid movement.
Visible mucous membranes:
These includes (1) the conjunctiva (2) nose (3) mouth (4) vagina and
(5) rectum.
Examination may be done at daylight, by the use of electric torch,
also vaginal and rectal speculum can be used.
Changes in the mucous membranes are associated with the mucous
membrane itself or with systemic diseases.
Examination is to reveal the presence or absence of:
1. Pallor (anaemia).
2. Hyperaemia (congestion): fever, colic, dysponea.
3. Cyanosis (bluish discoloration) (myocarditis, pericarditis, mineral and
plant toxin).
4. Icteric discoloration (slight yellow to lemon yellow (jaundice = hepatitis,
blood parasites, leptospirosis).
5. Swelling.
6. Presence of exudates (discharge).

Clinical examination of the lung:

1. Palpation:
Painful conditions in the lungs increase the sensitivity of the chest
wall (e.g. pleurisy).
2. Percussion:

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 22

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
a) Resonant sound in normal lung i.e. ringing sound which indicates the
presence of air containing organ.
b) Increased resonance (exaggerated ringing, hyperreasonant sound): occurs
incases of pulmonary emphysema, pneumo-thorax.
c) Abbreviated ringing (less resonant sound. Less clear and loud than the
ringing sound). This occurs in cases of lung oedema.
d) Dull sound: in pneumonia (due to hepatization, hydrothorax, passive
congestion, neoplasm, collapse, subcutaneous oedema or sub-cutaneous
fat).

The area of percussion and auscultation:

Triangle area on both chest area, extends from the posterior angle of
scapula to last 2nd intercostal space (1st line), and to the olecranon process of
ulna (2nd line). The ventral boundary of the area extends upwards and
backwards from olecranon process to the 2 nd last intercostals (Fig. 3).
Horse Cow
Differentiation between decreased resonance incase of:
A. Increased density of the lung: B. Presence of fluid in the pleural
sac.
1. Area of dullness has an 1. Area of dullness has a
irregular outline (pneumonia) horizontal delimitation. Area
2. Heart sound are clearly audible of dullness changes with
beyond the cardiac area changing position of the
animal (excudative pleurisy,
hydrothorax).
3. Auscultation reveals rales or 2. Heart sounds are less distinct.
frictional sounds. 3. No frictional sounds or rales
are heard.
4. On percussion over trachea, 4. Sounds heard by similar
strong, loud sound are heard procedure are distant but
directly beneath chest piece of strong and loud.
the stethoscope on the chest 5. Fluid can be obtained by
wall. exploratory puncture.
3. Auscultation:

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 23

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1. The chest piece of the stethoscope should be held firmly against the
thorax to minimize the crackling sounds caused by friction against the
hair of animals' coat.
2. When coat (hair or wool) is long or matted together it is necessary, before
applying the chest piece to expose the skin by separating the hair or
wool.
3. The whole area of respiration (area of percussion and auscultation) should
be methodically auscultated, commencing in the upper anterior, and
moving horizontally backwards and then forwards again at slightly lower
level, until the entire area has been explored.
4. Stethoscope should be applied to each point on the chest wall for the
duration of at least one complete respiratory cycle.
Normal respiratory sounds:
This consists of two types of sounds:
a) Bronchial sound ("ch"): This is heard better over the bronchial area
which is situated on the frontal part of the triangle.
b) Vesicular sound: "V" sound during inspiration. "F" sound during
expiration. This type is audible all over the triangle.
Abnormal "adventitious" respiratory sounds:
These are herd incase of disease conditions in the bronchi, lung, pleura or
diaphragm.
These sounds include:
(1) Rales (2) Emphysematous sound (3) Frictional sound.
(1) Rales: indicates the presence of secretion of fluid; in the form of
exudates, transudate, blood or aspirated fluid, in the bronchi or
bronchioles.
According to the viscosity of the secretion rales can be:
a) Moist rales: due to the low viscosity of the mucous or fluid which is set
in motion by air passing over or through it. Bubbling in character (like
the sound produced when air is blown from the end of narrow bore tube
under water), occurs in bronchitis, bronchopneumonia, pulmonary
oedema, pulmonary haemorrhage, in inhalation of fluid.
b) Dry rales: this is heard when the air is forced through a bronchial tube
which is partially constricted, either by the dry tenacious mucous or by
severe swelling of the mucous membrane, the sound may be humming,
rattling, whistling, cracking or squeaking. Dry rales occurs in the early
stages of acute bronchitis, in chronic bronchitis, spasm of the bronchial
muscle, pulmonary neoplasia or tuberculosis.
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 24
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Crepitant rales: (crepitations) these are "crackling" sounds heard during late
part of the inspiratory phase and occurs when:
1. The bronchial mucosa is greatly swollen.
2. Exudation has affected alveoli, so that opposing walls become adherent
to one another then have to be separated by stream of inspired air.
Sudden separation of the adherent mucous membrance cause the
"crackling" sound (simulating rubbing a tuft of hair, held between the
fingers close to the ears), occurs in bronchitis, early stage of pneumonia,
during resolution stage of pulmonary inflammation and in pulmonary
oedema.
Emphysematous sound:
Harsh and crackling sound, occurs during the whole of the inspiratory phase
and to less extend in the expiration (crushing a sheet of soft paper into a
ball). In cases of chronic alveolar emphysema (throughout the resp.
cycle), acute alveolar emphysema.
Frictional sounds (normally not present):
These are associated with pleura or pericardium. Rasping or scraping sounds
are heard when the costal and visceral pleurae are dry and roughened.
This sound is constant and occurs with each resp. cycle (the sound like
rubbing together two pieces of dry leather or by pressing a finger against
the ear and scratching it with a finger nail of the other hand), occurs in
early stage of pleurisy, pericarditis (pericardial frictional sounds are not
related to the resp. cycle).
Further examination of the lung include:
1. Radiological examination.
2. Paracentesis.
Clinical examination of the heart:
1. Visual inspection.
2. Palpation of cardiac area.
3. Percussion.
4. Auscultation of (cardiac area) heart sounds.
5. Radiological examination.
6. Electrocardiography (E.C.G.).

1. Inspection:
During the general inspection, the so-called "apex-beat" of heart,
causing movement of the chest wall during the cardiac systole over the

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 25

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
fifth and sixth intercostals space, particularly in the animals having thin
chest wall.

2. Palpation of the cardiac area:

This is done by placing the palm of the hand over the cardiac area to
assess the strength and extend of the cardiac impulse.

3. Percussion:
a) Heart is a muscular organ, air-free: percussion= complete absolute
"dullness".
b) Cardiac area is located, approximately in the lower 2/3 of the left thoracic
cavity between 3-6 pairs of ribs in the horse (situated behind the
shoulder, above the level of the elbow and in size of hand-palm) and
between 3-5 pairs of ribs in cattle, sheep and goats.
c) Area of cardiac dullness can be demonstrated if percussion is carried out
in the direction of the arrows.
OX Heart
1. First line of percussion running downwards to area of dullness
2. Second line of percussion running horizontally backwards from the
area of cardiac dullness.
3. Approximate angle of the lung.
4. Absolute dullness area because of the sternum.
5. Area of relative dullness caused by the heart.
Cardiac area can be slightly increased by extending the left foreleg
forwards. Area of dullness increases in cardiac hypertrophy, dilatation,
perciarditis, hydropericardium, haemopercardium.
Area of dullness decreases in: over distension of the lung.
Pain during percussion: presence of acute pericarditis or pleurisy

4. Auscultation of the heart:

a) In cardiac cycle there are two phases: (i) systole (ii) diastole.
b) Auscultation is to determine the character of "heart sounds" and to detect
the presence of abnormal sounds.
c) The best sites for routine heart auscultation are the 4 th and 5 th intercostals
spaces. The 1 st (systolic) sound is maximal over the cardiac apex, and the
2 nd (diastolic) sound is maximal over the base of the heart.
d) Auscultation is to assess: heart rate= rhythm; intensity; abnormal sounds.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 26

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Heart rate can be mechanically altered by closure of nostrils (in horses
and camels) and nostril and mouth in (cattle, sheep and goat). Similar
effect is produced by applying oculo-cardic, reflex.
Heart rate decrease in e.g. CHF, obesity, anasarca, hydroperi-
cardium, hydrothorax.
Normal Heart sounds:
These two, 1 st heart sound (lubb) – loud, dull and prolonged sound
(Systolic), 2nd heart sound (DUPP), sharp, short sound.
LUBB – DUPP (pause) LUBB – DUPP (pause) etc.
When the heart rate is increased, the sounds are not distinguishable: if slow,
the 1 st and 2nd sounds are recognizable:
The 1 st heart sound is best heard at the 4th intercostals space, 10 cm above
the sternum.
The 2nd heart sound is best heard at the level of the shoulder joint of 3rd
intercostal space.
Abnormal heart sounds (adventitious sounds) MURMURS:
Cardiac murmurs replace or accompany one or both heart sounds.
Murmurs could be systolic murmur, diastolytic murmur or continuous. They
occur in cases of diseases of the heart muscles, heart valves, the great
vessels.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 27

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
The Clinical Examination of the Abdomen
Inspection:
1. To assess the relative size of the abdomen.
2. To determine the presence of localized lesions.
Increase in size of abdomen e.g. pregnancy, distension of rumen and
stomach, neoplasm, pyometra, urine retention in dog and cats, ascitis,
peritonitis, bloat, oedema on the ventral side.
Decrease in size (gaunt appearance): malnutrition, reduced appetite,
dehydration, tissue fluid imbalance.
Anatomical conformation of normally projecting bones: e.g. 'knocked down'
hip = calcium or phosphorous deficiency.

External palpation:
Procedure: By the use of the whole hand or closed fist, this is placed firmly
in contact with the abdomen, following muscular relaxation a firm punch
or jab is applied for detection of superficial pain. For deeper seated lesion
pain is elicited by firm pressure. In cattle the palpated organs are rumen
(motility, amount and consistency of the rumen contents), liver (when
enlarged), reticulum (traumatic reticulo-peritonitis).
Palpation in horse, sheep and goat is unsatisfactory.
Palpation in dog and cat is done by the use of both hands with the fingers
firmly extended together, placed on each side with thumbs pointing
upwards.
Percussion: (of limited value).
Loud tympanic sound = gas – filled area.
Dull sound = solid organ.
Auscultation: for functional activity of the digestive tract.
Gurgling, murmuring or rumbling sound= normal peristalsis and
segmentation movement.

Rectal examination:
1. Protective gloves and rubber grown or apron should be worn, lubricate
before use, finger nail should be clipped.
2. Suitable restraint should be employed.
i. Enemas of warm water.
ii. Elevation of the animal head.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 28

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
iii. Pressure to be applied with the finger on the vertebrae in the lumbar
region.
iv. Use of sedatives or tranquilizer or induction of low epidural
anaesthesia.

Clinical examination of the stomach and intestine in horse:

1. Stomach: not satisfactory, therefore stomach diseases diagnosis depends
largely on the clinical signs and laboratory aids.
2. Intestine: (spasm, tympany, impaction, enteritis).
Inspection: distension in primary tympany.
Palpation: pain, increased tension.
Percussion: Increased response all over the abdomen = primary lympany.
Localized response = secondary tympany.
Auscultation: the intensity or absence of peristaltic movement loud
gurglying) enteritis, spasmodic colic, early impaction or rumbling sound
due to volvulus, intussusception, and strangulation or impaction of the
ileocaecal valve.
Reduced or "absent" sound: impaction, few hours after intestinal
obstruction.
Tinkling sounds: Intestinal tympany, local retention of gas.
Rectal examination: for palpation and detection of abnormal changes in
rectum, small colon, large colon, caecum, small intestine. Spleen and
stomach are not usually palpable, only the caudal pole of the left kidney
in small horses. Other organs which can be palpated rectaly include:
bladder, urethra, uterus, ovaries, lymph nodes and peritoneum.

Clinical examination of the rumen:

Inspection:
1. Gaseous distension (left paralumbar fossa).
2. Ruminal contraction (1-3/min.).
Palpation: this reveals: frequency, strength, cyclical pattern of rumen
movement.
Ruminal movement is reduced or absent in cases of:
1. Simple indigestion.
2. Acute engorgement.
3. Traumatic reticulitis.
4. Vagus indigestion.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 29

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
5. Rumenitis.
6. Actionobacillosis.
7. Neoplasia.
8. Ulceration and torsion of abomasums.

Percussion: Adds little to the results of the physical examination and for
confirmation of the other methods (thickness of the abdominal wall).
Under normal condition:
Upper part = slightly tympanic
One third down the left flank – dull
Under abnormal condition:
Simple overfeeding = dullness in the left paralumbar fossa. Mild
gaseous distension = tympanic sound.
Gas dispersed throughout the ingesta = Resonant sound at much
lower down the abdominal wall than normal.
Severe tympany = ringing sound.

Auscultation:
Normal contractions = gurgling fluid and booming sounds
Persistent ruminal atony = high-pitched and splashing sounds in the upper
part of the left flank.
Left abomasal displacement = similar sound as above but at the lower and
slightly at more cranial point.

Clinical examination of the reticulum:

(opposite to 6, 7 and or even 8 ribs, mainly on the left of median plane).

Palpation:
Detection of pain especially in traumatic reticulo-peritonitis (grunt or groan
or violet reactions) pressure points for detection of pain are at several
areas over the abdomen:
1. Pinching of the wither.
2. Stick method.
3. Down hill.
4. Strong percussion on the reticulum (xiphoid cartilage).
Metal detector helps in the diagnosis of traumatic reticulo-peritonitis.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 30

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Auscultation:
Best done over the costochondal junction of the seventh left rib,
approximately 10 cm caudal to the point of elbow.
Normal sound = swishing in character.
Reduced sound = primary disease of reticulum, rumen disease and other
diseases of the alimentary tract.

Clinical examination of the abomasum:

Palpation: (firm pressure with the closed fist) done on the lateral surface of
the abomasum which is related to the abdominal wall on the right side
ventral to the 7th to the 10th ribs.
Palpation is for detection of pain.
Left-side abomasal displacement:
Inspection: obvious bulge (tympanic abomasum) in the cranial part of the
lower left paralumbar fossa, may extend upwards.
Palpation: bulging, cylindrical organ just behind the costal arch.
Auscultation: high-pitched tinkling, pinging or splashing sounds.
This sound can be heard by finger-flick percussion with simultaneous
auscultation.
Percussion, palpation and auscultation of the right-side distended abdomen
reveal similar findings in case of the right-side abomosal displace-ment.
Rectal examination: The following can be noticed:
1. The strength and frequency of rumen contractions.
2. Nature of the contents of the rumen (fluid, solid, gas).
3. Reduction and increase in size.
4. Left and right abomasal displacement.
5. Intestinal obstruction.
6. The small nodular lesions in tuberculous peritonitis.
7. Distension of the urinary bladder and pelvic urethra.
8. Thickening of the wall of the urinary bladder.
9. Thickening of the ureter.
10. Enlargement and absence of labulation and pain in the left kidney.

Clinical examination of the abdomen of dogs and cats:

Palpation: of considerable importance. The organs involved in palpation
include: the stomach, the caudal pole of the left kidney, bladder,
liver.
Other methods used are inspection, percussion and auscultation.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 31

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Other examination methods of the abdominal organs in all species:
1. Absorption test, 2. Laparatomy, 3. Paracentesis, 4. Peritoneal
exudates examination, 5. Radiology, 6. Faecal examination.

Clinical examination of the liver:

Physical examination methods are of limited value due to the regional
position of the liver.
Palpation: (cattle, dogs and cats) is done on the liver right borders which
project beyond the costal arch or xiphoid cartilage in case of
hepatomegally = edge uniformly thickened and rounded (normal liver =
sharp edge)
Gross enlargement of the liver may be due to:
1. Severe congestion.
2. Multiple abscessation.
3. Hydatidosis.
Percussion: is done over the dorsal part of the right costal arch area.
1. To notice the extend of the dull area overlying the liver.
2. Strong percussion or firm palpation may reveal the presence and
severity of pain.
Other test:
Liver function test.
Liver biopsy.
Radiology.

Clinical examination of the urinary system:

General inspection: posture, frequency of urination and signs of pain during
the act of urination.
Kidneys:
Horse: Difficult in external palpation.
Firm pressure on its area may reveal pain.
Rectal palpation: both kidneys can be palpated in small horse and only the
caudal part of the left kidney in medium size horse.
Cattle: external palpation is difficult.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 32

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Rectal examination: the caudal part of the right kidney in small and medium
size animal. The left kidney can be palpated rectally in most cattle.
In sheep, goat, dog and cat the kidney can be externally palpated.

Palpation of the kidney to assess:

1. Local pain, 2. Relative size, 3. Shape, 4. Consistency, enlargement of the
kidney in the cases of:
1. neoplasia, 2. hydronephrosis, renal tumor, 4. pyelonephrilis.
Palpation of the urinary bladder becomes more possible when it is
distended with urine (pain, calculi, neoplasm, thickened wall). Inspection
and palpation of the penis and preputial structure for (1) local pain (2)
any other abnormalities.
Special examinations of the urinary tract include:
1. Rectal examination. 2. Catheterization.
3. Urine analysis. 4. Renal function test.
5. Renal biopsy. 6. Radiology.

Clinical examination of the mammary gland and teats:

This includes:
1. The mammary gland and teats.
2. Supra-mammary lymph nodes.

Inspection:
In mammary gland for:
Swelling (oedema and mastitis).
Reduction in size (dry cow, chronic mastitis).
Eruptions, ulceration and superficial injury.
Rupture of the suspensory ligament (dropped udder and increase in direction
and level of the teats size of the four quarter).

Palpation (both hands area used):

Increase in temperature, in acute and sub-acute consistency and texture;
pain change mastitis.
Deep firm indurated + irregular lesions, chronic mastitis.
Nodular lesions (Tuberculosis).
Chronic abscessation.
Neoplasia.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 33

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Examination of the cleft between the lateral aspect of the udder and the
medial aspect of the thigh (frictional dermatitis).
Examination of the teat.
Macroscopic examination of the milk is done on strip cup for:
Visible particles, colour, smell and consistency.
Blood sampling:
In blood collection the following should be observed:
1. Avoid exciting the animal.
2. Avoid too prolonged pressure when raising the superficial vein.
3. Avoid haemolysis.
4. Shave the site of the injection, clean well, apply alcohol or ether and
allow to dry, when small quantity of blood is needed use the ear vein on
outer surface of the pinna, when large quantity of blood is needed use:
a) Jugular vein (routinely used).
b) Milk vein.
c) Middle coccygeal vein or artery in cattle.
d) Middle cephalic (radial) or recurrent tarsal (saphenous) vein are used
in dog and cat. Jugular vein is also in use.
5. The blood should be withdrawn gently to avoid collapse of the vein
around the point of the needle and to avoid haemolysis.
6. Press the skin at the point of insertion before withdrawing the needle.
7. The syringe should washed out by cold water immediately after the
sample has been taken.

Clinical examination of lymph nodes:

Inspection: enlargement of lymph nodes.
Palpation: size, pain, lobulation, consistency, temp., abscess formation,
maturation and discharge, adhesion to the skin and surrounding
tissues, number of palpable lymph nodes involved and whether the
involvement is unilateral or bilateral.

Lymph nodes:
In acute inflammation: Swollen, hot, painful, indistinct lobulation.
In chronic inflammation: enlarged, painless, firm, normal temp., adherent to
skin and tissues.
In pyogenic lymph node: fluctuation, hot skin, painful and swollen
surrounding tissues.
Lymph nodes of importance in clinical examination:

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 34

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1. Prescapular L.N. 2. Prefemoral L.N.
3. Suprammary L.N. 4. Sulmaxillary L.N.
5. Retropharyngeal L.N.
6. Posterior mediastinal L.N. (only in cattle, palpated rectally)
7. Cubital L.N. (only in horse – medial aspect of the humerus between
elbow and wall of he thorax (difficult to palpate).
8. Superficial inquinal L.N., in stallion on either side of the penis

Clinical examination of the nervous system:

This is more rewarding in dog and cat. Difficult to apply to farm animals.
1. History is very important.
2. Inspection (abnormal behaviour).
A. Motor disturbances:
Paralysis = (flaccid type) muscle tone is absent and passive movement of
the affected part is not actively resisted. Reflex responses, pain induced,
or otherwise, are lost and visible wasting of the muscle involved soon
occurs (neurogenic atrophy).
Spasm (tremor, convulsion (tetonic or tonic and clonic).
Nystagmus (these are described earlier).
Ataxia: The power of individual muscle is not affected, but there is lack of
functional coordination between the several member of a group of
muscles resulting in defective movement in rate, range, force and
direction.
Forced movement: these are fully coordinated muscular movement caused
by stimulation of motor centers and are repeated again and again, always
following the same pattern.
B. Sensory disturbances (touch, sight, smell and taste).
Analgesia: absence of sensitivity. Assessed by prickling of the skin at
varies points with needle (lips, around the eye, wither and perineum).
Hyperaesthesia = hypersensitivity
Paraesthesia = sensory aberration – characterized by severe cutaneous
pruritis, violent rubbing, scratching, biting.

Disturbances of autonomic nervous system: (involuntary

activity).
This can be absent, diminished or exaggerated. Reflex arcs which could be
examined include:
1. Corneal reflex:
Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 35
Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Touching of the cornea, preferably the peripheral part with a moistened
swab, or with clean hair brush or touching the medial canthus, cause the
animal to blink.
2. Pupillary reflex: Shading both eyes first and then directing a pencil beam
of light onto one of the eye. Normally pupil dilates in dark and rapidly
becomes constricted on exposure to bright light.
3. Cutaneous reflexes: these are tested by touching or lightly prickling the
skin in certain part of the body with a pin or hypodermic needle:
a) Flexor withdrawal reflex = pinching the inter digital fold of the skin
(dog and cat) between the forefinger and thumb nail, or skin of cornet
(horse and cattle). This test is carried in recumbent animal.
b) Anal reflex.
c) Cutaneous muscle reflex (panniculus): light prickling the skin starting
at the tail and proceeding on each side of the vertebral column.
4. Tendon reflex (posture and gait):
i. Patellar reflex: (in recumbent animal). The straight patellar ligament is
taped with index finger, hammer. Under normal conditions the tapping
results in forward extension of the limb.
ii. Hock reflex.
5. Postural reflexes (dog and cat):
i. Tonic neck and eye reflexes: (in animal standing with normal posture).
During flexion of the neck the animal's eyes maintain their forward
gaze but the forelegs are extended and the hind legs flexed.
ii. Supporting or placing reflexes: This is applied to foreleg or hind
limbs. The animal may be tested with or without a blind fold.
iii. The righting reflex: blind fold the dog or cat, lay on its side and then
release. Normal animal will immediately assume sternal posture and
get up.
Other examination of the nervous system include: examination of the
cerebrospinal fluid, radiology, electroencephalography.

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 36

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

General Examination and Inspection

A. Behaviour and General Appearance
Findings Bright Dullness Dummy Coma
Test
Response to
external stimuli
(general
demeanor)
Mild Restlessness Mania Frenzy
Increase
response to
external stimuli
Prehension Mastication Swallowing Regurgitation
Eating
Difficult Painful Involuntary Faces appearance
(constipation) (diarrhea)
Defacation
Difficult Painful Increase frequency incontinence
Urination

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 37

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Swaying of
Findings Lamenes Exaggeration
Stiffness Abduction Staggering the hind Forced movement
Test s flexion
quarter
Gait
Tremor &
Clonic Tetanic Epileptiform
convulsion Tremor
convulsion convulsion convulsions
Condition of Thin Emaciated Obese
the animal

Conformation Normal Abnormal

Abnormal head &

Sternal
Shifting Dog Abduction neck position
Posture Arching of Erected recumbency + frog-like
of the sitting of the (lowered, elevated, attitude
the back ears Head towards
weight position elbows extended, lateral
flank
deviation
Skin
Hair & wool Sweating Discrete lesion Diffuse lesion Itching Alopecia

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 38

 Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

B. Inspection of body regions

Symmetry and configuration of

Facial expression
Test bony structure
Swelling of Rotation Deviation Opisthotonus
Doming of
Region Rigid Manical mandible and
forehead
maxillae
Head

Retraction Spasm of the eyelid Prolapse of nictating

Eyes Discharge Protrusion of eye ball
of the bulb and excessive blinking membrane

Nostrils Dilatation Discharge

Mouth Excessive salivation Frothy salivation

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 39

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Inspection of body regions

Findings Swelling
Region

Jaws and cheeks Bilateral Unilateral

Inflammation
Oesophygeal Jugular vein Jugular vein
Neck Lymph Salivary Oedema
distension enlargement pulsation
node gland
Respiration
Thorax Chest symmetry
Rate Rhysm Depth Type
Decrease in Umbilical Ruminal
Abdomen Increase in size Ventral oedema
size hernia movement

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 40

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Inspection of body regions

Findings
Region

External genitala Normal Abnormal

Posture Gait Symmetry Enlargement

Limbs

Udder Symmetry Increase in size Decrease in size

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 41

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

C. Physical examination methods

Result
Resilient Doughy Firms Hard Fluctuating Emphysematous
Technique

Palpation

Resonant Tympanic Dull

Percussion

Auscultation

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 42

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

D. Clinical examination of body regions

Discharge
Test
Region Watery Serious Purulent Unilateral Bilateral

Eyes
Excessive movement Closed lids Prolapse of nictating membrane Tumor
Eyelids
Normal Pale Yellow Dry Congestion Hemorrhage Oedema
Conjunctiva

Faint cloudiness Solid white Increased convexity

Cornea

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 43

 Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Odor of nasal breath

Constant with Sour odor with Strong with oral than nasal
Sweet Sticky Fetid
Region breath eructation breath

Nostrils
Evenly mixed Unevenly mixed
Bilateral Unilateral Watery Thick and cheesy
with blood with blood
Nasal discharge
Buccal mucosa
Haemorrhage Pallor Cyanosis Vesicles Erosion Ulceration
Mouth

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 44

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body region

Test Teeth Tongue

Delayed eruption uneven Excessive wear mottling +
Region Swollen Shrunken and atrophied
wear pitting of enamel
Mouth

Submaxillary
Enlargement of lymph node Oedema Local inflammation
region
Frequenc
Vomiting True Projectile Nature Watery
y
Inspection Endoscopy Palpation
Cranial cervical
Enlargement
region and the Enlargement of
Swelling of thyroid Heat Swelling Pain
neck oesophagus
gland

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 45

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection Palpation Auscultation

Region
Shape Position Scars Pain Swelling Deformities Bronchial sound Tracheal sound

Trachea

Tracheal Distant and indistinct (not clear) Loud and distinct (clear)
percussion + lung
auscultation

Inspection and palpation Stomach tube

Oesophagus
Pain Swelling Deformities Normal Constriction Blockage

Cough Productive (moist cough) Non-productive (dry cough)

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 46

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Palpation Percussion

Region
Pain Resonant sound Increased resonant sound Less resonant sound Dull sound

Sounds (Auscultation)

Normal lung sound Abnormal lung and chest sound

Lung Increased Decreased or Pleural Absent
Normal Increased
breath absent breath Crackles Wheezes friction breath sound
breath sound breath sound
sound sound rub

Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation

Heart Strength and Normal Abnormal
Apex-beat (movement of Dullness Decreased
extend of cardiac Pain sound sound
chest wall (normal dullness
impulse (murmur)

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 47

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection
Region
Increased size Decreased size Anatomical conformation Localized lesion
Palpation Percussion
Pain in internal Rumen motility Rumen contents Loud tympanic Dull sound
organs sound

Abdomen Auscultation
Normal sound (gurgling) Abnormal sound

Note
Rectal examination to reveal abnormalities in the palpable organs
Other tests include: absorption test, laboratomy, paracentesis, peritoneal fluid tests, radiology,
faecal examinations

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 48

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Inspection Palpation Percussion

Test
Region Diffused increased Localized
Distension Palm Increased tension
resonance resonance

Stomach and
intestine of horse

Auscultation

Loud gurglying or rumbling sound Reduced or absent sound Tinkling sound

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 49

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Palpation (4 methods) Auscultation

Region
Pain Normal (swishing sound) Reduced sound
Reticulum: opposite to 6, 7
and 8 ribs, mainly on the left
of median plane (10 cm caudal
to the point of elbow)
Palpation
Abomasum: (ventral to the 7th
– 10 th rib mainly related to the
Pain
right side)

Inspection Palpation Auscultation

Left-side abomasal Obvious bulge (in the cranial Bulging cylindrical High-pitched splashing
displacement part of the lower left organ behind the costal arch sound
paralumbar fossa)

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 50

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test
Palpation Percussion
Region Sharp edge Uniformly thickened and Extension of
Pain (normal) round edge (abnormal) Pain dull area

Liver Liver function Liver biopsy Radiology

Inspection (behavior) during urination

Urinary system Posture Frequency of urination Signs of pain

Rectal palpation in horse and cattle – external palpation in sheep, goat, dog, cat

Local pain Size Shape Consistency

Kidney
Other tests
Rectal Catheterization Urine analysis Kidney function Renal biopsy Radiology
examination test

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 51

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection
Region Swelling Size Lesions Rapture of suspensary Direction and level of teats
ligament

Palpation
Mammary gland
Temperature Consistency & Pain Frictional dermatitis
+ teats +
texture
supramammary
lymph nodes
Macroscopic examination of milk
Visible particle Colour Smell Consistency

Inspection Palpation
Lymph nodes Enlargement Size Pain Lobulation Consistency Temperature Abscess Discharge Adhesion

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 52

 Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection
History
Region Abnormal behavior Paralysis Ataxia Forced movement Convulsion Tremor

Analgesia Hyper aesthesia (hyper sensitivity) Paraesthesia

Nervous Reflex areas

system Cutaneous reflex Tendon reflex Postural reflex
Corneal Pupilliary Flexor with Anal Cutaneous muscle Patellar Hock Tonic neck Supporting or Righting
reflex reflex drawl reflex reflex reflex (panniculua) reflex reflex & eye placing reflex reflex
reflex

Cerebro-spinal fluid examination Radiology Electro-encephalography

Other
test

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 53

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

The instruments are used in the physical examination

‫اﻷدوات اﻟﺘﻰ ﺗﺴﺘﺨﺪم ﻓﻰ اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮى‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 54

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Fig. (1)
1-1. Animals stocks
‫اﻟزﻧﺎﻗﺎت‬

1-2. Lip and nose twitch

‫ﻟواﺷﺔ اﻻﻧف واﻟﺷﻔﺎﻩ‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 55

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-3 .Bull leader

‫ﻗﺎﺋد ذﻛر اﻻﺑﻘﺎر‬

1-4. Mouth gag

‫ﻓﺎﺗﺢ اﻟﻔم‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 56

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-5. Stomach tubes

‫اﻧﺑوب اﻟﻣﻌدة‬

1-6. Trocar and canula

‫اﻟﻤﺒﺬل‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 57

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-7. Metal detector

(‫ﻛﺎﺷف اﻟﻣﻌدة )ﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻻﺟﺳﺎم اﻟﻣﻌدﻧﯾﺔ‬

1-8. Plexor and Pleximeter

‫اﻟﻣطرﻗﺔ واﻟﻣطرق‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 58

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-9. Ophthalmoscope
‫ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟﻌﯾن‬

1-10. Uterine catheter

‫ﻗﺳطرة اﻟرﺣم‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 59

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

1-11. Utertal catheter

‫ﻗﺳطرة ﻣﺟرى اﻟﺑول‬

1-12. Vaginoscope
‫ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟرﺣم‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 60

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-13. Vaginoscope
‫ﻣﻧظﺎر اﻟرﺣم‬

1-14. Speculum
‫ﻣﻧظﺎر ﺟوﻓﻰ‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 61

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-15. Curette

‫ﻣﻛﺣﻧﺔ‬

1-16. Vein clamp

‫ﻣﻠﻘﺎط اﻟورﯾد‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 62

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-17. Hair clipper
‫ﻣﻛﻧﺔ ﺣﻼﻗﺔ اﻟﺷﻌر‬

1-18. Bulling gun

‫ﻗﺎزﻗﺔ اﻟﺣﺑوب‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 63

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-19. Drinching gun
‫ﺑﻧدﻗﯾﺔ ﺗﺟرﯾﻊ اﻟﺳواﺋل‬

1-20. Mastitis paddle

‫طﺑق ﺗﺷﺧﯾص اﻟﺗﻬﺎب اﻟﺿرع‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 64

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-21.Teat lancent and siphon

‫ﻣﺷرط ﺣﻠﻣﺔ اﻟﺿرع واﻟﺳﺎﯾﻔون‬

1-22. Scalple and blade

‫اﻟﻣﺷرط واﻟﻣﻘﺑط‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 65

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
1-23. Vaccutainer –needle and holder
‫ﺣﺎﻣل اﻻﺑرة اﻟﻣﻔرغ‬

1-24. Swabs
‫اﻟﻣﺎﺳﺣﺎت‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 66

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Physical examination
‫اﻟﻔﺤﺺ اﻟﻌﻀﻮى‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 67

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Fig. (2)
2-1. An area of palpation of right abomasal displacement
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺟس اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﻣن‬

2-2. An area of palpation of left abomasal displacement

‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺟس اﻟﻣﻧﻔﺣﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﺳر‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 68

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

2-3. An area of palpation of the rumen

‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ ﺟس اﻟﻛرش‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 69

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Fig.2-4 Palpation of the kidney
‫ﺟس اﻟﻛﻠﯾﺔ‬

Fig.2-5Palpation of udder
‫اﻟﺿرع ﺟﺲ‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 70

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Fig. (3)
3-1. An area of percussion and auscultation in bovine lung at the right
side
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟطرق واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻟرﺋﺔ ﻓﻲ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﻣن‬

‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟطرق واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻟرﺋﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻻﺑﻘﺎر ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﺳر‬

2. An area of percussion and auscultation in bovine lung at the left side

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 71

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

3-3. An area of percussion and auscultation in equine lung at the right.

side
‫ﻣﻧطﻘﺔ اﻟطرق واﻟﺗﺳﻣﻊ ﻟرﺋﺔ ﻓﻰ اﻟﺧﯾول ﻓﻰ اﻟﺟﺎﻧب اﻻﯾﺳر‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 72

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Fig. (4)
4- Procedure of taking body temperature
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﺧذ ﺣرارة اﻟﺟﺳم‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 73

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

Fig. (5)
5- Procedure of taking pulse rate in equine – submandibular artery.
‫طرﯾﻘﺔ اﺧذ ﻣﻌدل اﻟﻧﺑض ﻓﻰ اﻟﺧﯾول – اﻟﺷرﯾﺎن ﺗﺣت اﻟﻔك‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 74

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

(Fig. 6) Regulation of the pulse

Normal pulse

Regular intermittence pulse

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 75

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014
Fig. (7)
7-1. Examination of conjunctiva
‫ﻓﺣص اﻟﻣﻠﺗﺣﻣﺔ‬

7-2. Examination of mucous membranes – lip and gum

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 76

Series of Curriculum Books(43) 2014

References
‫اﻟﻣراﺟﻊ‬

- Kelly, W. R (1984). Veterinary clinical Diagnosis. 3 rd edn .Bailliere

Tindall. London. PP1- 417.

- Radostits, O.M; Gay, C.C; Hinch cliff, K.W; Constable, P.D.

(2000).Veterinary Medicine 9th edn. W.B.Saunders Comp. London,
USA, PP.3-39.

.(2005) ‫ ﯾوﺳف ﻣﺗﻰ وأﺣﻣد ﺷﻔﯾق اﻟﺧطﯾب‬.‫ د‬-‫ ﻋرﺑﻲ‬-‫ أﻧﺟﻠﯾزي‬-‫ ﻗﺎﻣوس ﻣﺗﻰ اﻟطﺑﻲ‬-
.‫ ﻟﺑﻧﺎن‬-‫ﻣﻛﺗﺑﺔ ﻟﺑﻧﺎن ﻧﺎﺷرون‬.‫اﻟطﺑﻌﺔ اﻟﺛﺎﻧﯾﺔ‬

‫ ﺻﺎدر ﻋن‬.‫ ﻣﺣﻣد طﻪ ﻋﺑداﷲ ﺷﻘدي وآﺧرون‬.‫( ب‬2003) ‫ ﻣﺟﻣﻊ اﻟﻌﻠوم اﻟﺑﯾطرﯾﺔ اﻟﻣوﺣد‬-
.‫ ﺟﻣﻬورﯾﺔ اﻟﺳودان‬،‫اﻟﻬﯾﺋﺔ اﻟﻌﻠﯾﺎ ﻟﻠﺗﻌرﯾب ﺑوزارة اﻟﺗﻌﻠﯾم اﻟﻌﺎﻟﻲ واﻟﺑﺣث اﻟﻌﻠﻣﻲ‬

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases. 77

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

General Examination and Inspection

A. Behaviour and General Appearance
Findings Bright Dullness Dummy Coma
Test
Response to
external stimuli
(general
demeanor)
Mild Restlessness Mania Frenzy
Increase
response to
external stimuli
Prehension Mastication Swallowing Regurgitation
Eating
Difficult Painful Involuntary Faces appearance
(constipation) (diarrhea)
Defacation
Difficult Painful Increase frequency incontinence
Urination

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 37

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014
Swaying of
Findings Exaggeration
Lameness Stiffness Abduction Staggering the hind Forced movement
Test flexion
quarter
Gait
Tremor &
convulsion Clonic Tetanic Epileptiform
Tremor
convulsion convulsion convulsions

Condition of the Thin Emaciated Obese

animal

Conformation Normal Abnormal

Sternal
Abnormal head & neck
Abduction recumbency
Posture Shifting of Arching of Dog sitting Erected position (lowered, frog-like
of the + Head
the weight the back position ears elevated, extended, attitude
elbows towards
lateral deviation
flank
Skin
Hair & wool Sweating Discrete lesion Diffuse lesion Itching Alopecia

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 38

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

B. Inspection of body regions

Symmetry and configuration

Facial expression
Test of bony structure
Swelling of Rotation Deviation Opisthotonus
Doming of
Region Rigid Manical mandible and
forehead
maxillae
Head
Spasm of the eyelid Prolapse of
Retraction of
Eyes Discharge Protrusion of eye ball and excessive nictating
the bulb
blinking membrane
Nostrils Dilatation Discharge

Excessive
Mouth Frothy salivation
salivation

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 39

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Inspection of body regions

Findings Swelling
Region

Jaws and cheeks Bilateral Unilateral

Inflammation
Oesophygeal Jugular vein Jugular vein
Neck Lymph Salivary Oedema
distension enlargement pulsation
node gland
Respiration
Thorax Chest symmetry
Rate Rhysm Depth Type
Decrease in Umbilical Ruminal
Abdomen Increase in size Ventral oedema
size hernia movement

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 40

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Inspection of body regions

Findings
Region
External genitala Normal Abnormal
Limbs Posture Gait Symmetry Enlargement

Udder Symmetry Increase in size Decrease in size

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 41

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

C. Physical examination methods

Result
Resilient Doughy Firms Hard Fluctuating Emphysematous
Technique

Palpation

Resonant Tympanic Dull

Percussion

Auscultation

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 42

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

D. Clinical examination of body regions

Discharge
Test
Region Watery Serious Purulent Unilateral Bilateral

Eyes
Excessive movement Closed lids Prolapse of nictating membrane Tumor
Eyelids
Normal Pale Yellow Dry Congestion Hemorrhage Oedema
Conjunctiva

Faint cloudiness Solid white Increased convexity

Cornea

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 43

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Odor of nasal breath

Region Constant with Sour odor with Strong with oral
Sweet Sticky Fetid
breath eructation than nasal breath
Nostrils
Unilater Evenly mixed Unevenly mixed
Bilateral Watery Thick and cheesy
al with blood with blood
Nasal discharge
Buccal mucosa
Haemorrh
Pallor Cyanosis Vesicles Erosion Ulceration
age
Mouth

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 44

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body region

Teeth Tongue
Test Shrunken
Delayed eruption uneven Excessive wear mottling +
Region Swollen and
wear pitting of enamel
atrophied
Mouth

Submaxillary
Enlargement of lymph node Oedema Local inflammation
region
Frequenc
Vomiting True Projectile Nature Watery
y
Inspection Endoscopy Palpation
Cranial cervical
Enlargement
region and the Enlargement of
Swelling of thyroid Heat Swelling Pain
neck oesophagus
gland

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 45

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection Palpation Auscultation

Region
Bronchial Tracheal
Shape Position Scars Pain Swelling Deformities
sound sound

Trachea

Tracheal Distant and indistinct (not clear) Loud and distinct (clear)
percussion +
lung
auscultation
Inspection and palpation Stomach tube
Oesophagus
Pain Swelling Deformities Normal Constriction Blockage

Cough Productive (moist cough) Non-productive (dry cough)

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 46

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Palpation Percussion

Region
Increased resonant Dull sound
Pain Resonant sound Less resonant sound
sound
Sounds (Auscultation)
Normal lung sound Abnormal lung and chest sound
Lung Normal Increased Decreased or Increased Pleural Absent
breath breath absent breath breath Crackles Wheezes friction breath
sound sound sound sound rub sound

Inspection Palpation Percussion Auscultation

Heart Strength and Normal Abnormal
Apex-beat (movement extend of Dullness Decreased sound sound
Pain
of chest wall cardiac (normal dullness (murmur)
impulse

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 47

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014
Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection
Region
Increased size Decreased size Anatomical conformation Localized
lesion
Palpation Percussion
Pain in internal Rumen motility Rumen contents Loud tympanic Dull sound
organs sound

Auscultation
Abdomen
Normal sound (gurgling) Abnormal sound

Note
Rectal examination to reveal abnormalities in the palpable organs
Other tests include: absorption test, laboratomy, paracentesis, peritoneal fluid tests, radiology,
faecal examinations

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 48

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Inspection Palpation Percussion

Test
Region Diffused Localized
Distension Palm Increased tension increased resonance
resonance

Stomach and
intestine of
horse
Auscultation

Loud gurglying or rumbling sound Reduced or absent sound Tinkling sound

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 49

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014
Clinical examination of body regions

Test Palpation (4 methods) Auscultation

Region
Pain Normal (swishing sound) Reduced sound
Reticulum: opposite to 6, 7
and 8 ribs, mainly on the left
of median plane (10 cm
caudal to the point of elbow)
Palpation
Abomasum: (ventral to the
7th – 10th rib mainly related Pain
to the right side)

Inspection Palpation Auscultation

Left-side abomasal Obvious bulge (in the Bulging cylindrical High-pitched splashing
displacement cranial part of the lower left organ behind the costal sound
paralumbar fossa) arch

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 50

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Palpation Percussion

Region Sharp edge Uniformly thickened and Extension of
Pain Pain
(normal) round edge (abnormal) dull area

Liver Liver function Liver biopsy Radiology

Inspection (behavior) during urination

Urinary Posture Frequency of urination Signs of pain
system

Rectal palpation in horse and cattle – external palpation in sheep, goat, dog, cat

Local pain Size Shape Consistency

Kidney
Other tests
Rectal Kidney
Catheterization Urine analysis Renal biopsy Radiology
examination function test

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 51

Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection
Region Swelling Size Lesions Rapture of suspensary Direction and level of teats
ligament

Mammary Palpation
gland + teats + Temperature Consistency & texture Pain Frictional dermatitis
supramammary
lymph nodes
Macroscopic examination of milk
Visible particle Colour Smell Consistency

Inspection Palpation
Lymph nodes Enlargement Size Pain Lobulation Consistency Temperature Abscess Discharge Adhesion

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 52

 Series of Curriculum Books (43) 2014

Clinical examination of body regions

Test Inspection
Region History Abnormal Paralysis Ataxia Forced movement Convulsion Tremor
behavior

Analgesia Hyper aesthesia (hyper sensitivity) Paraesthesia

Nervous
system Reflex areas
Cutaneous reflex Tendon reflex Postural reflex
Corneal Pupilliary
Flexor with Anal Cutaneous muscle Patellar Hock Tonic neck Supporting or Rightin
reflex reflex
drawl reflex reflex reflex (panniculua) reflex reflex & eye reflex placing reflex g reflex

Cerebro-spinal fluid examination Radiology Electro-encephalography

Other test

Manual for Clinical Examination and Making Diagnosis of Animal Diseases 53