King Abdulaziz University

‫جامعة الملك عبد العزيز‬

Faculty of Science
‫كلية العلوم‬
Department of biology
‫قسم االحياء‬

BIO390 FIELD EXPERIENCE

Bayan Mohammed Rahimulddin

1905425
XBR
Second Semester - 2022
Supervised by : Dr.Najwa Al-Harbi
 I trained in Al-Borg Medical Laboratories on
Palestine Street, and it was a very beautiful and successful
experience. In a period of two weeks, I gained a very strong
experience.

I extend my heartfelt thanks to Dr. Suha Al-Gharibi, who

facilitated all training matters for me, was the best guide for me
in all my days and did her best in my education.

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 Table of Contents
1- Hematology …………………………………...……………………………5

1.1- Vacutainer…………………………………………………………………………………7

1.2- Types of tubes……………………………………………………………………...………7

2- Analytical Chemistry…………………………...…………………………9

2.1- Applications of Analytical Chemistry……………………………………………………11

3- Clinical Chemistry………………..………………………………………12

3.1- Sysmex XN-1000™………………….…………………………………………………..13

3.2- Capillary electrophoresis system…………………………...…………………………….15

3.3- Wadiana……………….…….……………………………………………………………16

3.3.1- The Uses of Wadiana……………………………………………………………………..16

3.3.2- Adaptable………………………...………………………………………………………16

3.3.3- Reliable………………………...………………………………………………………...17

4- Diagnostic Immunology…………………………..……………………..19

4.1- FANhp…………………..…………………………………….…………………………19

4.2- Snibe maglumi 2000.…………………………………………………………………….22

5- Conclusion………………..………………………………………………25

6- References…………………..……………………………………………26

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 List of Figures
Figure 1- The place for taking a blood sample……………………………………………………5

Figure 2 : looking for vein in arm of patient……………………………...……………………….6

Figure 3 : tourniquet…………………………………………………………………….………….6

Figure 4 : blood drawing process …………………………………………………………………7

Figure 5 - Types of tubes………………………………………………………………………….8

Figure 6 - Analytical Chemistry Department…………………………………………………….10

Figure 7 - Sysmex XN-1000™…………………………………………………..………………14

Figure 8 - The screen that displays the results of the Sysmex XN-1000™……………………….………14

Figure 9 - Capillary electrophoresis system………………………………………….…………..15

Figure 10- Wadiana………………………………………………………….………….………..16

Figure 11 -Diagnostic Grifols……………………………………………………………………17

Figure 12 - Dilution station with self-cleaning and anti-blocking features………………...……18

Figure 13- FANhp………………………………………………………………….…………….20

Figure 14 - The screen that displays the results of the FANhp………………………..…………21

Figure 15 - Snibe maglumi 2000……………………………………………………...…………22

Figure 16 - Snibe maglumi 2000 Features……………………………………………….………23

Figure 17 – The benefit of Snibe maglumi 2000……………………………………….………..24

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 List of Abbreviations
DR DOCTOR
PT PROTHROMBIN TIME
PTT PARTIAL THROMBOPLASTIN TIME
TT THROMBIN TIME
HIV HUMAN IMMUNODEFICIENCY VIRUS
HLA HUMAN LEUKOCYTE ANTIGENS
CBC COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT
ESR ERYTHROCYTE SEDIMENTATION
RATE
HHV HUMAN HERPESVIRUS
PCR POLYMERASE CHAIN REACTION
ACS ACUTE CORONARY SYNDROME
TAS TOTAL ANALYSIS SYSTEM
DNA DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
MRNA MESSENGER RNA
CDT CARBOHYDRATE DEFICIENT
TRANSFERRIN
HBA1C HEMOGLOBIN A1C
LIS LABORATORY INFORMATION SYSTEM
TFT THYROID FUNCTION TESTS

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 1- Hematology
Hematology is the study of blood and blood disorders. Hematologists and hematopathologists are
highly trained healthcare providers who specialize in diseases of the blood and blood
components.
Dr. Ahmed Al-Subhi taught me about taking a blood sample in the correct and proper way.

Figure 1- The place for taking a blood sample

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There are some steps required to achieve the goal correctly, which are:

• Check the patient, that he is the patient from whom you want to draw the sample as on
the paper, ask him about his name, for example, or his date of birth.
• Prepare the room in advance and all the required tubes, then make sure that all tools are
opened in front of the patient to ensure the safety and cleanliness of all tools in front of
his eyes.
• Wash hands, then wear gloves and hold the patient's hand to search for the clearest and
most appropriate vein from which blood can be drawn according to the required quantity.

Figure 2 : looking for vein in arm of patient

• Attach the tourniquet 2 to 3 inches above the site where the

needle will be inserted

Figure 3 : tourniquet
• Wipe the area with alcohol to sterilize, then slowly insert the
needle

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 Figure 4 : blood drawing process

• Open the tourniquet and secure the needle with your first hand, and with the second,
lightly fill all the required tubes .
• Take out the needle quickly and lightly after finishing, put the wound paste on the patient
and wish him a speedy recovery.

1.1- Vacutainer
A Vacuum blood collection tube is a sterile glass or plastic test tube with a colored rubber
stopper creating a vacuum seal inside of the tube, facilitating the drawing of a predetermined
volume of liquid. Vacutainer tubes may contain additives designed to stabilize and preserve
the specimen prior to analytical testing. Tubes are available with a safety-engineered stopper,
with a variety of labeling options and draw volumes. The color of the top indicates the
additives in the vial.

1.2- Types of tubes

Additional chemicals that preserve blood for processing in a medical laboratory may be
included in vacutainer tubes. If you use the wrong tube, your blood sample may not be
useable for the intended reason. Thin film coatings sprayed with an ultrasonic nozzle are
commonly used as additives.

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Anticoagulants or a gel with a density like that of blood cells and blood plasma might be
used as additions. Furthermore, some tubes contain chemicals that help maintain blood
components or molecules, such as glucose. The contents of a tube are divided by density
when centrifuged, with blood cells sinking to the bottom and plasma or serum aggregating at
the top. After centrifugation, tubes containing gel may be readily handled and transported
without the blood cells and serum mingling.

Figure 5 - Types of tubes

1. Light blue : Prothrombin time (PT), partial thromboplastin time (PTT), and thrombin
time (TT) are examples of coagulation testing . The tube must be filled.
2. Plain red: Serum: Total complement action, cryoglobulins.
3. Gold (sometimes red and grey "tiger top") : Tube inversions increase clotting in
serum-separating tubes. Hepatitis and HIV testing, as well as most chemical,
endocrine, and serology tests.
4. Dark green : HLA type, chromosome testing, ammonia, and lactate.
5. Mint green : Inversions of the tube avoid clotting.
6. Lavender ("purple") : Whole blood: CBC, ESR, Coombs test, platelet antibodies,
flow cytometry, tacrolimus and cyclosporin levels in the blood.

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 7. Pink: HIV viral load, direct Coombs test, blood type and cross-matching
8. Royal blue : Toxicology, trace elements, heavy metals, most drug levels.
9. Tan : Lead
10. Gray: Glucose, lactate
11. Yellow :Adenovirus, toxoplasma, and HHV-6 PCR

2- Analytical Chemistry
Analytical chemistry is the study and use of tools and procedures for separating, identifying, and
quantifying materials. Separation, identification, and quantification may be used alone or in
combination with other methods in practice. Separation is the process of isolating analytes.
Quantitative analysis determines the numerical quantity or concentration, whereas qualitative
analysis identifies analytes. The study of acquiring, processing, and transmitting information
about the composition and structure of matter is known as analytical chemistry. To put it another
way, it's the art and science of figuring out what matter is and how much of it there is. For ACS
chemists, it is one of the most popular subjects of study.

Classical wet chemical procedures and current instrumental methods make up analytical
chemistry. Separations such as precipitation, extraction, and distillation are used in traditional
qualitative procedures. Color, odor, melting point, boiling point, solubility, radioactivity, and
reactivity can all be used to identify a substance. Quantitative analysis that employs mass or
volume changes to measure amount is known as traditional quantitative analysis.
Chromatography, electrophoresis, and field flow fractionation are some of the instruments that
may be used to separate material. Then, using light interaction, heat interaction, electric fields, or
magnetic fields, qualitative and quantitative analysis may be accomplished, typically with the
same device. An analyte may often be separated, identified, and quantified using the same
equipment. Improvements in experimental design, chemometrics, and the development of novel
measuring equipment are also priorities in analytical chemistry. Analytical chemistry is used in a
variety of fields, including health, research, and engineering.

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Figure 6 - Analytical Chemistry Department

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2.1- Applications of Analytical Chemistry
Forensic science, bioanalysis, clinical analysis, environmental analysis, and materials analysis
are all areas where analytical chemistry is used. Performance (sensitivity, detection limit,
selectivity, robustness, dynamic range, linear range, accuracy, precision, and speed) and cost are
important factors in analytical chemistry research (purchase, operation, training, time, and
space). Optical and mass spectrometry are the most common and ubiquitous disciplines of
current analytical atomic spectrometry. Laser-induced breakdown and laser ablation mass
spectrometry, as well as related techniques involving the transfer of laser ablation products into
inductively coupled plasma, are the current leaders in direct elemental analysis of solid materials.
Advances in the design of diode lasers and optical parametric oscillators are driving
advancements in fluorescence and ionization spectrometry, as well as absorption methods, where
the usage of optical cavities to enhance effective absorption pathlength is predicted to grow.
Plasma and laser-based technologies are becoming more popular. Absolute (standardless)
analysis has reawakened interest, notably in emission spectrometry.

The analytical methodologies are being shrunk to chip size with much effort. Although there are
few instances of such systems that are competitive with standard analytic approaches,
size/portability, speed, and cost are all potential benefits. (lab-on-a-chip or micro total analysis
system (TAS)) The number of chemicals utilized is reduced thanks to microscale chemistry.
Many advancements have improved biological system analysis. Genomic research, DNA
sequencing, and related research in genetic fingerprinting and DNA microarray are examples of
rapidly expanding fields in this area; proteomics, the study of protein concentrations and
modifications, particularly in response to various stressors, at various developmental stages, or in
various parts of the body; metabolomics, which studies metabolites; transcriptomics, which
studies mRNA and related fields; lipidomic, which studies lipids and related fields.

Analytical chemistry has played an important role in translating fundamental research into a
range of practical applications, including biological applications, environmental monitoring,
industrial quality control, forensic science, and so on.

Analytical chemistry has been expanded into a variety of new biological domains thanks to
recent advances in computer automation and information technology. Automated DNA

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sequencing equipment, for example, were used to complete human genome projects, resulting in
the development of genomics. Mass spectrometry-based protein identification and peptide
sequencing ushered in a new era of proteomics. In addition to automating certain operations,
businesses like Emerald Cloud Lab and Transcript are working to automate bigger areas of lab
testing. Analytical chemistry has played a crucial role in the advancement of nanotechnology.
Scientists may observe atomic structures using chemical characterizations using surface
characterization equipment, electron microscopes, and scanning probe microscopes.

3- Clinical Chemistry
Clinical chemistry (sometimes referred to as chemical pathology, clinical biochemistry, or
medical biochemistry) is a branch of chemistry that deals with the examination of body fluids for
diagnostic and therapeutic reasons. It is a type of biochemistry that is employed in practice (not
to be confused with medicinal chemistry, which involves basic research for drug development).

The field began in the late 1800s with the use of rudimentary chemical reaction assays for various
blood and urine components. Other approaches, such as the utilization and measurement of enzyme
activity, spectrophotometry, electrophoresis, and immunoassay, have been developed throughout
the decades as science and technology have progressed. Many blood tests and clinical urine tests
are now available with significant diagnostic capabilities.

To meet the high workload characteristic of a hospital laboratory, most modern laboratories are
now fully automated. All tests are meticulously monitored, and quality checked.

Chemical pathology encompasses all biochemical assays. These tests can be done on any type of
bodily fluid, although serum and plasma are the most common. Serum is the yellow, watery
component of blood that remains after all blood cells have been removed and the blood has clotted.
Centrifugation, which packs the denser blood cells and platelets to the bottom of the centrifuge
tube, leaving the liquid serum fraction lying above the packed cells, is the easiest way to do this.
Instruments that work on the "integrated system" idea have lately included this preliminary phase
before analysis. Plasma is like serum in that it is derived by centrifuging blood without clotting it.

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Before clotting, plasma is collected by centrifugation. The type of sample utilized is determined
by the type of test required.

A major medical laboratory may receive samples for more than 700 different tests. Even the largest
laboratories are unable to perform all these tests in-house, and some must be submitted to other
laboratories.

3.1- Sysmex XN-1000™

This is a benchtop device that may be used alone. The XN-1000's Rerun & Reflex setup provides
consistent results in the least amount of time. It considerably lowers manual interventions and
frees up time and money by automatically reanalyzing samples whose findings are deemed
questionable. Without sacrificing turnaround time. Reagent management is also straightforward -
we can combine your reagents into an analyzer wagon if you choose.

All the diagnostic apps are accessible for the XN-1000. Even though the XN-1000 is a stand-
alone device, extra software can make it even more versatile. It can be linked to other XN ideas
in different places. Consider distinct systems on neurology wards for monitoring bodily fluids.
Or transfusion centers. We may also specify levels of support quality, guaranteed service
response times, and maximum system uptime jointly due to our remote services. The samples in
question are immediately sent into extended measurement. Extensive testing is only carried out if
it adds to the diagnostic value.

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 Figure 7 - Sysmex XN-1000™

Figure 8 - The screen that displays the results of the Sysmex XN-1000™
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3.2- Capillary electrophoresis system
CAPILLARYS 2 FLEX PIERCING is a capillary electrophoresis equipment designed to be
adaptable while offering clear, accurate protein separation with high throughput.

Protein, Immunotyping, HbA1c, Hemoglobin, and CDT (Carbohydrate Deficient Transferrin)

assays are all available on this multi-parameter device, which may be used on serum, urine, or
whole blood.

The CAPILLARYS 2 FLEX PIERCING has "Cap Piercing Technology" for whole blood
testing, allowing the laboratory to work more efficiently. The "inversion mixing mechanism"
improves the accuracy and precision of the findings by increasing sample homogeneity.

Figure 9 - Capillary electrophoresis system

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3.3- Wadiana
From positive sample identification to reporting results, execute the whole pretransfusion
compatibility test procedure on a single device.

3.3.1-The Uses of Wadiana

• The smallest fully automated pretransfusion testing tool employing gel technology.
• The sampling method is fully automated.
• Across all Grifols platforms, the same universal reagents are used.
• Bidirectional LIS communication integration option

Figure 10- Wadiana

3.3.2- Adaptable

The smallest fully automated pretransfusion testing tool employing gel technology.

• The sampling method is fully automated.

• Across all Grifols platforms, the same universal reagents are used.

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 • Bidirectional LIS communication integration option.

Figure 11 -Diagnostic Grifols

3.3.3- Reliable

With standardized test protocols and verification checks, you can deliver correct findings fast
and limit the risk of mistakes.

• To eliminate cross contamination, a unique simultaneous perforation and dispensing

system utilizes 100% of the card wells.
• The shortest possible response time
• Probe impact detection, clot detection and recovery, card integrity check prior to
processing samples, and an anti-dropping control system are all included.
• Dilution station with self-cleaning and anti-blocking features

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• By imaging the card wells, sample verification is dispensed.
• Reagents, diluents, and washing solutions are all constantly monitored.
• Grifols developed and built all of the hardware.

Figure 12 - Dilution station with self-cleaning and anti-blocking features.

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4- Diagnostic Immunology
Immunodiagnostics is a type of diagnostic testing that uses an antigen-antibody response
to diagnose illness. In the treatment and prevention of infectious illnesses and immune-
mediated disorders, immunologic approaches are utilized as tools. They have a high
specificity and sensitivity that is determined by the antibody detection value.

4.1- FANhp
In order to identify Helicobacter pylori infections quickly and accurately.
FANhp is solely for H. pylori testing and does not have an autosampler. The well-known
HeliFANplus and FANci2 series of FAN devices are suggested for use with all other 13C
test procedures and autosampler.
FANhp was created for physicians' offices, check-up centers, and hospitals that seek to
use 13C–urea breath testing to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infections at a low cost.
Simply connect the baseline and sample bag to the two ports and press the start button on
the touchscreen to begin measuring.
Within 5 minutes, the result and diagnosis proposal will be revealed. The output may be
printed automatically using the built-in printer. Data may be downloaded to a USB stick
and uploaded to a computer for keeping a daily notebook or running a system test.

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 Figure 13- FANhp

• There is no need for a computer because everything is done through a glove-operated

touchscreen.
• TFT display that is easy to read and bright.
• Only four buttons on the desktop; all operations are represented by icons; simple and
intuitive operation in everyday practice; little training demand.
• All H. pylori test kits that may be used with bags include an adjustable positive/negative
threshold ("cut–off").
• Import barcoded patient IDs using a scanner.
• Negative readings caused by the inversion of the baseline and sample bag are
automatically corrected.

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• As soon as the findings are ready, they can be printed if requested.
• 300 patient outcomes may be stored in memory, allowing data to be printed or exported
to a data storage system as daily journals.
• At the press of a button, an integrated self–test is available.

Figure 14 - The screen that displays the results of the FANhp

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4.2- Snibe maglumi 2000

Figure 15 - Snibe maglumi 2000

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Figure 16 - Snibe maglumi 2000 Features

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Figure 17 – The benefit of Snibe maglumi 2000

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5- Conclusion
Training in Al Borg Medical Laboratories gave me the opportunity to get acquainted with many
devices and gain a lot of information about them, how to use them, their benefits and advantages.
I trained in various departments, and every day I went to a department other than the department
in which I trained yesterday, and they were very cooperative, especially Dr. Ahmed Al-Subhi
was one of the people who helped me. It was an enjoyable experience and I hope to complete the
training of the Health Specialties Authority.

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6- Referencses

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analytical techniques". Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry. 27 (1): 9–
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2. Jump up to:a b c d e f Baker DR (1995). Capillary Electrophoresis. New York:
John Wiley & Sons, Inc.Skoog DA, Holler FJ, Crouch SR (2007). Principles of
Instrumental Analysis (6th ed.). Belmont, CA: Thomson Brooks/Cole Publishing.
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glass capillaries". Analytical Chemistry. 53 (8): 1298–
1302. doi:10.1021/ac00231a037. ISSN 0003-2700.
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and CE of Biomolecules. Bay Bioanalytical Laboratory. ISBN 978-0-9663229-0-
3.
5. Dovichi NJ, Zhang J (December 2000). "How Capillary Electrophoresis
Sequenced the Human Genome This Essay is based on a lecture given at the
Analytica 2000 conference in Munich (Germany) on the occasion of the
Heinrich-Emanuel-Merck Prize presentation" (PDF). Angewandte
Chemie. 39 (24): 4463–4468. doi:10.1002/1521-
3773(20001215)39:24<4463::aid-anie4463>3.0.co;2-8. PMID 11169637.
Retrieved 2014-04-09.
6. Burtis, Carl A.; Ashwood, Edward R.; Bruns, David E. (2006). Tietz textbook of
clinical chemistry (4th ed.). Saunders. p. 2448. ISBN 978-0-7216-0189-2.
7. Villani AC, Sarkizova S, Hacohen N (April 2018). "Systems Immunology:
Learning the Rules of the Immune System". Annual Review of
Immunology. 36 (1): 813–42. doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-042617-
053035. PMC 6597491. PMID 29677477.
8. Janeway's Immunobiology textbook Searchable free online version at
the National Center for Biotechnology Information
9. "Autoimmune Diseases: Types, Symptoms, Causes and More". Healthline.
Retrieved 2018-07-25.
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10. "Hypersensitivities | Microbiology". courses.lumenlearning.com. Retrieved 2018-
07-25.
11. "Specific Disease Types | Immune Deficiency Foundation". primaryimmune.org.
Retrieved 2018-07-25.
12. "Transplant rejection: MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia". medlineplus.gov.
Retrieved 2018-07-25.
13. Pierce CW, Solliday SM, Asofsky R (March 1972). "Immune responses in vitro.
IV. Suppression of primary M, G, and A plaque-forming cell responses in mouse
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