Download as pdf or txt
Download as pdf or txt
You are on page 1of 43

ELECTRONIC EQUIPMENT AND

APPLIANCE INSTALLATION AND TROUBLESHOOTING

INSTRUMENT AND TEST EQUIPMENT SETUP


AND HANDLING
EE-021-2:2012-CO2/P(9/15)

TAHAP 2

RESISTOR

NOSS/JPK/KSM JULAI 2017


GCA01(CA01)
NOSS/JPK/KSM JULAI 2017
GCA01(CA01)
TABLE OF CONTENT

NO. DESCRIPTION
1 ELECTRIC CURRENT
2 POWER RATING

3 TYPES OF RESISTOR

4 COLOUR CODE OF RESISTOR


MOTIVATION OF A DAY
Electric current, I
• Current: - motion of charge
- depends on the rate of flow of charge
- electric fluid
- unit of current is ampere (A)
• Equation: dq = changing of charge
𝑑𝑞
I= dt = changing of time
𝑑𝑡
I = current (ampere)
• For steady state condition: Q = charge (coulomb)
𝑄(𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒)
I= , thus Q = It t = time (second)
𝑡(𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒)
Electric current, I
Example 1.6
If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find the
charge transferred.

Q = It = 5 x 2 x 60 = 600 C
Main Effect of Electric Circuit
1. Heat Effect - Example: soldering iron, water heater, fuse,
bulb, cookers, electric fires, furnaces, kettles, iron

2. Magnetic Effect - Example: bells, relays, motors, generators,


transformers, telephones, lifting magnets, car ignition

3. Chemical Effect - Example: cell and battery, electroplating


Resistance & resistivity
• Resistance – property of a component which restricts the flow
of electric current.
• The value of resistance depends upon 4 factors:
1. Length, l
2. Cross-sectional area, A
3. resistivity, ρ
4. temparature
Resistance & resistivity
• Equation:
ρl
R= [Unit = Ω]
𝐴

R = resistance [Ω]
l = Length [m]
A = Cross-sectional area [m2]
ρ = resistivity [Ω.m]

• Resistivity is difference for different material


Resistance & resistivity
Example 1.7
Calculate resistance of a 5m long conductor if it
has cross sectional area 10𝑚𝑚2 and resistivity
0.3 𝑥 10−5 Ω.m

𝜌𝑙 0.3 x 10−5 x 5
Resistance, R= =
A 10 x 10−6
= 1.5Ω
Resistor (R)

• A device that is manufactured to have specific


resistance.
• Used to limit current flow and reduce voltage
applied to other components.
• Basic unit is ohm (Ω)
Resistor (R)
• Different examples of resistors
SELF-EXERCISE
i) In what time would a current of 1 A transfer a
charge of 30 C?
Answer:
ANSWER30s

ii) What would be the resistivity of 2m length


conductor wire if the resistance value is 500Ω
and the cross sectional area 0.5𝑚𝑚2
ANSWER
Answer: 125µΩm
POWER RATING
• The power rating of one resistor is a measure of its
ability to absorb heat when the current flows.
• The power rating is specified in the unit of Watt.
• Excessive heat can cause a resistor to burn or for a
carbon resistor can cause its resistance to increase
beyond normal acceptance.
POWER RATING
• Practically, under normal circumstances a safety factor
that is at least 100% must be supplied when a resistor is
selected for use in a circuit.
• In addition to resistance and tolerance on resistors,
Power Rating is an important thing.
• Power rating is carefully selected because the low -
power resistors may burn and cause the circuit to be
damaged.
• This is due to the high current through it.
POWER RATING
• The size and weight of the resistor are the things that
determine the power rating.
• When the power rating is small, the size of the resistor is small
and the large -sized resistor has a high power rate.
• The maximum voltage for carbon resistors is as follows:-

• 500 V for 1 watt rate


• 250 V for power rate ¼ watts
• 150 V for 1/8 watt power rate
POWER DISSIPATED IN RESISTOR
• This power disappears as heat in resistors.
• Power is driven by resistor in conjunction with the
current output through a multiplication resistor
with a resistance of resistor voltage.
POWER DISSIPATED IN RESISTOR
WIRE WOUND RESISTOR
• Wire wound resistor is a type of passive
component in which metal wires are used to
reduce or restrict the flow of electric current to a
certain level.
Construction of wire wound resistor
• The wire wound resistor is made by winding the metal
wire around a metal core.
• In wire wound resistors, metal wire is used as the
resistance element and metal core is used as the non-
conductive material.
• A Nichrome or manganin is commonly used as the
metal wires, because they provide high resistance to the
electric current and operates at high temperature.
• Most commonly used core materials include plastic,
fiberglass, or ceramic.
Construction of wire wound resistor
Construction of wire wound resistor

• Resistance of the wire wound resistor is


depends on three factors:
–resistivity of the metal wire
–length of the metal wire
–cross sectional area of the metal wire
Resistivity of the metal wire

• The resistance of the wire wound resistor is


directly proportional to the resistivity of the
metal wire.
• A metal wire with high resistance opposes or
blocks large amount of electric current.
Therefore, the wire wound resistor provides
high resistance to the electric current.
Resistivity of the metal wire

• On the other hand, a metal wire with low


resistance blocks small amount of electric
current.
• Therefore, the wire wound resistor provides
low resistance to the electric current.
Length of the metal wire
• The resistance of the wire wound resistor is
directly proportional to the length of the metal
wire.
• The long length metal wires offer high resistance
because the free electrons have to travel large
distance.
• The short length metal wires offer low resistance
because the free electrons have to travel only a
small distance.
Cross sectional area of the metal wire
• The resistance of a wire wound resistor is inversely
proportional to the cross sectional area of the metal
wire.
• The metal wires with small cross sectional area provides
less space for the free electrons to move.
• The metal wires with large cross sectional area provide
enough space for the free electrons to move freely.
Types of wire wound resistors
• The wire wound resistors
are classified into two types:

• Power wire wound


resistor
• Precision wire wound
resistor
Power wire wound resistor
• Power wire wound
resistors are the non-
inductive wire wound
resistors operates at high
temperature.
• These resistors are
commonly used for high
power applications.
Precision wire wound resistor
• Precision wire wound
resistor operates at low
temperature with high
accuracy.
• It is used as a precision
resistor in instrumentation
because of its high accuracy.
Applications of wire wound resistors
• Telecommunication • Telephone switching
• Computers systems
• Audio and video • Transducers
equipment instrumentation
• Medical electronic • Current and voltage
equipment balancing
• Defense and space • Current sensing
Advantages and disadvantages of wire wound
resistor
Advantages of wire wound Disadvantages of wire wound
resistor resistor
• Low cost • The wire wound resistors are
used only for low frequencies,
• High accuracy it is not suitable for high
• High stability frequencies.
• Wide resistance range • At high frequencies, it acts as
inductor. Hence, for high
frequencies non-inductive wire
wound resistors are used.
Carbon-film Resistor
Carbon-film Resistor
• Carbon film resistors are a type of fixed value
resistor.
• They are constructed out of a ceramic carrier with
a thin pure carbon film around it.
• This carbon film functions as the resistive material.
Advantages and Drawbacks
• Carbon film resistors are a significant improvement on
carbon composition resistors.
• However, in comparison to metal film and metal oxide
film, the commercially available resistance range is
limited.
• Metal and oxide film are not more expensive to produce
and have overall better properties.
Advantages and Drawbacks
• This type of resistor is widely used in electronics.
• Therefore it is important to note that the small resistors
have a capacitance of approximately 0.5 pF.
• Also, self-induction is around 0.01 μH for uncut resistors
and up to several μH for spiral cut resistors.
• These resistors are available in values between 1 Ω –
10,000 MΩ and have power ratings of 1/16, 1/8, 1/4,
1/2, 1, or 2 W.
Applications
• The typical uses for carbon film resistors are in high
voltage and high temperature applications.
• Operating voltages up to 15 kV with a nominal
temperature of 350 °C are feasible for carbon film
resistors..
• Example uses include high voltage power supplies,
radars, x-rays, and lasers.
Knowing Resistor Value
• There are three ways to identify the values of a resistor :-
– Color Coded
– Printed Number Code
– Body-End-Dot Code
RESISTOR
Good Resistor
• Measured Value is within the
range of the Rated Value.
• Measured Value – using an Ohmmeter
or a Multimeter
• Rated Value – determining the
Resistance of the Resistor thru
RESISTOR COLOR CODING
KAEDAH MEMBACA KOD NO.
100 1. PERINTANG 3 KOD NO.
NO 1 ( NILAI PERTAMA ) = 1
NO 2 ( NILAI KEDUA ) = 0
NO 3 ( PENDARAP ) = 0 = X1
NILAI RINTANGAN = 10 X 1
0 0 0 X1 = 10Ω

1 1 1 X 10 2. PERINTANG 4 KOD NO.


NO 1 ( NILAI PERTAMA ) = 1
2 2 2 X 100 NO 2 ( NILAI KEDUA ) = 0
3 3 3 X 1K NO 3 ( NILAI KETIGA ) = 0
NO 3 ( PENDARAP ) = 2 = X100
4 4 4 X 10K NILAI RINTANGAN = 100 X 100
= 10, 000 Ω
5 5 5 X 100K = 10 KΩ
6 6 6 X 1M
3. PERINTANG KOD NO. & ABJAD
7 7 7 X 10M
ABJAD MENUNJUKKAN KEKDUDUKAN TITIK
8 8 8 - PERPULUHAN DAN PREFIK
9 9 9 - R = OHM
K = KILO OHM
M = MEGA OHM

KOD NO. BIASANYA CONTOH :


TERDAPAT PADA PERINTANG
1002 SMD DAN JUGA PERINTANG R22 = 0.22Ω 3K3 = 3.3 KΩ
PRESET 33R = 33Ω

JABATAN ELEKTRIKAL & ELEKTRONIK


Body-End-Dot Code

• This system using three color code which is:-


–First color on the whole body of resistor
–Second color at the edge of the body of resistor
–Third color is a dot at the middle of the resistor
body
Exercises
1. What is the meaning for color code for Body-End-Dot system?
2. List down the types of variable resistors.
3. Identify the value from the figures below.
THANK YOU!
Any questions?

You might also like