Nature of Immunity
Immunity - host resistance
- ability of the body to combat
Any portal of entry
2 A’s
Antigen - protein, glycoprotein
(protein - has the ability to replicate and
duplicate DNS, shouldn’t replicate RNA)
Antibody - responder to plasma, natural
immunity
TYPES OF IMMUNITY
NATURAL IMMUNITY - leukocytes, bodies
ability to know self and non-self
Physical barrier - integumentary (skin) >
protector of other substance
Chemical barrier
> hydrochloric acid
> secretion, bile, sweat
> sebaceous gland, serum
WBC
> combat inflammation (leukocytes)
> physical injury to a specific part
*inflammation - releases 3 hormones or
chemical enzymes
5 Cardinal signs of HUBAG
- Pain
- Heat
- Redness
- Swelling
- Loss of function
BEN:
Neutrophil - neutropenic diet/ precaution
Normal: 2,500 ↓ called neutropenia
7,000 ↑ called neutrophilia
Eosinophil - key detector of self and non self
> combat using bradykinin, prostaglandin
Normal: 30 - 500 cell/ml ↑ called eosinophilia
Basophil - key component to the move freely in
the body (freely move in the lymphatic system)
> anticoagulant - prevents clot from clotting
(component of heparin)
> so leukocytes don’t clamp to each other
> among the three basophil is the largest
> has the ability to do phagocytosis
*if there's systemic problem you also need
neutrophil
Normal: 0.5 - 1%
ACQUIRED IMMUNITY - given artificially
Ex. E.P.I program, vaccines that are given to us
ACTIVE IMMUNITY - timelapse with
immunogen
> humoral immunity
> cell-mediated immunity
*in our body we have a memory cell (binary
memory cell)
Ex. if magkachicken pox naa nakay active
immunity sa chicken pox
PASSIVE IMMUNITY
> humoral immunity
> cell-mediated immunity
> you are not the carrier its given to you
Ex. breastfeeding
> last for a week
Risk group - infant, elderly
NATURAL ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
> when a person produce antibodies after
exposure, when you develop it will combat you
for a lifetime
Ex. chicken pox, measles
ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY
> when pathogen combat, artificially given, > bile, sweat, sudofire, irumen
antibodies will be produced
Ex. vaccines, plasma expander (serum) M - 10%
> macroglobulin
NATURAL ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY > fight viral and bacterial
> immunoglobulin passed to placenta to the
fetus, wait to pulsation to acquire D - 0.2%
Ex. breastmilk > four on surface of B cell
> releases mass cell in our mast cell
ARTIFICIAL ACQUIRED ACTIVE IMMUNITY (mast cell release histamine receptor H1)
> you are given globulins, you are not exposed
to said virus E - 0.004%
Ex. tetanus toxoid vaccine > allergic
> hypersensitivity
> release of bradykinin and prostaglandin 1
Cell recognition
> finest line of defense Cellular response
> humoral > synthesize cytotoxic cells to not migrate to
other part of the body
Surveillance team > release cytokine and chemokine in response
> lymphocytes and lymph nodes to antigen
Ex. tonsillitis, pharyngitis

Cell proliferation(nidaghan) IMMUNODEFICIENCIES

- increased quantity of antigen - Failure or absence
*B-cell will try to neutralize, T-cell will fight by
inhibiting RNA of the virus/bacteria that's why Primary Immunodeficiencies - does not work
hubag ka! completely
1. Bruton Dse - absence of stem cells
Humoral immune response 2. Di George Syndrome - thalamic problem,
> B - produces antigen to combat antigen absence of t-cell
present in the body > develop hypocalcemia after 24 hrs extreme
> T - lymphatic defender high
3. Swiss type immune deficiency syndrome -
Immunoglobulins - Y shape in nature adaptive humoral are absent
> present plasma
> B cells

G - 75 %
> quantity dako
Structure - smallest attached on phagocytosis

A - 25%
> immunoglobulin innate
SCREENING TEST FOR SUSPECTED
IMMUNODEFICIENCY
> WBC with differential platelet determination
↓ WBC - infection
> Chemistry panels (serum) - organ
compromise as a result of infection
liver enzyme level
> Posterior and lateral chest radiograph
Protein purified derivative - for HIV pt.
CD4 count - indicator for effective viral lobe
- confirmatory test
- detectors of WBC fighting agent
Elisa test - detect if positive or negative ang pt.
- enzyming immuno
- window period of 3-4 months

Western blood test - enzyme separate protein

SECONDARY IMMUNODEFICIENCY - indicator of HIV
- confirmatory test
AIDS - chronic, potentially life threatening
condition caused by the human CLINICAL MANIFESTATION OF HIV
immunodeficiency
UPPER BODY:
HIV - SOB
“Retrovirus” - function backwards, destroys - Dyspnea
RNA, it will create the terms of DNA - Chest pain
*the genes will be infected because of the - Pneumonia
making of DNA - TB
- Loss of appetite
Life cycle of HIV ORAL:
> attachment of fusing - Nausea
DNA virus attach RNA - Vomiting
> HIV will try to get CD4 into the surface, if - Candidiasis
musulod sa monocytes, dendritic cell can’t - Salmonella
clean the residual kay nakasulod na - Disentrintic
HEAD:
> Reverse transcription - Profound headache
- RNA altered, DNA will be the proviral cell - Confusion
- Seizure
> Integration
- your RNA will be connected to DNA, the DNA MALIGNANCY
strand will insert to other DNA (takod2), the
RNA can’t detect self or non self Kaposi Sarcoma (lesion) purple
> lymphatic vessel
DIAGNOSTIC TEST > cancer cells are found in the skin or muscle
membranes
CBC - for idiopathic anemia Universal precaution- white altrats infection
- Leukopenia
MANAGEMENT:
PPD 1. Trimethoprim - sulfamethoxazole
 2. Pentamidine - antiprotozoal > corticosteroid is important to avoid graft
3. Antiretroviral therapy - reverse rejection
transcript Ex. Renal transplant
4. Azidothymide
Side effects: Synerginic - twin
- Hallucination Allogeneic - compatibility human to human
- Anemia > 6 months corticosteroid to avoid graft
- Dizziness rejection
- Dry mouth Xenogenic - between human to animals
> ↑ % of graft rejection, seldom used
IMMUNOMODULATORS:
1. Interferon - protein so leukocytes fight
combat S L E - problem in collagen
2. Thymic Hormones - artificial > autoimmune dse in which immune system
modulators to stimulate the T cells attacks its own tissue, causing widespread
3. Interleukin II - stimulates gamma inflammation and tissue damage
interferon > rash are present
4. Plasmapheresis - removal and blood cause: idiopathic or widespread inflammation
> cause pt. To have/develop kidney failure
> immune complex hypersensitivity
Anaphylactic hypersensitivity - multi-systemic
allergic reaction IMMUNOREGULATORY DISTURBANCE IS
- release mast cell BROUGHT ABOUT THE COMBINATION OF
*wheezing sound - reflex to confide the antigen FOUR DISTINCT FACTORS:
Med: Antihistamine
● Genetic - presence of susceptibility
Desensitization genes
Ex. Blood Transfusion ● Hormones - estrogen (enhances
receptor of thalamus)
Cytotoxic hypersensitivity - complement type ● Environment
of reaction > cigar smoke
> Gradual onset > UV rays exposure
> Reexposure to an allergen > medications
> antibodies that are not found in the cell > Infections (systemic)
> emotional stress
Complement- goes to antibodies and becomes 1 > stress on the body
> silica dust exposure (common in mine
Immune complex hypersensitivity - works)
autoimmune disorder
> solvent agents that are not bound to cell Cutaneous manifestation:
surface out binds antibodies to form immune Butterfly - shaped erythematous rash
complex of different types > acute cutaneous lesion across the bridge to
the face and cheeks
Cell mediated hypersensitivity
Subcutaneous cutaneous hypersensitivity > preventing complication
>
Drug therapy:
Discoid rash - chronic rash with erythematous NSAIDS - prevents inflammation
papules or plaques
Antimalarial agents
Ex. hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine
Others: Watchout for retinopathy
- Oral ulcer Corticosteroid - assess immuno systems, CBC,
- Splinter hemorrhage - tiny blood spot urine output
- Alopecia
- Raynaud's phenomenon Immunosuppressive drug - suppress reduce
- Swelling tenderness and pain on end-organ damage
movement Ex. azathioprine and cyclophosphamide

Topical immunomodulators - treatment for

LUPUS NEPHRITIS - renal transplant malar rashes
> presences of antibodies and antigen
> daot and nephron ↓ GFR Nursing management:
- Increased fluid intake is not applicable > benefit from support groups
> urinalysis veryweek > refrain UV rays

Diagnostic findings:
Antinuclear antibody - identifies antinuclear
antibodies in the blood

Anti-DNA antibody - identifies antibody test

developed against the pt. own DNA

Anti-dsDNA antibody - antibody against DNA

that is highly specific to SLE which helps
differentiate it from drug induced lupus

Anti-SM antibody - antibody against IM, which

is a specific protein found in the nucleus

CBC - which may reveal anemia,

thrombocytopenia, leukocyte, or leukopenia

Goals of treatment:
> save the organ involved, preventing
progressive loss of organ function
> reducing the likelihood of acute dse
> minimizing dse related disabilities