Report of Nickel Current Condition dan Development

Plan in Indonesia related to Indonesia’s National Strategy

Why Nickel is important?

 What is nickel
Nickel is a type of metal that is used as a raw material for materials making[1].
Nickel is widely used as an alloying element in metal materials [2]. Nickel
characteristic of high impact strength and ductility is one of the factors as foundation of
nickel demanda in the manufacture of materials, especially alloys [3]. Common
materials that use nickel as an alloying element are stainless steel, alloy steel, and some
other non-ferrous metal alloys. Nickel also has low thermal and electrical conductivity,
good strength, toughness at high temperatures, and good corrosion and oxidation
resistance. [4]. Therefore, apart from being an alloying element, nickel is also widely
used in the textile and chemical industries [5], and electroplating[6]. The high demand
for nickel-containing goods has led to an increase in demand for nickel raw materials in
the market [7].

Figure 1. World consumption of nickel 2020 [7]

 Nickel mining global and Indonesia statistics
 Nickel can be obtained from main sources in the form of nickel sulfide ore
(nickel associated with sulfur) and nickel oxide ore (nickel associated with iron and/or
magnesium silicate)[6].
Indonesia only has nickel laterite reserves. Based on data from the U.S.
Geological Survey, nickel metal reserves in Indonesia are the largest in the world in
2020 with a reverse value of around 21,000,000 tons[8].

Global Nickel Reverse 2020

25
21
20
Nickel Reverse (in million tons)

20
16
15 14

10
6.9
5.5 4.8
5 2.8 2.8

0
Australia Brazil Canada China Cuba Indonesia Philippines Russia Other
Countries
Countries

Figure 2. Global Nickel Reverse 2020[8]

Based on data from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of Indonesia,
the total estimated and proven reserves of nickel ore are around 4.3 billion tons with the
total estimated and proven reserves of nickel metal being around 69 million tons[9].

Table 1. Indonesia’s Nickel Reserves 2017-2020[9]–[12]

Nickel Ore and Metal Reserves in Indonesia

N Ore Metal
Year
o Probable Proved Total Probable Proved Total
202 3,148,423,84 1,232,770,56 4,381,194,41 48,444,79 20,949,29 69,394,08
1
0 3 8 1 0 0 0
201 3,509,266,06 1,085,325,02 4,594,591,09 54,273,60 17,716,02 71,989,62
2
9 9 2 1 1 3 4
201 2,872,674,32 3,571,561,59 39,700,09 37,021,66 76,721,75
3 698,887,276
8 0 6 0 7 7
4 201 379,158,129 3,442,989,02 3,822,147,15 22,321,97 45,350,90 67,672,87
 7 2 1 0 0 0

 Nickel price per august 2021

As one of the required materials, the demand for stainless steel tends to increase.
This affects the price of raw materials for stainless steel, including nickel[13]. The
largest use of nickel in the world currently is still in the manufacture of stainless
steel[14]. The increasing demand for stainless steel will certainly affect the increase in
nickel demand as well.

Figure 3. Stainless Steel metals index July 2021[15]

Based on the London Market Exchange, nickel prices in the last 5 years tend to
increase. The highest price reached US$ 19,892 in July 2021[16].
 Figure 4. Nickel price based on LME 2016-2021[16]
Indonesia's policy related to nickel
As a country based on law, Indonesia has the 1945 Constitution (UUD'45) as the legal
basis that regulates all activities in the territory of the Republic of Indonesia[17]. Based on
the 1945 Constitution, the Indonesian government issues various government policies to
regulate all activities that apply in the country[18]. All regulations issued by the government,
including the 1945 Constitution, are shown in Table 2.
Table 2. Indonesian Government Policy Type[19]
Indonesian Government Policy
No
Bahasa Indonesia Version English Version
1 Undang-Undang Dasar (UUD) Indonesian Constitution
2 Undang-Undang Dasar Sementara (UUDS) Provisional Constitution
3 Peraturan Kolonial Colonial Era Law
4 Undang-Undang (UU) Indonesian Law
5 Undang-Undang Darurat (UU DRT) Emergency Act
6 Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang- Government Regulation in Lieu of
Undang (PERPPU) Law
7 Peraturan Pemerintah (PP) Government Regulation
8 Peraturan Presiden (PERPRES) Presidential Regulation
9 Penetapan Presiden (PENPRES) Presidential Decree
10 Keputusan Presiden (KEPPRES) Presidential Decree
11 Instruksi Presiden (INPRES) Presidential Instruction
12 Ketetapan Majelis Permusyawaratan Rakyat Decree of the People's Consultative
(TAP MPR) Assembly
13 Regulation of the Supreme Audit
Peraturan Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK)
Agency
14 Peraturan Bank Indonesia (PBI) Bank Indonesia Regulation
15 Otoritas Jasa Keuangan (OJK) Financial Services Authority
16 Peraturan Daerah (PERDA) Regional Regulation
17 Peraturan Menteri (PERMEN) Ministerial Regulation
18 Peraturan Lembaga Pemerintah Non- Non-Ministerial Government
Kementerian (PERLPNK) Institution Regulations
19 Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi (Putusan MK) Constitutional Court Decision
20 Putusan Mahkamah Agung (Putusan MA) Supreme Court Decision

 Policy related to metal mining

Metal mining in Indonesia has occurred since centuries ago in the history of Indonesia.
These regulations can be categorized based on the period of issuance into 4 categories,
namely the colonial era, the old order era, the new order era, and the reform era. Before
the colonial era, Indonesia was still divided, led by several ruling kingdoms
respectively. At this time, no written regulations or agreements related to mineral
mining have been found[20]. At present, regulations related to mineral mining continue
to evolve over time to adapt to conditions, situations, and needs in the field [21]. Table 3
shows the list of several metal mining policies in Indonesia for the last several years.

Table 3. Indonesian policies for metal mining activities[22]–[30]

Indonesian Metal Mining Policy
No Bahasa Indonesia Version English Version
Title Content Title Content
Perubahan atas
Amendment to
Undang-Undang
Indonesian Law
UU No 3 Tahun Nomor 4 Tahun 2009 Indonesian Law
1 Number 4 of 2009
2020 Tentang Number 3 of 2020
concerning Mineral
Pertambangan Mineral
and Coal Mining
dan Batubara
2 PERMEN ESDM Tata Cara Pemberian Ministry of Energy Procedures for
No 7 Tahun 2020 Wilayah, Perizinan, and Mineral Granting Areas,
dan Pelaporan pada Resources Licensing, and
 Reporting on
Kegiatan Usaha
Regulation Number Mineral and Coal
Pertambangan Mineral
7 of 2020 Mining Business
dan Batubara
Activities
Third Amendment to
Perubahan Ketiga atas
Ministry of Energy
Peraturan Menteri
Ministry of Energy and Mineral
Energi dan Sumber
and Mineral Resources
PERMEN ESDM Daya Mineral Nomor
3 Resources Regulation Number
No 17 Tahun 2020 25 Tahun 2018
Regulation Number 25 of 2018
Tentang Pengusahaan
17 of 2020 concerning Mineral
Pertambangan Mineral
and Coal Mining
dan Batubara
Business
Fifth Amendment to
Perubahan Kelima Government
atas Peraturan Regulation Number
Pemerintah Nomor 23 Government 23 of 2010
4 PP No 8 Tahun 2018 Tahun 2010 Tentang Regulation Number concerning the
Pelaksanaan Kegiatan 8 of 2018 Implementation of
Usaha Pertambangan Mineral and Coal
Mineral dan Batubara Mining Business
Activities
Second Amendment
Perubahan Kedua atas to Ministry of
Peraturan Menteri Energy and Mineral
Energi dan Sumber Resources
Daya Mineral Nomor Regulation Number
Ministry of Energy
11 Tahun 2018 11 of 2018
and Mineral
PERMEN ESDM Tentang Tata Cara concerning
5 Resources
No 51 Tahun 2018 Pemberian Wilayah, Procedures for
Regulation Number
Perizinan, dan Regional Granting,
51 of 2018
Pelaporan pada Licensing, and
Kegiatan Usaha Reporting on
Pertambangan Mineral Mineral and Coal
dan Batubara Mining Business
Activities
Pelaksanaan Kaidah Ministry of Energy Implementation of
Pertambangan yang and Mineral Good Mining Rules
PERMEN ESDM
6 Baik dan Pengawasan Resources and Supervision of
No 26 Tahun 2018
Pertambangan Mineral Regulation Number Mineral and Coal
dan Batubara 26 of 2018 Mining
7 PERMEN ESDM Perizinan di Bidang Ministry of Energy Licensing in Mineral
 and Mineral
Pertambangan Mineral Resources
No 34 Tahun 2017 and Coal Mining
dan Batubara Regulation Number
34 of 2017
Pelaksanaan Implementation of
Ministry of Energy
Reklamasi dan Reclamation and
and Mineral
PERMEN ESDM Pascatambang pada Post-mining in
8 Resources
No 7 Tahun 2014 Kegiatan Usaha Mineral and Coal
Regulation Number
Pertambangan Mineral Mining Business
7 of 2014
dan Batubara Activities
Government Reclamation and
PP No 78 Tahun Reklamasi dan
9 Regulation Number Post-mining
2010 Pascatambang
78 of 2010 Activities

 Policy related to metal or mineral export

Economic movements and growth in Indonesia are influenced by global economic
condition. The occurrence of buying and selling transactions between countries allows
the occurrence of economic turnover[31]. This transaction activity directs the
occurrence of export and import activities from a country[32]. As one of the countries
with abundant mineral resources, Indonesia also exports minerals to several other
countries in the world[33]. Indonesia has also become one of the exporters of several
types of metals in the world, including iron and stainless steel[34], [35]. To supervise
and regulate these export activities, the Indonesian government issued several
regulations related to the export of minerals and metals as shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Indonesian policies for mineral export activities[36]–[40]

Indonesian Metal Mining Policy
No Bahasa Indonesia Version English Version
Title Content Title Content
1 PERMEN ESDM Perubahan Ketiga atas Ministry of Energy Third Amendment to
No 11 Tahun 2020 Peraturan Menteri and Mineral Ministry of Energy
Energi dan Sumber Resources and Mineral
Daya Mineral Nomor Regulation Number Resources
07 Tahun 11 of 2020 Regulation Number
2017Tentang Tata 07 of 2017
Cara Penetapan Harga concerning
Patokan Penjualan Procedures for
Mineral Logam dan Determining
Batubara Benchmark Prices
 for Sales of Metal
Minerals and Coal
Third Amendment to
Perubahan Ketiga atas
Ministry of Energy
Peraturan Menteri
and Mineral
Energi dan Sumber
Resources
Daya Mineral Nomor
Regulation Number
06 Tahun 2017
Ministry of Energy 06 of 2017
Tentang Tata Cara dan
and Mineral concerning
PERMEN ESDM Persyaratan
2 Resources Procedures and
No 35 Tahun 2017 Pemberian
Regulation Number Requirements for
Rekomendasi
35 of 2017 Providing
Pelaksanaan Penjualan
Recommendations
Mineral ke Luar
for the Overseas
Negeri Hasil
Sales of Minerals
Pengolahan dan
Processing and
Pemurnian
Refining Results

Amendment to the
Perubahan atas Ministry of Trade
PERMEN Peraturan Menteri Ministry of Trade Regulation Number
3 PERDAGANGAN Perdagangan Nomor 4 Regulation Number 4 of 2018
No 36 Tahun 2019 Tahun 2018 Tentang 36 of 2019 concerning
Ketentuan Ekspor Sisa Provisions for the
dan Skrap Logam Export of Metal
Waste and Scrap
PERMEN Procedures for
PERDAGANGAN Tata Cara Penetapan Ministry of Trade
Determining Export
No Harga Patokan Ekspor Regulation Number
4 Benchmark Prices
09/M-DAG/PER/2/2 atas Produk 09/M-DAG/PER/2/2 for Mining Products
017 Pertambangan yang 017 Subject to Export
Dikenakan Bea Keluar
Duties
PERMEN Ministry of Trade
Ketentuan Ekspor Provisions for
PERDAGANGAN Regulation Number
5 Produk Pertambangan Export of Processed
No 01/M-DAG/PER/1/2
Hasil Pengolahan dan and Purified Mining
01/M-DAG/PER/1/2 017
Pemurnian Products
017

Ni production status in Indonesia

 Global and Indonesia Ni production statistic
Over the years, Indonesia has continued to try to process natural resources as much as
possible, including nickel. As the year progresses and more exploration is carried out,
Indonesia strives to continuously improve its mineral mining output to meet market
demand[41]. As shown in Figure 5, nickel production tends to increase every year.
There was a decline in 2020 due to the worldwide COVID-19 pandemic[42].

Figure 5. Global nickel production 2014-2020 and forecast 2021-2024[42]

Nickel product in the world is divided into 2 categories, nickel class 1 and class 2. Class
1 consists of products in the form of electrolytes, powders, briquettes, and carbonyl
nickel. Class 2 consists of nickel pig iron (NPI) and ferronickel. The difference between
the two is the amount of nickel content, class 2 commonly has a lower nickel content.
Nickel class 2 is used for stainless steel production due to the iron content in it, whilst
nickel class 1 is used for another product making including battery[43]. The largest
nickel production currently is nickel class 2 production as shown in Figure 6. This is
certainly in line with the amount of nickel used for stainless steel as the largest use of
nickel compared to other categories as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 6. Global majority nickel products[44]

In 2020, 35% of nickel production will be produced from nickel sulfide ore and 65%
from nickel laterite ore[44]. Most of the nickel production generate product used as
alloying element, including for stainless steel making[7].

Figure 7. World’s nickel production in 2020[44]

The implementation of the ban on nickel ore exports by the Indonesian government
affects the global market supply and demand for nickel[45]. This ban also forces
entrepreneurs in the nickel mining sector to process their ore first, resulting in an
increase in the value of nickel products[46]. The nickel product that is mostly produced
in Indonesia is nickel class 2, including the NPI[44]. Figure 8 shows that there was an
increase in Indonesian NPI products in 2020 after the ban on nickel ore exports. A
significant increase is predicted to occur in 2021. This export ban also affects the
production of nickel products in China as one of the export destinations for Indonesian
nickel ore. Without an adequate supply of nickel ore, it will certainly affect the decline
in nickel production in China.
 Figure 8. Indonesian NPI production compare to another 2018-2020[47]

The future strategy of Ni in Indonesia

 How Ni production contribute to Indonesia's national strategy
 Indonesia’s national strategy project and program
Along with technological developments, the world is experiencing the 4th
industrial revolution[48]. This industrial revolution will focus on technological
developments in various aspects of human life, not only in the field of industry and
technology specifically[49]. This technological development has also brought the
world's interest in renewable resources and human efforts to find more environmentally
friendly technologies, including electric vehicles[50].
Indonesia as a developing country is also trying to follow the development of
this industrial revolution. The government has prepared 5 main sectors in carrying out
the plan to make Indonesia 4.0. These 5 sectors will be the sectors that the government
will focus on, namely the food and beverage sector; textiles and clothing; automotive;
electronic; and chemistry. In the automotive sector, the government has a mission to
develop a reliable, competitive, and sustainable automotive industry. This is also
included in the development of the production chain of electric vehicles[51]. In 2018,
the Indonesian government has set 10 national priority steps in order to implement the
roadmap to Making Indonesia 4.0[52]. One of the prioritized steps is to attract foreign
investors with the aim of meeting the budget for Indonesia's development towards the
industrial revolution 4.0[53].
This is certainly in line with the National Strategic Project that has been
designed by the Indonesian government. National Strategic Projects (PSN) are projects
and/or programs implemented by the Central Government, Regional Governments,
and/or Business Entities that have a strategic nature for growth and equitable
development in the context of efforts to create jobs and improve community welfare.
The President of the Republic of Indonesia, Joko Widodo, has designated 225 projects
and 1 program as a national strategic project[54]. President Joko Widodo also issued a
regulation in order to accelerate the completion of these projects which was contained
in Presidential Regulation Number 3 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of
Implementation of National Strategic Projects[55]. After an annual evaluation and
completion of several projects, the President of Indonesia issued Presidential
Regulation Number 109 of 2020 concerning the third amendment to Presidential
Regulation Number 3 of 2016 concerning the Acceleration of Implementation of
National Strategic Projects, and based on this regulation 201 projects and 10 programs
have been established as PSN. [56].
One of these projects is 18 industrial estate projects and special economic zones.
In this industrial area project, some of them will be intended for industrial development
related to batteries. As the most important component in electric vehicles, the effort to
manufacture battery components is one of the government's targets in the roadmap to
Making Indonesia 4.0[51]. One of the strategies carried out by the government in the
automotive sector is to increase local production in terms of production efficiency of
raw materials and important components through technology adoption and
infrastructure development, such as the construction of integrated industrial zones and
more efficient logistics platforms[57]. This will certainly be related to one of the 10
national priority steps, namely attracting foreign investors to invest in Indonesia[53].
The smelter development program is one of 10 programs established based on
Presidential Regulation No. 109 of 2020. The Indonesian government targeting 53
smelters to operate by 2024, which 30 of them are nickel smelters[58]. The construction
of the smelter is carried out to increase the added value of minerals while creating a
multiplier effect for the national economy[59]. This is also one of the government's
efforts to implement the Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 3 of 2020
concerning amendments to the Indonesian Law Number 4 of 2009 concerning mineral
and coal mining, or what is known as the Minerba Law, which in it explains policies for
the implementation of the obligation to increase the added value of minerals through
domestic processing and refining activities[22].
 Government’s plan related to Ni production chain
As a country with the largest nickel deposits in the world today, the Indonesian
government is trying to process this mineral resource as much as possible. This has
begun to be shown by the government's efforts to downstream nickel[60]. The
implementation of the Minerba Law which prohibits the export of raw nickel is one of
the first steps that the government has taken[46].
Currently, the largest nickel production in the world is Class 2 nickel, which
consists of NPI and ferronickel[44]. Both are raw materials in the manufacture of
stainless steel, and stainless steel is the largest consumption of nickel in the world
today. NPI and ferronickel are made by smelting[61]. Therefore, the government has
begun to focus on the construction of smelters in Indonesia and accelerate their
construction so that they can start operating immediately. 53 smelters are planned to be
operational in 2024, 30 of which are nickel smelters. The construction of this smelter is
one of the PSN programs launched by President Joko Widodo[58].
Currently, there are 5 smelters out of 30 nickel smelters that will start using
HPAL technology to produce Mix Hydroxide Precipitate (MHP) and Mix Sulfide
Precipitate (MSP)[62]. Both are raw materials for nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate.
Nickel sulphate and cobalt sulphate are the basic materials used to make Li-ion
batteries[63]. The construction of this smelter is one of the steps taken by the
Indonesian government to achieve one of its long-term targets, namely establishing a
domestic battery production chain[64].

Figure 9. Indonesia’s plan for electric vehicle market[60]

The increasing interest of countries in the world for clean energy is one of the
triggers for the increase in interest and demand for electric vehicles[50]. In the future,
this demand will continue to increase and the need for basic materials will also
increase[65]. This has prompted the Indonesian government to target the Indonesian
market not only as a market for raw materials or semi-finished materials, but also as the
largest supplier of battery needs to support the world's high demand for electric
vehicles. The Indonesian government is also targeting in the long term to be able to
have a complete domestic production chain of electric vehicles, not only producing raw
materials[57].
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