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PDF 20240121 141238 0000
PDF 20240121 141238 0000
B U I L D I N G
I N F O R M A T I O N
M O D E L I N G
2023
S E C O N D E D I T I O N
INTRODUCTION
Building Information Modeling (BIM) is one of the most promising developments in the architecture, engineering
and construction (AEC) industries. With BIM technology, an accurate virtual model of a building is constructed
digitally. When completed, the computer - generated model contains precise geometry and relevant data needed to
support the construction, fabrication, and procurement activities needed to realize the building. BIM also
accommodates many of the functions needed to model the lifecycle of a building, providing the basis for new
construction capabilities and changes in the roles and relationships among a project team. When implemented
appropriately, BIM facilitates a more integrated design and construction process that results in better quality
buildings at lower cost and reduced project duration.
The concept of ‘BIM Levels’ (and ‘BIM Level 2 compliance’) has become the ‘accepted’
definition of what criteria are required to be deemed BIM-compliant, by seeing the adoption
process as the next steps in a journey that has taken the industry from the drawing board to
the computer and, ultimately, into the digital age.
BIM levels start with 0 and go to 4D, 5D, and even 6D BIM. The purpose of these levels is to
gauge how effectively, or how much information is being shared and managed throughout
the entire process.
Note:-
WORKING IN ONE MODEL WITH MANY VIEWS
As of this day, there are 4 levels describing the maturity of BIM use. It is not about the age of
the model. Nor does it describe the details or clarity a BIM model may possess - those will be
specified by different BIM classifications. In fact, BIM maturity level is the definition of criteria
requirements to be deemed BIM-compliant by determining the collaborative working.
Represent the
3D Visualization
building in 3D
Facilitate
4D Time Programming
Concerns Facilities
6D Operation Management
Provide
Environmental and
7D Sustainability energy-efficiency
solution
Embed emergency
8D Safety plans and prevent
security issues
The stages are represented by numbers to avoid confusion with the stages in
the RIBA Outline Plan of Work 2007, which were represented by letters. The
shift to numbers also allows the stages to be aligned with a set of unified
industry stages agreed through the Construction Industry Council (CIC).
Aligning the stage numbers in the RIBA Plan of Work 2013 with this structure
helps to achieve one of the core objectives of the RIBA Plan of Work 2013,
namely greater cohesion within the construction industry.
STAGE 5: CONSTRUCTION
OFFSITE MANUFACTURING AND ONSITE CONSTRUCTION IN ACCORDANCE WITH CONSTRUCTION PROGRAMME AND
RESOLUTION OF DESIGN QUERIES FROM SITE AS THEY ARISE
STAGE 7: IN USE
UNDERTAKE IN USE SERVICES IN ACCORDANCE WITH SCHEDULE OF SERVICES.
All of the elements that you add to your Revit projects; whether they are walls, roofs,
doors, structural members, mechanical equipment, or plumbing fixtures; or even
annotation elements such as elevation symbols, door tags, and column grid lines; are
organized into families.
LEVEL OF DEVELOPMENT
LOD 100
The levels begin with LOD 100 which refers to the pre-design stage for concept design. The design only exists as a
massing model with 2D symbols to signify the presence of an element.
LOD 200
LOD 200 is suitable for design development during the schematic design phase where design elements only need to
be generically represented by their approximate quantity, shape and sizes. As it is still a BIM project regardless, there
may be non-geometric information attached to the elements.
LOD 300
When the graphical representation of a design element becomes specific with details such as size, shape, orientation
etc., we get LOD 300. Detailed drawings and modelling are usually BIM LOD 300 compliant, ready for time-scaled
detailed production.
LOD 400
At LOD 400, the model is at the appropriate stage for production and fabrication. It has been modelled for
assembly with all the specific components and information required for the processes. Non-geometric information
may be available at this stage, which has been present since LOD 200.
LOD 500
The details information at LOD 500 is considered equivalent to as-built models. The components are created with
real-life information and functions for the purpose of operations and maintenance. This information includes cost and
purchase documentation and recorded measured performance.
STAGE DESCRIPTION
0 Strategic Definition
2 Concept Design
3 Developed Design
LOD 200
4 Technical Design
5 Construction
LOD 300
6 Handover and Close Out
The Level of Development (LOD) is a measure of the amount of detail and accuracy of a
Building Information Model (BIM) at a particular point in time.
The RIBA Plan of Work does not explicitly define LOD, but it is commonly used in the industry
to describe the level of detail required at each stage of the plan.
IN CONCLUSION
The relationship between LOD and RIBA Work Plan Stages is that the level of detail required in
the BIM increases as the project progresses through the stages of the RIBA Plan of Work.
For example, at Stage 0, the BIM may only contain basic information such as site location and
building footprint, while at Stage 4, the BIM should contain detailed information such as
structural and mechanical systems.
The 3D model can be used to generate 2D views of geometric information at different levels of
detail, schedules, and reports on objects of different types within the 3D model.
BIM dimensions have evolved from a need to differentiate between modeling geometry in two
or three dimensions.
Adding further aspects to this modeling can help project teams understand what information
they are setting out to model.
There is little international consensus beyond this, and arguably cost isn’t a ‘dimension’ at all –
it is just a further information field.
I hope this helps! Let me know if you have any other questions.
-Henri Fayol
"Management is the process by which co-operative group directs actions towards common
goals."
-Joseph Massie
"Management is that process by which managers create, direct, maintain and operate
purposive organization through systematic, coordinated and cooperative human efforts."
-McFarland
"Management is the coordination of all resources through the process of planning,
organising, directing and controlling in order to attain stated goals.“
-Henry Sisk
Evaluate and select the appropriate software, tools, and platforms for
implementing BIM in the project.
BIM Chief: A BIM Chief is a senior-level position that oversees the overall BIM
strategy and implementation for an organization or a large-scale project. A BIM Chief
is responsible for defining the BIM vision, goals, and standards, as well as
establishing the BIM governance and policies. A BIM Chief also leads the BIM team
and coordinates with the senior management, clients, and external stakeholders to
ensure the successful delivery of BIM projects. A BIM Chief may have a background
in architecture, engineering, construction, or project management, and should have
extensive experience and knowledge in BIM processes, technologies, and best
practices. A BIM Chief may also be involved in research and development,
innovation, and training activities related to BIM.
BIM Champion: A BIM Champion is a person who helps the project team to plan
and implement BIM processes and standards in a project. A BIM Champion can
either be an internal champion or an external advisor, depending on the needs and
resources of the project. A BIM Champion may have a background in architecture,
engineering, construction, or design, and should have a good understanding of BIM
software, tools, and workflows. A BIM Champion may also be involved in research
and development, innovation, and training activities related to BIM
In summary, a BIM Chief is a strategic leader who sets the direction and vision for BIM,
while a BIM Champion is an operational leader who executes and delivers BIM projects.
Both roles are essential for the successful adoption and implementation of BIM in the
AEC sector.
BIM JOB TITLES SUMMARY
BIM Facilitator: is a person who helps the project team to plan and implement BIM
processes and standards in a project. A BIM Facilitator can either be an internal champion
or an external advisor, depending on the needs and resources of the project.
To work with the project team to develop a BIM Execution Plan (BEP), which defines
the scope, objectives, and deliverables of BIM in the project.
To monitor and review the BIM performance and quality of the project, and provide
feedback and recommendations for improvement.
To resolve any BIM-related issues or conflicts that may arise during the project, and
ensure compliance with the BIM standards and protocols.
To support the BIM team and other project participants in the use of BIM software,
tools, and workflows, and provide training and guidance as needed.
BIM JOB TITLES SUMMARY
BIM System Developer: is a person who creates and maintains the software systems
and tools that support the BIM process and workflows.
Stage 1: Preparation and Brief: This stage involves developing the Initial Project Brief into the
Final Project Brief, which is based on further research, site analysis, and consultation. It also
includes preparing the Project Execution Plan, which outlines the project strategies, such as
sustainability, planning, cost, and risk. The main outcome of this stage is the Concept Design,
which is the initial architectural response to the brief.
Stage 2: Concept Design: This stage involves developing the Concept Design into a coherent
and coordinated design proposal, which meets the requirements of the brief and the project
strategies. It also includes preparing the Outline Specification, which describes the materials
and systems to be used in the project. The main outcome of this stage is the Developed
Design, which is the basis for the planning application and the technical design.
Stage 3: Developed Design: This stage involves developing the Developed Design into a
detailed and resolved design proposal, which is aligned with the cost plan and the
construction strategy. It also includes preparing the Building Regulations submission and any
other third party submissions requiring consent. The main outcome of this stage is the
Technical Design, which is the final design information for construction.
Stage 4: Technical Design: This stage involves preparing the Technical Design in accordance
with the design responsibility matrix and the project strategies. It includes all the
architectural, structural, and building services information, as well as the specialist
subcontractor and supplier design and specifications. The main outcome of this stage is the
Construction Information, which is the information required for tendering and construction.
Stage 5: Construction: This stage involves the construction of the project in accordance with
the Construction Information and the contract. It also includes the administration of the
contract, the inspection of the works, and the resolution of any design queries or issues. The
main outcome of this stage is the Practical Completion, which is the point when the building
is ready for occupation.
Stage 6: Handover and Close Out: This stage involves the handover of the building to the
client, including the provision of the As-constructed Information, the Building Manual, and
the Health and Safety File. It also includes the completion of the defects liability period, the
final account, and the post-occupancy evaluation. The main outcome of this stage is the End
of Defects Liability Certificate, which is the point when the project is formally closed.
Stage 7: In Use: This stage involves the operation and maintenance of the building, as well as
the monitoring and evaluation of its performance. It also includes the implementation of the
Plan for Use strategy, which aims to improve the outcomes and benefits of the project. The
main outcome of this stage is the Lessons Learnt Report, which is the feedback for future
projects.
BIM HANDBOOK SUMMARY
Purpose: The Summary serves as a comprehensive guide to Building Information
Modeling (BIM), offering in-depth understanding of BIM technologies and their
implementation in the construction industry.
Structure: The book is structured into multiple chapters, each focusing on different
aspects of BIM, from tools and interoperability to case studies and future trends.
DBB Limitations: It mentions that DBB requires owner approval before procuring
materials, leading to delays, especially for long lead time items. The commissioning
phase occurs after construction, involving system tests and final documentation
delivery to the owner. The process is deemed time-consuming, error-prone, and
not cost-efficient.
BIM and DB: Building Information Modeling (BIM) technology enhances the DB
process by enabling early collaboration and model sharing, leading to better
utilization of resources and project efficiency.
BIM HANDBOOK SUMMARY
Parametric Modeling: Discusses the evolution of object-based parametric
modeling, which allows for automatic updates of objects based on user control or
changing contexts.
BIM Tools: Reviews major BIM (Building Information Modeling) tools and their
capabilities, including the creation of complex geometries and interfacing with
analyses and cost estimations.
Design Evolution: Traces the history of building modeling technology from early
3D modeling to the sophisticated parametric modeling tools used today.
Property & Attribute Handling: The section addresses the need for objects in
parametric modeling to carry properties for interpretation, analysis, pricing, and
procurement. It highlights the challenge of managing property sets due to varying
requirements across different applications.
Scalability & Open Questions: The document raises concerns about scalability in
large projects and open questions regarding the strengths and limitations of
object-based parametric modeling, interoperability issues, and differences
between construction, fabrication, and architectural BIM tools.
BIM HANDBOOK SUMMARY
Tekla Structures: Described as a versatile tool for modeling structures with various
materials and supporting large models with multiple users1. However, it’s complex
and requires skilled operators.
The National BIM Standard (NBIMS) in the USA and the Information Delivery Manual
(IDM) in Europe are efforts directed towards specifying IFC Views for specific workflow
exchanges in the construction industry.
Schedule Management: BIM processes help deliver facilities faster and more
efficiently, reducing time-to-market for manufacturing organizations.
Estimating Software: Owners use various software for project cost estimation, with
Microsoft Excel being the most common. U.S. Cost Success Estimator is mentioned
as a software specifically designed for owners.
Guidelines for Owners: Offers advice for owners considering BIM adoption, including
performing pilot projects, focusing on clear business goals, and establishing metrics for
progress.
Space Planning: Discusses the use of space planning systems like Facility Composer,
which compares current layouts with program requirements.
Conceptual Design Tools: Mentions the limitations of current tools in supporting the
full scope of conceptual design services and the need for integration or development of
new tools.
Structural Details: The section discusses how structural engineers provide detailed
models for construction, including concrete rebar and steel connections.
BIM Tools: The text mentions that most Building Information Modeling (BIM) tools
support a mix of 3D components, 2D sections, and symbolic representations.
Quantity Takeoff & Cost Estimating: Estimators leverage BIM for quantity takeoff
and support the estimating process, although no BIM tool fully replaces
spreadsheets or estimating packages.
Exporting Options: Three primary methods are discussed for estimators to utilize
BIM data: exporting to estimating software, linking BIM directly to estimating
software, and using a BIM quantity takeoff tool.
Additionally, the use of RFID tags is covered, emphasizing their role in tracking
component delivery and installation onsite, with BIM components updating
automatically to provide rapid feedback on field progress.
The text suggests that the adoption of BIM in the field will grow as mobile devices
become more common for delivering BIM information to field workers.
BIM HANDBOOK SUMMARY
3D Modeling Productivity: The section discusses an experiment evaluating 3D
modeling productivity in reinforced concrete building projects. It presents data
comparing hours worked in 3D modeling, reinforcement detailing, and drawing
production against traditional 2D hours, showing significant reductions in time.
Material Management: BIM systems should provide material takeoff lists and
integrate with logistics software for efficient collection and delivery of parts at the
right time.
Technology Aids: Technologies like barcodes and RFID tags are used for tracking
components such as pipe spools and duct sections.
CAD vs. BIM: CAD-based applications lack the ability to maintain logical integrity
when changes occur, unlike BIM applications which adjust neighboring sections
and interfaces automatically. CAD tools are still used due to their ability to support
file formats for design coordination programs.
BIM HANDBOOK SUMMARY
Design and Performance Analysis: Firms under the primary design firm’s
leadership offer new design and performance analyses or production advice,
enhancing efficiency and practicality.
Building Design Continuity: While many aspects of building design will remain
rooted in current practice, there will be a gradual increase in the use of BIM to
generate consistent drawings and integrate building performance capabilities.
Owner Experience: Owners will see changes in service quality and reliability, with
more options for 3D visualizations, conceptual models, and programmatic analysis,
leading to better project budget, program compliance, and delivery schedule
reliability.
Models & Analyses: It talks about the increasing use of models to support various
analyses for energy, structures, acoustics, lighting, environmental impacts, and
fabrication. These models will also automate checks for building codes, material
design handbooks, product warranties, and more.
Workflow & Contracts: It mentions the potential for contracts to refer to workflow
exchanges defined in the National BIM Standard, outlining work plans and
collaboration models for project development.
Building Product Manufacturers: The text suggests that as BIM becomes more
common, designers will prefer building products that can be directly inserted into
models, leading to more sophisticated and intelligent product specifications.
BIM Benefits: Highlights the cost and time savings from BIM-based planning and
asset management, largely due to standardizing processes and digital knowledge
capture.
Cultural Changes: Notes significant cultural shifts required for BIM-based work
processes, such as digital data entry and template use over freeform design.
Broad Access: Stresses the necessity of making BIM accessible to a wide range of
users for successful implementation in projects like ISC and OCCSU.