AFFECTIVE MEANING ON MAIN CHARACTER IN LESS

MISSERABLE MOVIE

A PROPOSAL

Submitted to the Proposal Examiners Team in Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirement of Degree of Sarjana Sastra (S.S.) at English Literature
Study Program, Language and Literature Departemen of Faculty of
Humanities at Universitas Halu Oleo

VENANCIA CINDY KUENTISTA

N1D218080

ENGLISH LITERATURE STUDY PROGRAM

LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF HUMANITIES
UNIVERSITAS HALU OLEO
KENDARI
2022
 APPROVAL SHEET

This proposal has been corrected and approved by the supervisors to be

presented in the proposal committee at the English Literature Study Program,

Language and Literature Department, Faculty of Humanities, Halu Oleo

University.

Title : Affective Meaning On Main Character in Les Miserable

Movie
Student Name : Venancia Cindy Kuentista

Register Number : N1D218080

Kendari, April 2022

Approved by,

Supervisor, Co Supervisor,

Drs. Ansor Putra, M.Hum. Nur Israfyan S, S.Pd.,

NIP 19660424 199903 1 001 M.Hum.
NIP 19860408 201504 003

Head of Language and Literature Head of English Literature

Departement, Study Program,

Dr. Lilik Rita Lindayani, S.Pd., M.Hum. Drs. Ansor Putra, M.Hum.
NIP 19730728 200801 2 009 NIP 19660424 199903 1 001

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Contents
APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................................2
1.1 Background of study.......................................................................................4
1.2 Research Question...........................................................................................6
1.3 Objective of the study......................................................................................6
1.4 Scope of the study...........................................................................................6
1.5 Significance of the Study................................................................................7
1.5.1 Theoretical Significance.................................................................................7
1.5.2 Practical Significance......................................................................................7
1.6 Definition of Terms.........................................................................................7
1. Meaning.......................................................................................................7
2. Affective Meaning.......................................................................................8
3. Movie Script................................................................................................8
2.1 Semantics........................................................................................................9
2.2 Element of semantic Structure......................................................................10
2.3 Areas of meaning: cognitive and linguistic meaning....................................11
2.4 Aspect of Meaning........................................................................................13
2.5 Dimension of Linguistic Meaning................................................................15
2.5.1 Quality Dimension........................................................................................16
2.5.2 Intensity Dimension......................................................................................16
2.5.3 Specifity Dimension......................................................................................16
2.5.4 vagueness Dimension....................................................................................17
2.5.5 Basicness Dimension....................................................................................18
2.5.6 Viewpoint Dimension...................................................................................18
2.5.7 Boundedness Dimension...............................................................................19
2.5.8 expectedness dimension................................................................................20
2.5.9 Salience Dimension.......................................................................................20

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 2.6 Content Meaning...........................................................................................21
2.6.1 descriptive meaning......................................................................................22
2.6.2 Attitudinal Meaning......................................................................................24
2.6.3 Social Meaning.............................................................................................25
2.7 Context as meaning.......................................................................................27
2.8 Affective meaning.........................................................................................28
2.9 Positive and Negative Affective Meaning....................................................30
2.10 Previous Studies............................................................................................32
2.11 Conceptual Framework.................................................................................34
CHAPTER III.............................................................................................................................36
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY....................................................................................................36
3.1 Research Type...............................................................................................36
3.2 Sources of Data..................................................................................................37
3.2 Procedures of Data Collection......................................................................38
3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis.............................................................................39

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 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of study

Language is a symbol system that is meaningful and articulates sound. According to

Wardhaugh(1997) language is a symbol of human behavior and reactions to

communicate with others. Symbols here, which are pronounced, written, or signed by

hand. Because language is basically a tool for speaking, it makes sense to assume that

structure is informed by the structure of our experience and our cultural experience

model. People use it for communication in conveying ideas, feelings, and messages.

Expressional language is a type of language that expresses feelings. The use of words,

sentences, actions, and writing to transmit responses and messages to others is known

as expressive language. Labeling items in the surroundings, describing activities and

events, joining words in phrases, and appropriately using grammar are all examples of

expressive language skills. These behaviors, such as apologizing, praising,

applauding, and regretting, communicate the speaker's feelings. According to Yule

(1996: 53), "expressive speech acts express what the speaker is feeling." They can be

caused by the speaker or the listener, but it is all about the speaker's experience.

In linguistics, meaning refers to information or concepts that the sender tries to

express or that the recipient receives through communication. "The objective of

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semantics is to explain and define meaning in natural language," Leech (1991). We

can even say that the objective of semantics is to explain what underpins the usage of

the word mean are related terms, to make our starting point in everyday use more

obvious (meaning, nonsense, meaning, ambiguous, antonyms, synonyms, etc.).

There are only seven types of meaning, according to Leech. The importance of

meaning in understanding what is said cannot be overstated. As a result, there are

seven different sorts of meaning, each of which contributes significantly to the

semantic field. The study of meaning is a new field of study for this century, and it

will advance and become more valuable in the analysis of meaning in the linguistic

field in the future. In general, there are seven sorts of meanings, with five of them

being categorised as associated meanings. Connotative meanings, stylistic meanings,

emotive meanings, reflected meanings, and collocative meanings are the seven sorts

of meanings: conceptual, thematic, and associated meanings (Leech, 1974: 21).

The speaker's personal feelings or attitudes are linked to the affective meaning in a

way that is equivalent to the affective social meaning, which can only be linked to

conceptual representation. Affective meaning, according to Leech (1991: 15), is how

language reflects the speakers' own feelings, such as their attitude toward the

audience or their attitude toward the topic at hand. According to Leech (2003: 27-28),

notwithstanding the conceptual or connotative substance of the words used, emotive

meaning is frequently overtly transmitted. "Affective meaning is often openly

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expressed through the conceptual or connotative nature of the word chosen," he

added.

Positive and negative affective meanings are two expressive interpretations of

affective meaning. Negative meaning, according to Larson (1984: 143), is something

that refuses or denies, a person or thing that is not positive, or the polar opposite of a

positive electrical charge. Positive meaning, on the other hand, refers to words with

positive connotations that might affect the speaker through a process. We can

perceive a variety of emotive meanings in our regular conversations, for example, in

media such as movies. Nowadays, affective meaning can be found in practically

every movie; affective meaning is a crucial substance in every movie that causes the

audience to feel emotional or express our emotion in the story.

In this study the researcher will use Les Miserable Movie as an object, Les

Miserables is a musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and produced by Tim

Evan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, this film tells the story of a man who was jailed

for 20 years for stealing a loaf of bread, this man named Jean Vajline. Because he was

imprisoned for twenty years, this man turned into a real criminal where because his

status made it difficult for him to find a job to survive, so one day he met a priest who

changed himself and his life into a more responsible and honest person, but Jan Vajlin

must change his identity so that this is where his new life begins. Jan Valjein's

emotional relationship with the people around him is very interesting to study,

therefore the researcher uses Affective meaning to identify the emotional relationship

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of Jan Valjein with the people around him and analyze the meaning behind the

conversations that involve these emotions. One example of a case where affective

meaning is used is found at minutes 04-13 to 04-34 which reads, “No!, follow the

letter your itinerary! “and so on, Selection of theory based on observations of Less

Miserable Movie, the theory used is very suitable for processing problem objects.

1.2 Research Question

Based on the background of the study above, the researcher formulated the research

question:

“What is the motive for using affective meaning by the main character in the less

missable movie?”

1.3 Objective of the study

Based on research question above, the objective of this study is to describe affective

meaning used in ‘Les Miserable’

1.4 Scope of the study

This study focused on identify affective aspect in ‘Les Miserable’ Movie Script, and

expressions that contained in the movie, because in “Les Miserable” movie script and

movie aspect such as feeling, attitude, and emotion especially positive and negative

affective meaning, that can be analyzed, only focus on affective meaning by Geoffrey

Leech theory.

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1.5 Significance of the Study

The writer expected that this study provides theoretical and practical significances.

1.5.1 Theoretical Significance

Theoretically, this proposal is expected to develop linguistic theories, especially

semantic studies.

1.5.2 Practical Significance

Practically, this study is expected to be:

1. A reference for other researchers who want to make further study of

application of this theory on movie script.

2. A reference in how affective meaning works in our daily life. So, the movie

audiences can understand how feeling or emotion aspect connected to particular word

in affective meaning.

1.6 Definition of Terms

1. Meaning

The meaning of something is what it expresses or represents. In other words, meaning

is a value or a content which presents in something. Bloomfield defines “Meaning of

a linguistics from as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it

calls forth in the hearer”(Bloomfield, 1933: 139).

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2. Affective Meaning

Affective meaning is the expression of affect, which is undifferentiated emotive

response to a situation. Affective meaning is largely a parasitic category in the sense

that to express our emotion of other categories of meaning conceptual, connotative, or

stylistic. Emotional expression through style comes about, for instance, when we

adopt a casual tone to express friendliness. On the other hand, there are elements of

language whose chief function is to express emotion (Leech 1981: 8-23).

3. Movie Script

Movie script or a screenplay is a written work by screenwriters for a movie, television

program or video game. These screenplays can be original works or adaptions from

existing pieces of writing. In them, the movement, actions, expression, dialogues of

the characters are also narrated.

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 CHAPTER II

LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Semantics

The Study systematic of meaning is called semantics. Semantics is study of

words, Phrases, and sentences( Yule. 2010: 112). According to Griffiths (2006: 15)

the definition of semantics part of linguistics fields that refers to the meaning of

words, relation between of words or sentence and their meaning. Semantic, the study

of word meaning and sentence abstracted away from context of use is a descriptive

subject. It is attempt to describe and understand the nature of the knowledge about

meaning in their language that people have from knowing the language. It clearly

shows that every word in sentence or even in phrase have important role which

provide meaning, because they are related to each other. It also helps to understand

about representation of word meaning. And the other states by palmer (1974:1) states

that semantic the technical term used to refer the study if meaning, and since meaning

is a part of the language and semantics is a part of linguistcs. in other words, semantic

is the study of meaning in a word. Phrase, and sentences to understand the text.

In the study, the researcher limits the semantics definition according to leech

(1981) said that “semantic (as the study of meaning is centra to the study of

communication and as communication becomes more and more oressing. Semantic is

also the center of language the study of human though process, cognition and

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conceptualization all are intricately bound up with the way which we classify and

covery our experience the world through”.

Based on the explanation above, semantic is the study of the word meaning

and sentence meaning, abstracted away from contexts of use, is a decriotive subject.

Semantic also study of how languages organize and express meaning, and help to

understand the meaning, purpose, and goals of words that appears. And is the real

meaning expressed by the speaker clearly so that the listener can understand and draw

conclusions without any meaning that is not dipped.

2.2 Element of semantic Structure

Structural semantics is the study of relationship between the meaning of terms within

a sentence, and how meaning be compossed from smaller elements. Meaning ia the

connerstone of language, since people communicate principally to convey meaning.

In this study considers the elements of semantic which are available to speakers in

structuring what hey say, and the basic elements from which semantic structure is

built up. That reflects the fact that when we start talking or writing, the first thing we

say is one particular word, not our general intention.

The main contribution to linguistic semantic comes from componential analysis

(Lyons, 1968). According to componential analysis the meaning of a word can be

factorized into semantic components, which are established by considering semantic

relations between words. Probably the most important semantic relation is the relation

of super ordination the conserve of which is called hyponymy.

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The assessment of emantic structures is therefore based on semantic generalization,

and the mathematical notions to which the theory refers. The experimental paradigm

used to assess a semantic structure is a modification of a well known task in mental

testing, and then formulates a representation theorem for this situation. The

assumptions of the proposed join semilattice representation theorem for this situation,

the assumptions of the proposed join semilattice representation of semantic structures

are empiricall tested with data from two esperiments.

Outline of the explanation. The main content of the point deals with types of

meaning, the dimensions along which the types vary, and classes of meanings, an

important part of what we call”meaning” is knowledge, independent of language. If

that is so, we must distinguish that cognitive meaning from what is linguistic, since it

is the intention of this book to deal with semantics as a linguistic matter, not ti study

knowledge as such.

That preliminary issue is deal with in the next section, then follow sections on the

dimensions of meaning, types of content meaning and of grammatical meaning,

semantic classes, and the uses of meaning. The chapter will thus incidentally make

much clearer what by “ meaning “ and “semantic” In the study..

2.3 Areas of meaning: cognitive and linguistic meaning

Considering the element of semantics structure, we must consider the distinction

between cognitive and linguistic meaning. According to Merriam Webster, the word

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cognitive is defined “relating to, being, or involving consiscious intellectual activity

(such as thinking, reasoning, or remembering)”. Merriam Webster also defines

linguistic as “ the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and

modification of language”.combining those two definitions together to form cognitive

linguistic would provide the notion of the concepts and ideas discussed in the realm

of cognitive linguistic. Within cognitive linguistic, the analysis of the conceptual and

experimental basis of linguistic categories is of primary importance. The formal

structures of language are studied not as if they were autonomous, but as reflections

of general conceptual organization, categorization principles, processing mechanisms,

and experiential and environmental influences.

According to cruse (2011), some have held that grammatical meaning is linguistic,

and content meaning is cognitive, and the other states by Hudson and Holmes (2000)

is that there is indeed a distinction between cognitive and linguistic meaning, but they

related in one “area” of meaning reported by Gentner and Boroditsky (2010) said “

call the initial situation “cognitive dominance” in learning, and the last mentioned

situation “ Linguistic dominance “.

On this view, a large majority of wood meanings will have elements which have both

cognitive and linguistic roles, but it will be useful to be able to distinguish between

meanings which are so heavily cognitive that linguistic element may be ignored for

the main purpose, and divide the part those which are equally strongly linguistic. That

distinction is sometimes made on the criterion of being grammatically relevant or

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having a connection in the grammar. That works reasonably well, but is not

absolutely satisfactory.

From the explanation above, cognitive and linguictic meaning have a connected or

relationship. Where, linguistic meaning is a meaning that has a structure based on

words and sentences. While cognitive meaning in linguistic, how to convey the

sentence. Linguistic meaning cannot be arranged, if there is not cognitive meaning.

Because, cognitive meaning is how we reason and regulate our abilities or how to

achieve linguistic meaning. In this idea the affective meaning can fall into two

categories, than can be cognitive meaning and linguistic meaning.

2.4 Aspect of Meaning

Before discussing affective meaning, firstly we have to discuss aspect of meaning

because it is closely related to affective meaning. Meaning is taken as home

monolithic entity, some indivisible mass, that is intended by the reader and shoved

ultimately into long term memory the writer will speak of meaning, that is fact he or

she is really talking about one aspect of meaning.

Meaning has three “aspects” are complementary, and all are needed for a good

description. Three ways of looking at the meaning of an utterance which will be used

from here on : those of the speaker, the system, and the hearer. Speaker meaning is

what the speaker intends to convey. System meaning is the meaning of what is said,

according to the system of English; that is, the conventional meaning of the words, as

given in a dictionary, and the significance of the syntax as a standard system; it is the

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meaning studied by most varieties of semantic. It mediates between speaker and

hearer, and is appealed to when there is misunderstanding. Hearer meaning is ideally

the same as speaker meaning, in general. However, it may properly differ by

extending a little further, as with allusions and metaphors intended to evocative; and

it should extend futher in the significance of speech acts, where the hearer should

respond with the appropriate action such as accepting the statement replying to the

question (Feist, 2006:42).

In the aspects of meaning have two important components in meaning, that are

sentence meaning anf speaker’s meaning. These two components are clearly

different.Sentence is a set of words that is complete in itself, typically containing of a

main clause and sometimes one or more subondinate clauses. Thompson (2004)

describe the experiential function of language as :

“ we uses language to talk our experience of the world, including the worlds in our

own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in term”.

Sentence meaning is what a sentence means. There is often a different between the

meaning of the linguistic expression a speaker’s meaning is what a speaker means

(intends to convey) when he uses a piece of language. And the meaning be intends to

communicate by using it. What hearer are interested in is what the speaker means,

and the lends him to ignore the fact that the speaker’s words mean something.

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Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that in stating a sentence, it

means we pass three aspects in meaning. That are, speaking and then what we are

talking about has meaning and finally the lintener, that they modify that

compositional meaning according to their interpretation of the hearer’s intentions, as

with irony, allusions, and metaphors.

2.5 Dimension of Linguistic Meaning

The concept of dimension to explain differences in meaning. They appear indirectly

inn the study of semantic change, where words are said to “broaden”, which is change

in generality. The dimensions apply to meanings carried by words, syntax and

phonology, but they will be illustrated largely from word meanings, since the

distinctions are clearer there, and it is to word meanings that the distinctions will be

most often applied. The first group of dimensions apply to sense elements considered

individually, the last two dimensions apply both to the distinction between different

senses, and to different uses of the same sense. This section will not define the

dimensions abstractly,, but intensively, pointing out example (cruse:2011)

The concept of dimension we used to explain differences in meaning, for example;

mum and quiet are different meaning . the dimension apply to meanings carried by

words, syntax, and phonology but they will illustrated largely from word meanings,

because from there we can see distinction and if is to word meaning that the

distinctions wi most often applied.

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2.5.1 Quality Dimension

The quality dimension provides the kind of meaning. It is what makes the difference

between blue and yellow, and honest and intelligent; between buy and rent; between

house, flat, road and star. This dimension prevails to both cognitive and linguistic

elements of semantic, in a fairly straightforward way.

2.5.2 Intensity Dimension

Difference in intensity is difference in stage, or position along a scale. The meanings

(unpleasant,nasty,and handsome) differ to intensity, while being the same in quality.

Other examples are the meanings of “small, tiny and minute, of small, samller. And

smallest, and of sore, painful and excruciating). It is significant that all of those

examples are quality meanings, expressed by adjectives, since we do not usually

conceptualize real-life things and happening as differing in intensity.

2.5.3 Specifity Dimension

Specifity is what makes the difference between collie ( most specific is dog) and

(most general is animal), and between chaste (Specific) and virtuous (general).

According to cruse (2011:10.3.3) distinguishes between type specifity, as in the

examples just given, and part specifity, as in the difference between toe,foot and leg.

Taxonomies set up a scale of specifity, as do “meronymies” such as ‘arm, with

forearm, elbow, and wirst as parts.

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The importance of specifity extends far beyond lexis, however, a major reason for

modifying a nominal, for example, is to render the meaning of the head more specific,

as in “hot water” and “reliable contractor” the whole phrase “a reliable contractor”, is

more specific than the phrase “ a contractor “. Inflectional morphology maskes the

number and tense of the stem specific and sometimes a whole clause or sentence

servers to specify another syntactic unit, or (shifting it in the other direction on the

scale) to generalize it.

2.5.4 vagueness Dimension

What is meant by “vagueness” can be made clear by specifying its two types, as

follows. Vagueness can consist of being ill-defined, for example; if chair den-fined as

“seat having legs and a back”. Then it ill-defined or vague as to having arms. And it

can also consist of having lax application, for example; is lax application in being

applied to uneven row of people, as well as to a geometric line. The opposite if being

vague is being precise. Like specificity, vagueness is a dimension of groups and

clauses.

The ligh verb construction is useful because it lets the speaker leave the specific part

of the expression to the end of the phrase, where it is salient- “I’ll take a shower”, “he

went for a walk” and so om. Often, a good question is vague, and a good answer to it

is precise, as in examole, from a television interview about fishing at sea.

Interviewer : “Gets a bit hairy. Does it?”

Fisherman : “yeah. Pretty rough sometimes”

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2.5.5 Basicness Dimension

Basicness here is being primary in the mind’s system and it applies in several ways.

Cognitively, basic categories are presented directly by experience. Are learned first,

and are used to develop other categories. Linguistically, meaning are more basic if

they are used to understand other meanings: ‘red’ is more basic than both ‘crimson’

and ‘colored’. ‘slow’ is more basic than ‘slowly’ and in genera; nouns are more basic

than verbs, and both are more basic than prepositions and conjunctions ( gender and

boroditsky,2001).

Dimensional basicness is distinct from basicness in children’s development and in

evolution, although they are related. It is also distinct from whether a meaning is a

“prime” a meaning that can not be analyzed into semantic elements. It is also distinct

from logical basicness, in which a concept is more basic if it is presupposed that sort

of basicness will not be an issue here.

2.5.6 Viewpoint Dimension

Deictic meanings presuppose a viewpoint, that of the “deictic centre” the time and

place of the speech event, and its participants. For example, this and that assume a

here, a point from which thins are construed as near or distant. Other example are

‘now’, ‘I’ and ‘you’. Some prepositional meanings assume a viewpoint also: ‘ in front

of’ and ‘to the right of’ depend on where the speaker is viewing the scene from. A

few verbal meanings assume viewpoint, as when “he came to London” is preffered to

“he went to London”, depends on viewpoint, the term might perhaps be extended to

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include thr difference between A accompanied B and B accompanied A but will not

extend it as far as the ‘viewpoint”.

2.5.7 Boundedness Dimension

Our most basic concepts are abstracted from perception; they are shapes and

movements, represented in speech as concrete nouns and verbs. The shapes have

outlines: they are “ bounded”, according to Rijkhoff (2002) descries “them as having

the feature ‘shape’. The movements are bounded by their start and end points in time.

A new stage of abstraction removes those bounds, forming substance meanings like

‘stone’, formed from knowledge of many stones, and water from experiences like

those of drinking water and seeing puddles. Those meanings are still bounded in

space their instances always have length and breadth, though not shape those bounds

are removed in the next stage of abstraction, producing meanings like ‘stoniness’ and

‘liquid’.

Meaning based on percepectual happenings lose their start-point and end-point

bounds; for example, “ they climbed everest successfully” has both a start and an end,

but “they’re out climbing at the moment’ has neither, and is unbounded. Property

meanings like ‘red’ and ‘big’ are unbounded when they are treated as gradable, but

bouned when they are not gradable, the boundedness dimension has more obvious

siginicance in its other guise as the concrete-abstract scale. The writer of example

preffered senses thath are not fully bounded.

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The example : “ this does represent a clear case of dismemberment of the body and

removing of tissues for consumption” ( forensic anthropologist reporting evidence of

cannibalism in Jamestown, USA. New Zealand herald, May 3rd 2013, A22).

The content of (1) could have been expressed as “ clearly, the body was cut up and

parts were taken for food”.

2.5.8 expectedness dimension

Expectedness Dimension is elements that are often excluded by the context, or simply

not evoked by it they include concept from “frames” and “scenarios” evoked by a

word, even expected elements may be excluded by the use. This is how the concept of

collocation is accounted for in this explanation: collocated words are part of the

context which controls the evocation of the expected and possible elements (firth,

1957:194).

2.5.9 Salience Dimension

Salience is the degree to which a meaning element stands out from the mental

background, or is “foregrounded”, making hearers more aware of it. Elements are

salient if they are constrasted with another element, or evoked by the linguistic

context or a referent which inhibits other possible elements.

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For example :

Sense <1> of woodly (SOED) is “of the Nature, texture or appearance of wool” in

“woolly hat”, the ‘nature’ element of the sense is salient; in “woodly caterpillar” the

texture elementis salient, and in “woolly sky”, the appearance is salient.

2.6 Content Meaning

The nature of content meaning, as in the familiar distinction between grammatical or

functional items and content or lexical ones, is never clear in the literature, in my

judgment. The term “content meaning” is to be understood through a double

distinction. First, is the significance carried by the descriptive semiotic strategy, as an

alternative to the naming and pointing strategies; it therefore excludes the meaning of

deictics and names (proper nouns and similar uses of common nouns). Second, it is

distinguished from grammatical meaning, as set out in the following paragraphs. It is

thus “descriptive” in the general sense of describe. J.R, Firth (1957).

That allows a sharp and potentially categorical distinction, but its nature still needs to

be clarified. An analogy with the mathematical conceot of operator is useful here. In

maths, the meaning of one type of sign (the sign for multiplication, addition, and so

on) operates on the meaning of the other type (numbers, and so on). In language,

grammatical meanings are those that operate on content meanings. Thus, articles

operate on nominal-group headwords, specifying their reference; inflections for tense

operate on the stem of the verb prepositions operate on the groups of words thei

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link.In “the cat sat on the mat” on has grammatical meaning in linkin “ the mat” to the

rest of the clause, and a content meaning of location; it is not in two word classes at

once, but has two functions (linking, and conveying a concept), and two types of

meaning accordingly.

That leaves “content” not well explained; that is done below, through discussion of its

subtypes descriptive, affective, and so on. Stated briefly, however content is the sort

of meaning that includes descriptive, conceptual elements, and feeling, and attitude, it

is linguistic meaning which is not grammatical. The discussion will be illustrated

largely from the meaning of words, in which the distinctions are relatively easy to

see; but the types of meaning are carried by forms in other strata, also. Phonological

tone and tonality carry feeling and attitude, for example; some syntactic structures

carry formality (the elision in I’Ve), some affixes carry descriptive meaning, and

inflectional suffixes carry grammatical meaning.

Based on the above theoretical perspectives, the writer can state that content meaning

is linguist assume that English is made up word classes and that grammatical; or

content distinction is therefore one classes. That immediately becomes problematic,

because conjunction and many preposition have content as well as being grammatical.

2.6.1 descriptive meaning

From the charactization, according to cure (2011: 10.2.) and lyons (1977) descriptive

meaning is objective in being not simply an expression of the speaker’s state, as

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emotive and attitudinal; meaning are, and it is “displaced” in having relevance outside

the immediate speech situation man and door are meaningful to servers across the

street whereas there and the are not. It is the sort of meaning that conspicuously

absent from names. Since descriptive since descriptive meaning constitutes

information, it serves the ideational function.

Relation to cognition, descriptive meaning may usefully be divided into two subtypes

which correspond to types of cognition, as follows. (a) perceptual meaning is close to

perception, either to sense perception or to perception of the mind’sown state. (b)

conceptual meaning is general and abstract, being reltively remote from perception,

as in elementary, capable, and correct. (this use is therefore distinct from the broad

cognitive linguistic use of “conceptual”, which covers all meaning). Notes that

perception is image-like, and that concepts “interpet” those image-like

representations. Cognitively, there us gradient between percepts and concepts.

The perceptual-conceptual scale is relevant to grammaticalization: that process moves

meanings along it. The content of the prepositions at, on, and by once had only the

concrete elements of place, and have gained abstract meanings of time will as ‘desire’

and have as ‘possess’ have become more abstract as auxiliaries very has lost its

descriptive meaning. ‘true’, becoming an intensifier. The cognitive linguistic

distinction applies to descriptive meaning in the basis for making inferences.

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Expression of descriptive meaning in the various strata, descriptive meaning is in part

expressed in srata other than lexis. It is expressed morphologically in derivational

prefixes such as pro- and contra-, centi- and mega-, inflectional affixes commonly

have a conceptual element in their significance, although they are sometimes taken to

be simply grammatical, and there by without descriptive meaning (N.R.

Braisby,1900).

2.6.2 Attitudinal Meaning

Characterization of attidunal meaning attitude is mentall orientation to events,

especially future ones; it shows in our expectations, and particularly in our patterns of

behavior. It has a basis in affect, which motivates it, but it also has a basis in

cognition and conation, since we set our attitudes by reflecting on affective

experience and relating it to our goals and values. Words with attitudinal meaning

often come in antonymous pairs, as with affective words, often using negative

prefixes such as (un, and, dis, as) in honourable or dishonourable.

It can divide attitudinal meaning into the favourable and the unfavourable. As with

affect, we often make finer distinctions in our thinking, but they do not seem to be

correlated with linguistic distinctions. However, it will sometimes be helpful to

follow SOED in distinguishing jocular and facetious attitudes from others. Attitudinal

meaning is realized lexically, as above, but also phonologically, in much the same

way as with affective meaning (Cruttenden,1997: 89).

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The dimensions of attitudinal meaning are much less fully developed than those of

descriptive and affective meeting. It does not seem to vary on the intensity dimension;

we speak of things as either unacceptable, without construing our attitude as a matter

of degree as reflected in the positive/negative morphology. Attitudinal meaning thus

shares woth eotive meaning the positivity dimension of positive-negative.

Similiarly, there may seem to be variation between general and specific attitudenal

meanings, as with bad (general and illegal, immoral crude (Specific)

2.6.3 Social Meaning

Social meaning is what a word expresses of the social situation in which it is being

used. Two types may be distinguished, first, dialect meaning that include geographic,

historical, and social group variation in language both social class and occupational

group and the second is register that include in field the subject of the utterance, such

as law or science, mode spoken or written, and style degree of formality and

individually chosen variation in language (cruse;2011:23).

Register is social to the extent that it depends on the relationship that the speaker or

writer is setting up with the audience. The subtypes overlap a little, for example;

being somewhat informal is a characteristic of being spoken. Social meaning is most

easily understood from the hearer aspect, in forms ranging from the hearer’s

perception of the speaker’s background to the hearer’s sympathetic response to the

speaker’s informality.

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The social class and regional significance is generally indexial, as smoke is an index

of fire. It comes from a secondary intention such as fitting in with the social situation,

and is usually not a deliberate part of speaker meaning. (infornmality and slanginess

are usually more deliberate and of more conscious importance to the speaker.) it is

thus raher different from the other meaning types, it is not a direct product of a mental

faculty, such as perception, but an outcome of cultural learning.

The example of realization of social meaning are all lexical, since words provide the

clearest illustration. But social meaning is carried also by grammatical paradigms (I

am/be,you?) and choice among allophones ( variants of /r/) as in regional dealects,

and spelling (“bovver” as against “bother”). Elisions such as he’d and marked range

of phonological pitch are informal.

There is limited variation on the dimensions of social meaning. A dialect may be

taken as british, in general, or as Yorkshire specifically, the field may be technical in

general (acceeration and reciprocal), or specifically nautical ( halyard and sheet for

‘rope’). Only formality seems to vary on the intensity dimension. Social meaning is

what cruse (2011) calls “evoked” meaning. It has been less often recognized than

affective meaning but it is recognized by Leech (1974: 26in stylistic meaning), Lyons

(1997: 50 in social meaning), and Halliday (1977: 200-201). It is characterized in

dictionaries by such terms as “taboo”,” racially offensive”, “coarse”, “euphemism”

and “slang”. Although often missed by linguistists, it is major issues for

sociolinguists and sociologists.

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For example, Barsalou (2012) gives psycholinguistic support. He recognizes social

and cultural cognition, which differs from the intellectual cognition used in decision-

making, reasoning and problem solving, and expressed in descriptive meaning. It is

used in specifically social and cultural situations, and is the cause of behavior, mental

state and self concept,not the cause of decisions and logical conclusions. For those

reasons, and since it transmitted differently, it seems to correlate closely with sociam

meaning.

2.7 Context as meaning

Context influences any kind of communication. The context contain specific

information about utterances. The context of utterance is a situation about the

utterance that is formed from the occurrences of activity setting and relation

(Larson,1984).

We have semantic as a study of meaning. From this definition me way be knows and

understand about semantic of a language, we completely understand that language.

However, meaning involves more than just semantic interpretation of an utterance

and totally understand the meaning of a sentence, we must also understand the

context was uttered.

a. Setting covers

– material element around verbal interaction\

- Place of verbal interaction

- Time

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 b. Activity to all behaviors performance of the speakers and listener indeed the

verbal interaction it self.

c. Relation is relationship between speaker and listener, it covers:

- Age

- Sex

Context can be divided into fpur aspect. The first, we call this aspect of context the

physical context. That is where the conversation takes place, what object are present

and what action are talking places. Second, we have and epistemic context, that is

background knowledge share by the speakers and hearers. Third, linguistic context,

that is utterance previous to the utterance under consideration. The last is social

context, that is the social relationship and setting of the speakers and hearer.

2.8 Affective meaning

Affective meaning is an expression of influence, which is an emotive response tha is

no different to an interaction and its influence is not represented or conveyed. That

affect view is very different from that, namely cognitive, and servesthe function of

ideas. (exclude the meaning of “transtitional words” such as opposition, excitement,

and surprise, which name feelings, not express them.) even so, the speaker sometimes

doesn’t realize it.

The affective meaning of internal perception, which is complemented by physical

perception such as the balance of sealing and perception of affective. The brain and

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mind system that process perceptions specifically for certains modifities such as

interactions, motivation (hunger), cognitive intelligence (unbelief) and conceptual

knowledge, such as understanding external perceptions such as hearing and vision.

Some authors describe various modalities of perception as being processed in

different “modules”, as if they were independent; Modern research proves that it is

overkill, but makes a useful solution. Many writers, mostly I the philosophical ; and

tradition and in some formal traditions, have written meanings as if they were

uniform consisting of concepts only. For example, those who agree inky in the form

of “emotional words” such as love and victory, but these conceptual words have

descriptive meanings, not emotive meanings. Emotional and other affective meanings

are feelings; we “push” the feeling that drives it- for our own benefit, or for the

listener to share or support. I will distinguish three broad forms of affective meaning.

The basic, undifferentiated from appears in expressive functions, as in non-verbal or

semi-verbal exclamations.

According to fillenbaum and Rapoport (1971:209) emotive forms appear in standard

words, such as frightening difficult and beautiful, have only affective meanings, and

are catastrophic, beautiful and delicious, free to contain affective and descriptive

meanings. Imaginative form is a state of excitement and stimulation, expressed in

stories and literature. We make a difference between transition in everyday life, but

we don’t make emotional meaning.

Standard psychological understanding of human experience, as determined by

Matthews (2003:85), is composed of three domains: influence, cognition and

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motivation. Influence consist of mood and “subjective arousal states”, which are the

substance of affective meaning, descriptive meaning arises from cognition.

Psycholinguisticalyy, affective meaning is now generally accepted as having two

dimensions, namely intensity and being positive or negative in quality.

Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that affective meaning is the

meaning that invites personal feelings about expression, which is an emotive response

to a conversation and the explanation is also related to the meaning of attitudes and

social meanings, in the following sections.

2.9 Positive and Negative Affective Meaning

According to Leech (1981), affective meaning is meaning that expresses the personal

feelings or attitudes of a speaker or writer. Emotional expressions through style arise,

for example, when we express an ordinary tone or text to express hospitality.

It is now generally accepted the affective meaning has two dimensions, those of

intensity and of being positive or negative in quality (Citron: 2014). The semantic

dimension apply fairly fully to affective meaning. As noted just above, on

psycholinguistic support, affective meaning is on the dimension of positive-negative.

On the quality dimension, the descriptive meaning ‘of large size’ can be coloured by

admiration in Whopper, or revulsion in monster. An action can be coloured by scorn

with over-mighty, and by respect with powerful as in “you need a powerful engine”.

This shows forcefully, the writer have suggest, that affective meaning is real, and

should not be ignored in semantics, as it has been almost universally. The meaning of

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affective as content, because content seems to require concepts. A common reason for

including it in content is that it is part if what needs to be conveyed to thee listener,

people often use adjectives with positive affective meanings. A study that presents

adjectives separately has shown these adjectives are able to influence the subject’s

attitude through the conditioning process.

An experiment was conducted to find out whether adjectives with positive affective

meanings were able to influence the reader’s attitude when presented in a coherent

text. The number of conceptual and affective meanings of adjectives was assessed in

a separate study. The participant’s need for cognition was measured to distinguish

between people who were more or less likely to examine arguments. People with

higher cognitive needs are more convinced by texts that contain more conceptual

meaning, whereas those with lower needs do not respond differently to various

amounts of affective meanings. When presented in coherent texts, adjectives such as

beautiful’ do not have a persuasive (positive) effect. Other studies have shown

affective meaning to be able to influence attitudes towards the name of the state.

According to Berkowitz and Krimek (1969) found that conditioning the attitude

towards people’s names using this method even influenced the behavior of the person

carrying the name in the following discussion. For example, a child named Nur, who

has te meaning of light, it is believed that he will continue to shine brightly or have a

beautifu light behind his nature attitude.

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On the other hand, negative affective meaning becomes clear either in the meaning of

the speech act verb or in the contextual pattern of construction. Linguistic Anaylisis

of interactions provides further evidence for this by showing how the construction of

negative influences is closely related to the context of the social activities in which

they are used : in everyday conversation they are used for problem solving gossip.

Although normal frequency of negative affective meaning construction is higher in

oral discourse than written discourse, they are not very frequent in oral discourse. An

example of affective negative meaning here is when we are talking about the ugliness

of someone who produces an emotion response or a bad emotional.

2.10 Previous Studies

There are several studies which are similar to this study, that discuss “The Affective

Meaning” and will be discussed below.

The first study is a thesis written by Husni (2014) at Halu Oleo University, Entitled

“An Analysis of Affective Meaning in New Yorkers Short Stories by O. Henry. Her

study is intended to find out the personal feeling aspect used by Affective Meaning in

New Yorkers Short Stories by O. Henry. The objective of his study to identify how

affective meaning described in “New Yorkers” short stories by O. Henry. The sources

of data in her study are O. Henry collected short stories, which take of the Christmas

Presents, Soapy Choice, Tyldys Moment, and The Memento.

The similarity of the previous study and the present study is on the theory, both of the

study is using an affective meaning theory by Geoffrey Leech. While the difference

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between the previous study and the present is on the object. The previous study

analyzes how Affective Meaning in New Yorkers Short Stories by O. Henry, while

the present study uses Kissing Booth movie as the object of the study.

The second study is a journal,written by Mason,(2004). Entitled “Ethnic Differences

Behaviors in the Affective Meaning of Parental Control Behaviors”, from University

of Maine. His study discusses ethnic differences in the affective meaning of parental

control in a sample of 228 adolescents. Participant rated their affective reaction to a

sample of parental control behaviors. Principal components analysis of these affective

ratings found general support for three dimensions there are (hurt/ anger,

love/concern, control/manipulation) of feelings associated with these behaviors.

The differences between the previous study and the present are on the object and

method of data analysis. The previous study analyzes how Affective Meaning in

Ethnic Differences Behaviors in the Affective Meaning of Parental Control Behaviors

and uses a sample of 348 high school living in urban southeastern metropolitan area,

and used participant as the method of data analyze, while the present study uses

Kissing Booth movie as the object of the study and just analyzes how affective

meaning used in the movie script and use descriptive qualitative method in analyzing

the data.

The third study is from Ermiani (2014). Her study aims to analyzing Adele’s song

lyrics in terms of semantic study. The problem concerns on how is affective meaning

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described in Adele’s song lyrics. The objective of this study is to described the

affective meaning in seven song lyrics of Adele. Her study used qualitative

descriptive method. Therefore, the data in this study are in form of utterances

conveyed by Adele. The source of data is lyric of seven song of Adele. The data were

collected by reading, previewing, watching, classification, coding, and the data

reduction the data and the analyzed by presenting, describing, interpreting and

concluding the data.

The difference between the previous study and the present study is the object of the

study. The previous study chose song lyrics by Adele as the object, meanwhile the

present study using Kissing Booth movie. The similarity of them is the theory, both of

the study using the theory namely Affective meaning by Geoffrey Leech.

2.11 Conceptual Framework

This study has framework in describing background, problem statement and all about

the object of the study. This point makes the reader understand this proposal easier.

This study used one of the branches of linguistics namely semantics. The object of

this study is ‘Les Miserable’ movie script. The theory that used in this study is

Affective Meaning by Geoffrey Leech. This types of meaning principle consists of

seven meaning, they are; conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning,

affective meaning, reflected meaning, collocative meaning, and thematic meaning.

This study focused on finding feelings or emotional that were created by affective

meaning used in Les Miserable movie, especially positive and negative affective

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meaning.So, in this study can answer the research question that is to describe how

affective meaning is used in “Les Miserable”

The data analysis of the data in this study is based on the semantic theory of meaning.

Meaning is ambiguous and most controversial term in the theory of language.

Meaning of words is influenced by its context. That is why one word may have more

than one meaning as Leech proposed seven types meaning.

By applying this affective meaning theory towards ‘Les Miserable’ movie script, the

writer explores more in what extent the appearance of affective meaning in ‘The

Kissing Booth’ movie script. So, the purpose is to let people consciously realize how

affective meaning works in their daily life about feelings and emotions. Because the

object of this study shows the meaning of the feeling and emotion.

In short, the theory can be used on the topic to answer the research question. The

writer collected the data that was analyzed. Then, the result of data analysis made up

the research question. It can be seen in the following:

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 CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter presents the methodology of the research used to analyze the data. The

method is defined as a way or technique done in research. One of the factors made

research success is an appropriate methodology that apply in this research. So, in this

chapter, the writer tries to explain that. This research methodology consists of

research type, the source of data, procedures of data collection, and technique of data

analysis.

3.1 Research Type

This study used descriptive qualitative method. According toWiersma (1995: 12),

explained that descriptive qualitative research is defined the research that describe

phenomenon in the form of words instead of number of measures. Meanwhile,

Bogdan and Biklen (1982) state that qualitative method is descriptive which the data

is collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Data in the form of

quotes from documents, field notes, and interviews or excerpts from videotapes,

audiotapes, or electronic communications are used to present the findings of the

study.

Based on the above, it can be inferred that a qualitative approach is a holistic

approach to the subject of study where there is an event that writer become the main

tool in study, then the result of the approach that depict in the form of written words

of empirical data which have been obtained and in this approach also emphasizes the

meaning of generalization.

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This study conducted by qualitative descriptive method. The writer applied the

method of qualitative descriptive in this study because describing the result of

findings and to analyze data as well. In this study, the qualitative method used to

facilitate the data that was analyzed and to respond the research question about how

affective meaning is used in “The Kissing Booth” movie script.

From the description above, the writer stated that qualitative descriptive method is the

way of research that seeks answer the research question and the descriptive approach

is needed to describe of to make interpretation of the research findings.

3.2 Sources of Data

Source of data is the subject of the study from where the data can be obtained. Source

of data are the important thing in conducting study. Thus, data source is the substance

where the writer got information that is required.The writer had a choice between

primary data and secondary data and used of both which is termed dual methodology.

The data use in this study can be classified as follows:

1. Primary Data

According to Safi’I (2005) Primary data is data in the research process from the

original source by using appropriate data collection. In other word, primary data

collected by the writer themselves. The primary data in this study were taken from the

movie script of each character and utterance in the movie entitled “The Kissing

Booth”.

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 2. Secondary Data

Secondary data is data that complied but not by the writer or data in the form of

document, for example the articles, and so on. In other word, secondary data are data

that already exist. In this study, the secondary data were from the movie as

audiovisual which are related to the study.

3.2 Procedures of Data Collection

The data of this study were taken from the movie script in “The Kissing Booth

Movie”, In collecting data, the writer did several steps, as follows:

1. General step of collecting data such as searching and downloading the movie and

movie script of The Kissing Booth on the internet. Reading the script intensively, and

thenwatching the movie until understand and get the meaning of the movie, and

Previewing, after reading and understand the text of the movie script by way of doing

highlighting the parts of the script containing affective meaning.

2. Screenshot the movie is needed to know if the utterances contain positive or

negative affective meaning.

3. Coding the data to classify the sentence affective meaning based on positive and

negative affective meaning. The writer used numbers for data coding, such us number

1 for positive affective meaning and number 2 for negative affective meaning and

bold the sentence.

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3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis

To analyze the data, the writer used descriptive qualitative methods in analyzing the

study. The technique applied to analyze in “Les Miserable “ movies cript based on the

affective meaning. After that, the analysis was done through some steps to analysis

using by Ian Dey’s theory (1993):

1. Presenting the Data

Presenting the data is one of the steps making a result report of a research which has

been done. So, the writer coded the data that was sorted out based on affective

meaning by Geoffrey Leech.

2. Describing the context of situation

In this case, after presenting the data, the writer described the concept of situation by

applying the affective meaning that contained positive and negative affective

meaning. To explain the represent data in this study, the data was described according

to the theory used in this study. For instance, the writer described the affective

meaning which are found in the script. This stage is important in qualitative

descriptive method.

3. Interpreting the data

In this case, the writer described the data which was presented and interpreted in “Les

Miserable” movie script. The data collected were interpreted by the writer to find the

exact sample of negative and positive affective meaning based on affective meaning

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theory by Geoffrey Leech. Interpreting data is useful to do in order to find what

explains the data.

4. Concluding the Data

Finally, based on explanation of three steps above, the writer made conclusion to

summarize points found in this study. First, is concluding the result of positive

affective meaning study, Then, the writer concluded this study that explained the

negative affective meaning. Finally, writer is able to conclude the thorough data of

the result study.

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