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BAru Punyanya Cindy Literature Review (Recovered)
BAru Punyanya Cindy Literature Review (Recovered)
MISSERABLE MOVIE
A PROPOSAL
University.
Approved by,
Supervisor, Co Supervisor,
Dr. Lilik Rita Lindayani, S.Pd., M.Hum. Drs. Ansor Putra, M.Hum.
NIP 19730728 200801 2 009 NIP 19660424 199903 1 001
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Table of Contents
APPROVAL SHEET.............................................................................................................2
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................5
1.1 Background of study.......................................................................................5
1.2 Research Question...........................................................................................7
1.3 Objective of the study.....................................................................................7
1.4 Scope of the study...........................................................................................7
1.5 Significance of the Study................................................................................7
1.5.1 Theoretical Significance.................................................................................7
1.5.2 Practical Significance......................................................................................8
1.6 Definition of Terms.........................................................................................8
1. Meaning..........................................................................................................8
2. Affective Meaning..........................................................................................8
3. Movie Script....................................................................................................9
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW...........................................................................................10
2.1 Semantics......................................................................................................10
2.2 Element of semantic Structure......................................................................11
2.3 Areas of meaning: cognitive and linguistic meaning....................................12
2.4 Aspect of Meaning........................................................................................14
2.5 Dimension of Linguistic Meaning................................................................16
2.5.1 Quality Dimension........................................................................................17
2.5.2 Intensity Dimension......................................................................................17
2.5.3 Specifity Dimension......................................................................................17
2.5.4 vagueness Dimension....................................................................................18
2.5.5 Basicness Dimension....................................................................................19
2.5.6 Viewpoint Dimension...................................................................................19
2.5.7 Boundedness Dimension...............................................................................20
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2.5.8 expectedness dimension................................................................................21
2.5.9 Salience Dimension.......................................................................................21
2.6 Content Meaning...........................................................................................22
2.6.1 descriptive meaning......................................................................................23
2.6.2 Attitudinal Meaning......................................................................................25
2.6.3 Social Meaning.............................................................................................26
2.7 Context as meaning.......................................................................................28
2.8 Affective meaning.........................................................................................29
2.9 Positive and Negative Affective Meaning....................................................31
2.10 Previous Studies............................................................................................33
2.11 Conceptual Framework.................................................................................35
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ..............................................................................37
3.1 Research Type...............................................................................................37
3.2 Sources of Data.............................................................................................38
3.2 Procedures of Data Collection......................................................................39
3.4 Techniques of Data Analysis........................................................................40
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
which reflects the personal feelings of the speaker or Researcher including his
According to Wibowo (in Rizal, 2014) film is a tool for convey various
messages to the general public through the media stories, and can also be
express ideas and ideas the story he has. Meanwhile, according to Law No.
33 of 2009 concerning film, said that film is a work of cultural art that is a
cinematographic rules with or without sound and can shown. From the
understanding of the film, it can be concluded that Film is a work of art in the
displayed and has a function to convey a message to the general public . Film
is one type of literary work in the form of media audio visual. According to
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Klarer (in Narudin, 2017) films are classified as in the type of literary work
because all kinds of film presentation modes are in accordance with the
Les Miserables is a musical drama film directed by Tom Hooper and produced
by Tim Evan, Eric Fellner, Debra Hayward, this film tells the story of a man
who was jailed for 20 years for stealing a loaf of bread, this man named Jean
Vajline. Because he was imprisoned for twenty years, this man turned into a
real criminal where because his status made it difficult for him to find a job to
survive, so one day he met a priest who changed himself and his life into a
more responsible and honest person, but Jan Vajlin must change his identity
so that this is where his new life begins. Jan Valjein's emotional relationship
with the people around him is very interesting to study, therefore the
Jan Valjein with the people around him and analyze the meaning behind the
“No!, follow the letter your itinerary! “and so on, Selection of theory based on
observations of Less Miserable Movie, the theory used is very suitable for
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1.2 Research Question
Based on the background of the study above, the researcher formulated the research
question:
“What is the motive for using affective meaning by the main character in the less
missable movie?”
Based on research question above, the objective of this study is to describe affective
This study focused on identify affective aspect in ‘Les Miserable’ Movie Script, and
expressions that contained in the movie, because in “Les Miserable” movie script and
movie aspect such as feeling, attitude, and emotion especially positive and negative
affective meaning, that can be analyzed, only focus on affective meaning by Geoffrey
Leech theory.
The Researcher expected that this study provides theoretical and practical
significances.
semantic studies.
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1.5.2 Practical Significance
2. A reference in how affective meaning works in our daily life. So, the movie
audiences can understand how feeling or emotion aspect connected to particular word
in affective meaning.
1. Meaning
a linguistics from as a situation in which the speakers utter it and response which it
2. Affective Meaning
stylistic. Emotional expression through style comes about, for instance, when we
adopt a casual tone to express friendliness. On the other hand, there are elements of
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3. Movie Script
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CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Semantics
words, Phrases, and sentences( Yule. 2010: 112). According to Griffiths (2006: 15)
the definition of semantics part of linguistics fields that refers to the meaning of
words, relation between of words or sentence and their meaning. Semantic, the study
of word meaning and sentence abstracted away from context of use is a descriptive
subject. It is attempt to describe and understand the nature of the knowledge about
meaning in their language that people have from knowing the language. It clearly
shows that every word in sentence or even in phrase have important role which
provide meaning, because they are related to each other. It also helps to understand
about representation of word meaning. And the other states by palmer (1974:1) states
that semantic the technical term used to refer the study if meaning, and since meaning
is a part of the language and semantics is a part of linguistcs. in other words, semantic
is the study of meaning in a word. Phrase, and sentences to understand the text.
In the study, the researcher limits the semantics definition according to leech
(1981) said that “semantic (as the study of meaning is centra to the study of
also the center of language the study of human though process, cognition and
conceptualization all are intricately bound up with the way which we classify and
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Based on the explanation above, semantic is the study of the word meaning
and sentence meaning, abstracted away from contexts of use, is a decriotive subject.
Semantic also study of how languages organize and express meaning, and help to
understand the meaning, purpose, and goals of words that appears. And is the real
meaning expressed by the speaker clearly so that the listener can understand and draw
Structural semantics is the study of relationship between the meaning of terms within
a sentence, and how meaning be compossed from smaller elements. Meaning ia the
In this study considers the elements of semantic which are available to speakers in
structuring what hey say, and the basic elements from which semantic structure is
built up. That reflects the fact that when we start talking or writing, the first thing we
relations between words. Probably the most important semantic relation is the relation
and the mathematical notions to which the theory refers. The experimental paradigm
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used to assess a semantic structure is a modification of a well known task in mental
testing, and then formulates a representation theorem for this situation. The
assumptions of the proposed join semilattice representation theorem for this situation,
Outline of the explanation. The main content of the point deals with types of
meaning, the dimensions along which the types vary, and classes of meanings, an
that is so, we must distinguish that cognitive meaning from what is linguistic, since it
is the intention of this book to deal with semantics as a linguistic matter, not ti study
knowledge as such.
That preliminary issue is deal with in the next section, then follow sections on the
semantic classes, and the uses of meaning. The chapter will thus incidentally make
between cognitive and linguistic meaning. According to Merriam Webster, the word
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linguistic as “ the study of human speech including the units, nature, structure, and
linguistic would provide the notion of the concepts and ideas discussed in the realm
of cognitive linguistic. Within cognitive linguistic, the analysis of the conceptual and
structures of language are studied not as if they were autonomous, but as reflections
According to cruse (2011), some have held that grammatical meaning is linguistic,
and content meaning is cognitive, and the other states by Hudson and Holmes (2000)
is that there is indeed a distinction between cognitive and linguistic meaning, but they
related in one “area” of meaning reported by Gentner and Boroditsky (2010) said “
call the initial situation “cognitive dominance” in learning, and the last mentioned
On this view, a large majority of wood meanings will have elements which have both
cognitive and linguistic roles, but it will be useful to be able to distinguish between
meanings which are so heavily cognitive that linguistic element may be ignored for
the main purpose, and divide the part those which are equally strongly linguistic. That
having a connection in the grammar. That works reasonably well, but is not
absolutely satisfactory.
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From the explanation above, cognitive and linguictic meaning have a connected or
words and sentences. While cognitive meaning in linguistic, how to convey the
Because, cognitive meaning is how we reason and regulate our abilities or how to
achieve linguistic meaning. In this idea the affective meaning can fall into two
monolithic entity, some indivisible mass, that is intended by the reader and shoved
ultimately into long term memory the writer will speak of meaning, that is fact he or
Meaning has three “aspects” are complementary, and all are needed for a good
description. Three ways of looking at the meaning of an utterance which will be used
from here on : those of the speaker, the system, and the hearer. Speaker meaning is
what the speaker intends to convey. System meaning is the meaning of what is said,
according to the system of English; that is, the conventional meaning of the words, as
given in a dictionary, and the significance of the syntax as a standard system; it is the
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the same as speaker meaning, in general. However, it may properly differ by
extending a little further, as with allusions and metaphors intended to evocative; and
it should extend futher in the significance of speech acts, where the hearer should
respond with the appropriate action such as accepting the statement replying to the
In the aspects of meaning have two important components in meaning, that are
sentence meaning anf speaker’s meaning. These two components are clearly
main clause and sometimes one or more subondinate clauses. Thompson (2004)
“ we uses language to talk our experience of the world, including the worlds in our
own minds, to describe events and states and the entities involved in term”.
Sentence meaning is what a sentence means. There is often a different between the
(intends to convey) when he uses a piece of language. And the meaning be intends to
communicate by using it. What hearer are interested in is what the speaker means,
and the lends him to ignore the fact that the speaker’s words mean something.
means we pass three aspects in meaning. That are, speaking and then what we are
talking about has meaning and finally the lintener, that they modify that
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compositional meaning according to their interpretation of the hearer’s intentions, as
inn the study of semantic change, where words are said to “broaden”, which is change
phonology, but they will be illustrated largely from word meanings, since the
distinctions are clearer there, and it is to word meanings that the distinctions will be
most often applied. The first group of dimensions apply to sense elements considered
individually, the last two dimensions apply both to the distinction between different
senses, and to different uses of the same sense. This section will not define the
mum and quiet are different meaning . the dimension apply to meanings carried by
words, syntax, and phonology but they will illustrated largely from word meanings,
because from there we can see distinction and if is to word meaning that the
The quality dimension provides the kind of meaning. It is what makes the difference
between blue and yellow, and honest and intelligent; between buy and rent; between
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house, flat, road and star. This dimension prevails to both cognitive and linguistic
Other examples are the meanings of “small, tiny and minute, of small, samller. And
smallest, and of sore, painful and excruciating). It is significant that all of those
Specifity is what makes the difference between collie ( most specific is dog) and
(most general is animal), and between chaste (Specific) and virtuous (general).
examples just given, and part specifity, as in the difference between toe,foot and leg.
The importance of specifity extends far beyond lexis, however, a major reason for
modifying a nominal, for example, is to render the meaning of the head more specific,
as in “hot water” and “reliable contractor” the whole phrase “a reliable contractor”, is
more specific than the phrase “ a contractor “. Inflectional morphology maskes the
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number and tense of the stem specific and sometimes a whole clause or sentence
servers to specify another syntactic unit, or (shifting it in the other direction on the
What is meant by “vagueness” can be made clear by specifying its two types, as
follows. Vagueness can consist of being ill-defined, for example; if chair den-fined as
“seat having legs and a back”. Then it ill-defined or vague as to having arms. And it
can also consist of having lax application, for example; is lax application in being
applied to uneven row of people, as well as to a geometric line. The opposite if being
clauses.
The ligh verb construction is useful because it lets the speaker leave the specific part
of the expression to the end of the phrase, where it is salient- “I’ll take a shower”, “he
went for a walk” and so om. Often, a good question is vague, and a good answer to it
Basicness here is being primary in the mind’s system and it applies in several ways.
Cognitively, basic categories are presented directly by experience. Are learned first,
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and are used to develop other categories. Linguistically, meaning are more basic if
they are used to understand other meanings: ‘red’ is more basic than both ‘crimson’
and ‘colored’. ‘slow’ is more basic than ‘slowly’ and in genera; nouns are more basic
than verbs, and both are more basic than prepositions and conjunctions ( gender and
boroditsky,2001).
evolution, although they are related. It is also distinct from whether a meaning is a
“prime” a meaning that can not be analyzed into semantic elements. It is also distinct
from logical basicness, in which a concept is more basic if it is presupposed that sort
Deictic meanings presuppose a viewpoint, that of the “deictic centre” the time and
place of the speech event, and its participants. For example, this and that assume a
here, a point from which thins are construed as near or distant. Other example are
‘now’, ‘I’ and ‘you’. Some prepositional meanings assume a viewpoint also: ‘ in front
of’ and ‘to the right of’ depend on where the speaker is viewing the scene from. A
few verbal meanings assume viewpoint, as when “he came to London” is preffered to
“he went to London”, depends on viewpoint, the term might perhaps be extended to
include thr difference between A accompanied B and B accompanied A but will not
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2.5.7 Boundedness Dimension
Our most basic concepts are abstracted from perception; they are shapes and
movements, represented in speech as concrete nouns and verbs. The shapes have
outlines: they are “ bounded”, according to Rijkhoff (2002) descries “them as having
the feature ‘shape’. The movements are bounded by their start and end points in time.
A new stage of abstraction removes those bounds, forming substance meanings like
‘stone’, formed from knowledge of many stones, and water from experiences like
those of drinking water and seeing puddles. Those meanings are still bounded in
space their instances always have length and breadth, though not shape those bounds
are removed in the next stage of abstraction, producing meanings like ‘stoniness’ and
‘liquid’.
bounds; for example, “ they climbed everest successfully” has both a start and an end,
but “they’re out climbing at the moment’ has neither, and is unbounded. Property
meanings like ‘red’ and ‘big’ are unbounded when they are treated as gradable, but
bouned when they are not gradable, the boundedness dimension has more obvious
siginicance in its other guise as the concrete-abstract scale. The writer of example
The example : “ this does represent a clear case of dismemberment of the body and
cannibalism in Jamestown, USA. New Zealand herald, May 3rd 2013, A22).
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The content of (1) could have been expressed as “ clearly, the body was cut up and
Expectedness Dimension is elements that are often excluded by the context, or simply
not evoked by it they include concept from “frames” and “scenarios” evoked by a
word, even expected elements may be excluded by the use. This is how the concept of
collocation is accounted for in this explanation: collocated words are part of the
context which controls the evocation of the expected and possible elements (firth,
1957:194).
Salience is the degree to which a meaning element stands out from the mental
salient if they are constrasted with another element, or evoked by the linguistic
For example :
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Sense <1> of woodly (SOED) is “of the Nature, texture or appearance of wool” in
“woolly hat”, the ‘nature’ element of the sense is salient; in “woodly caterpillar” the
functional items and content or lexical ones, is never clear in the literature, in my
alternative to the naming and pointing strategies; it therefore excludes the meaning of
deictics and names (proper nouns and similar uses of common nouns). Second, it is
That allows a sharp and potentially categorical distinction, but its nature still needs to
maths, the meaning of one type of sign (the sign for multiplication, addition, and so
on) operates on the meaning of the other type (numbers, and so on). In language,
grammatical meanings are those that operate on content meanings. Thus, articles
operate on the stem of the verb prepositions operate on the groups of words thei
link.In “the cat sat on the mat” on has grammatical meaning in linkin “ the mat” to the
rest of the clause, and a content meaning of location; it is not in two word classes at
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once, but has two functions (linking, and conveying a concept), and two types of
meaning accordingly.
That leaves “content” not well explained; that is done below, through discussion of its
subtypes descriptive, affective, and so on. Stated briefly, however content is the sort
of meaning that includes descriptive, conceptual elements, and feeling, and attitude, it
largely from the meaning of words, in which the distinctions are relatively easy to
see; but the types of meaning are carried by forms in other strata, also. Phonological
tone and tonality carry feeling and attitude, for example; some syntactic structures
carry formality (the elision in I’Ve), some affixes carry descriptive meaning, and
Based on the above theoretical perspectives, the writer can state that content meaning
is linguist assume that English is made up word classes and that grammatical; or
because conjunction and many preposition have content as well as being grammatical.
From the charactization, according to cure (2011: 10.2.) and lyons (1977) descriptive
emotive and attitudinal; meaning are, and it is “displaced” in having relevance outside
the immediate speech situation man and door are meaningful to servers across the
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street whereas there and the are not. It is the sort of meaning that conspicuously
Relation to cognition, descriptive meaning may usefully be divided into two subtypes
conceptual meaning is general and abstract, being reltively remote from perception,
as in elementary, capable, and correct. (this use is therefore distinct from the broad
cognitive linguistic use of “conceptual”, which covers all meaning). Notes that
meanings along it. The content of the prepositions at, on, and by once had only the
concrete elements of place, and have gained abstract meanings of time will as ‘desire’
and have as ‘possess’ have become more abstract as auxiliaries very has lost its
prefixes such as pro- and contra-, centi- and mega-, inflectional affixes commonly
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have a conceptual element in their significance, although they are sometimes taken to
Braisby,1900).
especially future ones; it shows in our expectations, and particularly in our patterns of
behavior. It has a basis in affect, which motivates it, but it also has a basis in
experience and relating it to our goals and values. Words with attitudinal meaning
often come in antonymous pairs, as with affective words, often using negative
It can divide attitudinal meaning into the favourable and the unfavourable. As with
affect, we often make finer distinctions in our thinking, but they do not seem to be
follow SOED in distinguishing jocular and facetious attitudes from others. Attitudinal
meaning is realized lexically, as above, but also phonologically, in much the same
The dimensions of attitudinal meaning are much less fully developed than those of
descriptive and affective meeting. It does not seem to vary on the intensity dimension;
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of degree as reflected in the positive/negative morphology. Attitudinal meaning thus
Similiarly, there may seem to be variation between general and specific attitudenal
Social meaning is what a word expresses of the social situation in which it is being
used. Two types may be distinguished, first, dialect meaning that include geographic,
historical, and social group variation in language both social class and occupational
group and the second is register that include in field the subject of the utterance, such
as law or science, mode spoken or written, and style degree of formality and
Register is social to the extent that it depends on the relationship that the speaker or
writer is setting up with the audience. The subtypes overlap a little, for example;
easily understood from the hearer aspect, in forms ranging from the hearer’s
speaker’s informality.
The social class and regional significance is generally indexial, as smoke is an index
of fire. It comes from a secondary intention such as fitting in with the social situation,
and is usually not a deliberate part of speaker meaning. (infornmality and slanginess
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are usually more deliberate and of more conscious importance to the speaker.) it is
thus raher different from the other meaning types, it is not a direct product of a mental
The example of realization of social meaning are all lexical, since words provide the
and spelling (“bovver” as against “bother”). Elisions such as he’d and marked range
general (acceeration and reciprocal), or specifically nautical ( halyard and sheet for
‘rope’). Only formality seems to vary on the intensity dimension. Social meaning is
what cruse (2011) calls “evoked” meaning. It has been less often recognized than
affective meaning but it is recognized by Leech (1974: 26in stylistic meaning), Lyons
and cultural cognition, which differs from the intellectual cognition used in decision-
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making, reasoning and problem solving, and expressed in descriptive meaning. It is
used in specifically social and cultural situations, and is the cause of behavior, mental
state and self concept,not the cause of decisions and logical conclusions. For those
reasons, and since it transmitted differently, it seems to correlate closely with sociam
meaning.
utterance that is formed from the occurrences of activity setting and relation
(Larson,1984).
We have semantic as a study of meaning. From this definition me way be knows and
and totally understand the meaning of a sentence, we must also understand the
a. Setting covers
- Time
b. Activity to all behaviors performance of the speakers and listener indeed the
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c. Relation is relationship between speaker and listener, it covers:
- Age
- Sex
Context can be divided into fpur aspect. The first, we call this aspect of context the
physical context. That is where the conversation takes place, what object are present
and what action are talking places. Second, we have and epistemic context, that is
background knowledge share by the speakers and hearers. Third, linguistic context,
that is utterance previous to the utterance under consideration. The last is social
context, that is the social relationship and setting of the speakers and hearer.
affect view is very different from that, namely cognitive, and servesthe function of
and surprise, which name feelings, not express them.) even so, the speaker sometimes
perception such as the balance of sealing and perception of affective. The brain and
mind system that process perceptions specifically for certains modifities such as
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knowledge, such as understanding external perceptions such as hearing and vision.
overkill, but makes a useful solution. Many writers, mostly I the philosophical ; and
tradition and in some formal traditions, have written meanings as if they were
uniform consisting of concepts only. For example, those who agree inky in the form
of “emotional words” such as love and victory, but these conceptual words have
descriptive meanings, not emotive meanings. Emotional and other affective meanings
are feelings; we “push” the feeling that drives it- for our own benefit, or for the
listener to share or support. I will distinguish three broad forms of affective meaning.
semi-verbal exclamations.
words, such as frightening difficult and beautiful, have only affective meanings, and
are catastrophic, beautiful and delicious, free to contain affective and descriptive
stories and literature. We make a difference between transition in everyday life, but
motivation. Influence consist of mood and “subjective arousal states”, which are the
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Psycholinguisticalyy, affective meaning is now generally accepted as having two
Based on the explanation above, it can be concluded that affective meaning is the
meaning that invites personal feelings about expression, which is an emotive response
to a conversation and the explanation is also related to the meaning of attitudes and
According to Leech (1981), affective meaning is meaning that expresses the personal
It is now generally accepted the affective meaning has two dimensions, those of
intensity and of being positive or negative in quality (Citron: 2014). The semantic
On the quality dimension, the descriptive meaning ‘of large size’ can be coloured by
with over-mighty, and by respect with powerful as in “you need a powerful engine”.
This shows forcefully, the writer have suggest, that affective meaning is real, and
should not be ignored in semantics, as it has been almost universally. The meaning of
affective as content, because content seems to require concepts. A common reason for
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people often use adjectives with positive affective meanings. A study that presents
adjectives separately has shown these adjectives are able to influence the subject’s
An experiment was conducted to find out whether adjectives with positive affective
meanings were able to influence the reader’s attitude when presented in a coherent
text. The number of conceptual and affective meanings of adjectives was assessed in
a separate study. The participant’s need for cognition was measured to distinguish
between people who were more or less likely to examine arguments. People with
higher cognitive needs are more convinced by texts that contain more conceptual
meaning, whereas those with lower needs do not respond differently to various
beautiful’ do not have a persuasive (positive) effect. Other studies have shown
affective meaning to be able to influence attitudes towards the name of the state.
According to Berkowitz and Krimek (1969) found that conditioning the attitude
towards people’s names using this method even influenced the behavior of the person
carrying the name in the following discussion. For example, a child named Nur, who
has te meaning of light, it is believed that he will continue to shine brightly or have a
On the other hand, negative affective meaning becomes clear either in the meaning of
the speech act verb or in the contextual pattern of construction. Linguistic Anaylisis
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of interactions provides further evidence for this by showing how the construction of
negative influences is closely related to the context of the social activities in which
they are used : in everyday conversation they are used for problem solving gossip.
oral discourse than written discourse, they are not very frequent in oral discourse. An
example of affective negative meaning here is when we are talking about the ugliness
There are several studies which are similar to this study, that discuss “The Affective
The first study is a thesis written by Husni (2014) at Halu Oleo University, Entitled
“An Analysis of Affective Meaning in New Yorkers Short Stories by O. Henry. Her
study is intended to find out the personal feeling aspect used by Affective Meaning in
New Yorkers Short Stories by O. Henry. The objective of his study to identify how
affective meaning described in “New Yorkers” short stories by O. Henry. The sources
of data in her study are O. Henry collected short stories, which take of the Christmas
The similarity of the previous study and the present study is on the theory, both of the
study is using an affective meaning theory by Geoffrey Leech. While the difference
between the previous study and the present is on the object. The previous study
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analyzes how Affective Meaning in New Yorkers Short Stories by O. Henry, while
the present study uses Kissing Booth movie as the object of the study.
of Maine. His study discusses ethnic differences in the affective meaning of parental
ratings found general support for three dimensions there are (hurt/ anger,
The differences between the previous study and the present are on the object and
method of data analysis. The previous study analyzes how Affective Meaning in
and uses a sample of 348 high school living in urban southeastern metropolitan area,
and used participant as the method of data analyze, while the present study uses
Kissing Booth movie as the object of the study and just analyzes how affective
meaning used in the movie script and use descriptive qualitative method in analyzing
the data.
The third study is from Ermiani (2014). Her study aims to analyzing Adele’s song
lyrics in terms of semantic study. The problem concerns on how is affective meaning
described in Adele’s song lyrics. The objective of this study is to described the
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affective meaning in seven song lyrics of Adele. Her study used qualitative
descriptive method. Therefore, the data in this study are in form of utterances
conveyed by Adele. The source of data is lyric of seven song of Adele. The data were
reduction the data and the analyzed by presenting, describing, interpreting and
The difference between the previous study and the present study is the object of the
study. The previous study chose song lyrics by Adele as the object, meanwhile the
present study using Kissing Booth movie. The similarity of them is the theory, both of
the study using the theory namely Affective meaning by Geoffrey Leech.
This study has framework in describing background, problem statement and all about
the object of the study. This point makes the reader understand this proposal easier.
This study used one of the branches of linguistics namely semantics. The object of
this study is ‘Les Miserable’ movie script. The theory that used in this study is
seven meaning, they are; conceptual meaning, connotative meaning, social meaning,
This study focused on finding feelings or emotional that were created by affective
meaning used in Les Miserable movie, especially positive and negative affective
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meaning.So, in this study can answer the research question that is to describe how
The data analysis of the data in this study is based on the semantic theory of meaning.
Meaning of words is influenced by its context. That is why one word may have more
By applying this affective meaning theory towards ‘Les Miserable’ movie script, the
writer explores more in what extent the appearance of affective meaning in ‘Les
Miserable’ movie script. So, the purpose is to let people consciously realize how
affective meaning works in their daily life about feelings and emotions. Because the
object of this study shows the meaning of the feeling and emotion.
In short, the theory can be used on the topic to answer the research question. The
writer collected the data that was analyzed. Then, the result of data analysis made up
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CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the methodology of the research used to analyze the data. The
method is defined as a way or technique done in research. One of the factors made
research success is an appropriate methodology that apply in this research. So, in this
chapter, the researcher tries to explain that. This research methodology consists of
research type, the source of data, procedures of data collection, and technique of data
analysis.
explained that descriptive qualitative research is defined the research that describe
Bogdan and Biklen (1982) state that qualitative method is descriptive which the data
is collected in the form of words or pictures rather than numbers. Data in the form of
quotes from documents, field notes, and interviews or excerpts from videotapes,
study.
approach to the subject of study where there is an event that writer become the main
tool in study, then the result of the approach that depict in the form of written words
of empirical data which have been obtained and in this approach also emphasizes the
meaning of generalization.
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This study conducted by qualitative descriptive method. The writer applied the
findings and to analyze data as well. In this study, the qualitative method used to
facilitate the data that was analyzed and to respond the research question about how
From the description above, the researcher stated that qualitative descriptive method
is the way of research that seeks answer the research question and the descriptive
of data are the important thing in conducting study. Thus, data source is the substance
where the writer got information that is required.The researcher had a choice between
primary data and secondary data and used of both which is termed dual methodology.
1. Primary Data
According to Safi’I (2005) Primary data is data in the research process from the
original source by using appropriate data collection. In other word, primary data
collected by the writer themselves. The primary data in this study were taken from the
movie script of each character and utterance in the movie entitled “Les Miserable “
2. Secondary Data
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Secondary data is data that complied but not by the writer or data in the form of
document, for example the articles, and so on. In other word, secondary data are data
that already exist. In this study, the secondary data were from the movie as
The data of this study were taken from the movie “Les Miserable Movie”, In
1. General step of collecting data such as searching and downloading the of Les
Miserable on the internet. watching the movie until understand and get the meaning
3. Coding the data to classify the sentence affective meaning based on positive and
negative affective meaning. The Researcher used numbers for data coding, such us
number 1 for positive affective meaning and number 2 for negative affective meaning
To analyze the data, the Researcher used descriptive qualitative methods in analyzing
the study. The technique applied to analyze in “Les Miserable “ movie cript based on
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the affective meaning. After that, the analysis was done through some steps to
Presenting the data is one of the steps making a result report of a research which has
been done. So, the Researcher coded the data that was sorted out based on affective
In this case, after presenting the data, the Researcher described the concept of
situation by applying the affective meaning that contained positive and negative
affective meaning. To explain the represent data in this study, the data was described
according to the theory used in this study. For instance, the Researcher described the
affective meaning which are found in the script. This stage is important in qualitative
descriptive method.
In this case, the Researcher described the data which was presented and interpreted in
“Les Miserable” movie. The data collected were interpreted by the Researcher to find
the exact sample of negative and positive affective meaning based on affective
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4. Concluding the Data
Finally, based on explanation of three steps above, the Researcher made conclusion to
summarize points found in this study. First, is concluding the result of positive
affective meaning study, Then, the Researcher concluded this study that explained the
negative affective meaning. Finally, Researcher is able to conclude the thorough data
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