第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.

1 tangent and normal

3.1 tangent and normal
Outline
注意有三种题目，分别是：
1 给切点找斜率
2 给斜率找切点
3 给外面的点

解题策略是：
切点和斜率都去找出来
重点一：第一种题目：给切点找斜率 Example 3.1
Example 1 x
2 find the equation of tangent and normal to the graph y at the point where x=3 随
Given curve yx , find the gradient of tangent at point (2,4) 7x
便画个图了解一下题意

重点二：第二种题目：给斜率找切点
Example 2
Given curve y  x 2 , the gradient of tangent at a point A is 6, find point of contact.

重点三：有点有斜率，就可以写方程式了: y-y1=m(x-x1)
Example 3
given a curve y  x 2  x  1 , find the equation of tangent and normal at point (1,3).
随便画个图了解一下题意
Error!
y  3  (2 x  1)( x  1) 一条直线怎么可能是 quadratic？！！

要做的功课 stage 1
1 find the equation of tangent of function f ( x)  x 4  2 x 3 at x=1.Ans:y=-2x+1

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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
要做的功课 stage 1
Example 4 2 The parabola y  x2  C is to be tangent to the line y  x ， find C.
3
Find the equation of tangent to curve yx such that it is parallel to y  3x  5 2
题目的意思是 y  x  C 上有一点的切线是 y=x
随便画个图了解一下题意

重点四：normal 没有用的，需要换去 tangent

Example 5
1
Find the equation of normal to curve y  x2 such that it is parallel to y   x5
4

Example 4.1

given y  x 3  3a 2 x  b touches x-axis(与 x 轴相切)，express b2 in a

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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
Example 6.1 （字小）
重点五：第三种题目：给外面一点 find the gradient of tangent line to the curve f ( x)  ( x  1) 3 where the tangent line pass
Example 6 through (0,0)
find the gradient of the tangent line to the curve y  x 2 , if the tangent line passes through
(3,8).随便画个图了解一下题意

要做的功课 stage 1
3
3 given y  x , find the equation of tangent that passes through (1,1).
ans:y=3x-2, y=0.75x+0.25
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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
Example 7.1
重点六：两条切线的题目，也是每条线找出切点斜率！ If the tangent to the curve y  x 2 at the point (1,1) is parallel to the normal of curve
Example 7 7
y  px 2  q at point (1, ) , find the value of p and q .
If the tangent to the curve y  x2 at the point (1,1) is parallel to the normal of curve y  x2 4
at point ( p, q ) , find the value of p and q.

要交的功课 stage 1
4
4 Let y  4 x  x .At what point is the tangent line to the graph perpendicular to the
line tangent to the graph at (0,0)

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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
Example 7.2 Example 8.1
If the curve y  ax 2 and y  x 2  bx  c touch each other at point (1,2),find a , b, c find the equation of tangent to the curve y 2  4 xy  x 2  5 whose gradient is 0. 随便画个
图理解题意，这是第几种题目？

重点七：牵涉到隐函数的题目
Example 8
given x 2  xy  y 2  1 , find the equation of tangent at point (1,1)
这是第几种题目？

要做的功课 stage 1
5 given x 2  y 2  1 , find the equation of tangent to the curve if its gradient is 2.
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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
Example 9.1
重点八：牵涉到参数方程式的题目
Example 9  1
3
x  2 tan  2 x  t  t
Given a curve defined by the parametric equations and y  3sec  .Find Given a curve  , find the equation of the tangent to the curve whose gradient is 2.
1
 y  t 
the equation of the tangent to the curve when  .  t
4
这是第几种题目？
这是第几种题目？

要做的功课 stage 1
 1
xt
6 Given a curve
 t , find the point on which its tangent has gradient 5
 1 3
y  t 
 t
6
 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
Example 10 Example 12
Find the common tangent of curves y  1 x2 and y  1  x 2 What is the largest value the slope of the curve y  sin x can ever have?
没有的东西就自己 let 2
问你 slope 最大多少，当然先把 slope 式子写出来啦！

重点九：几个解就代表几个切点
Example 11
3
(i) How many horizontal tangent lines are there for y  x  3x 2  3x
(ii) for what value or values of the constant k will the curve
y  x 3  kx 2  3 x  4 have exactly one horizontal tangent?

Example 12.1
What is the smallest slope on the curve y  x3  x

Example 13
Find the lines that perpendicular to x  4y  3 and touch the curve
1  
f ( x )  tan x  tan 3 x (   x  ) .
3 2 2

Example 14
Given the curve x 2  y 2  4 .Find the gradient of tangent that passes through point
4
( 0, ).
3
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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
Example 15 重点五：隐函数的切线斜率
Given that line y  4 x  a touches curve y  x 4  2 x 3  3x 2 at two different points, 6 Given x 2 y  xy 2  6 , find the x-coordinates of the point on which its tangent has
find a . ans:a=-4 gradient 5
3
Example 16 重点六：参数方程式的切线斜率
Tangent lines were drawn from point (a,2) to the curve y  x 3  3x 2  2 .
7 Given 

x  t 3  t , find the equation of tangent of which gradient is -1
(i) Show that if a  2 ,only one tangent line can be drawn. y  4  t
2

(ii) Find the range of a if only one tangent line can be drawn
Ans: 1/3<a<3
重点七：几个解就代表几个切点
8 Find the range of values of k if y  2 x 3  3kx 2  6kx  6 has no horizontal
tangent.

杂题
9 A curve has a gradient function
dy
 kx  3 ,where k is constant. Given that the
Stage 2 Challenge dx
重点一：给切点找斜率 curve passes through (1,9) and at x=5,the gradient of the normal to the curve is  1 .
1 Find the equation of tangent to the curve y  2 x  1 at the point where x 1 13
3x  1 (i) find the value of k.
(ii) Find the equation of tangent at (1,9)
重点二：倒过来，给斜率找切点
2 Let y 
16
 x 2 ,find all horizontal tangent. （也就是斜率为 0） 10 Find the x-coordinates of the point where the normal to f ( x )  x 2  3 x  1 at
x
x  1 intersects the curve again
重点三：normal 没用！转去 tangent 来做
3 Find the value of the constant k for which the line 2 y  3 x  k is a normal to
2
the curve y  2 x  x  3 11 Show that if the line y  mx  c is tangent to y  x 2  x  4 , then
m 2  2m  4c  15  0
重点四：两条切线的题目！也是要切点+斜率！ Hence find the equations of the tangents to the curve which pass through (0,3)
x2 3
4 If the tangent to the curve y    x  2 at the point (2,3) is parallel to the
8 4
12 Given f ( x)  2 x 2  3x ,
normal of curve y  px 2  qx  3 at point (-1,-8), find the value of p and q .
2
Show that P ( h  1,2h  h  1) is a point on the curve y  f (x )
想想看是哪一种题目 If the normal at P passes through (-8,4), find the value of h corresponding to P.
c
5 A line passing through (0,3) and (5,-2) is the tangent to the curve y , find c.
x 1

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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
练习 1
13 Find the point where the curves y  x 3  3x  4 and y  3x 2  3x touch each 1. Find the equations for the lines that are tangent and normal to the curve
other.  
y  1  cos x at the given point  ,1 .
2 
14 A line normal to the curve y  2x 2 at a point in the first quadrant also passes
3x  9
 3 2 Find the gradient of tangent of the curve y at the point where the
through  0,  . find the equation for this line 2x2
 4 curve crosses the x-axis.

15 Show that the tangent to the curve y  x3 at any point ( a, a 3 ) meets the curve 3 Given that the gradient of the tangent to the curve y  ax 3  bx 2  3 at the

again at a point where the slope is four times the slope at ( a, a 3 ) point (1,4) is 7,calculate the value of a, b

5
16 A car is travelling at night along a highway shaped like a parabola with its vertex at
4 The equation of a curve is y  2x2  .The tangent to the curve at P
x
the origin
The car starts at a point 100m west and 100m north of the origin and travels in an where x  1 meets the x-axis at A and the y-axis at B,calculate the area of
easterly direction triangle AOB where O is origin
There is a statue located 100m east and 50m north of the origin
2
Find the x-coordinates of the point on the highway on which the car’s headlights 5 The equation of a curve is y  3 x  7 x  6 .the tangent to the curve at P(1,2)
illuminate the statue
meets the x-axis at A and the normal to the curve at the same point meets the y-
axis at B.Find A,B.

6 Find the value of the constant k for which the line 2 y  3x  k is a normal to
the curve y  2x2  x  3

7 Given a curve y  x 3 . The tangent to the curve at (1,1) cuts the curve again at
point Q, find coordinates of point Q. (随便画草图找思路)

8 The curve y  x 2  ax  b and y  cx  x 2 are tangent to each other at point

(1,0), find a,b,c. 题目的意思是，两条曲线在（1,0）相切，画图理解

1 3 x2 3
17 Find the range of gradient of tangents of curve y  x  x2  2x 1 9 If the tangent to the curve y  x  2 at the point (2,3) is parallel to the
3 8 4
normal of curve y  px 2  qx  3 at point (-1,-8), find the value of p
and q .

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 第十二份微积分笔记 chapter 3.1 tangent and normal
10. find the equation of tangent line to the curve f ( x)  4 x where the tangent line 
Given a parametric equation  x  cos t
3
6
3
, t  0,   , find equation of tangent at
pass through (-4,0)  y  sin t
point ( ,
1 3 3
11 if the line y  3x  k is tangent to the curve y  2 x 2  5 x  1 , find k. )
8 8
3
练习二 7 Find the equation of tangents to the curve y  x  x at the points where the
slope is 4. What is the smallest slope on the curve? At what value of x does the
1 Find the range of values of k such that y  x 3  kx 2  2 x  1 has exactly
curve have this slope?
two tangents with gradient 1.
8 于曲线 y  f ( x)  x 4  4 x 3  10 上，在 A(0,f(0)) 和 B(2,f(2)) 两点间 ，求一 点
b
2 Given function f ( x )  ax  , the tangent to the curve y  f (x) at P(c,f(c)) 使其在 P 点处之切线平行于割线 AB，并求此切线方程式
x
(2, f (2)) is 7 x  4 y  12  0 . find f (x)
9 Find the normal to the curve xy  2 x  y  0 that are parallel to the line 2 x  y  0 .

3 y  f (x) is a quadratic function whose curve is as shown. y  g (x) is

10 given x 2  y 2  1 , find the equation of gradient to the curve if its gradient is 2.
tangent to the curve with gradient=  1 , find f (x) . Ans:  x 2  x  2
 1
Hints:since it is quadratic, let f ( x)  ? 11 Given a curve 
xt
t , find the equation of the tangent that passes
 1
y  t 
 t
through (1.6,0)

Stage 3 Challenge
1 3
1 If f ( x)  x  2 x 2  3x always has two points A and B on the curve such that
3
4 Given a curve y  x x  2 .The tangent of and the normal to the curve at their tangent are perpendicular to each other,find the range of x-coordinates of B.
P(2,4) meet the y-axis at T and N respectively.
Find the coordinates of T and N. n 1
2 Given curve y  x , n is positive integer.
Find the area of triangle PTN（用距离公式，本次考试应该不会出）
The tangent of curve at (1,1) cut x-axis at x  xn
Find x1 x2 ...xn
ab
5 The tangent at point P (a, b) on the curve y  meets the x-axis and
x
Q and R
y-axis at respectively. Find coordinates of Q, R .hence, show 3
3 2 2
Given curve f ( x )  2 x  3 x  12 x  11 , g ( x )  3 x  6 x  12 , straight
that PQ  RP line l : y  kx  9 .
If l is common tangent to both f(x) and g(x). find k.

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