Performance Analysis of Resonant Converter For Solar Energy Conversion System

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Overview
This present work is for the most part worry towards applying delicate switching
strategies for a converter which is useful for Photo-Voltaic vitality transformation
framework. This present work is intentional towards eminent a delicate switching
buck converter which is gainful for Photovoltaic System. The aim is to diminish
switching misfortunes by applying a resounding circuit with ordinary Buck converter.
To affirm profoundly productive activity of photovoltaic (PV) module, maximum
power point tracking (MPPT) calculation is utilized for most extreme extraction of
intensity. These converters utilized switching gadgets like diodes, bipolar junction
transistors (BJTs), metal oxide semiconductor field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) and
insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs). There ought to be a sensible choice of
switching gadget relying on power commitment and switching recurrence. MOSFET
is most suitable for low power and low voltage applications while IGBT is used for
higher power and higher voltage and current rating diverged from MOSFET. IGBT's
are worked in the lower repeat reach out (up to 100 kHz) anyway MOSFET's are
worked at generously higher repeat run appeared differently in relation to IGBT. The
anticipated converter is worked under zero current switching (ZCS) and zero voltage
switching (ZVS) condition which ensures upgraded capability, less electromagnetic
and impediment.
1.2 Losses in Switching Devices
The gadgets utilized for switching in converters do not act as perfect in exploratory
circumstances, henceforth they are wellsprings of loss of vitality in the framework.
These losses are of two kinds which are portrayed beneath.
1.3 Conduction losses
IGBT and MOSFET are commonly utilized in essential converter gadgets. The
conduction losses if there ought to emerge an event of MOSFET are a consequence of
its personality of going about as a resistor when it is altogether turned on. R ds is the
opposition between drain to source. On account of IGBT, the conduction loss relies
upon the present going through the gadget amid turn-on situation and voltage V ce, sat
offered crosswise over authority and producer intersections.
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1.4 Switching losses
In connected conditions, the voltage or current in the switch doesn't drop to zeros
when it is speedily turned on or off. In this way, there is a period term in which both
current and voltages occurs, so we can state there is a covering an area of voltage and
current bend of switching gadget. Thus, this covering of bends causes control
misfortune. In addition, as normal power is social to the recurrence, so higher
switching recurrence will cause more misfortune. One progressively noticeable is the
nearness of electro-magnetic interference (EMI) because of sharp and sudden
advances. As it is energetic from an image of gadgets that both IGBT and MOSFET
are having hostile to parallel diodes yet MOSFET has a higher estimation of
capacitance among deplete and source when contrasted with the capacitance among
gatherer and producer of IGBT. If there should be an occurrence of MOSFET C ds is
accused of off-stage voltage exposed to it and in the event that IGBT current
following is watched even after kill condition. As we can see that fundamental
misfortune for MOSFET is a result of charging and releasing of the capacitance yet
for IGBT it is following current. The misfortunes happen in these cases are called
hard switching losses. The misfortunes appear in Fig.1.1.
Fig. 1.1 : Loss of Power During Hard Switching
(a) Soft Switching
The challenges if there should arise an occurrence of hard switching like switching
misfortunes, EMI, current and voltage stresses can be decreased by utilizing the
delicate switching strategy. The expression "delicate changing" is utilized to
unfaltering advances of switch current and voltages. As advances are unfaltering so
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appraising gets diminished so EMI decrease is watched and decline are overlying
region among current and voltage bends is additionally observed on the grounds that
delicate switching makes any of the current or voltage to be zero when the changeover
occurs, so there are no overlying areas among current and voltage bends of the
switching device. Hence the interpretation of MOSFET, it involves of capacitance C ds
which is essentially a mix of interior capacitance with extra outer capacitance.
MOSFET can be turned on when it is certain that voltage over the switch just before
the turned on is zero and MOSFET can turn-off with ZVS in light of C ds which keeps
away from a sudden ascent in the voltage as the gadget is a turn-off. Fig.1.2 indicates
ZVS execution devouring MOSFET and its switching waveforms.
Fig. 1.2 : ZVS MOSFET Implementation at the Turn-off
(b) Switching Waveform of ZVS and Hard Switching
By utilizing the inductor in progression with it ZCS activity can be performed. As

inductor controls ascend in current which sorts current through MOSFET almost zero
ZCS turn-off can be achieved. At the point when negative voltage emerges over the
combination (inductor-MOSFET) which causes steady tumbling off of current to zero
on account of inductor MOSFET turn-off switch, ZCS is achieved.
Fig. 1.3 : Turn-on and Turn-off Transition Waveform of MOSFET
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Fig. 1.3 shows ZCS execution using MOSFET and its switching waveforms.
Whereas:
VDS = Drain to source voltage of MOSFET
VGS = Gate to source voltage of MOSFET
iDS = Drain to source current of MOSFET
Turn-on = MOSFET turn-on period
Turn-off = MOSFET turn off period
Fig. 1.4 : Turn-on and Turn-off Transition Waveform of Diode
Fig. 1.4 shows the diode waveforms which connect anti-parallel with MOSFET.
Whereas:
VD = Voltage drop across the diode
iD = Current through the diode
1.5 Resonant Switch
Before the accessibility of completely convenient power devices, SCR was the main
power component widely used as a switch in power electronic networks. Every SCR
needs the commutation network that is generally a combination of resonant circuit L
and C, for forcing to flowing current becomes null in the operation of commutation.
This method is actually a kind of zero current turns off operation. By the current
conditions, improvement in the semiconductor components, the handling capacity of
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voltage and current and the speed of switching completely convenient devices have
been appreciably enhanced.
In several large power requirements, the controllable devices like the Gate turn off
(GTOs) and Insulated gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) are changed the Silicon
controlled rectifier (SCR). But, the need for the resonant network to obtain ZCS or
ZVS conditions also appears as a recent technique for the power converters circuits.
The idea of the resonant switch which changes the traditional power switches
presented in this part. The resonant switch is small circuit consisting of the
semiconductor switch MOSFET Sa and the resonant components like Lr and Cr. The
MOSFET Sa can be constructed with unidirectional or bidirectional switches, to
measure the process of the resonant switch in the circuit. There are two categories of
resonant components, with zero current (ZC) resonant switches and zero voltage (ZV)
resonant switches.
1.5.1 Zero Current Resonant Switch
As shown in zero current (ZC) resonant switches, the inductor Lr component is

associated in series through the power switch S to obtain the condition of zero current
switchings (ZCS). Consider that S switch is unidirectional, the current through the
switch is responsible to get resonate in the only one direction that is a positive half
cycle of the circuit.
Fig. 1.5 : Zero Current Resonant Switch
The resonant switch S is supposed to work in half-wave operation. Consider that the
diode is coupled in anti-parallel through unidirectional switch then current through the
switch can blow in both of the directions. Then, the resonant switch works in full-
wave process. At the time of turning on, the current through the switch will increase
gradually from zero. Then only it will oscillate, due to the resonance stuck between L r
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and Cr components. In the end, for the next zero-current duration, the switch S can be
commutated. The aim of this kind of switch designed that the switching current
waveform at the instance of conduction to produce a zero current switching condition
for the MOSFET switches to turn off.
1.5.2 Zero Voltage Resonant Switch
The zero voltage (ZV) resonant switch is designed which consist of a capacitor Cr is
associated in parallel through the power switch S for obtaining the condition of zero
voltage switching (ZVS). Consider that the switch S is unidirectional then the voltage
appears across capacitor Cr is responsible for oscillating smoothly in mutually positive
and negative half cycles of the process. So, resonant switch S can be work in full-
wave process. Consider that the diode is associated in anti-parallel through the
unidirectional switch the voltage across the resonant capacitor is clamped through the
diode to zero for the period of negative half cycle process.
Fig. 1.6 : Zero Voltage Resonant Switch
The resonant switch S is supposed to work in half cycle operation. The purpose of
zero voltage (ZV) switching is to need a resonant circuit to form the switching voltage
waveform for the duration of commutation in command to produce the condition of
zero voltage switching for the switches to conduct.
1.6 Introduction of Fuzzy
In recent years the need for artificial intelligence is used to change the human
knowledge in the comprehensible form with the computers. Modern control depends
on artificial intelligence techniques (AIT) is called an intelligent or smart controller.
Intellectual systems are generally explained through the analogies by natural systems,
such, focusing on how human beings are done the control responsibilities, identifying
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the patterns, or choose decisions. The difference stuck between human beings and
machines that human beings cause in unsure, inaccurate, fuzzy conduct the machines
and the computers depend on the binary system. Fuzzy logic is a method to design
machines more intellectual to allow them to work as human beings. The Fuzzy logic
was given by Lotfy Zadeh in the year 1965, appeared as an instrument to treat with
unsure, inaccurate, or calculative decision-making troubles. The Controllers
consisting of intellectual and traditional topologies are generally used in the
intellectual controlling of difficult dynamic systems. Thus, fixed fuzzy controllers
computerize to read the conventionally human control activities.
1.6.1 Architecture of Fuzzy
It contains generally four parts:
Rule Base: It consists of the logics and IF-THEN rules given by the experts to
manage the decision-making system, on the dependency of linguistic information.
Recent developments in fuzzy theory present many efficient methods for the
construction and tuning of fuzzy controllers. Most of these developments decrease the
number of fuzzy rules.
Fuzzification: It requires to changes the inputs that are crisp no. in the fuzzy sets. The
Crisp input’s generally the accurate inputs calculated with the help of sensors and
passed through the controlling system for operation, like controlling of temperature,
pressure, and rpm of a machine, etc.
Fig. 1.7 : Fuzzy logic Architecture
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Inference Engine: It finds a similar amount of the present fuzzy input with regards to
every rule and selects which type of rules has to act in according to the input. Then,
the acting rules are grouped to design controlling actions.
Defuzzification: It requires changing the fuzzy sets received through the inference
engine in crisp value of fuzzy. Many defuzzification techniques existing and the best
one suitable technique are used for a precise expert system to decrease the error.
1.6.2 Fuzzy Sets
The fuzzy sets are presented through membership functions explained in the world of
discussion. The world of discussion is the liberty where fuzzy elements are explained.
Membership functions of fuzzy sets provide the rank, or quantity of membership
inside the sets, of any part in the world of discussion. The number of membership
functions designed the variables of the world on to the mathematical values in the
range of [0, 1]. The value of zero for membership functions applies that the equivalent
variable is positively not a variable of the fuzzy sets, whereas an assessment of
agreement means that variable completely related to the sets.
1.6.3 Fuzzification
This method is the process of decomposing the circuit input and output values into
one or more fuzzy sets or variables. Several kinds of characteristics can be utilized,
however, the triangular-shaped otherwise trapezoidal-shaped membership functions
are mainly used, cause they are simple to characterize in any controllers.
Fig. 1.8 : Fuzzification
The system of fuzzy variables for input by a trapezoidal membership function and
triangular membership functions. Every fuzzy set range for input either output rate
characterized with the membership functions. Any exacting input is explained from
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these fuzzy sets and a quantity of membership is explained. MF’s should be a
crossover to permit soft mapping for the existing system. The method of fuzzification
permits the system inputs and outputs to be presented in linguistic terminology,
therefore, the rules can be implied in an easy way to show a difficult system.
1.6.4 Defuzzification
Later than fuzzy logic calculation, we get a linguistic output set that requires to be
converted into a crisp value. The purpose is to get one crisp mathematical value that
presents the indirect fuzzy values for the linguistic output set. The defuzzification is
the opposite conversion that maps output to the fuzzy state change into the crisp state.
A number of defuzzification processes are inclined to generate integral output taking
into consideration all the variables of output fuzzy sets with the equivalent weights.
The other process acquires into report only the variables equivalent to the highest
points of output membership functions.
Center of area (COA)- The Center of area method is frequently made reference to the
Center of gravity process cause it calculates the centroid of the compound region
presenting the output fuzzy terminology.
Fig. 1.9 : Fuzzification and Defuzzification for Different Numerical Values
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Center of Maximum (COM)- In the Center of Maximum method, just the maximum
of the membership functions are utilized. Defuzzified crisp cooperation value is
calculated by ruling the position at which place the weights are unbiased. So the
region of membership functions acting no task and just the maximum (singleton
memberships) are utilized. The crisp output is calculated as weighted represents the
terminology membership maxima, weighted through the conclusion outputs.
Mean of Maximum (MOM)- The Mean of Maximum method is used in some cases
when the Center of Maximum approach doesn’t work out. Whenever the maximum of
membership functions are not exceptional and the query produces the MOM is
occurred.
1.7 Fuzzy Controller
Mainly industrial fuzzy controllers are rule-based controllers that obtain the present
information in a feedback loop through the machine as its works and controls the
process of a mechanical or another machine. The fuzzy logic controller system
consisting of four (4) blocks as illustrated in fig. 1.11. The Crisp input value from the
machine is changed into the fuzzy information for every input fuzzy set through the
fuzzification block. The creation of discussion of the input sets finds the need of
scaling for accurate per unit process. This scaling is extremely significant causes
fuzzy system can be retrofitted by other components or spans of the process by only
changing the scaling of input and output of the system. The decision making fuzzy
logic finds how the fuzzy controller process is going to be operated. (Sup Min
inference) and mutually by knowledge base finds an output of every fuzzy IF-THEN
rule. Those were grouped and changed to crispy values by defuzzification block. An
output crisp rate can be designed through the center of gravity otherwise weighted
average.
Fig. 1.10 : Block Diagram of a Fuzzy Controller
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In the procedure of input to obtain the output logic there are 6 parts implicated in the
formation of the rule-based fuzzy controllers:
1. Recognize the input values, their span and give them a name.
2. Recognize the output values, their span and give them a name.
3. Design the scale of fuzzy membership functions (MF’s) for every input and
output value.
4. Design the rule base as the system operates under that.
5. Make a decision on how the activity will be performed through conveying

strength to the fuzzy rules.
6. Merge the fuzzy rules and defuzzifying the output.
1.8 Objectives of the thesis
The main objectives of this work are-
1. To develop a model of a solar energy conversion system using a ZVS converter.
2. To realize the control strategy using simulation software under different

conditions.
3. To validate the performance of the proposed solar energy conversion system

under various conditions.
1.9 Thesis Outline
This thesis is categorized into five chapters.
Chapter 1 : This chapter provides information about the hard switching, soft
switching, types of resonant converter, Zero voltage switching, Zero current
switching, switching losses, Fuzzification and defuzzification, and fuzzy rule. Control
strategy for DC-DC converter also discussed in this chapter.
Chapter 2 : This chapter discusses the review literature on the basis of the resonant
switch, Zero voltage switch, zero current switching, DC to DC converter and PV
system.
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Chapter 3 : This chapter provides information about the modeling of the PV system.
Converter modeling with MPPT and fuzzy logic techniques is also presented in this
chapter. Dynamic modeling of PV system and power electronic interface system
modeling is also presented.
Chapter 4 : This chapter discusses the MATLAB Simulink block model for the
photovoltaic system. All the result were analyzed and discussed to determine the
output of the DC-DC converter based solar energy conversion system.
Chapter 5 : This chapter provides a list of the conclusion and scope for future
research works.
1.10 Closure
The basic overview of the photovoltaic system (solar system), resonant switch wind,
Zero voltage switch, zero current switching, DC to DC converter and PV system and
power electronic interface for the base solar energy conversion system is presented.
The applications, advantages, and fuzzy logic control systems are discussed.
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CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Introduction
In traditionalist hard switching converters, the conduction losses are low. Be that as it
may, high switching losses makes converters less capable. In this manner, the strategy
for fragile changing is familiar with sort the trading propels at also zero-voltage
condition or zero current circumstance so the instructing ratio of losses (the ones
delivered because of exchanging under high voltages or flows) can also be diminished
and the capability of the converters can be very improved.
2.2 Control Strategy for DC-DC Converter Based Solar Energy Conversion
System
Chuang et al. (2007) presented the high-recurrence full converter has various surely
understood focal points over the customary hard-exchanging converters. The most
vital preferred standpoint is that it offers a lower exchanging misfortune and a higher
influence thickness. Furthermore, the delicate exchanging current waveform portrays
a lower electromagnetic interference (EMI). This examination gives the circuit setup
minimal parts to understand an exceptionally effective sun based vitality battery
charger with a zero-voltage-exchanging thunderous converter. The ideal estimations
of the resounding segments are dictated by applying the trademark bend and the
electric capacities got from the circuit setup. The trial exhibits the turning on and off
of the fundamental switches in a sun based vitality battery charger with a zero-
voltage-exchanging resounding converter, wherein the switches are altogether worked
utilizing zero-voltage exchanging. The circuit effectiveness in the general charging
process surpasses 80%.
Patel et al. (2008) presented the execution of a photovoltaic (PV) exhibit is

influenced by temperature, sun-powered protection, shading, and cluster setup.
Regularly, the PV clusters get shadowed, totally or halfway, by the passing mists,
neighboring structures and towers, trees, and utility and utility poles. The
circumstance is quite compelling if there should arise an occurrence of expansive PV
establishments, for example, those utilized as a part of circulated control age plans.
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Under mostly shaded conditions, the PV attributes get more unpredictable with
various pinnacles. However, it is essential to comprehend and foresee them to
extricate the greatest conceivable power. This paper exhibits a MATLAB-based
demonstrating and reproduction conspire reasonable for concentrate the I– V and P–
V attributes of a PV cluster under nonuniform insolation because of fractional
shading. It can likewise be utilized for creating and assessing new most extreme
power point following procedures, particularly for in part shaded conditions. The
proposed models helpfully interface with the models of energy electronic converters,
which is an exceptionally valuable component. It can likewise be utilized as a device
to contemplate the impacts of shading designs on PV board shaving distinctive
arrangements. It is watched that, for a given number of PV modules, the cluster
design (what number of modules in the arrangement and what number of in parallel)
altogether influences the most extreme accessible power under in part shaded
conditions. This is another viewpoint to which the created instrument can be
connected. The model has been tentatively approved and the helpfulness of this
investigates his featured with the assistance of a few representations. The MATLAB
code of the created demonstrates is openly accessible for download.
Nguyen et al. (2009) proposed a neural system based way to deal with evaluating the
most extreme conceivable yield energy of sunlight based photovoltaic cluster under
the non-uniform shadow conditions at a given geographic region. Taking the sun
situated brightening levels, the encompassing temperature, and the Sun's position
focus as information sources, a multilayer feed-forward neural framework assesses
the yield vitality of the sun based photovoltaic bunch. Getting ready data for the
neural framework is delivered by coordinating a movement of examinations on a
shaded sun situated board at different hours of multi-day for a couple of days. In the
wake of setting up the neural framework, it's precision and hypothesis properties are
minded test data. It is discovered that the neural system, which is a guess of the real
shading capacity, can evaluate the greatest conceivable yield energy of the sun based
PV exhibits precisely. Further, the system can evaluate the greatest yield control for
field information and offers to ascend to the likelihood that the proposed approach can
be utilized for settling on choice with respect to the establishment of sun-powered PV
array in the field.
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Salam et al. (2010) exhibited works demonstrates the misuse of the-two diode model
to symbolize the PV cell. This exertion demonstrates better accuracy at low irradiance
level. In anticipated work for decreasing the computational time, the info
requirements are diminished to four and the estimations of Rp and Rs are assessed by
a compelling cycle system. The anticipated two-diode show is checked by the real
information from the producers. Finally distinguished that the anticipated two-diode
demonstrate is smarter to the traditionalist Rp and Rs models. Likewise, an entire
network associated PV framework, together with the power converters and controllers
is mimicked. The outcomes are observed to be in close concurrence with a
hypothetical estimate.
Ram et al. (2011) show ideas of Active Disturbance Rejection Control (ADRC) and
Flatness Based Control (FBC) are utilized as a part of this article to direct the reaction
of a dc-to-dc buck control converter influenced by obscure, exogenous, time-differing
load current requests. The Generalized Proportional Integral (GPI) eyewitness is
utilized to gauge and cross out the time-fluctuating aggravation signals. A key
component in the proposed control for the buck converter-dc engine blend is that
regardless of whether the control input picks up is loosely known, the control system
still gives appropriate direction and following. The power of this strategy is
additionally stretched out to the instance of a twofold buck topology driving two
distinctive dc engines influenced by various load torque unsettling influences.
Reproduction comes about are given.
Shams et al. (2012) introduced the condition of having assorted irradiance levels
among different photovoltaic modules in a photovoltaic exhibit is called fractional
shading. Vitality misfortunes have been represented to happen in view of fragmented
shading. These misfortunes could be decreased by reconnecting the modules of the
display with the end goal that the general impact of fractional shading on the bunch is
reduced. Propose of a novel headway show for the perfect total cross-tied
interconnection which basically diminishes fragmentary shading incidents. The
change over typical total cross-tied interconnection has been shown by expansive
propagation happens. The patent number PCT/CA2011/000556 has been archived in
perspective of this work.
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Cortes et al. (2014) presented proposes of an enhancement technique to plan the
parameters of controls for control converters with a specific end goal to accomplish a
quick powerful reaction while staying steady and strong over the coveted task locale.
The proposed advancement calculation is connected to various simple controls and is
utilized to think about the vibrant reaction of the Voltage mode, V 2 and V2Ic control
for various cases keeping in mind the end goal to assess which control exhibits the
best execution regarding dynamic reaction and security power to framework
resistances.
Pospischil et al. (2014) The constraints of the mass semiconductors at present utilized
as a part of electronic gadgets-inflexibility, substantial weight and high expenses have
as of late moved the examination endeavors to two-dimensional nuclear crystals1such
as graphene 2 and molecularly thin progress metal dichalcogenides 3, 4. These
materials can possibly be delivered effortlessly and in substantial zones while keeping
up high material quality. These properties, and also their adaptability, make two-
dimensional nuclear gems alluring for applications, for example, sun oriented cells or
show boards. The fundamental building pieces of optoelectronic gadgets are p–n
intersection diodes; however, they have not yet been exhibited in a two-dimensional
material. Here, we report a p-n intersection diode in light of electrostatically
doped5tungstendiselenide (WSe2) monolayer. We show applications as a
photovoltaic sun-powered cell, a photodiode, and a light-producing diode, and acquire
light–control transformation and electroluminescence efficiencies of ∼0.5% and
∼0.1%, individually. Given late advances in the huge scale generation of two-
dimensional crystals 6, 7, we anticipate them will significantly affect future
improvements in sunlight based, lighting and show advances.
Ortigoza et al. (2015) displayed smooth starter, in view of a dc/dc buck control
converter, for the precise speed direction following errand of a dc perpetual magnet
engine is exhibited. To this conclusion, a progressive controller is planned, which is
incorporated by a control associated with the dc engine in light of differential
evenness at the abnormal state, and control associated with the dc/dc buck converter
in view of a course control conspire at the low level. The control at the abnormal state
permits the dc engine precise speed to track a coveted direction and furthermore gives
the coveted voltage outline that must be followed by the yield voltage of the dc/dc
buck control converter. So as to guarantee the last mentioned, a course control at the
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low level is planned, considering a gliding mode control for the inward current circle
and a corresponding indispensable control for the external voltage circle. The various
leveled controller is tried over analyses utilizing MATLAB-Simulink and the DS1104
board from DSpace. The got comes about demonstrate that the coveted precise speed
direction is all around followed under sudden varieties in the framework constraints
and that the controller is powerful in such activity situations, affirming the legitimacy
of the projected controller.
2.3 Switching for Resonant converter based solar energy conversion system
Moschopoulos et al. (1999) displayed a powerful zero-voltage switching (ZVS)

PWM support converter with a vitality feed-forward assistant circuit. The proposed
converter can be worked with PWM control on the grounds that ZVS activity is
achieved with an auxiliary resounding circuit with less exchanging misfortunes and
less influence than the fundamental influence circuit. In this way, top switch strains
are lower than other anticipated converters since a portion of the vitality streaming in
the auxiliary circuit is served to the heap. In the anticipated work, the methods of
converter activity are clarified and assessed, plan rules are given, and trial results are
displayed. A ZVS PWM help converter was anticipated in this work. The highlights
of this converter incorporate PWM control with delicate exchanging over a wide line
and load extend for all dynamic and uninvolved switches and low pinnacle change
strains because of a straightforward vitality feed-forward auxiliary circuit. The
methods of activity were clarified and assessed in detail. The achievability of the
proposed converter was substantiated tentatively on a 600 W model.
Bodur et al. (2010) presented an overview of zero voltage transition (ZVT) - zero
current progress (ZCT) for the regular DC-DC converter. In this proposed work,
another dynamic snubber cell is anticipated to imagine another group of heartbeat
width adjusted (PWM) converters. In this proposed work snubber cell gives zero
voltage progress (ZVT) turn on and zero current change (ZCT) kill together for the
principal switch of a converter. Consequently proposed new converter can work with
delicate exchanging effectively at the wide line and load ranges and at high
frequencies. At the last, a thorough enduring state examination of the new converter is
offered, and this theoretical investigation is appeared by a model of a 1-kW and 100-
kHz support converter.
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Cong et al. (2014) exhibited a high-recurrence high-effectiveness two-stage buck
converter with quasi-square-wave (QSW) ZVS conspires for high-voltage car
applications. An arrangement of assistant inductor and capacitor is shared between
two-stage sub-converters to acknowledge ZVS for all power FETs and limit converter
exchanging power misfortune under high-voltage and high recurrence conditions. The
proposed two-stage structure diminishes the required current swell in the assistant
inductor, in this manner decreasing the center misfortune at high exchanging
recurrence. The sizes of the primary inductor and the yield capacitor are likewise
decreased because of the present swell cancelation in the two-stage converter. With
improvement mode GaN FETs, reproduction comes about demonstrate that the
proposed two-stage QSW-ZVS converter can work at 4 MHz and accomplish top
power effectiveness of 97% at full energy of 140 W.
Lee et al. (2014) another movement down converter is presented. It is made out of a
partner switch, a diode, and a coupled bending to the buck inductor in the standard
buck converter. By trading the buck-inductor current to the coupled bending in a short
period, the antagonistically created spillage inductor current of the buck winding
guarantees the zero-voltage trading (ZVS) errand of the buck switch in all load
conditions. Additionally, since the oppositely created spillage inductor current is
constrained after the zero voltage of the buck switch is cultivated; the pointless
current create and the conduction hardship is restricted. In this manner, and profitable
ZVS action with stack assortment is cultivated. The undertaking rule, ZVS
examination, plan, and test outcomes of the proposed converter are shown.
Chen et al. (2015) introduced another zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) buck converter.

The projected converter uses a coupled inductor to execute the yield channel inductor
and also the helper inductor which is ordinarily utilized to acknowledge ZVS for
switches. Extra attractive center for the helper inductor in customary ZVS converters
is killed and thus lessened cost is accomplished. Besides, on account of the
arrangement association between the info and yield, the switch voltage worry in the
consistent state is lessened and accordingly, the ZVS task can be less demanding
accomplished. At that point the spillage inductor current circling in the helper switch
is diminished, adding to decreased conduction misfortunes. Specifically, low-voltage
rating gadgets with low on-state protection can be embraced to additionally enhance
productivity in applications with non-zero yield voltage constantly, for example, the
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battery charger. Moreover, the invert recuperation issue of the diode is essentially
reduced by the spillage inductor of the coupled inductor. In the examination, task rule
and unfaltering state investigation of the proposed converter are introduced in detail.
In the meantime, outline contemplations are given to get circuit parameters. At last,
reproductions and investigations on a 200 W model circuit approve the favorable
circumstances and viability of the projected converter.
Husev et al. (2015) concentrated on the galvanically segregated semi Z-source dc-dc
converter with an innovative zero voltage and zero current exchanging procedure. The
exceptional element of the impedance organize lies in joining the buck-support task
ability with the short-and open-circuit insusceptibility of transistors; in the meantime,
it can perform zero voltage and zero current exchanging on the essential side. The
limit conduction method of the current in the second inductor of the semi Z-source
organizes was utilized alongside snubber capacitors in the two out of four transistors
and an exceptional control calculation to accomplish the full zero-exchanging task of
the inverter. Reenactment and test come about to demonstrate the examined thoughts.
Soumiah et al. (2015) another anticipated resounding force converter presented a

solitary switch with ZVS and ZCS. It is mode out the assistant switch, diode and
coupled contorting to the buck converter. The proposed converter is a solitary switch
resounding force converter which is unique in relation to the customary ZVS
converter, which contains a separated circuit to trigger the dynamic power switch. The
advantages of utilization of this converter like less number of segments, minimal
effort, and high power thickness. The resounding converter is cultivated at a zero
voltage level; the exchanging misfortunes are low, high capability. The results from
the full converter are advantageously interfaced with PV framework for upgrading the
sun based vitality change with less exchanging misfortunes by acknowledging the
delicate exchanging strategy.
Marvi et al. (2016) exhibited an effective ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching)

synchronous buck converter with expanded obligation cycle and the low current swell
is proposed for VRM (Voltage Controller Module) applications. By consolidating
arrangement capacitor and coupled inductors, working obligation cycle is broadened
impressively. Likewise, delicate exchanging condition for all switches is given with
no assistant circuit and subsequently, general proficiency is made strides. What's
19
more, by the integral activity of the principle switches of the interleaved modules, the
subsequent yield current swell is diminished. The converter working modes are
examined and trial comes about are exhibited to confirm the hypothetical
examination. In the meantime, plan contemplations are given to get circuit
parameters. At last, recreations and examinations on a 200 W model circuit approve
the focal points and viability of the proposed converter.
2.4 MPPT Strategies for PV Systems
Jain et al. (2004) presented another zero-voltage change help converter. The
proposed converter utilizes a delicate changing assistant circuit to execute control
factor revision (PFC) applications. The optional circuit capacitors and the resulting
decrease in the thunderous current, which causes a decrease in conduction
misfortunes. Because of the course of action of optional circuit take care of the issues
of low capability and unnecessary EMI by controlling the kill di/dt in the yield
rectifier. This converter strategy included delicate exchanging of both the
fundamental and the optional switch. In the examination, assignment, rule and
steadfast state examination of the proposed converter are presented in subtleties.
Finally, propagation and examinations on a 250 W, 127 V input model modular
circuit support the positive conditions and suitability of the proposed converter.
Esram et al. (2007) presented a study on various different methods for most extreme
power point following of photovoltaic (PV) clusters. The proposed strategies are
taken from the writing looking over back to the most punctual methodologies. This
proposed work should fill in as a helpful reference for future work in the PV control
age. A few MPPT strategies taken from the writing are pondered and inspected
herein, with their properties and constants. Finally proposed work uncovered that
there are various other MPPT techniques which for the most part enveloped in writing
audits. A definitive discourse and results should help as a valuable guide in choosing
the privilege MPPT technique for specific PV frameworks.
Fortunato et al. (2008) proposed works present the most extreme power point
following in a one-cycle-controlled single-organize inverter for photovoltaic
applications. This work allows the proposition of a most extreme power point
following annoy and watches controller that significantly builds inverter execution. In
this proposed work, the best structure of a solitary stage inverter for PV applications,
20
controlled by methods for the OCC technique. The pay introduced by the joined
utilization of a multi-target configuration approach and a proper MPPT P&O control
was shown by methods for numerical reenactments and trial results.
Villalva et al. (2009) exhibited photovoltaic clusters are generally influenced by

changes in irradiance and temperature. The primary goal of proposed work is to find
the imperatives of the nonlinear I–V condition by changing the bend at three: open
circuit, greatest power, and short out. With the balanced parameters of I–V condition,
can fabricate a PV circuit show with any circuit test system. This paper has proposed
a shut answer for the reprobate of finding the limitations of the single-diode show
condition for handy PV exhibit. A few creators have proposed indirect techniques to
change the I–V bend through artificial insight and introduction strategy. Also, as often
as possible in these models Rs and Rp are ignored or treated as free requirements,
which isn't valid on the off chance that one wishes to accurately modify the model
with the goal that the most extreme intensity of the model is equivalent to the greatest
intensity of the connected exhibit.
Bidram et al. (2012) Incomplete shading in photovoltaic clusters render customary

maximum power point tracking methods ineffectual. The diminished productivity of
shaded PV exhibits is a critical deterrent in the fast development of the sun-powered
power frameworks. Subsequently, tending to the yield control crisscross and
incomplete shading impacts is of vital esteem. Extricating the most extreme energy of
somewhat shaded PV clusters has been broadly researched in the writing. The
proposed arrangements can be classified into four principal gatherings. The main
gathering incorporates adjusted MPPT systems that legitimately recognize the
worldwide MPP. They incorporate power bend incline, stack line MPPT, separating
rectangles methods, the power increase procedure, prompt working force
improvement, Fibonacci seeks neural systems, and molecule swarm enhancement.
The second class incorporates diverse cluster designs for interconnecting PV modules,
in particular, series-parallel, add up to crosstie, and scaffold interface arrangements.
The third classification incorporates distinctive PV framework structures, to be
specific unified engineering, arrangement associated small scale converters, parallel-
associated miniaturized scale converters, and smaller-scale inverters. The fourth
classification incorporates distinctive converter topologies, to be specific multilevel
converters, voltage infusion circuits, age control circuits, module-coordinated
21
converters, and various information converters. The proposed approaches in every
classification and gives a concise dialog of their qualities.
Kumari et al. (2012) displayed customary most extreme power point following
(MPPT, for example, irritate and watch (P&O) procedures are accessible and
improved bother and perception (IP&O). Proposed P&O strategy is the humblest, in
which the working point approach toward the greatest powerpoint occasionally to
increment or diminishing the PV exhibit voltage. At the point when the MPP is got,
the P&O method will waver about it if there should arise an occurrence of persevering
or gradually shifting air conditions. This reprobate can be disengaged by a decline the
irritation step. The recommended upgraded irritation and perception (IP&O) has the
following reaction will be higher. This recommended plan of photograph voltaic
framework, basic lift converter, bother and perception (P&O), upgraded annoyance
and perception (IP&O). The recommended enhanced P&O system depends on auto-
tuning bother. Uses of recommended improved annoyance and perception (IP&O) are
impedance coordinating and Micro matrix innovation.
Noman et al. (2012) acquainted another fluffy rationale controller with improving
capability of the most extreme power point following. Proposed FLC strategy gives
better execution under disturbance in the photovoltaic temperature and illumination
level. The FLC technique relies upon estimating the variety in the PV voltage and
current. FLC manage loose sources of info information, and it's needn't bother with an
exact scientific model. FLC works in three steps fuzzification, rule evolution, and
defuzzification. The proposed input of the FLC is an error (E) and change in error
(E) which compare with base rule and generate output variable. The fantastic
execution of the proposed method to get the maximum power point of photovoltaic.
Salmi et al. (2012) presented another proposed work of a photovoltaic cell. This work
depends on scientific conditions and is characterized through a comparable circuit
with a photocurrent source, a diode, an arrangement resistor, and a shunt resistor.
Proposed work can likewise be utilized to extricate the physical imperatives for a
given sun based PV cell as a component of temperature and sun-powered radiation.
The proposed module demonstrates was mimicked and approved tentatively utilizing
the PVL-124 sun based overlay board. Finally, a result of the investigation, which can
benefit from this model as a photovoltaic generator in the structure of the SimPower-
22
System MATLAB/SIMULINK tool kit in the field of sun based PV control
transformation frameworks. What's more, such a model would manage the cost of an
instrument to estimate the execution of any sun oriented PV cell, module, and cluster
under atmosphere and physical requirements changes.
Sayal et al. (2012) exhibited conventional maximum power extraction technique can
easily be trapped at local maxima under partial shading. This expressively reduced the
energy yield of the PV system. To get the maximum power following fluffy rationale
controller (FLC) works with incorrect sources of info information and works in five
fluffy dimensions for every one of the data sources and yields factors. FLC utilized
Mamdani's surmising strategy to decide the yield of fluffy rationale controller. FLC
gives superior conduct than P and O strategy and gives quicker following of maxima
control point and it offers less change in unfaltering static. Exploratory results exhibit
that the proposed methodology is more capable than present ones and have been
confirmed from reenactment results. FLC techniques for halfway shading are full
evidence under various working conditions.
Eduardo et al. (2013) presented single-junction solar cells are for the most part
affected by changes in irradiance and temperature, multi intersection concentrator
solar cells indicate complex conduct as their execution is likewise unequivocally
impacted by changes in range. Regardless of this, when examining the framework, it
is conceivable to lessen the issue to an arrangement of parameters that could without
much of a stretch be estimated and fitted. A basic model to get the greatest power
purpose of multi-junction solar cells under temperature and unearthly changes are
proposed. This model depends on a solitary diode show and is portrayed by a basic
arrangement of conditions that are anything but difficult to fit inside a computational
program. The model could be helpful to comprehend the conduct of multi-junction
solar powered cells and furthermore CPV innovation under genuine conditions. The
principle motivation behind this paper is to characterize a straightforward method to
evaluate the greatest power purpose of multi-junction solar cells under otherworldly
and temperature changes at one sun conditions.
Ishaque et al. (2013) introduced a survey on the cutting edge maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) strategies for PV control framework applications. The fundamental
systems that will be pondered are the Bother and Watch, Incremental Conductance
and Slope Climbing. The scope will likewise envelop their varieties and versatile
23
structures. Likewise, the later MPPT approaches utilizing delicate processing
strategies, for example, Fluffy Rationale Control, Fake Neural System and
Developmental Calculations are incorporated. While the paper gives as exhaustive
treatment of MPPT at ordinary (uniform) protection, its attention will be on the
utilization of the previously mentioned procedures amid halfway shading conditions.
It is visualized that this audit work will be a wellspring of significant data for PV
experts to stay up to date with the most recent advance here, and in addition for new
specialists to begin on MPPT.
Sera et al. (2013) introduced an unmistakable examination of the two most without a
doubt comprehended incline climbing greatest powerpoint following (MPPT)
computations: the bother and-watch (P&O) and steady conductance (INC). The
purpose behind the examination is to enlighten some ordinary confusing decisions in
the writing concerning these two trackers, in this way helping the assurance system
for a suitable MPPT for the two investigators and industry. The two procedures are by
and large separated both from a numerical and helpful utilization viewpoint. Their
logical examination reveals that there is no complexity between the two. This has
been confirmed by preliminary tests according to the EN 50530 standard, achieving a
deviation between their efficiencies of 0.13% in amazing and as low as 0.02% under
static conditions. The results show that regardless of the ordinary end in the
composition, the P&O and INC are proportionate.
Lian et al. (2014) displayed Conventional greatest powerpoint following (MPPT)

procedures, for example, annoy and-watch (P&O) techniques, can simply follow the
key neighborhood most outrageous point and quit progressing to the accompanying
most prominent point. MPPT systems in light of molecule swarm streamlining (PSO)
have been proposed to follow the worldwide most extreme point (GMP). In any case,
the issue with the PSO system is that the time required for joining may be long if the
extent of the interest space is significant. This paper proposes a blending procedure,
which combines P&O and PSO techniques. At first, the P&O technique is used to
assign the nearest close-by generally outrageous. By then, starting beginning thereon,
the PSO method is used to examine for the GMP. The upside of using the proposed
mutt strategy is that the look space for the PSO is decreased, and thusly, the time that
is required for association can be massively gained ground. The incredible execution
of the proposed blend method is checked by differentiating it against the PSO
procedure using a preliminary setup.
24
Xuewei et al. (2014) A novel normally braced zero-current commutated delicate
exchanging bidirectional current-sustained full-connect secluded dc/dc converter is
proposed. This proposed optional balance method normally braces the voltage over
the essential side gadgets with zero-current substitution, killing the need for dynamic
cinch circuit or uninvolved snubbers. Exchanging misfortunes are decreased
essentially attributable to zero-current exchanging of essential side gadgets and zero-
voltage exchanging of auxiliary side gadgets. Delicate exchanging and voltage
clipping are inalienable and stack free. The voltage crosswise over essential side
gadgets is free of obligation cycle with fluctuating info voltage and yield control and
clipped at rather low reflected yield voltage, empowering the utilization of
semiconductor gadgets of low voltage rating. These benefits make the converter
promising for power device vehicles application, front-end dc/dc control change for
power module inverters, and vitality stockpiling. Enduring state task, examination,
outline, and reenactment come about utilizing PSIM 9.0.4, and exploratory outcomes
are introduced.
Ahmed et al. (2015) propose a system to upgrade the capability of the P&O most
extreme power point tracker by diminishing the unwavering state faltering and wiping
out the probability of the count to lose its following heading. A dynamic disturbance
step-gauge is used to lessen the faltering, while limit conditions are familiar with the
shield it from isolating a long way from the MPP. To exhibit its reasonability, the
proposed P&O is differentiated and the standard and adaptable P&O using the Rupp,
sinusoidal and slant irradiance tests. In addition, the presentations are evaluated in
light of a one-day (10 h) irradiance and temperature profile. The count is executed on
a buck-encourage converter and benchmarked by the standard MPPT capability
(MPPT) calculation. It was found that, for all of the tests, the  MPPT of the
proposed P&O plot is extended by approximately two rate centers. In addition, the
proposed count does not require any extra gear portions; only a couple of lines of
additional programming codes are to be embedded into the customary P&O MPPT
control program.
Guha et al. (2016) proposed work decides light-stack unsteadiness in open-circle

acceptance engine drives by virtue of inverter dead-time. Displayed work
demonstrates the strategy to determine the little flag model of the engine, containing
the impact of inverter dead-time. Tentatively steadiness investigation of this work is
25
completed on a 100-kW, 415V, 3-stage enlistment engine thinking about no-heap.
The little flag model of an inverter-encouraged enlistment engine, including the
impact of dead-time, is coming about. This model with stator flows, rotor flows and
speed as state factors are suitable for both investigation and control. The little flag
security examination is performed on a 100-kW acceptance engine drive; the steady
and unsteady districts of activity are perceived these are confirmed through
reenactment and trial results, which indicate groundbreaking sub-consonant motions
in the engine current in the precarious locale anticipated, while no such motions are
seen in the steady area anticipated.
Mao et al. (2016) shown the non-straight characteristics I-V of the photovoltaic (PV)
twist, the accompanying of the most extreme power point (MPP) under fractional
shading conditions (PSCs) can inconsistently be a trying task. This paper displays an
overall MPPT (GMPPT) technique for PV system under PSCs altered fake fish swarm
calculation (MAFSA). In MAFSA, Right off the bat, this computation present the
speed lethargy, memory limit of each individual and learning or giving point of
confinement of PSO into the AFSA, along these lines, the MAFSA has completely
five sorts of direct plan as takes in the wake of: swarming, following, recalling,
passing on and looking. Also, according to the ordinary detachment between each
fake fish and other five reproduced angles in the zone, visual and adventure of each
produced fish are adaptively figured before each cycle to upgrade the converging of
AFSA. Joining the looking for limits of the PSO and oneself learning the limit of
flexible visual and advance for AFSA, the GMPPT technique in light of MAFSA is
created. To endorse the practicality of the novel GMPPT technique, the PV structure
under PSCs nearby the proposed framework is mirrored using MATLAB/Simulink
simscape instrument compartment. Exploratory results exhibit that the proposed
technique defeats substitute procedures for GMPPT in PV system under PSCs.
2.5 Closure
In this chapter gives a comprehensive overview of literature from IEEE and several
other journals and conferences paper on DC-DC converter, PV system, photovoltaic
with MPPT control and its performance optimization are presented. Another area also
covered by this literature review chapter which is important in the resonant switch and
ZVS control strategy for the DC-DC converter.
26
CHAPTER-3
MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
In this chapter, modeling of different components of the proposed resonant converter

(DC-DC converter) based solar energy conversion system (SECS) is presented in
detail. Various controls required to control the 200W laboratory prototypes are
developed in MATLAB/ Simulink.
It accentuations on the structure and demonstrating periods of the distinctive

constituents of the SECS like the rudimentary model of ZVS converter, inverter,
fuzzy logic controller, ideal maximum power point tracking utilizing MATLAB/
Simulink. It additionally contributions the improvement of 200W model of resounding
converter based solar energy conversion system utilizing MATLAB/Simulink.
Here, a resonant converter represents the static and dynamic characteristics of an

actual solar irradiance have been developed for simulation tests. The irradiance and
temperature changes circumstances are accomplished using the resonant converter,
which comprises of the PV system, whose control is implemented using Fuzzy logic
control unit and MATLAB/Simulink. This PV module can achieve maximum power
using Perturb & Observe algorithm and fuzzy logic controller. Maximum Power
Point extraction and PV analysis are substantiated for the proposed converter and
inverter scheme are developed in simulation environment MATLAB/ Simulink.
3.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
3.2.1 Introduction
A photovoltaic course of action basically comprises of few or an expansive number of

solar energy-based PV cell to procure electrical vitality from sun oriented vitality. It is
placid of different constituents, for example, PV modules, mounting, mechanical and
electrical associations and methods for versatile the yield voltage of the structure.
3.2.2 Proposed Arrangement of PV System
The PV structure with MPPT based on FLC by developing standalone ZVS is

performed as seen in Fig. 3.1. The produced voltage and current of PV are specified to
27
the converter and ZVS based MPPT square which therefore fixed the duty cycle of
pulses to extract the maximum power. The gained obligation cycle was given to PWM
generator and it produces trigging beats, which are given to gate terminal of MOSFET
switches.
Fig. 3.1 : Block Diagram of PV Structure with MPPT Based on FLC by

Developing Standalone ZVS (DC-DC Converter)
3.2.3 Mathematical modeling of PV
Mathematical modeling of photovoltaic (PV) cells can be signified by a single and

double diode model, shown below:
Single Diode Model
The single diode display appears in Fig. 3.2 for a PV cell which contains a current
source with a diode and a resistance in parallel and this get together is in arrangement
with obstruction.
Fig. 3.2 : Single diode model of PV cell
28
The load current equation is given by:
…(3.1)
In the upstairs equation, IPV signifies photocurrent and I0 is reverse saturation current
which is given by equation (3.2) and (3.3)
…(3.2)
…(3.3)
Large Array Simulation
A series-parallel structure (i.e. Nss × Npp modules) are used for large power
applications, as shown in Fig. 3.3.
Fig. 3.3 : Photovoltaic Array
3.2.4 Impact of Varying Solar Irradiation
The PV cell physiognomies are very delicate to solar irradiation. Owed to the way
that natural conditions changing consistently or fluctuating. The PV input shakes by
sun based illumination, the more is the light, and therefore, more will be the
29
contribution to the PV cell. As results power value will be expanded to a similar
voltage value. It additionally shakes the open-circuit voltage crosswise over it; it
changes reliably with the sun based light. The purpose behind this variety is a
development of the electrons to a higher vitality level. This development builds the
portability of electrons consequently increment in power additionally.
3.2.5 Effect of Variation of Temperature
Variety of temperature on PV cell has a negative impact i.e. it influences the power
age limit. Open circuital voltage drops as increment the temperature. Then with the
high in temperature bandgap energy of the semiconducting material ascents.
Subsequently, fundamental vitality to hop the vitality band gap increments and
consequently, the capability lessens. The outcome segment substance two figures
demonstrating how the P-V& I-V curve changing with the temperature.
3.2.6 PV Array Simulations
The MSX-60 PV module reformation is done in MATLAB Simulink utilizing the

single diode exhibition conditions. The necessities applied for reproducing the PV
module areas appeared in Table 3.1.
Table 3.1 : Constraints for PV module
S. No. Parameter Symbols Value
1. Maximum power point current Imp 3.51 A
2. Maximum power point voltage Vmp 1.71 V
3. Short circuit current Isc 3.81 A
4. Total maximum power Pmax 60 W
5. Open circuit voltage Voc 21.1 V
6. Temperature coefficient of voltage Kv –(80±10) mV/°C
7. Temperature coefficient of current Ki (0.0065±0.015) %/°C
30
3.3 MPPT Control for PV System
3.3.1 Introduction
In this part transcendently intentional about the maximum power point following
circuit. Types and strategy for following are characterized here. It gives dominatingly
essential thought regarding gradual conductance procedure with a stream graph. PV
framework's capability relies upon the MPPT. MPPT is the furthermost critical for a
PV structure. The profitability of a PV framework amazingly relies upon MPPT and
fundamental driver of moving of MPP (Maximum Power Point) is variety in
temperature and light and illumination steps given to the PV. In any case obviously,
PV has nonlinear physiognomies so it turns out to be progressively fundamental to
utilize MPPT. There are various methodologies existing for the following of MPPT
some of them are entitled after:
 Perturb and observe method
 Incremental conductance algorithm
 Fuzzy logic control
 Fractional open circuit voltage
 Fractional short circuit current
In this proposed thesis “P & O Method” is selected for the proposed PV system.
The P&O algorithm is otherwise called "hill-climbing", while the two names allude to
a similar algorithm dependent upon how it is executed. Hill climbing or P&O
algorithm contains an annoyance on the duty cycle of the power converter and P&O
an irritation in the working voltage of the DC interface between the PV set and the
power converter. the explanation of the Hill-climbing difficulty the duty cycle of the
power converter recommends monitoring the voltage of the DC interface between the
PV exhibit and the power converter, so both names notices to the comparable strategy
and calculation.
In P&O strategy, the purpose of the past annoyance and the purpose of the past
addition in the power are utilized to choose what the following irritation ought to be
31
on the left of MPP augmenting the voltage cause builds the power while on the
privilege decrementing the voltage cause expands the power.
Fig. 3.4 : PV Panel Characteristic Curves
Fig. 3.5 : Flow Chart P &O Method MPPT
Continuously the off probability that there’s calculation within the power, the
irritation ought to be kept a related approach and on the off probability that the power
diminishes, the following bother ought to be the other way. On the Basis of these
certainties, the calculation is connected. This irritation technique is intermittent until
the point when the MPP is not obtained. At that point, the working point vacillates
32
about the MPP. Same constant irritation reprobate is basic likewise to the INC
technique, as noticed prior. A plan of the calculation appears in Fig. 3.4.
3.4 Fuzzy Logic Controller
Fuzzy logic controller (FLC) works with questionable information sources

information, it doesn't require a correct scientific model and it can deal with
nonlinearity too. A fluffy rationale controller is comprising of four phases:
fuzzification, learning base, deduction component and defuzzification as appeared in
Fig. 3.6. The principal points of interest of fluffy control are its phonetic depiction,
freedom of numerical model, vigor, and its all-inclusive guess.
Fig. 3.6 : Block Diagram of a Fuzzy Control Unit
3.4.1 MPPT Fuzzy Logic-based
In the MPPT control, FLC is utilized to decide the duty cycle of the buck converter.
When all is said in done, the contribution on the FLC is error value (E) and
modification in error (E) at test time k, anyway the yield of FLC is the yield voltage
(V) and power (P). The estimation of blunder and change in error utilized got from the
estimation of current and voltage created by PV.
E(k) = P(k) – P(k – 1)  V(k) – V(k – 1) …(3.4)
E(k) = E(k) – E(k – 1) … (3.5)
All through fuzzification, the scientific information factors are changed into an
etymological variable. Five fluffy dimensions are utilized for all the info and yield
variable. NS (negative little), NB (negative enormous), ZE (zero), PS (positive little)
and PB (positive huge). The control rules are demonstrated in Table no.
33
Table 3.2 : Fuzzy rule base Table for MPPT
E(K)/E(k) NB NS ZE PS PB
NB PB PB PS PS PS
NS ZE ZE PS PS PS
ZE NS NS ZE PS PS
PS NS NS NS ZE ZE
PB NB NB NS NS NS
One E and E are purposeful, they are changed into etymological factors and after
that, the yield is created by after defuzzification. The centroid technique is utilized for
defuzzification due to its great averaging properties.
3.5 ZVS Resonant Converters
This part contributes a thought on a soft-switching buck converter. There is various

DC-DC converters associated with existing. For venturing up the voltage to some
guaranteed dimension, buck converter fundamental. What's more, the buck converter
utilizing delicate switches make the entire framework increasingly powerful. How it
builds the capability of framework and detail dialog on soft-switching strategies.
(a) ZVS Circuit
(b) Half Wave ZVS Circuit
34
(c) Full Wave ZVS Circuit
Fig. 3.7 : Switch Outlines for ZVS Resonant Converters
Zero voltage switching is efficient by linking by a capacitor C in parallel through the

switch S1. The internal switch capacitance Cj is incorporated with the capacitor C and
it impacts the full repeat just, along these lines contributing no power dispersal in the
adjustment.
Fig. 3.9 : ZVS Resonant Converters Circuit
Fig. 3.8 : Equivalent Circuit of ZVS Resonant Converters
35
In case the switch is executed with transistor Q1 and a threatening to parallel diode
D1 as showed up, the voltage across over C is clamped by D1 and the switch is
operated into a balance of wave sequence of the action. If the diode D1 is associated
with the strategy with Q1 as showed up, the voltage across over C can influence
uninhibitedly and the switch is worked in full-wave setup. A ZVS full converter
appears.
Fig. 3.9 : ZVS Resonant Converter Switching Waveforms
The circuit activity can be partitioning into 5 modes whose circuits are appeared. We
may reconsider the time root, t = 0, at the beginning of each mode.
Mode 1: This mode is real for 0 ≤ t ≤ t1. Both switch S1 and diode Dm are off.
Capacitor C charges at a steady rate of load current I 0. At this mode, the capacitor
voltage Vc which rises is given by:
Vc = I0.t/C …(3.6)
This mode closes at time t = t1 when Vc (t = t1) = Vs. That is t1= Vs. C/I0.
Mode 2: This mode is considerable for t1  t  t2. The turn S1 is still off, anyway diode
Dm turns on. At this mode the capacitor voltage Vc is given by:
…(3.7)
Where is the peak switch voltage which occurs at , is
…(3.8)
36
The inductor current iL is given by:
…(3.9)
This mode ends at when , and . Therefore,
Mode 3: This mode is considerable for . At the end of this mode
capacitor voltage that falls from Vs to zero is given by:
…(3.10)
The inductor current iL is given by:
…(3.11)
This mode ends at t = t3 when VC(t = t3) =0 and iL(t = t3) = iL3. Thus,
…(3.12)
Where,
Mode 4: This mode is considerable for t3  t  t4. At the beginning of this mode
switch, S1 is turned on and diode Dm remains on condition.
The inductor current in this mode rises linearly from IL3 to I0 is given by:
…(3.13)
End of this mode at time t = t 4 when iL (t = t4) = 0. Thus t4 = (I0 – IL3) (L/Vs). IL3 has a
–ve value.
Mode 5: This mode is considerable for t 4  t  t5. Switch S1 is on but Dm is off. The
load current (I0) flows through the switch. Ends of this mode at time t = t 5, the
switch S1 is turned off again and the cycle is repeated again from the mode 1. That is
t5 = T – (t1 + t2 + t3 + t4). The waveforms for iL and Vc appear. The equation
37
…(3.14)
Condition demonstrates that the pinnacle switch voltage V t (pk) is subject to the load
current I0. So that, a wide variety in the load current outcomes in a wide variety of the
switch voltage. Consequently, ZVS converters are utilized just for steady load
applications. On zero voltage the switch ought to be activated. Something else, the
vitality put away in C can be disseminated in the switch and experienced misfortunes,
for evading this circumstance, an antiparallel diode D1 should lead before turning on
the switch
3.6 Loss Calculation and Comparative Study
In order to pass on the relative investigation, a traditionalist hard switching converter

is purposeful for similar stipulations. A buck converter with the constituent qualities
is reproduced and the losses of both the converters are thought about.
…(3.15)
3.6.1 Losses in the Studied Soft Switching Converter
Under zero voltage condition, the fundamental switch's turn-on and changeover
happen. Hence, from the above recipe, the switching losses of the main switch amid
turn-on are zero.
Pswon = 0W …(3.16)
The fundamental turn-off changeover happens at the decreased voltage and the
voltage amid turn-off is estimated and is observed to be 40V and the pinnacle current
through this change is estimated to be 4A.
The turning losses amid turn-off time are determined as same however for this
situation voltage cross the switch is likewise zero so the switching loss of the main
turn-off is zero.
Pswoff = 0W …(3.17)
The total switching losses are:
38
Psw = Pswon + Pswoff = 0 + 0 = 0W …(3.18)
The conduction losses of the switches are consciously utilizing the equation. The
RMS current of the main change is estimated to be 2.82 Amperes and the conduction
losses are determined as pursues
Pcond_sw = 1.8 * 2.822 * 0.85 = 4.32W …(3.19)
The conduction losses of the diode are the result of the forward voltage drop (VF)
over the diode and the normal current (ID) coursing through it. The current through it
is the load current that is 0.625 Amperes and the voltage drop is 0.8027 Volt. In this
manner, the conduction losses of the diode are determined as.
Pcond_ Diode = VF * ID = 0.8027 * 0.625 = 0.5016 …(3.20)
The total losses in the converter are:
Plosses = Psw + Pcond_sw + Pcond_ Diode …(3.21)
Plosses = 0 + 4.32 + 0.502 = 4.8196W
So the efficiency of the converter calculated as:
…(3.22)
3.6.2 Losses in Conventional Hard Switching Converter
The main switch in this converter is hard switched and the switching losses are
determined to utilize the condition 3.6. The voltage over the turn amid ON and OFF
conditions is 40V and the pinnacle current is estimated to be 4A. The switching losses
of the switch in a customary Buck converter are:
…(3.23)
39
The conduction losses in the hard switching converter are determined to utilize the
recipe given in Equation 3.18. The RMS current moving through the change is
estimated to be 2.82 Amp. The conduction losses are calculated as:
Pcond_sw = 1.8 * 2.822 * 0.85 = 4.32W
The conduction losses of the diode are the result of the onward voltage drop above the
diode and the normal current coursing through it. The forward voltage drop is
estimated to be 0.8027 Volts and the present moving through it is the load current
which is 0.625 Amperes are determined to utilize the recipe given in Equation 3.19.
The conduction losses of the diode can be calculated as:
Pcond_ Diode = VF * ID = 0.8027 * 0.625 = 0.5016
The total losses in the converter are:
Plosses = Psw + Pcond_sw + Pcond_ Diode …(3.24)
Plosses = 3.2 + 4.32 + 0.502 = 8.022W
The efficiency of the converter is calculated as:
…(3.25)
Table 3.3 : Comparative Study Between Hard and Soft Switching
S. No. Soft Switching Specification Hard Switching Soft Switching
1. PSW 3.2 0
2. Pcond 4.32 4.32
40
3. Pd 0.502 0.502
4. % Efficiency 95.23 97.07
3.7 Proposed ZVS Based DC-DC Converter for the Solar Energy Conversion
System
The proposed system includes a control algorithm along with the MPPT scheme and
pulse techniques for resonant converter has been implemented using fuzzy logic
control unit and MATLAB/Simulink block model as shown in Fig. 3.10.
41
Fig. 3.10 : Overall Simulink Model of Solar Energy Conversion Systems
3.8 Closure
Modeling of the system is done, which includes the model development of PV

system, DC-DC converter and also power electronic interfacing circuitry such as
AC/DC converter as a rectifier, and DC/AC inverters. For maximum power extraction
from all source used MPPT algorithm, fuzzy logic used to generate a pulse for ZVS.
42
This chapter presents a dynamic model for ZVS based DC-DC converter through a
solar energy conversion system.
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Introduction
43
This chapter shows the simulation results obtained from the proposed system, which
has been verified under various input conditions and later results are verified. To
confirm the control strategies for created research facility 200W model of ZVS
converter (DC-DC resounding converter) based solar energy conversion system, test
investigation is surrendered out under remote mode for various conditions. In remote
mode, the primary capacity of the arranged control is to keep up the recurrence at its
set esteem and to alter the load voltage at a favored dimension. A specific measure of
current undifferentiated from the appraised voltage is bolstered to the heap by the
converter to achieve the favored voltage level at load terminals.
4.2 Response During Constant Irradiance and Temperature in 1000, 25º C
For this case reference temperature set to 25º C Fig. 4.1(a) and Irradiance is set to
1000 Fig. 4.1 (b) for both controller models Model is simulated for 0.2 sec and
simulation results plots for this case given below.
Figures 4.1 illustrate various experimental waveforms of PV output voltage,

output current, output power, converter voltage, current, inverter voltage, current
with and without filter, switch pulse, current-voltage and inverter power for resistive
load.
(a) Experimental Waveform of (b) Experimental Waveform of

Temperature Irradiance
44
(c) Experimental Waveform of (d) Experimental Waveform of
Converter Output Current Converter Output Voltage
(e) The Experimental Waveform of (f) The Experimental Waveform of

PV Output Current PV Output Voltage
(g) The Experimental Waveform of Inverter (h) The Experimental Waveform of Inverter
Output Current with Filter Output Current without Filter
45
(i) Experimental Waveform of Inverter (j) Experimental Waveform of Inverter Output
Output Voltage with Filter Voltage Without Filter
(k) Experimental Waveform of (l) Experimental Waveform of

Pulses to Switch S1 Pulses to Switch S2
(m) The Experimental Waveform of (n) The Experimental Waveform of

Switch S1 Current Switch S1 Voltage
46
(o) Experimental Waveform of (p) The Experimental Waveform of
(q) The Experimental Waveform of PV Output Power
Fig. 4.1 : Experimental Waveforms During a Constant Resistive Load of 1 kW at

1000 Irradiance and 25º C Temperature
From exploratory waveforms of Fig. 4.1(g, i) a prudent balance conditions among the
load flows and voltages can be figured it out. Likewise, the load voltage and current
waveforms are appropriately balanced. It can also be distinguished from Fig. 4.1(b, c)
that load current and voltages are all around synchronized sinusoidal with solidarity
control factor activity for resistive load. Likewise, it tends to be seen that converter
voltage, current and the load voltage for resistive load are inside safe cutoff points.
4.3 Response during Constant Irradiance and Temperature at 800, 25º C
For this case reference temperature set to 25º C Fig. 4.2(a) and Irradiance is set to 800
Fig. 4.2(b) for both controller models. Model is simulated for 0.2 sec and simulation
47
results plots for this case given below.
Figures 4.2 illustrate various experimental waveforms of PV output voltage, output

current, output power, converter voltage and current and inverter voltage, current with
and without filter, switch pulse, current-voltage, and inverter power.
(a) Experimental Waveform of Temperature (b) Experimental Waveform of Irradiance
(c) Experimental Waveform of Converter (d) Experimental Waveform of Converter

Output Current Output Voltage
48
PV Output Current PV Output Current
(g) Experimental Waveform Output (h) Experimental Waveform Output

Current with Filter Current without Filter
(i) Experimental Waveform of (j) Experimental Waveform of Inverter

Inverter Output Voltage with Filter Output Voltage without a Filter
49
(k) Experimental Waveform of (l) Experimental Waveform of Pulses to
Pulses to Switch S1 Switch S2
(m) Experimental Waveform of (n) Experimental Waveform of

(o) The Experimental Waveform of (p) Experimental Waveform of

(q) Experimental Waveform of PV Output Power
50
Fig. 4.2 : Experimental Waveforms during Constant Resistive Load of
1 kW at 800 Irradiance and 25º C Temperature
From test waveforms of Fig. 4.2 (g, i) great balance conditions among the load flows
and voltages can be figured it out. Additionally, the load voltage and current
waveforms are precisely composed.
4.4 Response during Constant Irradiance and Temperature at 600, 25º C.
Fig. 4.3(b), for both controller models. Model is simulated for 0.2 sec and simulation
results plots for this case given below.

current, output power, converter voltage, current and inverter voltage, current with
and without filter, switch pulse, current-voltage, and inverter power.
(a) The experimental waveform of (b) Experimental waveform of


Converter Output Voltage
51
Converter Output Current

(g) The Experimental Waveform of Inverter (h) Experimental Waveform of Inverter

52
(i) Experimental Waveform of Inverter (j) Experimental Waveform of Inverter
Output Voltage with Filter Output Voltage Without Filter
(k) The Experimental Waveform of (l) Experimental Waveform of

(m) Experimental Waveform of (n) Experimental Waveform of

53
(o) The Experimental Waveform of (p) The Experimental Waveform of
(q) The Experimental Waveform of PV Output Power
Fig. 4.3: Experimental Waveforms During Constant Resistive Load of 1 kW at

4.5 Response during Constant Irradiance and Temperature at 400, 25º C
Fig. 4.4(b), Model is simulated for 0.2 sec and simulation results plots for this
case given below. Figures 4.4 illustrate various experimental waveforms of PV
output voltage, output current, output power, converter voltage, current, inverter
voltage, current with and without filter, switch pulse, current-voltage, and inverter
power.
(a) Experimental Waveform of (b) Experimental Waveform of
54

(e) The experimental waveform of (f) Experimental waveform of

55
(g) Experimental Waveform of Inverter (h) Inverter Output Current without
Output Current with Filter Filter
(i) The Experimental Waveform of Inverter (j) Experimental Waveform of Inverter

Output Voltage with Filter Output Voltage without a Filter
(k) The experimental waveform of (l) Experimental waveform of

56
(m) The experimental waveform of (n) Experimental waveform of
(o) The experimental waveform of (p) Experimental waveform of

(q) The experimental waveform of PV Output Power
Fig. 4.4 : Experimental Waveforms during Constant Resistive Load of 1 kW at

57
From test waveforms of Fig. 4.4(g, i) great harmony conditions among the load flows
and voltages can be figured it out. Additionally, the heap voltage and current
waveforms are precisely balanced.
4.6 Response during Step Change in Irradiance and Temperature 25º C.
For this case reference, Irradiance is changed in step and temperature is set to 25º C.
current, output power, converter voltage, current, inverter voltage, current with and
without filter, switch pulse, current-voltage and inverter power.
Fig. 4.5 (a, b) shows the reference temperature is 25º C figure and Irradiance varies
from 1000-800-600-400.
(a) The Experimental Waveform of (b) Experimental waveform of

(c) The Experimental Waveform of (d) The Experimental Waveform of

58
(e) The experimental waveform of (f) Experimental waveform of
(g) Experimental Waveform of Inverter (h) Experimental Waveform of Inverter

(i) Experimental Waveform of Inverter (j) Experimental Waveform of Inverter

Output Voltage with Filter Output Voltage without filter
59
(k) Experimental waveform of (l) Experimental waveform of
(m) The experimental waveform of (n) Experimental waveform of

(o) The experimental waveform of (p) Experimental waveform of

60
(q) The experimental waveform of PV Output Power vs Time
Fig. 4.5: Experimental Waveforms during Constant Resistive Load of 1 kW at

Step Change in Irradiance and 25º C Temperature
Fig. 4.5 illustrates the response of the proposed system and its control during varying
irradiance conditions. Here, to validate the system under transient conditions, a step
changes in irradiance from 1000-800-600-400-1000 as shown in Fig. 4.5(b). It can be
seen that as the irradiance is reduced suddenly, PV voltage reduces from nearly 44
volts to 43 volts gradually as shown in Fig. 4.5(f).
From the load current and voltage symphonious range examination which is appeared
by Fig. 4.6(a, b), it very well may be fathomed that add up to symphonious bending
(THD) of load yield current is 3.84%, stack yield voltage is 4.06%, which is under 5%
and it is in assent with the admissible furthest reaches of IEEE 1547, IEEE-519 and
IEC 61727 models and along these lines satisfies the general benchmarks of delivered
control regarding voltage and current inside 5% THD. Low THD is because of the
utilization of room vector beat width adjustment (SVPWM) switching for the
thunderous converter.
61
(a) Harmonic Spectrum of Output Load Current
(b) Harmonic Spectrum of Output Load Voltage
Fig. 4.6: Experimental Response of the Harmonic Spectrum of Current and Voltage
62
From experimental results, it is examined that the controller works very well and
shows outstanding performance in terms of well-adjusted and regulated voltages and
currents with low-THD of 3.84 % as per IEEE standards.
Experimental results also authenticate that the developed controller can regulate the
load voltage and frequency quite well at constant, varying irradiance situations.
Results demonstrate that yield current and voltage of the converter to stack fulfills
IEC 61727 and IEEE 519 guidelines implying that the controller works exceptionally
well and shows superb consistent state and dynamic execution over other comparable
works.
4.7 Closure
To develop a dynamic model of a resonant converter for solar energy conversion

system with the fuzzy logic controller has been observed in MATLAB simulations
results that DC link voltage is improved by zero voltage switching. Results show that
controller works very well and shows outstanding performance in terms of well-
adjusted and regulated voltages and currents with low-THD of 3.84 % as per IEEE
standards and also authenticates that developed controller regulates the load voltage
and frequency quite well at constant, varying irradiance situations. Results
demonstrate that yield current and voltage of the converter to stack fulfills IEC 61727
and IEEE 519 guidelines implying that the controller works exceptionally well and
shows superb consistent state and dynamic execution over other comparable works.
63
CHAPTER-5
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE SCOPE OF WORK
5.1 Conclusion
In this thesis, a resonant converter for solar energy conversion system (SECS) is
proposed and 200W laboratory prototype of the same has been developed.
Comprehensive mathematical models are offered to authorize a steady-state and
transient-state study of the overall solar energy conversion system. Experimental
exploration of the laboratory prototype of resonant converter based SECS is carried
out under different irradiance conditions and constant temperature. Various important
points are concluded as:
 Good equilibrium conditions among the load currents and voltages can be
realized from the experimental results.
 The load voltage and current waveforms are reasonably balanced and all-around
managed sinusoidal for resistive load. Likewise, it very well may be understood
that total harmonic distortion (THD) of load voltage and load current is 3.84%
and 4.06% individually, which is under 5% which assent within reasonable
limits as indicated by the IEEE standard 1547, IEEE-519 and IEC 61727 and in
this way fulfills the general measures of created control as far as voltage and
current inside 5%. This upgrade in power considers results into decrease the
converter conduction misfortunes.
 During shifting irradiance condition, it is seen that load voltage is all around
kept up. It is seen that the controller can direct the load voltage and recurrence
great under changing irradiance conditions. The trial results demonstrate that the
age framework can settle stack voltage under fluctuating irradiance.
 It is seen that the controller effectively regulates the load voltage and frequency
quite well under unbalanced and varying irradiance conditions.
 Results demonstrate that yield current and voltage of the converter to load
fulfills IEC 61727 and IEEE 519 benchmarks exhibiting that the controller
works extremely well and shows superb relentless state and dynamic execution
over other comparable works.
64
 The main switch losses of the ordinary converter are a lot more noteworthy than
that of delicate exchanging based converter. Be that as it may, the switching
losses commitment of the hard switching converter overwhelms in the
estimation of aggregate losses and henceforth the delicate switched full
converter is observed to be more effective than the customary hard-switched
converters.
5.2 Scope for Future Work
To continue and complete the work presented in this thesis, one can focus on a
number of specific areas such as:
 Reactive power control capability of solar generation with a resonant converter

can be investigated experimentally.
 Multilevel inverter interfaced SECS can be investigated to improve the energy

capture with aspect to its configuration, advanced switching strategy and
developing its dynamic model.
 Hybrid sensor-less control technique can be developed and examined

experimentally for different operating conditions.
 The resonant converter can be used as an interleaved buck converter by

connecting two such converters in parallel, this connection may result in more
increase inefficiency.
65
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69
APPENDIX-I
PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM STANDARDS

Some of the International Electrotechnical Commission (ICE) standards for
standalone PV system (http://www.iec.ch) are followings:
IEC 60146-1 Semiconductor convertors – General requirements and line
commutated Converters
IEC 60269-6 Low-voltage fuses – Supplementary requirements for fuse-links
for the protection of solar photovoltaic energy systems
ICE 60364-7-712 Electrical installations of buildings – Requirements for special
installation or locations – Solar photovoltaic power supply systems
IEC 60891 Procedures for temperature and irradiance corrections to measured
I-V characteristics
IEC 60904-1 Measurements of photovoltaic current-voltage characteristics
IEC 60904-2 Requirements for reference solar devices
IEC 60904-3 Measurement principles for terrestrial photovoltaic solar devices
with reference spectral irradiance data
IEC 60904-4 Reference solar devices – Procedures for establishing calibration
Traceability
IEC 60904-5 Determination of equivalent cell temperature of photovoltaic
devices by the open-circuit voltage method
IEC 60904-6 Requirements for reference solar modules
IEC 60904-7 Computation of the spectral mismatch correction for
measurements of photovoltaic devices
IEC 60904-8 Measurement of spectral responsively of a photovoltaic device
IEC 60904-9 Solar simulator performance requirements
IEC 60904-10 Method of linearity measurement
IEC 61215 Crystalline silicon terrestrial photovoltaic modules – Design
qualification and type approval
IEC 61646 Thin-film terrestrial photovoltaic modules – Design qualification
and type Approval
70
LIST OF PUBLICATION
1. Deshwal, A. and Yadav, V.K. 2019. Performance Analysis of Fuzzy Controller

Based ZVS dc-dc Converter for Solar Energy Conversion System, International
Journal of Technical Research & Science,4 :1-15.
71

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CHAPTER 1

1.2 Losses in Switching Devices

1.3 Conduction losses

Fig. 1.1 : Loss of Power During Hard Switching

(a) Soft Switching

Fig. 1.2 : ZVS MOSFET Implementation at the Turn-off

(b) Switching Waveform of ZVS and Hard Switching

By utilizing the inductor in progression with it ZCS activity can be performed. As

Fig. 1.3 : Turn-on and Turn-off Transition Waveform of MOSFET

VDS = Drain to source voltage of MOSFET

VGS = Gate to source voltage of MOSFET

iDS = Drain to source current of MOSFET

Turn-on = MOSFET turn-on period

Turn-off = MOSFET turn off period

Fig. 1.4 : Turn-on and Turn-off Transition Waveform of Diode

VD = Voltage drop across the diode

iD = Current through the diode

1.5 Resonant Switch

1.5.1 Zero Current Resonant Switch

As shown in zero current (ZC) resonant switches, the inductor Lr component is

Fig. 1.5 : Zero Current Resonant Switch

1.5.2 Zero Voltage Resonant Switch

Fig. 1.6 : Zero Voltage Resonant Switch

1.6 Introduction of Fuzzy

1.6.1 Architecture of Fuzzy

It contains generally four parts:

Fig. 1.7 : Fuzzy logic Architecture

1.6.2 Fuzzy Sets

Fig. 1.8 : Fuzzification

Fig. 1.9 : Fuzzification and Defuzzification for Different Numerical Values

1.7 Fuzzy Controller

Fig. 1.10 : Block Diagram of a Fuzzy Controller

4. Design the rule base as the system operates under that.

5. Make a decision on how the activity will be performed through conveying

6. Merge the fuzzy rules and defuzzifying the output.

1.8 Objectives of the thesis

The main objectives of this work are-

1. To develop a model of a solar energy conversion system using a ZVS converter.

2. To realize the control strategy using simulation software under different

3. To validate the performance of the proposed solar energy conversion system

1.9 Thesis Outline

This thesis is categorized into five chapters.

Patel et al. (2008) presented the execution of a photovoltaic (PV) exhibit is

Moschopoulos et al. (1999) displayed a powerful zero-voltage switching (ZVS)

Chen et al. (2015) introduced another zero-voltage-switching (ZVS) buck converter.

Soumiah et al. (2015) another anticipated resounding force converter presented a

Marvi et al. (2016) exhibited an effective ZVS (Zero-Voltage Switching)

2.4 MPPT Strategies for PV Systems

Villalva et al. (2009) exhibited photovoltaic clusters are generally influenced by

Bidram et al. (2012) Incomplete shading in photovoltaic clusters render customary

Lian et al. (2014) displayed Conventional greatest powerpoint following (MPPT)

Guha et al. (2016) proposed work decides light-stack unsteadiness in open-circle

MATERIALS AND METHODOLOGY

In this chapter, modeling of different components of the proposed resonant converter

It accentuations on the structure and demonstrating periods of the distinctive

Here, a resonant converter represents the static and dynamic characteristics of an

3.2 PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

A photovoltaic course of action basically comprises of few or an expansive number of

3.2.2 Proposed Arrangement of PV System

The PV structure with MPPT based on FLC by developing standalone ZVS is

Fig. 3.1 : Block Diagram of PV Structure with MPPT Based on FLC by

3.2.3 Mathematical modeling of PV