Bava K.

“Works of Moyinkutty Vaidyar: Language and discource ”

Thesis. Department of Malayalam and Kerala studies, University
of Calicut, 2015.
 `mKw H¶v

Ad_naebmfkmlnXyhpw
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpw

8
 A[ymbw : 1

Ad_naebmfw
kmaqlnIþcmjv{Sob]Ým¯ew

{]mNo\tIcf¯nsâ hmWnPy_Ô§Ä
tIcf¯nsâ Ncn{Xs¯bpw kwkvImcs¯bpw cq]s¸Sp¯nbXnÂ
AXnsâ `qanimkv{X]camb khntijXIÄ \nÀWmbI]¦p hln¨n
«p−v. C´ybpsS sX¡p`mK¯v kap{Zt¯mSp tNÀ¶pInS¡p¶ kwØm
\amWv tIcfw. {]mNo\ImewapXÂ ]Ýntajy³cmPy§fpambpw ]n¶oSv
bqtdm¸pambpw \ne\n¶ncp¶ hmWnPy_Ô§tfsdbpw tIcfXocw hgn
bmWv \S¶ncp¶Xv. blqZþss{IkvXhþCkvemwZÀi\§Äs¡Ãmw D]`q
JÞ¯nte¡pÅ {]thi\IhmSambn hÀ¯n¨Xpw Cu \mSpXs¶bm
bncp¶p.
tIcfhpw hntZicmPy§fpambn kl{km_vZ§Ä¡p ap¼pXs¶
kPohambncp¶ hmWnPy_Ô§sf¡pdn¨pÅ \nch[n sXfnhpIfpw
Ncn{XtcJIfpw kao]Ime¯v shfn¨w I−n«p−v. _n.kn.1000þ¯n\
Sp¯v tkmfa³N{IhÀ¯n ^n\ojy³amcpsS t\XrXz¯neb¨ I¸Â
kwLw Hm^odn F¯n AhnsS\n¶pw kzÀWhpambn aS§nt¸mbXmbn
kqN\Ifp−v. Hm^oÀ Xncph\´]pcwPnÃbnse ]qhmdmsW¶pw, tImgn
1
t¡mSv PnÃbnse t_¸qcmsW¶pw hyXykvXm`n{]mb§fp−v.
aq¶phÀj¯nsemcn¡Â tkmfasâ I¸epIÄ Hm^odnse¯n A
hnsS\n¶pw kzÀ®w, shÅn, B\s¡m¼v, abnÂ, BÄ¡pc§v F¶nh
2
sIm−pt]mbncp¶Xmbn ss__nÄ ]gb\nba¯n ImWmw. tkmfa³
N{IhÀ¯nsb ti_mdmWn kµÀin¡m³sN¶Xv Idphm¸«bpw, Gehpw
tNÀ¯p−m¡nb kpKÔ{Zhy§fpsS t]SI§fpambmWv. Cu D¸¶
§sfÃmw A¡me¯pXs¶ tIcfXoc¯p\n¶p IbäpaXn sNbvXncp¶
Xmbn sXfnhpIfp−v. sFIy_m_ntemWnb³ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ s\
_p¡mtUmWkdnsâ (_n.kn.3000) sIm«mc¯nsâbpw, apsKbdnsâ N{µ
tZhmeb¯nsâbpw AhinjvS§fpsS Iq«¯n tX¡pXSnIÄ sIm−p

9
\nÀ½n¨ Nne hkvXp¡Ä (Chbnt¸mÄ {_n«ojvayqknb¯nep−v) I−p
3
In«nbn«p−v . A¡me¯v tX¡n³XSnIÄ tIcf¯n \n¶pam{Xta, Ib
4
än Ab¨ncp¶pÅpsh¶v {]kn² AÊodntbmfPnÌpIfmb skbvkpw
slhnäpw Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p.
tIcfNcn{XKthjWtI{µw (sI.kn.F¨v.BÀ) UbdIvSÀ tUm.
]n.sP. sNdnbmsâ t\XrXz¯n sImSp§Ãqcn\p kao]w s]cnbmdnsâ
Xoc¯pÅ ]«Ww {]tZi¯v 2007, 2008 hÀj§fn \S¶ DZvJ\\§Ä
Cu cwK¯p hnes¸«hnhc§fmWv shfn¨¯p sIm−ph¶n«pÅXv. Chn
sS\n¶pw e`n¨n«pÅ Hä¯Snbn \nÀ½n¨Xpw Bdpaoätdmfw \ofw hcp
¶Xpamb ]pcmX\h©n, Ggv ac¡pänIÄ, Nnc« F¶nh Atacn¡bn
se tPmÀÖnbkÀhIemimebn h¨p tdUntbmImÀ_¬ ]cntim[\
bv¡p hnt[bam¡nbncp¶p. AX\pkcn¨v Chbv¡v 2065 hÀjs¯ ]g¡
amWp IW¡m¡nbXv. h©n \nÀ½n¨ Bªnen acw, tX¡n³Ipän F
¶nh _n.kn. 56 þ F.Un. 08 hÀj§Ä¡nSbnepÅXpw Nnc« F.Un. 17þ72
5
hÀj§Ä¡nSbnepÅXpamWv . sX¡³Cäenbnse Ifna®psIm−p \nÀ
½n¨Xmhmsa¶p IcpXp¶ tdma³Bwt^md (hoªv]m{Xw) shÌvGjy³
a¬]m{X§Ä, tdma³ a¬]m{X§fn {][m\amb sSdmknKnenä, ap¯p
IÄ, tdma³cmPm¡·mcpsS Øm\nIap{Zbmb Imantbm»m¦v F¶nhsb
Ãmw ]«W¯n \n¶p In«nbn«p−v. C§s\ ]pcmX\Imew apXÂXs¶
C´ybnte¡pÅ {]thi\IhmSambn \nesIm−ncp¶Xv apkvcnkv, apbn
cnt¡mSv, apNndn]«Ww Fs¶Ãmw Adnbs¸«ncp¶ sImSp§Ãqcmbncp¶p.
Ing¡nsâ BZy Fwt]mdnbambn (The first emporium of the orient) Ncn{X
Imc³amÀ apkvcnkns\ hmgv¯n.
temI¯v CXphsc Is−¯nb Gähpw]g¡apÅ BtKmfhmWn
Py¡cmÀ H¸n«ncn¡p¶Xv apkvcnknÂ\n¶pw B\s¡m¼pw XpWnbpw
sIm−pt]mIm\mWs{X. apkvcnknÂ\n¶pw AeIvkm³{Unb XpdapJ
t¯¡v IpcpapfIv, XpWn, B\s¡m¼v F¶nh Cd¡paXnsN¿m³ CuPn
]vXpImc\mb Hcp hym]mcn H¸p h¨ hym]mcDS¼SnbpsS tcJ, 1980þÂ
CuPn]vXn \n¶pw Is−¯nbn«p−v. Hmkv{Snbbnse hnb¶ ayqknb
¯n kq£n¨ 1800 hÀjw ]g¡apÅ Cu tcJ hnb¶ ]m¸nckv F¶m
Wdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. 70 e£w {UmIva (tdma³ shÅn¡miv) aqeyapÅ aq¶p

10
S¬ Nc¡v apkvcnknÂ\n¶pw tdmanse AeIvkm¬{Unb XpdapJ¯v
6.
Cd¡paXn sN¿m\pÅXmWv Cu IcmÀ
shÌvGjybnse ]mÀYnb³, kÊm\nb³ kwkvImctI{µ§fpam
bpw, ]«W¯n\p _Ôap−mbncp¶psh¶v ta kqNn¸n¨ DZvJ\\¯nÂ
\n¶p e`n¨ ]¨þ\oe \nd§fnepÅ a¬]m{X¡jvW§Ä kqNn¸n¡p
¶Xmbn KthjW¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂInb ]n.sP. sNdnbm³ tcJs¸Sp
¯p¶p. ‘Cu kwkvImc§Ä _n.kn. c−mw\qäm−p apX F.Un. Ggmw
\qäm−phsc Ct¸mgs¯ Cdm³, CdmJv, AÂta\nb, A^vLm\nØm³,
XpÀ¡n {]tZi§fn \ne\n¶hbmWv. Ggmw\qäm−n CkvemanI
kwkvImc¯nsâ hym]\t¯msS Cu {]tZi§Ä CkvemanI kzm[o\
7
¯nte¡p hcnIbp−mbn .’

tIcfhpw Atd_y³\mSpIfpw
tIcfhpambn hym]mc_Ô§fnteÀs¸«ncp¶ hntZinIfn Ad
_nIÄ¡p apJyØm\amWpÅXv. Ckvemw cwK{]thi\w sN¿p¶ F.
Un. 7þmw iXI¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ Cu _Ôw kPohambn \ne\n¶ncp¶
Xmbn Ncn{XtcJIÄ ]cntim[n¨m hyàamIpw. _n.kn. c−mw\qäm
−n\pw F.Un. \memw\qäm−n\pw CSbv¡pÅ Imew apXÂ apkvcnkv t]m
epÅ tI{µ§fpambn Ad_nIÄ hmWnPy_豈 iàam¡nbn«p−v.
Ckvemw AXnsâ Bcw`L«¯nÂXs¶ tIcf¡cbnse¯m\pw, {]Nmcw
t\Sm\pw klmbIambXv t\cs¯Xs¶bpÅ hmWnPyþkmwkvImcnI
_Ô§fmbncp¶p. bqtdm]y³amcpsS hchn\p ap¼v Ad_nIÄ, XpÀ¡n
IÄ, CuPn]vXpImÀ, FtXym]y¡mÀ, ssN\¡mÀ F¶nhÀ tIcfhpambn
_Ô§fnteÀs¸«ncps¶¦nepw C¡q«¯n Ad_nIfpambpÅ _Ôw
Gsd ]pjvSns¸Sm³ Nne ImcW§fp−v. ISÂhgn¡v tIcfXochpambn
Gähpw ASp¯pÅ cmPyw Atd_ybmbncp¶p. sX¡p]Snªmd³ Ime
hÀj¡mäpw hS¡pIng¡³ ImehÀj¡mäpw Atd_y³ Xoc¯p\n¶p
Å ]mb¡¸epIsf {]bmkw IqSmsX tIcfXocs¯¯phm\pw aS§n
t¸mIm\pw klmbIambn hÀ¯n¨ncp¶ LSIambncp¶p. F.Un.1498þse
t]mÀ¨pKokv BKa\w hscbpÅ ImeL«¯n C¯cw _豈 tIc
fobkaql¯n sNep¯nb kzm[o\w \nÀWmbIamWv.
ae_mÀXocs¯ {][m\ tI{µ§fnseÃmw BhmktI{µ§fpw,
]m−nIimeIfpw Øm]n¨p X§fpsS hym]mcw hn]peam¡m³ Ad_n

11
IÄ {i²n¨pt]m¶p. a[yImeL«¯n tIcfw kµÀin¨ hntZik©m
cnIfpsS hnhcW§fn Atd_y³hym]mc¯nsâ hym]vXnsb¡pdn¨pw
tIcf¯n AhÀ¡p−mbncp¶ kzm[o\s¯¡pdn¨pw kqNn¸n¡p¶p
−v. Xt±iobcmb kv{XoIsf hnhmlwsNbvXpsIm−v ae_mdnse {][m
\ XpdapJtI{µ§fn ØncXmakam¡pIbpw hnhn[ Atd_y³\mSpI
fpambpÅ hym]mc¯n\p Np¡m³]nSn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ Ad_n
{]amWnamsc¡pdn¨v C_v\p_¯q¯ (1343) Xsâ bm{Xm¡pdn¸pIfnÂ
]cmaÀin¡p¶p−v. At±l¯nsâ hm¡pIÄ t\m¡pI: ‘tImgnt¡mSv \
Kc¯nse hym]mc¯ehsâ t]cv C{_mlnw jmlv_µÀ F¶mWv. At±
lw _lssd³Imc\mWv... temI¯nsâ \m\m`mK¯p\n¶papÅ hym]m
8
cnIÄ At±l¯nsâ ]´nbnÂ\n¶p `£Ww Ign¡p¶p.’
‘sImïv Hcp kwLw apkvenwhym]mcnIfp−v. AhcpsS t\Xmhv
9
CdmJnÂs]« BhtZi¡mc\mb Aemhp±o³ AhpPnbmWv. ’
]´emb\nbn kap{ZXoc¯pÅ PpamakvPnZnse Jmkn A½m³
Imc\msW¶pw _¯q¯ FgpXp¶p. 14, 15 \qäm−pIfn tImgnt¡mSn
s\ {]Xm]¯nsâ sImSpapSnbnse¯n¨Xv Ad_nIfpÄs¸sSbpÅ hntZ
inIfpambpÅ hmWnPy_Ô§fmbncp¶p. Cu hkvXpX _¯q¯ hnh
cn¡p¶Xn§s\bmWv: ‘temI¯nsâ hn`n¶`mK§fn \n¶pÅ {]Xn\n
[nIsf tImgnt¡m«§mSnbn ImWmw. ChnSs¯ hym]mc{]m[m\yw h
¨p t\m¡pt¼mÄ temI¯nse Gähpw {][m\amb XpdapJ§fn Xs¶
10
A{][m\aÃm¯ Øm\amWv CXn\pÅXv.’
F¶m 16þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`ambt¸mtgbv¡pw ØnXnKXnIÄ
amdnadnªp. KmabpsSbpw Iq«cpsSbpw hchv Atd_y³kap{Z¯n Ad
_nIÄ¡p−mbncp¶ taÂss¡ Ahkm\n¡m³ hgnsXfnbn¨p. Ad_n
¡¸epIfpw hym]mctI{µ§fpw B{Ian¡s¸SpI ]XnhmbtXmsS, tIm
gnt¡m«pw ]cnkc¯pap−mbncp¶ Ad_nhym]mcnItfsdbpw X§fpsS
Xmhf§Ä Dt]£n¨p kz´w tZi§fnte¡p aS§n. H¶c kl{km_vZ
¯ntesd \ne\n¶ tIcfhpw Ad_n\mSpIfpw X½nepÅ hmWnPyþhy
hkmb _ԧġp a§te¡m\pw, tIcfNcn{X¯nsâ Zni asämcp
hgnbnemIm\pw t]mÀ¨pKokpImcpsSbpw CXc bqtdm]y³iànIfpsS
bpw BKa\w ImcWambn.

12
 tIcfhpw Ad_n\mSpIfpw X½n a[yImeL«¯nepS\ofw \S
¶Xv tIhew hmWnPy_Ô§fmbncp¶nÃ; AsXmcp kmwkvImcnI hn\n
abw IqSnbmbncp¶p. tIcfobcpsS PohnXcoXnIÄ, aXhnizmkw, BNm
cm\pjvTm\§Ä, `mj XpS§n kwkvImc¯nsâ kakvX aÞe§sf
bpw ]cnhÀ¯\¯n\p hnt[bam¡m³ Cu _Ô¯n\p km[n¨p.

Ad_n`mjbpw kmwkvImcnIhn\nabhpw
{InkvXphÀjw BZy\qäm−pIfnÂXs¶ Ad_n, temIs¯ k¼p
11
jvS`mjbmbn amdnIgnªncp¶p. {ItaW Atd_y³\mSpIfpambn k¼
À¡¯n h¶ tZi§sfsbÃmw B `mjbpw kzm[o\n¨p. sNdpXpw hep
Xpamb \nch[n temI`mjIfn Ad_nbpsS kzm[o\w {]ISambn¡m
Wmw. {InkvXphÀjmcw`¯n\p ap¼pXs¶ bqtdm¸ntebpw Gjybnse
bpw an¡cmPy§fpambn Ad_nIÄ ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ hym]mc_ÔamWv
B \mSpIfnse `mjIÄ¡v Ad_nbpambn k¼À¡ap−mIp¶Xn\p hgn
sXfnbn¨Xv. Hä Ad_n]Zsa¦nepw kzoIcn¨n«nÃm¯ hniz`mjIÄ hnc
12
famsW¶mWp KthjI]£w.
temI¯nse \nch[n `mjIÄ Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨p tcJs¸
Sp¯nhcp¶p. tdma³en]n Ignªm temI¯v Gähpw IqSpX D]tbm
K¯nencn¡p¶ en]nbmWnXv. ‘Ad_nbpsS cq]t`Z§Ä _mÄ¡³ D]
Zzo]v, D¯cm{^n¡, a[yB{^n¡, XpÀ¡n, t]Àjy, at[yjy, C´y,
Z£ntWjy, ]qÀtÆjy XpS§nb tZi§fnse `mjsbgpXm³ D]tbm
Kn¡p¶p−v. t]Àjy³, DdpZp, XpÀ¡n, ]jvSp, kzmlnen, Pmhn XpS§nb
en]nIÄ Ad_nen]nbpsS cq]t`Z§fmWv... kvs]bn\nse AÂPmanb
13
Fgp¯pcoXnbpw Ad_nbn \n¶p−mbXmWv’ . `mcXob `mjIfmb
aebmfw, lnµn, Xangv, I¶U, sXep¦v, _wKmfn, admTn, KpPdm¯n XpS
§nb `mjIfpw Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨p tcJs¸Sp¯p¶ k{¼Zmbw \n
ehnep−mbncp¶p. Ad_naebmfw, Ad_n¯angv XpS§nb t]cpIfn
emWv Ah Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. DÀZp`mjbpsS en]n cq]s¸Sp¯nbXpw
Ad_n A£c§Ä {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nsIm−pXs¶. Ad_nbnenÃm¯
Ggp en]n am{Xsa DdpZphn A[nIambpÅq.
tIcf¯n Ad_n`mjbv¡p ssIh¶ {]NmcW¯n\v ss{IkvXh
anj\dnamcpsS tkh\hpw klmbIambn«p−v. aebmf¯nse A\y

13
`mjm]Z§sf¡pdn¨p ]T\w \S¯nb ]n.Fw. tPmk^v tcJs¸Sp¯p¶
Xn§s\bmWv: ‘BZyIme¯v tIcf¯nse¯nbncp¶ [ss{IkvXh]aX
ta[mhnIÄ t]Àjybn \nt¶m, Atd_ybn \nt¶m BWv h¶ncp¶
Xv. kpdnbm\n, \{kmWn F¶o ]Z§Ä Ad_nbn \n¶v BZm\w sN¿
s¸«hbmWv. tIcf{InkvXym\nIsf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw {][m\s¸«
Cu ]Z§Ä c−pw Ad_nbn \n¶p kzoIcn¡¯¡h®w B `mjbp
14
ambn AhcpsS k¼À¡w kPohambncp¶p.’
Cw¥ojnse sandal(Nµ\w) tamarid(]pfn) XpS§nb ]Z§fpw Ad
_nbn \n¶pw kzoIcn¨hbmWv. tIcf¯n \n¶p ]pfnbpw Nµ\hpw
Ad_nIÄ sIm−pt]mbn bqtdm]y³It¼mf§fn hnäncp¶p. Ad_n
bn shäne, tX§, Acn F¶nhsb kqNn¸n¡m\p]tbmKn¡p¶ Xw_q
 (Xmw_qew), \mdPo (\mcnbÂ/\mfntIcw), AdpÊv (Acnin/ Acn)
F¶nhbnepw Cu hmWnPy_Ô¯nsâ ap{ZIÄ sXfnªpInS¸p−v.

Ad_nbpw, a[yImetIcfhpw
a[yImeL«¯n Hcp BtKmf hn\nab`mj F¶ \nebn Ad
_n sNep¯nbncp¶ kzm[o\w hyàam¡p¶ \nch[n sXfnhpIÄ C¶p
\½psS ap¶nep−v. 1498þ tImgnt¡ms«¯nb t]mÀ¨pKokv \mhnI³
hmkvtImUKma kmaqXncn cmPmhn\p \ÂInb I¯v Ad_n`mjbnepÅ
15
Xmbncp¶p . t]mÀ¨pKense am\ph cmPmhv kmaqXncn¡p \ÂIm\mbn
Kmahiw sImSp¯b¨ I¯mWnXv.
tIcf¯nse sshhn[yamÀ¶ kkyeXmZnIsf¡pdn¨v U¨p KhÀ
Wdmbncp¶ sl³dn hm³doUnsâ \nÀt±i{]Imcw X¿mdm¡nb tlmÀ
¯qkv C³Un¡pkv ae_mdn¡pkvv F¶ {KÙ¯n\p tIcfNcn{X¯nÂ
{]tXyIØm\ap−v. A¨Sn¨ aebmfen]n BZyambn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv
1678þ1703 Imebfhn BwÌÀUman \n¶p {]kn²oIcn¨ Cu {KÙ
¯nemWv. hnhn[ kkyeXmZnIfpsS t]cpIÄ aebmfw, emän³, sIm¦n
Wn F¶nhtbmsSm¸w Ad_n`mjbnepw Cu IrXnbn A¨Sn¨ncn¡p
¶p. ]mÝmXycpsS taÂt\m«¯n X¿mdm¡nb Cu {KÙ¯n aebmf
s¯t¸mse Ad_nbpw ]cnKWn¡s¸«p F¶ hkvXpX, A¡me¯v Ad
_n`mjbv¡p kn²n¨ncp¶ {]m[m\yw hyàam¡p¶p−v.

14
 Hcp tIcfob³ cNn¨ BZy tIcfNcn{X{KÙw F¶ JymXn, 16þmw
\qäm−n Pohn¨ {]apJ tIcfob]ÞnX\mb ssiJvssk\p±o³aJvZqw
(acWw:{In.h.1583) cNn¨ ‘Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³’ F¶ Ad_n{KÙ
¯n\mWv. t]mÀ¨pKokv Imes¯ tIcfobPohnXs¯bpw {]Xntcm[
s¯bpw Hcp ]cn[ntbmfw kXykÔambn BhnjvIcn¡p¶ IrXnbm
WnXv. t]mÀ¨pKokpImÀ tIcf¯n ]peÀ¯nt¸m¶ a\pjyXzclnX
amb kao]\§Ä temI{i²bn sIm−phcm³, BtKmf`mjbmb Ad
_n am[yaam¡p¶Xp hgn km[n¡psa¶v ssk\p±o³ a\Ênem¡nbn
cp¶p. AXpt]mse, efnXhpw lrZyhpamb aebmfssienbn ‘aplvbn
±o³ame’ (1607) F¶ `ànImhyw cNn¨ Jmkn apl½Zv Xsâ ‘^XvlpÂ
ap_o³’ F¶ {]uVImhyapÄs¸sSbpÅ {][m\IrXnIsfÃmw cNn¨
Xpw Ad_nbn Xs¶bmbncp¶p.
15, 16 \qäm−pIfn tIcf¯nsâ kmaqlnIþcmjv{SobaÞe§
fn Ad_n `mj¡p−mbncp¶ Øm\w apIfn kqNn¸n¨ hkvXpXI
fn \ns¶Ãmw hyàamhp¶p−v. aebmf¯n {]Npc{]Nmcw kn²n¨
aqhmbnct¯mfw Ad_n]Z§fnepw, ssienIfnepw, Øe\ma§fnep
saÃmw Ad_n`mjmk¼À¡¯nsâ ap{ZIÄ ASbmfs¸«pInS¡p¶p. DZm
lcW§tfm, hniZoIcW§tfm BhiyanÃm¯hn[w Ahsb \mw
kzmwioIcn¨p Ignªn«p−v.
tIcfhpw Atd_y³D]`qJÞhpw X½n {]mNo\Imew apXÂ
\ne\n¶ncp¶ I¨hS_豈 kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnIaWvUe§fn
te¡pw hym]n¨p. Ggmw\qäm−n Atd_ybn ]pXnsbmcp aXkwlnX
hnImkw {]m]n¡p¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ Atd_y³\mSpIfn \ne\n¶ncp
¶ hnizmkmNmc§Ä ]cnanXamb tXmXnemsW¦nepw C´y¡mcn kzm
[o\w sNep¯nbncp¶Xmbn Nq−n¡mWn¡s¸Sp¶p. ‘KpPdm¯nse {]
kn²amb tkma\mYt£{Xw Atd_ybnse ‘AÂa\m¯v’ F¶ hn{Kl
16
¯n\pth−n kaÀ¸n¡s¸«XmsW¶v sdmanemYm¸À Is−¯nbn«p−v’ .
AjvSmwKlrZb¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmb hmKv`S³ Hcp apl½Zob ]ÞnX
\n \n¶v BbpÀthZw ]Tn¨ tijamWv AXp tcJs¸Sp¯nbsX¶v
sFXnlyamebn ImWmw. {_mÒWÀ¡nSbn BbpÀthZ]ÞnX·mÀ
BcpanÃmsXhcnIbpw apl½ZobÀ¡nSbn AXn\n]pW·mcmb \nc

15
 17
h[nt]À D−mbncn¡pIbpw sNbvX kµÀ`¯nembncp¶pht{X AXv.
i_cnaebnse A¿¸s\¡pdn¨pÅ ]pcmhr¯¯nepw, At±l¯nsâ
kplr¯mbn Hcp apkvenw IYm]m{XwþhmhÀ IS¶phcp¶p−v. Ad_nþ
apkvenw ]mc¼cyhpambn \½psS \mSn\p−mbncp¶ Dujvafamb kulr
Z_豈 C¯cw an¯pIfn sXfnªpImWmw.

Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mhw tIcf¯nÂ

ta kqNn¸n¨ _Ô§fpsS ^eambn apl½Zv\_nbpsS Ime¯p
Xs¶ CkvemanIZÀi\w tIcf¯n {]Ncn¡m³ XpS§nbXmbn A\p
am\n¡mhp¶XmWv. C´ybn \n¶ph¶ Hcp cmPmhv C©n \nd¨ Hcp
`cWn {]hmNI\v k½m\n¨Xmbpw, At±lw AXp Xsâ A\pNc·mÀ¡n
18
Sbn ]¦ph¨Xmbpw lZokv {KÙ§fnep−v . ]e {]hmNIhN\§fn
epw C´y ]cmaÀihnt[bamIp¶pap−v.
sImSp§ÃqÀ tIµam¡n `cWw \S¯nbncp¶ Hcp cmPmhv (]Ån
_mWs¸cpamÄ) kntemWnse BZwae F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶ XoÀ°m
S\ tI{µ¯nte¡v t]mIp¶ Atd_y³k©mcnIfn \n¶p {]hmNI
s\¡pdn¨p a\Ênem¡nbXmbpw, AhÀ aS§nt¸mIpt¼mÄ AhtcmsSm
¸w ]pds¸« At±lw {]hmNIk¶n[nbnse¯nt¨À¶Xmbpw hnizkn¡
s¸Sp¶p.
tIcf¯nse GI apkvenwcmPhwiamb I®qÀ Ad¡Âhwi¯n
sâ DÛhw lnPvd H¶mwiXI¯nemsW¶v ({In.h.GgmwiXIw) Icp
Xm³ \ymbap−v. Cu cmPhwi¯nsâXmbn e`n¨n«pÅ Nne \mWb§
19
fn lnPvd 31, 35, 161 F¶o hÀj§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯nImWp¶p .
lnPvd BZy\qäm−n Xs¶ tIcf¯n Ckvemw {]Ncn¨psh¶
Xn\v Dt]mXv_eIamb sXfnhpIÄ thsdbpap−v. I®qcnse amSmbn¸
ÅnbpsS ap³hi¯pÅ amÀ_nÄ ^eI¯n ‘lnPvdþ21 dP_vþ11’ F¶v
tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. AXpt]mse ImkÀtKmUvPpamakvPnZnsâ Xpem
¯n sIm¯nbn«pÅ Ad_nenJnX¯n lnPvd 22 dP_v 12 Xn¦fmgvN
{]kvXpX]ÅnbpsS \nÀ½mWw ]qÀ¯nbmsb¶pw ImWp¶p. {ioIrjvW
]pcw PpamakvPnZnsâ kao]¯pÅ asämcp inem^eI¯n {]hmNI
sâ klNmcnbmbncp¶ AZn¿v_v\p lm¯nw, 200 A\pbmbnItfmsSm¸w
I®qcnepw {ioIWvT]pc¯pw anj\dn{]hÀ¯\§fn hym]rX\mbn

16
cns¡, lnPvdþ74þÂ CltemIhmkw shSnªXmbn BteJ\w sNbvXn
20
«p−v . tImgnt¡mSv PnÃbnse ]´emb\n sImïpÅ a¿¯v Ip¶nÂ
ImWp¶ kvamcIineIfnsem¶n lnPvd 166  (F.Un. 788) ]ctemIw
{]m]n¨ Aen _v\p DXÀam³ F¶v tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXmbn 1912þÂ ae
21
_mÀ KkänbÀ X¿mdm¡nb kn.F. C¶nkv Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p−v. Da
¿ Jeo^amcpsS({In.h.661þ750) Imes¯ \mepkzÀ®\mWb§Ä tImX
22
awKe¯p \n¶pw I−pIn«nbn«p−v .
Ggmw\qäm−nÂXs¶ ae_mdn Ckvemw {]Nmcwkn²n¨ncp¶
Xmbn ssiJvssk\p±osâ Xplv^¯p apPmlnZo³ Cw¥ojnte¡p hnh
À¯\w sNbvX due³k¬, sÌtdm¡v F¶o Cw¥ojvNcn{XImc·mcpw
hyàam¡p¶p. Ad_nþt]Àjy³I¨hS¡mÀ A¡me¯v C´ybpsS ]Sn
ªmsd Xoc§fnepÅ FÃm XpdapJ]«W§fnepw ØncXmakam¡nbn
cp¶psh¶pw, C´y³ kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sNbvXncp¶psh¶pw sÌtdm¡v
23
tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p . {]mNo\Ime¯v Ad_nIÄ¡nSbn \ne\n¶ncp¶
‘apAv¯’ F¶ Xm¡menI hnhmlk{¼Zmbhpw, tIcfobh\nXIfp
ambn IpSpw__Ôw ]peÀ¯m³ AhÀ¡p klmbIambn hÀ¯n¨ncp
¶p.

JemknamcpsS km¶n²yw
{]mNo\tIcf¯n hntZihmWnPy¯nsâ ^eambn \nehnÂh¶
XpdapJtZi§fn Ad_nIÄ hmkapd¸n¨tXmsSbmWv ]n¡me¯v
am¸nfamÀ F¶p hnfn¨pt]m¶ apkvenwP\hn`mKw cq]wsImÅp¶Xv. Ad
_nIÄ C¶m«nse kv{XoIsf hnhmlwsN¿pI hgnbp−mb k¦chn`mK
amWnhÀ F¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶p. tIcf¯nsâ Nne XoctZi§fn {]mNo
\ImewapXte A[nhkn¨p hcp¶ JemknamcpsS DXv]¯nbpambpw C
Xn\v _Ôap−mhWw. tImgnt¡mSn\Sp¯ t_¸qcnepw, I®qcnse hf
]«W¯psaÃmw kPohkm¶n[yadnbn¨ncp¶ Hcp sXmgnÂIq«amWv Jem
knamÀ. henb Dcp¡fpw t_m«pIfpsaÃmw ISenend¡p¶Xn Akmam
\y]mShw {]ISn¸n¡p¶ ChcpsS tkh\w, {_n«ojvImeL«¯n sdbn
Âth]me§fpsS \nÀ½mW¯n\pw hyhkmbØm]\§fn `mctadnb
b{´`mK§Ä Øm]n¡p¶Xn\psaÃmw {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbncp¶p. IS
en ap§p¶ I¸epIfpw t_m«pIfpw Ic¡Sp¸n¡m\pw ChÀ¡p {]tXy

17
I sshZKv[yap−v. Jemkn F¶ ]Z¯nsâ aqecq]amb ‘Jekv’ F¶
Ad_n]Z¯n\v Idp¸pw shfp¸pw IqSn IqSn¡eÀ¶h³ F¶ AÀ°
ap−v. Ad_n]nXmhnsâbpw tIcfobamXmhnsâbpw icochÀWt¯
bmWv Cu ]Zw hyRvPn¸n¡p¶Xv.

am¸nfi_vZ¯nsâ \njv]¯n
ae_mdnse apkvenwIsf Ipdn¡m³ D]tbmKn¡p¶ am¸nf F¶
]Z¯nsâ \njv]¯nsb¡pdn¨p KthjIÀ GIm`n{]mb¡mcÃ. ae_m
dn\p ]pd¯v, aäp {]tZi§fnse apkvenwIsf Cu ]ZwsIm−p hyhlcn
¡mdnÃ. ]pdta \n¶p ae_mdnte¡p IpSntbdnb apkvenwIÄ Ct¸mgpw
aäp t]cpIfnemWdnbs¸Sp¶Xv. ]me¡mSv, tImb¼¯qÀ XpS§nb Ø
e§fn \ns¶¯nb XangvamXr`mj¡mcmb apkvenwIsf ‘dmhp¯À’ F
¶pw, IÀ®mSIbn \n¶ph¶ DÀZpamXr`mjbmbpÅhsc ‘]TmWn’sb
¶pw hnfn¡p¶Xv DZmlcWw. XncphnXmwIqdnse ss{IkvXhsc ‘\{km
Wnam¸nf’sb¶pw, blqZsc ‘PqXam¸nf’ F¶pw hnfn¨ph¶ncp¶psh
¦nepw ae_mdn apkvenwIfpsS t]cnemWv Hcp kmapZmbnIkwÚ
bmbn ]n¡me¯v CXp cqVaqeambXv.
‘]pdsa \n¶ph¶v hntZihym]mchpambn _Ôs¸«p {]hÀ¯n¨
hsc am¸nfamcmbn IcpXp¶Xv ]gb ]XnhmsW¶pw, \{kmWnbpw PqX
\pw GsdbnÃm¯ hS¡³`mK§fn thÀXncnt¡− {]iv\anÃm¯Xn
\m apkvenwIsf ‘am¸nf’ F¶pam{Xw hnfn¨pt]m¶p F¶pw IcpXm
24
sa¶v’ Fw. KwKm[c³ A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p−v.
C_v\p_¯q¯bpsStbm AXn\pap¼pÅ k©mcnIfpsStbm Ip
dn¸pIfnsem¶pw apkvenwIsf ]camÀin¡p¶nS¯v Cu {]tbmKw ImWm
¯Xn\m 14þmw \qäm−n\pap¼v AXp {]Nmc¯nensöv A\pam\n¡mw.
F¶m 16þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`¯nepff H¶pwc−pw ZiI§
fn 15 hÀjt¯mfw tIcf¯nep−mbncp¶ ZphmÀs¯ _Àt_mk F¶
t]mÀ¨pKokpImc³ FgpXnb {KÙ¯n (The book of Duarte Barbosa)
ae_mdnet§mfant§mfw apkvenwIÄ [mcmfaps−¶pw Cu \m«pImÀ
Ahsc am¸nfamÀ (Mapulers) F¶p hnfn¡p¶psh¶pw hyàambn tcJ
25
s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v. GItZiw 1518þemWv CXnsâ cN\.

18
 Cu i_vZ¯nsâ \njv]¯nsb¡pdn¨v hyXykvXho£W§Ä
\ne\n¡p¶ps−¦nepw ‘aIfpsS `À¯mhv’ F¶ AÀ°¯nepÅ Xangv
i_vZ¯nsâ (am¸nssf) XÛhamWsX¶v A\pam\n¡p¶XmWv bpàn
klw. I¨hSmhiymÀ°tam, aX{]t_m[\mÀ°tam ChnsSsb¯nbh
cn `qcn`mKhpw, AhÀ GXp hn`mK¡mcmbmepw Xt±iobcmb kv{Xo
Isf hnhmlw Ign¨p tIcf¯n ØncXmakam¡nbhcmWv. A{]Imcw
tIcfobcmb s]¬Ip«nIfpsS `À¯m¡·mcmbhsc ‘am¸nf’sb¶p hnfn
¨ncn¡m\nSbp−v.
ae_mdnse apkvenwIfpsS hyhlmc`mjbn am¸nf, ]pXpam¸nf
XpS§nb i_vZ§Ä `À¯mhv, aIfpsS `À¯mhv F¶o AÀ°§fnemWv
Ct¸mgpw {]tbmKn¨phcp¶Xv. Xangv`mjtbmSpw kwkvImct¯mSpw a[y
Ime apkvenwIÄ¡p−mbncp¶ k¼À¡w Cu ]Zw BZm\w sN¿p¶Xn\v
klmbIambncn¡mw.

Ad_naebmfw, DXv]¯nbpw hnImkhpw

Ad_naebmfw
\qäm−pItfmfw tIcfobapkvenwIfpsS `uXnIhpw Bßobhp
amb hyhlmc§fpsSbpw, kÀKmßIamb BhnjvImc§fpsSbpw am[y
aambn hÀ¯n¨ `mjmcq]amWv Ad_naebmfw. Ad_nbnenÃm¯Xpw
aebmf¯n ImWp¶Xpamb kz\na§sf¡qSn tcJs¸Sp¯mhp¶hn[w
Ad_nen]namebn Nne ]cnjvImc§Ä hcp¯n, AXp]tbmKn¨p ae
bmfw FgpXp¶ k{¼ZmbamWnXv. Ad_naebmf¯n kmlnXyIrXnI
fp−mhp¶Xn\p ap¼pXs¶ _wKmfn, Xangv apXemb `mjIÄ Ad_n
en]nkt¦Xw D]tbmKn¨p tcJs¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xmbn Nne KthjIÀ
A\pam\n¡p¶p−v.

Ad_n¯angpw _wKmfnbpw
{]Ya Ad_naebmfImhyambn ]cnKWn¨phcp¶ aplvbn±o³ ame
(1607)bpsS IÀ¯mhv Jmkn apl½Znsâ Ime¯pXs¶ Ad_n¯angv km
lnXyw k¼pjvSambn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p. Ad_n¯angvIhnIfmb D½À ]pe

19
hÀ, koX¡men ac¡mÀ, X¡e ]oÀapl½Zv kmln_v, kZJ¯pÅm
26
ln Kmlncn XpS§nb {]apJÀ At±l¯nsâ kaImenIcmWv. XangI
s¯ tImdaÞÂ {]tZi¯v {]Nmc¯nencp¶ `àn{][m\amb tImÀh
Isf amXrIbm¡nbmWv aplvbn±o³ame cNn¡p¶Xv. ‘tImÀh CsXms¡
bpw t\m¡nsbSpt¯mhÀ’ F¶ Imhy¯nse {]tbmKw CXnte¡p hnc
 Nq−p¶p−v. aplvbn±o³amebpsS cN\bv¡p ap¼pXs¶ Ad_n¯an
gn IrXnIfp−mbn«p−v. h®¡f©nb]pehcpsS ‘Bamcw akme’
F¶ Ad_n¯angvImhy¯nsâ cN\mImew {InkvXphÀjw 1572þBsW
27
¶v tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³ Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶p. F¶m Ad_nae
bmf¯nse ame¸m«pImÀ¡p amÀKZÀiIamb XangIs¯ ‘amsseIÄ’
F¶mWmcw`n¨sX¶p hyàaÃ. 14þmw \qäm−ntesX¶p IcpXs¸Sp¶
Hcp eLpIrXn (]Äk´vamsse)Is−¯nbn«p−v. F«p sNdnb JÞ§
fpÅ Cu Imhyw AÚmXIÀ¯rIamWv.
Ad_naebmf ]ZykmlnXy¯nse {]apJimJbmb ]S¸m«pIÄ
¡pw, Ad_n¯angpambn _Ôap−v. a[pckztZin hcnssk aplvb±o³
]pehÀ lnPvd 1098þÂ (F.Un 1686)þÂ cNn¨ IrXnbmWv kJqw ]ssS
t¸mÀ. am¸nf¸m«pIfpsS CiepIsfbpw {]mkhyhØsbbpw KWyambn
kzm[o\n¨ Ad_naebmfImhyamb kJpw ]S¸m«v, kJpw ]ssSt¸m
dnsâ Bibm\phmZamWv. aplvbn±o³ame cNn¡s¸« AtX \qäm−nem
Wv Cu IrXnbpw FgpXnbn«pÅXv.
hnhn[ C´y³þAd_n`mjIfnep−mb kmlnXyIrXnIfn Adn
bs¸«nSt¯mfw BZy IrXnbp−mbXv Ad_nþ_wKmfnbnemsW¶v C.
Fw. lJv FUnäp sNbvX ‘apkvenw _w¥mkmlnXyw’ F¶ IrXnsb D²
cn¨v _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v A`n{]mbs¸Sp¶p. 1513þÂ k¿nZv kpÂ
28
¯m³ cNn¨ ‘\_nhwi’ ImhyamWv {]kvXpX IrXn.
aplvbn±o³ame¡v (1607) ap¼v Ad_n¯angnepw, Ad_n_wKmfn
bnepw IrXnIÄ cNn¡s¸«n«p−v F¶ÃmsX, C¯cwhkvXpXIsf B[m
cam¡n {]kvXpX cN\IÄ¡p ap¼v Ad_naebmf `mjtbm, kmlnXy
tam cq]s¸«n«nà F¶ \nKa\¯nse¯m\mhnÃ. cN\mImew IrXnbnÂ
Xs¶ ]cmaÀin¡s¸«Xn\m aplvbn±o³amebpsS ImeKW\ IrXyam
bn \nÀWbn¡m³ Ignbp¶p−v. CXns\ A\pIcn¨p−mb ]n¡me

20
ameIfnepw, sshZycptSXpÄs¸sSbpÅ Ad_naebmfImhy§fnepw,
{KÙIÀ¯mhnsâ t]cpw, Imehpw Imhy¯n Xs¶ tcJs¸Sp¯p¶
kz`mhw ImWmw.
Cu hn[apÅ ]cmaÀi§tfm kqN\Itfm Csænepw `mjm]c
amb khntijXIÄ ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ aplvbn±o³amebv¡p ap¼v cNn
¡s¸«Xmhm³ km[yXbpÅ Nne ]m«pIfp−v. AÚmXIÀ¯rI§
fmb Cu Km\§fn Bßobkz`mhapÅhbpw AÃm¯hbpw ImWmw.

Ad_naebmf¯nsâ BhnÀ`mhw
C´ymD]`qJWvU¯n CkvemanIktµiw BZysa¯pIbpw,
Bcm[\meb§fpw Ah tI{µoIcn¨pÅ kwLPohnXhpw BZyw cq]s¸
SpIbpw sNbvX \mSv F¶ \nebn tIcf¯n\p {]tXyI {]m[m\yap−v.
C´ybnse {]Ya apkvenw]ffn Øm]n¡s¸«Xv sImSp§Ãqcmbncp¶
tÃm. lnPvd BZy\qäm−n Xs¶ sX¡³ sImÃw, Ggnae, amSmbn,
{ioIWvTm]pcw, [À½Sw, ]´emb\n, Nmenbw, ImkÀtKmUv XpS§nb
Øe§fn ]ÅnIÄ \nÀ½n¡s¸«n«p−v.
Atd_y³\mSpIfpambn ]pcmX\Imew apXte tIcf¯n\p−m
bncp¶ hym]mcþhmWnPy _Ô§Ä, aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w ChnsSsb
¯nb BZyIme apkvenw]ÞnX·mÀ¡v KpWIcambn `hn¨p. Atd_y³
hÀ¯IÀ¡p e`n¨ AwKoImchpw kmaqlnI]Zhnbpw aX{]t_m[IÀ
¡pw e`n¨p. F.Un. 849þse Xcnkm¸Ån imk\¯n ImWp¶ Ad_n
29
t]cpIfpw kmaqXncnbpsS D]tZiI·mcmbn tImgnt¡ms« Jmknamsc
\nban¨XmbpÅ tcJIfpsaÃmw BZyImeapkvenwIÄ¡p e`n¨ AwKo
Imc¯n\p sXfnhmWv.
C§s\ aXþkmaqlnI aÞe§fn AØnhmcapd¸n¨psIm−v
tIcf¯nsâ XoctZi§Ä tI{µoIcn¨p hfÀ¶ph¶ apkvenwIÄ {]_e
hn`mKambn amdn. alÃpIÄ F¶ t]cn ]ÅnIÄ tI{µoIcn¨p hnizm
knIfpsS Iq«mbva cq]s¸«p.
aebmfw Hcp kzX{´`mjbmbn cq]s¸Sp¶Xv, F.Un. H¼Xmw \q
äm−nt\mSSp¯mWv. hs«gp¯v, tImsegp¯v XpS§nb en]ncq]§Ä DS
seSp¡m\pw, Ahbv¡p {]Nmcwkn²n¡m\pw ]ns¶bpw \qäm−pIÄ Ign
tb−n h¶p. hnizmkmNmc§fpsS `mKambn aXkw_Ôamb hnj
b§Ä ]Tn¡m\pw a\Ênem¡m\pw ae_mdnse apkvenwIÄ¡v, X§

21
fpsS amXr`mjbv¡v Hcp en]n A\nhmcyambncp¶p. Cu ]Ým¯e¯nÂ
BZyIme apkvenw]ÞnX·mÀ cq]s¸Sp¯nb teJ\k{¼ZmbamWv Ad
_naebmfw. aX{]t_m[¯nt\m, hym]mcmhiy¯nt\m ChnsSsb¯nb
hntZi apkvenwIfpw CXn ]¦phln¨n«p−v. Ad_nIÄ sNs¶¯nb
aäp tZi§fnepw kam\amb teJ\k{¼Zmbw cq]s¸Sp¯nbn«p−v.
thZ{KÙamb JpÀB³ Ad_nbnembXn\mÂ, km[mcW¡mcmb
hnizmknIÄ¡nSbnÂt]mepw B `mjbv¡v khntijamb Øm\w ssI
h¶ncp¶p. JpÀB³ ]mcmbW¯n\pw aäp BNmcm\pjvTm\§Ä¡pw
Ad_n`mjm]T\w A\nhmcyambXn\m \nÀ_Ô_p²ym AXp ]Tn¡p
¶Xnepw ]Tn¸n¡p¶Xnepw Bcw`Imew apXte, apkvenwIÄ _²{i²
cmbncp¶p. C§s\ kzmb¯am¡p¶ Ad_nen]n D]tbmKn¨p Xs¶,
X§fpsS amXr`mjbpw FgpXmsa¶p h¶Xv hensbmcp kuIcy ambn
A\p`hs¸«p. aX]camb Bhiy§Ä¡mWv XpS¡¯n CXp {]tbmP
\s¸Sp¯nbncp¶sX¦nepw, {ItaW aäp hyhlmcaÞe§fnte¡pw
hym]n¨p. Bßob{K٧ġp ]pdsa sshÚm\nIhpw kÀKmßIhp
amb cN\Ifpw Zn\]{X§fpw B\pImenI§fpsaÃmw ]n¡me¯v
Ad_naebmf¯n [mcmfambn {]kn²oIcn¡s¸«p. aebmf en]n
]cnNbs¸Sp¶XneqsS Hcp aebmfn¡v ssIhcp¶ an¡ {]tbmP\§fpw
Ad_naebmf]T\¯neqsS Xs¶ km[yamIp¶Xn\m 20þmw \qäm
−nsâ XpS¡whsc apkvenwIÄ aebmf]T\¯n henb Xmev]cyw
{]ISn¸n¨ncp¶nÃ. tIcfobs]mXpkaql¯n hfsc Ipdª km£
cXmiXam\w \ne\n¶ncp¶ Ignª \qäm−nsâ {]mcw`Zibn Xs¶,
asämcp en]nkt¦Xw D]tbmKn¨msW¦nepw X§fpsS amXr`mj Fgp
Xm\pw hmbn¡m\pw ae_mdnse apgph³ apkvenwIÄ¡pw km[n¨ncp¶p.
Ad_naebmf¯n {]kn²oIcn¨ A¿mbnct¯mfw IrXnIfpw
AkwJyw B\pImenI§fpw k¼qÀWkm£cX ssIhcn¨ Hcp kaql
¯nsâ hfÀ¨sb kqNn¸n¡p¶p. tambn³Ip«nsshZysct¸mepÅ {]Xn`m
imenIÄ AhcpsS cN\IÄ Ad_naebmf¯n {]kn²oIcn¨Xnsâ
ImcWanXmWv.
B[p\nI hnZym`ymk {]NmcW¯nepw, kmaqlnI ]cnjvIcW
kwcw`§fnepw ap³\ncbnep−mbncp¶ h¡w auehnbpw(1873þ 1932),
aàn X§fpw(1847þ1912) aebmft¯msSm¸w Ad_naebmf¯nsâbpw
km[yXIÄ {]tbmP\s¸Sp¯nbhcmWv. sI.cmaIrjvW]nÅbpsS

22
]{Xm[n]Xy¯n ]pd¯nd¡nb kztZim`nam\nbpsS DSaØ\mbncp¶
h¡w auehn, ‘apkvenw’ (1906), ‘Zo]nI’ (1931) F¶o t]cpIfn aebmf
¯nepw, ‘A Ckvemw’ (1917) F¶ t]cn Ad_naebmf¯nepw amkn
IIÄ {]kn²oIcn¨ncp¶p. hnhÀ¯\§fpw, kzX{´cN\Ifpambn ae
bmf¯nepw Ad_naebmf¯nepw \nch[n {KÙ§fpw, teJ\§fpw
At±l¯ntâXmbp−v. ]ptcmKa\ImgvN¸mSpIfn Du¶n\n¶psIm−v
Ad_naebmf¯nepw aebmf¯nepw Hcpt]mse cN\ \S¯nb aàn
X§Ä amXr`mjmhnZym`ymk¯n\v {]tXyI {]m[m\yw \ÂIn. At±lw
cNn¨ ‘ItTmc IpTmc’amWv (1884)Hcp aebmfnapkvenw aebmf¯n cNn
¨ BZy{KÙw. bqtdm]y³anj\dnamcpsS Ckvemw hnaÀi\§Ä¡p adp
]Sn F¶ \nebnemWv Cu {KÙw cNn¡p¶Xv. A{]IminX§fmb Ggp
cN\IÄ DÄs¸sS 36 aebmf{KÙ§fpsS IÀ¯mhmb aàn X§Ä
‘Ckvemapw acpa¡¯mbhpw’, ‘XAveoap CJvhm³’, ‘apAÃnap CJv
hm³’ F¶o Ad_naebmf IrXnIfptSbpw cNbnXmhmWv. ‘kXy{]Im
iw’ (1899), ‘]tcm]Imcn’ (1885) F¶o aebmfamknIÄs¡m¸w ‘Xplv^
¯p AJvbmÀ h lnZmb¯p AivdmÀ’(1894) F¶ Ad_naebmf
B\pImenI¯nsâ ]{Xm[n]Øm\hpw At±lw hln¨ncp¶p.

]g¡w
Ad_naebmfw GXpIme¯mWp cq]s¸«sX¶v B[nImcnIamb
sXfnhpIfpsS shfn¨¯n kYm]n¡s¸«n«nÃ. 600apX 1200hsc hÀ
js¯ ]g¡w Cu imJ¡pÅXmbn KthjIÀ ]dbp¶p. {]mNo\ imk
\§tfm, {]amW§tfm e`yaÃ. ]pcmX\ ]ÅnItfmS\p_Ôn¨p ImWp
¶ enJnX§sfÃmw ]qÀWambpw Ad_nbnepÅXmWpXm\pw.
am¸nf¸m«ns\ ]cmaÀin¡p¶nS¯v ‘Ahbn {]mNo\§fmbpÅh
bv¡v Adp\qdv sImÃs¯sb¦nepw ]g¡w ImWWsa¶mWv A`nÚ³
30
amcpsS ]£sa¶v’ DÅqÀ {]kvXmhn¡p¶p−v. {In.h. 15þmw \qäm−n\p
tijamWv Ad_naebmfap−mbsX¶mWv _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶n
sâ A\pam\w. ‘Ad_naebmfen]n tIcf¯n hym]Iamhp¶Xv ]Ån
ItfmS\p_Ôn¨pÅ aX]T\tI{µ§fmb ZÀkpIfpsS Bcw`t¯msS
bmWv. tIcf¯n BZy ZÀkv ae¸pdwPnÃbnse Xm\qÀ henbIpf§c

23
]Ånbn ln. 670þepw ({In.h. 1272) c−mas¯ ZÀkv ln. 785 ({In. h
1383)Â tImgnt¡mSv Ipän¨nd PpamA¯v ]Ånbnepw XpS§nsb¶v’ At±
31
lw ]dbp¶p.
ZÀkpIfpsS hym]\w Ad_naebmf¯nsâ {]Nmc¯n\v B¡w
Iq«nbncn¡mw F¶ÃmsX AXnsâ XpS¡w, en]nbpsS {]mcw`ambn Im
Wm³ h¿. Fgp¯phnZy Bcw`n¨ kµÀ`¯n Xs¶ Ah ]Tn¸n¡p¶
tI{µ§fpap−mhWw F¶p IcpXn¡qSm. BZys¯ ZÀkpIÄ ta¸d
ªhbmsW¶v Øm]n¡p¶Xn\pÅ hnizk\ob tcJIfpw e`yamtI−
Xp−v. JpÀB³]T\w, ]mcmbWw F¶nhbv¡v BZyImew apXte,
{]tXyI {]m[m\yw Iev]n¨ncp¶ P\hn`mK¯n\nSbnÂ, At©m, Btdm
\qäm−pIÄ¡ptijamWv teJ\hnZy {]Nmc¯nembsX¶v hnNmcn¡m
\pw {]bmkap−v. aebmfw kzX{´`mjbmbn cq]s¸« {In.h.9þmw \qäm
−n\p tijw A[nIw sshImsX Ad_naebmfw cq]s¸«Xmbn A\pam
\n¡p¶hcp−v. ‘Nne Ncn{XhkvXpXIÄ h¨pt\m¡pt¼mÄ H¼Xmw
\qäm−ntem, 10þmw \qäm−nsâ Bcw`¯ntem Xs¶ Ad_naebmfw DS
32
seSp¯n«ps−¶mWv’ H. B_phnsâ ]£w.
Ad_nen]n {]Xy£s¸Sp¶ BZy tIcfobtcJbmb F.Un. 849þ
se Xcnkm¸Ån imk\¯n km£nIfmbn tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶hÀ Ad_n
en]nbn t]scgpXn H¸n«Xp ImWmw. tIcf¯n hmkapd¸n¨ hntZio
bcmb hÀ¯I{]apJcmhWw Cu km£nIÄ. Ad_nteJ\hnZy hiam
bncp¶ C¯cw hyànIfn \n¶pw, BZyIme apkvenw Bcm[\meb
§fn ]ptcmlnX³amcmsb¯nb hntZiobcnÂ\n¶pw Xt±iobapkv
enwIÄ Fgp¯p ]cnioen¨p. JpÀB³]mcmbW¯n\pw CXc A\pjvTm
\§Ä¡pw AXv A\nhmcyambncp¶pXm\pw. X§Ä ]cnioen¸n¨ ]pXn
b en]nkt¦Xhpap]tbmKn¨v XangIt¯bpw tIcf¯ntebpw hnizmkn
IÄ AhcpsS amXr`mj tcJs¸Sp¯n¯pS§n. aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w h¶
apkvenwanjWdnamÀ AXnsâ km[yXIÄ Xncn¨dnªv AXns\ t{]mÕm
ln¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
C¯cw kmlNcy§Ä ]cnKWn¡pt¼mÄ tIcf¯nepw Xangv\m
«nse Nne tI{µ§fnepw apkvenw kmaqlnIPohnXw iàn{]m]n¨ 12, 13
\qäm−pIfn Ad_naebmfhpw, Ad_n¯angpw {]Nmc¯n h¶ncp
¶Xmbn A\pam\n¡mhp¶XmWv.

24
kzX{´`mjmhmZw
\nbXamb ]Zmhenbpw hymIcWhpapÅ Hcp kzX{´`mjbmWv
Ad_naebmfsa¶p hmZn¡p¶ KthjIcpap−v. Ad_naebmfs¯¡p
dn¨v cNn¨ {]YaNcn{X{KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmb H. B_phnsâ ho£W
a\pkcn¨v ‘sImSp§Ãqcn\pw, ImkÀtKmUn\panSbnepÅ tZiy`mjbm
WXv. hnhn[ `mjIfn \n¶pw k{i²w sXcsªSp¯v AeIpw ]nSnbpw
amän aebmfoIcn¨ AÀ°]pjvS§fmb ]Z§fmepw ssieohntij§
33
fmepw {]tbmK sshinjvSy§fmepw k¼pjvSamWXv.’
Ad_naebmfs¯, aebmfw FgpXp¶Xn\pÅ Hcp kwhn[m\w
am{Xambn¡−m AXn\p kmlnXyansöp ]dtb−nhcpsa¶ hmZw
D¶bn¡p¶hcpap−v.
aebmf¯n \n¶p hyXykvXambn ]ZXe¯nepw, hymIcWXe
¯nepw Ad_naebmfIrXnIfn ImWp¶ khntijXIsf ap³\nÀ
¯nbmWv Cu hn[apÅ kzX{´`mjmhmZw apt¶m«p hbv¡p¶Xv. A¯
c¯nepÅ Nne {]tXyIXIÄ ]cntim[n¡mw.

]Z§Ä
aebmf¯n {]Nmc¯nenÃm¯ \nch[n Ad_n, t]Àjy³,
lnµpØm\n]Z§Ä XÕacq]¯nepw, kwkvIrXw, Xangv, I¶U i_vZ
§Ä XÛhcq]¯nepw Ad_naebmf¯n ImWmw. aX]ctam, kmaq
lnItam Bb k¼À¡§fn am¸nfamcpsS hyhlmc`mjbnte¡pw,
AXphgn Ad_naebmf kmlnXyIrXnIfnte¡pw kw{Ian¨ ]Z§fmWv
Chbntesdbpw. ]Z§fpsS hmsamgncq]§Ä AtX cq]¯n {KÙ`mj
bnepw {]tbmKn¡p¶ ]Xnhv km[mcWbmbncp¶p. kwkvIrX i_vZ§
sf {ZmhnU amXrIbn kwkvIcns¨Sp¡p¶ cq]§fpw \nch[nbp−v.
Ip«w(IpjvTw), tImcw (tLmcw), kn¨ (in£), sImtcmZw (t{Im[w),
GXp(tlXp) apXemb cq]§Ä DZmlcWw. kwkvIrX¯n \n¶v ae
bmfw BZm\w sNbvX AXnJctLmjm£c§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ hn[w,
Ad_naebmfen]n ]cnjvIcn¡p¶Xn\pap¼v C¯cw cq]§Ä kmlnXy
IrXnIfn {]tbmKn¨ncn¡m\pw, ]n¡me¯pw AXp XpSÀ¶ncn¡m\p
apÅ km[yXbpap−v.

25
hymIcWXew
Ad_naebmfIrXnIfnse `mj ]cntim[n¨m hymIcW kw_
Ôambn aebmf¯nÂ\n¶p `n¶amb Nne khntijXIÄ Is−¯m
\mhpw.
hn`àn{]Xyb§fn ImWp¶ hyXnbm\amWv Ahbn {][m\w.
{]Xn{KmlnImhn`ànbmb ‘F’ bpsS Øm\¯v ‘s\’ F¶pw (DZmþ Hcp
¯ns\), {]tbmPnImhn`àn (BÂ)bpsS Øm\¯v ‘Bse’ (F¶Xn
\mse, h\Xn\mse) F¶pw {]tbmKn¨p ImWp¶p−v.
`mjbnse Dt±inImhn`ànbn (¡v, \v) hcp¶ cq]§Ä Ad_n
aebmf¯nemhpt¼mÄ Ah\n¡v(Ah\v),BWn\n¡v(BWn\v) F¶mbn
amdpw.
CXpt]mse ‘Hm\n¡n’, ‘]StÈm\n¡n’ XpS§nb {]tbmKamXrI
IÄ Ad_naebmf¯nepÅXmbn sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ Nq−n¡mWn
34
¡p¶p .
{]tbmPnImhn`ànbpsS {]Xybamb BÂ, B[mcnIbpsS {]Xy
bamb C F¶nh kwtbmPnIbpsS AÀ°¯n {]tbmKn¡p¶XmWv
35
asämcp khntijX.
DZm. tIZam þ tJZt¯msS
s_k\an þ hyk\t¯msS
\ma§fn \n¶pw {Inbm[mXp D−m¡m³ ‘sN¿pI’ F¶Xn\p
36
]Icw ‘B¡pI’ D]tbmKn¡p¶p . DZm. k_qdm¡n (£an¨p)
sImSp´angv aebmfambn ]cnWan¨Xn\v tIcf]mWn\n Nq−n¡m
Wn¡p¶ A\p\mknImXn{]kcw, kzckwhcWw, ]pcpjt`Z\ncmkw
XpS§nb \ymb§Ä Ad_naebmf¯n A[nIsam¶pw {]hÀ¯n¨p
ImWp¶nÃ. ]et¸mgpw XangvamXrIIsf AtX]Sn ]n´pScp¶XpImWmw.
tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS cN\IÄ Chbv¡p anI¨ DZmlcW§fmWv.

aebmf¯nsâ en]y´cWw (transliteration)

Ad_naebmfs¯ {]tXyI`mjbmbn ImWWsa¶p hmZn¡p¶
hÀ apJyambpw Nq−n¡mWn¡p¶Xv, aebmf¯n \n¶pÅ AXnsâ

26
hymIcW hyXnbm\§fpw IrXnIfnse {]tbmKhntij§fpw, ]Zmhen
bpamWv. C¯cw hmZKXnIÄ kq£vaambn A]{KYn¨m NphsS ]dbp
¶ \nKa\§fnse¯m\mhpw.
1. Ad_naebmfIrXnIfnse ]Z§fn Hcp `mKw ae_mÀ{]tZi
s¯ apkvenwIfpsS hmsamgnbn ImWp¶h Xs¶bmWv. IrXn
IÄ kwhZnt¡−Xv km[mcW P\§tfmSmbXn\m ]WvUnX
·mÀ t]mepw hmsamgncq]§Ä kmlnXyIrXnIfn {]tbmKn¨p.
]Z{]tbmK¯n ip²w, Aip²w XpS§nb thÀXncnhpIÄs¡m
¶pw AhnsS {]kànbp−mbncp¶nÃ. C§s\bpÅ hmsamgn cq]
§fpw, CXc `mjmkaql§fpambpÅ kwkÀ¤w hgn Ad_nae
bmf¯nte¡p kw{Ian¨]Z§fpw Nq−n¡mWn¨v Ah Ad_nae
bmf¯nse X\Xp ]ZmhenbmsW¶pw, AXpsIm−pXs¶ CsXm
cp {]tXyI `mjbmsW¶pw ]dbp¶Xp bpànklaÃ.
2. Ad_naebmf {KÙIÀ¯m¡fntesdbpw aebmf¯nse¶t]mse
Ad_n, Xangv`mjIfnepw ]mÞnXyapÅhcmbncp¶p. XangI¯p
cq]w sIm− Ad_n¯angv kmlnXyIrXnIfpw AhbpsS IÀ¯m
¡fpambn ChÀ¡p−mbncp¶ _Ôw kphyàamWv. enwKþhN\
{]Xyb§Ä tNÀ¶ {Inbmcq]§Ä Ad_naebmfIrXnIfn hym
]Iambn ImWp¶Xv AhbpsS cNbnXm¡fpsS Xangv_Ôtam
A\pIcW{`atam aqeamWv. Ahsb Ad_naebmf¯nsâ khn
tijXbmbn I−pIqSm.
3. hymIcWkw_Ôambn B[p\nIaebmf¯n \n¶pw hyXykvX
ambn ImWp¶ {]tbmK§Ä Xncp\ngÂame, Aw_cotjm]mJym
\w t]mepÅ {]mNo\IrXnIfnepap−v. aebmf¯nse Nne {]mNo
\ {]tbmKamXrIIsf Ad_naebmfw kwc£n¨p t]m¶p F¶
XmWp icn. hmsamgnbpsS kzm[o\hpw C¯cw {]tbmK§fnÂ
ImWp¶p−v.
4. hnhn[`mjIfnse ]Z§fpw {]tbmK§fpw CSIeÀ¯nbpÅ Hcp
cN\mssienbmWv am¸nfIhnIÄ s]mXpsh kzoIcn¨Xv. ‘Ifhv
]dbÃm F¶p½ sNm¶msd/IÅsâ I¿nev s]m¶v sImSpt¯m
hÀ’ F¶ a«nepÅ Jmkn apl½Znsâbpw, \mS³]m«pIfpsS Xmf
¯n cNn¡s¸« BZyIme am¸nf¸m«pIfptSbpw ssien AXoh
efnXamWv. F¶m am¸nf¸m«pIÄ DÄs¸Sp¶ Ad_naebmf

27
 ]ZyimJ{]tab¯nepw `mjbnepsaÃmw ]n¡me¯v Kuch
kz`mhamÀÖn¨p. Ahbn ImWp¶ A\y`mj]Z§fpsS kz`m
hhpw, Ah Ad_naebmf¯n IS¶ph¶ kmlNcyhpw ]cnK
Wn¡msXbpÅ \nKa\§Ä hkvXpXm]caÃ.
Ad_naebmf¯n ImWp¶ sNdnbtXmXnepÅ hymIcW hyXn
bm\§sftbm, X\naebmf¯n \n¶v hyXykvXambpÅ ]Zmhensb
tbm am{Xw ap³\nÀ¯n AXns\ Hcp {]tXyI`mjbmbn ]cnKWn¡m\m
hnÃ. AXv aebmf¯nsâ Hcp en]y´cWamsW¶ \nKa\amWv hkvXp
Xm]cambn icnbmhpI.

Ad_naebmf¯nse Imhy`mjbpw, A\y`mjm]Z§fpw

Ad_naebmfIrXnIfnse an{i`mjmcoXnbpw, Ad_nen]n D]
tbmKn¨pÅ hcsamgnbpamWv ]et¸mgpw KthjIsc sXämb \nKa\§
fnte¡p \bn¡p¶Xv. Ad_naebmfsa¶Xv am¸nfamcpsS hmbvsamgnbm
sW¶p sXän²cn¡p¶hscbpw Ad_naebmfw, am¸nf`mj F¶o
kwÚIÄ kam\mÀ°¯n {]tbmKn¡p¶hscbpsaÃmw `mjmKthj
IÀ¡nSbn ImWmw. Cu hn`mK¯nÂs¸Sp¶ KZyIrXnIfnsebpw ]Zy
IrXnIfnsebpw `mjmcoXnIÄ X½n Gsd hyXymkap−v. KZyIrXnI
fn \sÃmcp ]¦pw CkvemanINcn{X§tfm, hnizmkmNmc§fpsS hnhc
Wtam BWv. Ad_n, Xangv`mjIfn \n¶pÅ ]Z§Ä XÕaþXÛh
cq]§fn Ahbn {]tbmKn¨n«ps−¦nepw, s]mXpsh k¦oÀWaÃ.
]Z§fpsS hmsamgncq]§fpw kpe`amWv.
F¶m ]ZyIrXnIfpsS kz`mhw XnI¨pw hyXykvXamWv. aebm
fhpw kwkvIrXhpw tNÀ¯v, aWn{]hmf¯n\p cq]w \ÂInbXpt]mse
hyXykvX `mjm]Z§Ä tNÀ¯v Ad_naebmf IhnIÄ Kuch kz`mh
apÅ Hcp Imhy`mjbv¡v P·w \ÂIpIbmbncp¶p. ]Z§fpsS sXcsª
Sp¸v, {]mkZo£, CiepIfpsS sshhn[yw F¶nh ]cntim[n¨m Cu
cwKs¯ IhnIÄ¡pÅ sshZKv[yw t_m[yamIpw.
Ad_naebmfImhyIrXnIfnse, Cu khntij kmlnXy`mjbn
emWv aebmft¯msSm¸w Ad_n, Xangv, t]Àjy³, I¶U, kwkvIrXw,
lnµpØm\n]Z§fpw IS¶phcp¶Xv. CXns\ kam´c aWn{]hmfambn
ImWp¶hÀ, aWn{]hmf`mjbnÂ\n¶pw hyXykvXambn Cu `mjbv¡p
Å khntijXsb A]{KYn¨n«nÃ. aWn{]hmf¯n\p e`n¨Xns\¡mÄ

28
kzoImcyX Ad_naebmf¯n\v F§s\ ssIh¶psh¶pw BtemNnt¡
−Xp−v.
aebmfs¯t¸mse kwkvIrX¯nepw kmam\y[mcWbp−mbncp
¶hÀ¡p am{XamWv aWn{]hmfIrXnIÄ BkzZn¡m³ Ignªncp¶Xv.
Ad_naebmfImhy§fpsS ØnXnbXÃ. tambn³Ip«n sshZycpsS GXm
\pw cN\IÄ amän \nÀ¯nbm km[mcW¡mcmb BkzmZIkaqls¯
Xr]vXns¸Sp¯p¶hbmWv an¡ IrXnIfpw. Ahbnse A\y`mjm]Z§
fpsS kz`mhw ]cntim[n¨m Nne s]mXpkhntijXIÄ Is−¯m\m
hpw. AXn `qcn`mKhpw Ad_n, Xangv, t]Àjy³`mjIfn \n¶pÅh
bmWv. I¶U, Cw¥ojv ]Z§Ä XmcXtay\ IpdhmWv. Ch Xs¶ apJy
ambpw {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv sshZycpsSbpw At±l¯nsâ A\pIÀ¯m¡fp
sSbpw cN\IfnemWpXm\pw. IhnIÄ aäp`mjIfn \n¶p ]Z§Ä kzo
Icn¡p¶Xv {]mk¯n\pth−n am{XamsW¶p IcpXm³ h¿. A¯c¯n
epÅ \nKa\§Ä D]cn¹hw am{XamWv. IhnIÄ¡p am{XaÃ, \sÃmcp
iXam\w BkzmZIÀ¡pw ]c¼cmKXambn kzmb¯ambncp¶ {]tbmK
§Ä Xs¶bmWnh.
AhÀ¡p \nXyk¼À¡ap−mbncp¶ aX{KÙ§fmWv Ad_n]Z
§fpsS t{kmXsʶp Is−¯m³ {]bmkanÃ. am¸nf hmbvsamgnbnÂ
IS¶phcp¶ Ad_n]Z§Ä kmlnXyIrXnIfnse¯pt¼mgpw BÀ¡pw
A]cnNnXXzw A\p`hs¸«ncp¶nÃ. Ahbn ]eXpw {ItaW aebmf
¯nte¡pw BZm\w sN¿s¸«p. (DZm. k¡m¯v, aplº¯v, lem¡v,
ldmw, d±v)
Xangvi_vZ§fpsS ØnXnbpw hn`n¶ambncp¶nÃ. Ad_naebmf
¯nse BZyImecN\Ifn {][m\amb kJqw ]S¸m«v, \q aZvlv XpS
§nbh ]n¡meIhnIsf Bg¯n kzm[o\n¨ IrXnIfmWv. `mjm
ssienbnepw, CiÂLS\bnepsaÃmw {]ISamb Xangvkzm[o\w Ahbn
ep−v. sshZyÀ¡rXnIfpw aäpw ]mSn hymJym\n¡p¶ ‘]mSn¸dbep’ImÀ
¡pw Gsd XmÂ]cyapÅ IrXnIfmbncp¶p Ch.
ae_mdnse apkvenwtI{µ§fn \S¶ncp¶ IhnkZÊpIfnepw,
t\À¨Ifnepw, hnhmlmtLmj§fnepw XangvapkvenwIhnIfpw, KmbI
cpw \nXykµÀiIcmbncp¶p. ]pehÀ, akvXm³ F¶o t]cpIfnemWv
ChÀ Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xv. ImkÀtKmUv sam{Kmense, ‘]m«pIq«’§fnÂ
I\ymIpamcnbn \n¶pw ]cnkc{]tZi§fn \n¶pw hcp¶ ^Jodp

29
amÀ¡v apJyØm\ap−mbncp¶p. Cu hn[w Ad_n¯angvIhnIfpsSbpw
KmbIkwL§fpsSbpw kzm[o\heb¯nemWv BZyImeam¸nf¸m«p cN
bnXm¡Ä hfÀ¶phcp¶Xv.
hoSphoSm´cw Ibdnbnd§n Ad_\ ap«n]mSp¶ Xangv ]peh·mÀ
ae_mdnse apkvenwtI{µ§fn ]XnhpImgvNbmbncp¶p. hnhmlmtLm
j§fpsS `mKambn Act§dnbncp¶ h«¸m«pt]mepÅ Iemcq]§fpw
km[mcW P\§sf Xangpambn _Ôn¸n¨Xn {][m\ ]¦phln¨ncp¶p.
hnhmlZnhkw hct\msSm¸w h[qKrl¯nse¯p¶ KmbIkwLhpw,
h[phnsâ ho«pImcpsS £W{]Imcsa¯p¶ KmbIkwLhpw, hr¯m
IrXnbnencp¶p ]ckv]cw ]mSn aÕcn¡pIbmWv h«¸m«nsâ kz`mhw.
]qc¡fnbnse adp¯pIfnsb A\pkvacn¸n¡p¶ Cu Iemhnt\mZw
hnhml\mfn AÀ²cm{Xn Ignªpw \o−pt]mhpI km[mcWbmbn
cp¶p.
17,18 \qäm−pIfn C{]Imcw h«¸m«v AhXcn¸n¨ncp¶ kwL
§Ä Xangv]peh·mtcm, Ad_n¯angv Imhy§fn \n¶pÅ CiepIÄ
Be]n¡p¶ C¶m«pImcmb KmbItcm Bbncp¶p. ‘h«¸m«n ]Z§Ä
]mSp¶XmWp {][m\w... ]peh³amcpsS cN\Ifmb kodIfpw, sh¬]
37
Ifpw, Nn´v, Xncp¸v apXembhbpamWv apJyambpw ]mSnbncp¶Xv.’
Ad_naebmf ImhyimJbn sXfnªpImWp¶ Xangv{]`mh
¯nsâ ]Ým¯eanXmWv. h«¸m«pw ]mSn¸dbepw hgn km[mcW am¸nf
amÀt]mepw, Ad_n, Xangv apXembh `mjIfpambn ASp¯ k¼À¡
¯n h¶p.
Ad_naebmf¯n ImWp¶ t]Àjy³ ]Zmhenbv¡pw, {]tab§
Ä¡pw ]n¶nepw kam\amb ]Ým¯eap−v. t]Àjybn \n¶v (Cdm³)
aX{]t_m[\mÀ°w ChnsSsb¯nb ]ÞnX·mcpw kq^nIfpambncp¶p
CXn\p ]n¶nÂ. t]Àjy³ ]mc¼cyapÅ sImt−m«n X§fpambpÅ k¼
À¡amWv tambn³Ip«n sshZysc B `mjbpambn ASp¸n¡p¶Xv. AtX
Ime¯p Xs¶bmWv(1866) XetÈcnkztZinbmb aplvbn±o³ _v\pamln³
Aen, AaoÀ Jp{kphnsâ ‘OmÀZÀthiv’ F¶ t\mh t]Àjy³ `mj
bn \n¶pw Ad_naebmf¯nte¡p hnhÀ¯\w sN¿p¶Xv. ({]Ya
aebmft\mhemb IpµeX {]kn²oIcn¡p¶Xn\v 21 hÀjw ap¼mWXv).
Ad_naebmf¯nse \nch[n IrXnIfn ImWp¶ jnbmNn´m[mc

30
bpsS kzm[o\hpw CXnsâ ^eamWv. X\n aebmf¯nte¡v BZm\w
sN¿s¸« t]Àjy³]Z§sf¡mÄ IqSpX i_vZ§Ä Ad_naebmf
¯n IS¶phcp¶Xv Cu _Ôw hgnbmWv.
Cu hkvXpXIÄ ]cntim[n¡pt¼mÄ F¯nt¨cp¶ \nKa\anXm
Wv: Ad_naebmf¯nsâ Imhy`mj am¸nfhmbvsamgntbm, {KÙIÀ¯m
¡Ä t_m[]qÀÆwkrjvSn¨ k¦oÀ®`mjtbm AÃ. tambn³Ip«n sshZy
cpsS Imhy`mj Ad_naebmf¯nsâ s]mXp[mcbn \n¶p hyXykvX
amWv. CXp amän\nÀ¯nbm Ad_nþXangvþt]Àjy³`mjIfpambn _Ô
s¸«p Ignªncp¶ `qcn`mKw A\phmNIÀ¡pw AhbpsS BkzmZ\¯n\v
`mj XSÊambncp¶nÃ. hyXykvX`mjIfn \n¶pÅ hn]peamb ]Zk
¼¯v kzmb¯am¡m³ km[mcW¡mÀ¡pt]mepw km[n¡p¶ kmaqln
IþkmwkvImcnI ]cnkc¯mbncp¶p AhÀ PohnXw \bn¨ncp¶Xv.

Ad_naebmf¯nsâ hÀ¯am\w
Ad_n¯angnteXpt]mse Ad_nbnepw {ZmhnU¯nepapÅ i_vZ
§sf DÄs¡mÅp¶ hn[amWv BZyIme Ad_naebmf A£came
cq]I¸\ sNbvXncp¶Xv. aebmfw kwkvIrX¯n \n¶p kzoIcn¨
AXnJctLmjm£c§Ä AXnep−mbncp¶nÃ. 19þmw \qäm−nsâ c−mw
]IpXn¡p tijamWv Cu A£c§ÄIqSn DÄs¡mÅp¶ hn[w en]n
]cnjvIcW{ia§Ä \S¶Xv. NmeneI¯v Ipª½ZvlmPn, h¡w A_v
Zp JmZÀ auehn, Ipf§c ho«n sambvXp apkvenbmÀ, H. B_p F¶n
hÀ Cu ]cnjvIcW{ia§Ä¡v t\XrXzw \ÂInbhcmWv. aebmfw ]Tn
¸n¡p¶ {]mYanIhnZymeb§Ä hym]IamhpIbpw, Zn\]{X§Ä¡pw
B\pImenI§Ä¡pw {]Npc{]Nmcw kn²n¡pIbpw sNbvX 20þmw \qäm
−nsâ BZyZiI§fnepw Ad_naebmf¯nsâ {]`mh¯n\v henb CSn
¨n kw`hn¨ncp¶nÃ. apkvenwIfpsS aXIobhyhlmcaÞe¯n hym
]Iambn {]tbmKn¨p t]m¶ncp¶ Ad_nkwÚItfm, JpÀB³, lZokv
apXembhtbm FgpXnImWn¡m\pÅ aebmfen]namebpsS ]cnanXnbm
bncp¶p apJyXSÊw.
Ad_nhÀWamebnse A, _, X, P, Z, d, k, i, I, e, a, \, h,
l, b F¶o 15 hÀW§Ä¡p am{XamWp aebmf¯n kam\i_vZ§
fpÅXv. Ahtijn¡p¶ 13 hÀW§Ä¡v X¯peycq]§fnÃ.

31
 1935  sI.Fw. auehnbpsS ]{Xm[n]Xy¯n ]pd¯nd§nb
‘A apÀinZv’ F¶ Ad_naebmfamknIbpsS {]Yae¡¯n tNÀ
¯ncn¡p¶ ]{Xm[n]¡pdn¸v CXnte¡p hncÂNq−p¶p−v. AXnsâ
{]kà`mKw C{]ImcamWv: ‘AÂapÀinZv aebmf`mjbnepw en]nbnepw
]pds¸Sphn¡msX Ad_naebmf¯n Xs¶ ]pds¸Sphn¡m³ ]e Imc
W§fpap−v. H¶maXmbn tIcfapkvenwIfn aebmfw FgpXm\pw,
hmbn¡m\pw Adnbp¶hsc At]£n¨v Ad_naebmfw Adnbp¶hcpsS
F®w hfscb[nIamWv. hntijn¨pw ]pcpj·msct]mseXs¶ apkvenw
kv{XoIÄ¡pw Ad_naebmfw hmbn¡phm³ km[n¡pw. c−maXmbn
Bb¯pIfpw,lZokpIfpw D²cn¡Wsa¦n Ad_naebmf¯n Bbn
38
cp¶mse km[n¡q.’
tIcf¯nse hensbmcphn`mKw apkvenwIfpsS aX]mTimeIfnse
]pkvXI§Ä C¶pw Ad_naebmf¯nemWv A¨Sn¨phcp¶Xv. JpÀB³
hN\§fpw lZokpIfpw, ]cn`mjmcq]¯neÃmsX aebmfen]n D]tbm
Kn¨v FgpXpt¼mgp−mhp¶ k¦oÀWXIfmWv CXn\p ImcWambn Nq−n
¡mWn¡p¶Xv.
ae¸pdw PnÃbnse Xncqc§mSnbnepÅ Nne {]km[IÀ Ct¸mgpw
Cu en]nbn ]gb Ad_naebmfIrXnIfpsS ]pXnb ]Xn¸pIÄ {]kn
²oIcn¨phcp¶p−v. F¶m B\pImenI§Ä \nehnenÃ. Ct¸mÄ
]qÀWambpw aebmf¯n ]pd¯nd¡p¶ ‘AÂapAÃnw’ amknIbmWv
Cu KW¯n DÄs¸«ncp¶ Ahkm\ {]kn²oIcWw.
***
Ipdn¸pIÄ
1. F. {io[ctat\m³, tIcfNcn{Xw, 1967 (Un.kn. _pIvkv, tIm«bw,
2010), ]p. 67
2. ]gb\nbawþ1 cmPm¡·mÀ 10:22 (aebmfwss__nÄ, {]km.
Hmim\, ]mem, 1995), ]p. 327
3. Rawlinson, The Relation of India with Western countries (D²cWw:
thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn, tIcfNcn{X]T\§Ä, 1þmw `mKw, {]km.
kmlnXy {]hÀ¯I klIcWkwLw, \mj\ _p¡vÌmÄ,
tIm«bw, 1987), ]p. 11

32
4. Sayce, Hilbert Lectures, 1887, ]p. 137-þ8 (D²cWw : thembp[³
]Wn¡tÈcn, Sn.)
5. aebmf at\mca (tImgnt¡mSv), Pqsse 27, 2009
6. PntPm tPm¬ ]pt¯g¯v, ‘]«W¯nsâ `qXImew’, 'aebmf
at\mca RmbdmgvN¸Xn¸v, sabv 17, 2009
7. ]n.sP. sNdnbm³, sI.]n. jmP³, hn. skÂhIpamÀ, ‘Ncn{Xmcw`
Imes¯ kmwkvImcnIhn\nab§fpsS PohnXap{ZIÄ’, P\]Yw
amknI , 40, 10 (HIvtSm. 2008),]p. 25
8. thembp[³ ]Wn¡tÈcn, tIcfw Adp\qdvsImÃwap¼v, hnh.
(\mj\Â _p¡vÌmÄ, tIm«bw, 1970), ]p. 58
9. Sn. ]p.72
10. Sn. ]p. 57
11. kwkmcn¡p¶hcpsS F®w ]cnKWn¨m C¶pw temI¯v A©mw
Øm\w Ad_n`mjbv¡p−v. sFIycmjv{Sk`bpsS Bdv HutZym
KnI `mjIfnsem¶mWnXv. Ad_nbpsS {]Nmcw e£yam¡n Unkw
_À 18 A´mcmjv{S Ad_nZn\ambn bp. F³. BNcn¨p hcp¶p.
12. ]n.Fw. tPmk^v, aebmf¯nse ]cIob]Z§Ä, 2þmw ]cn.].
(tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1995), ]p. 87
13. sI.F. PeoÂ, en]nIfpw am\hkwkvImchpw (tIcf`mjm C³
Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1989), ]p. 158
14. ]n.Fw. tPmk^v, aebmf¯nse ]cIob]Z§Ä, 2þmw ]cn.].
(tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v, Xncph\´]pcw, 1995), ]p. 326
15. slÀa³ Kp−À«v, tIcf¸ga, 1868, (]p\x{]km. amXr`qan _pIvkv,
tImgnt¡mSv, 2þmw ]. 1996), ]p. 7
16. lpssk³ c−¯mWn, ‘tIcf¯nse Ckvemw kwkvIrXn’, am¸nf
ae_mÀ, (CkvemanIv ]»njnwKv _yqtdm, tImgnt¡mSv, 2005), ]p. 11
17. sIm«mc¯n i¦p®n, sFXnlyame (Idâv _pIvkv, tIm«bw,
1997), ]p. 143
18. lm¡nw, apkvXZpd¡v, 4:25, D²cWw: kn.F³. Al½Zv auehn,
sI.sI.apl½Zv A_vZpÂIcow, al¯mb am¸nfkmlnXy]mc¼cyw
(BkmZv _p¡vÌmÄ, tImgnt¡mSv, 1978), ]p. 116

33
19. F³. cmaIrjvW ]nssÅ, Rtd. Director of State Archives, History of The
March (Kerala History Assocition, 1996) ]p. 119, D²cWw:kn.sI. Icow,
tIcfapkvenwNcn{Xw ØnXnhnhc¡W¡v UbdIvSdn, 1997), hmeyw
þ1, (Ncn{Xw ]»nt¡j³kv, CS¸Ån, 1997), ]p.98
20. kn.sI. Icow, tIcfapkvenwNcn{Xw ØnXnhnhcIW¡v UbdIvSdn,
hmeywþ1, ]p. 97
21. CA Innes, Malabar and Anjergo District Gazetteer (Madras, 1912). P. 436,
D²cWw : Sn. ]p. 97
22. Roland E. Miller, Mappila Muslims of Kerala (Orient Longman Ltd, 1984) P.
43
23. Sturrock, South Canara Madras District Manuals, P. 180, D²cWw: kn.sI.
Icow, Sn. ]p. 98
24. Fw.KwKm[c³, am¸nf]T\§Ä, (hN\w _pIvkv, tImgnt¡mSv),
]p.13
25. Sn.]p. 11þ12
26. CJv_m tIm¸nem³, h«¸m«v (kvImÀ^v, tambn³Ip«n sshZyÀ
kvamcIw, sImt−m«n, 2008), ]p. 24
27. tXm¸n apl½Zv aocm³, ‘Ad_n¯angpw, Xangvapkvenw kmln
Xyhpw’, CiÂss]XrIw ss{XamknI, e. 1, (Unkw_À 2010), ]p. 16
28. _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, A`napJw : 1.8.2009
29. ØmWp chnhÀ½ tNcN{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶t¸mÄ, thWm«nse
\mSphmgnbmbncp¶ A¿\SnIÄ XncphSnIÄ adph³ Cutimk]oÀ
F¶ {InkvXy³ hmWnPy{]apJ\v FgpXnsImSp¯ Xcnkm]Ån
Xm{aimk\w H¼Xmw\qäm−nse apkvenwIfpsS kmaqlnI]Zhn
hnfnt¨mXp¶ Ncn{XtcJ IqSnbmWv. Xcnkm]Ån sNt¸Sn Ad_n
en]nbn ImWp¶ t]cpIÄ ChbmWv : ssaaq¬ _v\p C{_mlow,
apl½Zv _v\p aman, kmenlv _v\p Aen, DXvam³ _v\p AÂ amkn
_m³, apl½Zv _v\p blnb, AaÀ_v\p C{_mlnw, C{_mlnw _v\p
AÂXmJv, _¡À _v\p a³kqÀ, AÂImknw _v\p lmanZv, a³kqÀ
_v\p Cukm, Ckvabn _v\p bm¡q_v.

34
 Tharisppally Copper Plate, Keral Society Papers Series VI,
Thiruvanathapuram - 1913, P : 323, kn. sI. Icow, tIcfapkvenw
Ncn{Xw ØnXnhnhc IW¡v UbdIvSdn, hmeyw 1 þ ]p. 96
30. DÅqÀ Fkv. ]ctaizc¿À, tIcfkmlnXyNcn{Xw, `m. 1 (tIcf
kÀhIemime, Xncph\´]pcwþ 1990), ]p. 269
31. _meIrjvW³ hÅn¡p¶v, A`napJw : 1.8.2009
32. H. B_p, Ad_naebmfkmlnXyNcn{Xw, (\mj\Â _pIvÌmÄ,
tIm«bw, 1970), ]p. 22
33. Sn.]p. 11
34. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ, aebmfwþamähpw hfÀ¨bpw, (hÅt¯mÄ
hnZym]oTw, ipI]pcw, 2004), ]p. 129þ30
35. H. B_p, Ad_naebmf kmlnXyNcn{Xw, ]p.33
36. sI.Fw. {]`mIchmcnbÀ, aebmfwþamähpw hfÀ¨bpw, ]p. 129þ30
37. CJv_m tIm¸nem³, h«¸m«v, ]p. 52
38. sI.Fw. auehn, AÂ apÀinZv, 1935, D²cWw : A_vZpdlnam³
a§mSv,‘tIcfobapkvenw ]{X{]hÀ¯\Ncn{Xw’, {]t_m[\w Adp
]Xmw hmÀjnI]Xn¸v ({]t_m[\w, tImgnt¡mSvþ12, 2009), ]p. 159

35