1. B.

One obvious
That comma at after obvious is wrong. You never put a comma between a preceding
adjective and the noun it describes. Choice (B) corrects the problem by eliminating the
comma. Choice (C) doesn’t work because obvious starts with a vowel sound, and the
article you use before a word that starts with a vowel sound is a, not an.
Choice (D) incorrectly moves the comma between one and obvious. The only time you
use a comma to separate two adjectives that come before a noun is when the adjectives
are coordinate adjectives.
You can tell whether you should put a comma between adjectives that describe the
same noun if you can answer yes to these two questions about them. Could you replace
the comma with and? If you reversed the order of the adjectives would the meaning
stay the same? In this case, and between one and obvious doesn’t make sense and you
can’t logically reverse their order. Therefore, Choice (D) is wrong.
2. C. campaigns is
When you see a verb in the underlined part, check to see that it agrees with the subject.
The subject of the sentence is goal, and goal is singular. The verb are is plural. To
make sure the verb and subject get along, you have to make the verb singular. Choices
(C) and (D) correctly change are to is, but Choice (D) improperly
switches campaigns to campaign. The correct answer is Choice (C).
3. A. NO CHANGE
The underlined portion is fine as it is. The addition of those in Choice (B) adds those,
which adds an unclear reference to people who haven’t yet been mentioned. Choice (C)
makes the subject singular so that it no longer agrees with the plural verb don’t. If you
read Choice (D) in place of the underlined words, you see that it’s not only wordy and
weak but also improper. You’d need to put who after people for the construction to
make sense.
4. B. themselves
Theirselves isn’t a word. Neither is themself. Cross out Choices (A) and (D). Because
the pronoun refers to the plural noun people, it can’t be singular. That means that
Choice (C) can’t be right. The proper form of the reflexive pronoun is themselves,
which makes Choice (B) the right answer.
5. C. and it can be ferocious
This sentence sounds weird because it’s not quite clear what noun ferocious describes.
Choice (D) clarifies that it’s the competition that’s ferocious, but its construction
creates a comma splice. You can’t join two independent clauses with just a comma and
no conjunction. Eliminate Choice (B) because it improperly uses the possessive form
of it to mean it’s. The answer that solves the modifier problem without creating a new
error is Choice (C).
6. A. NO CHANGE
 Both organization and field are nouns. Whenever you have two nouns right next to
each other, the first noun “possesses” the other. The way the original sentence presents
the possessive form of organization is just fine. The best answer is Choice (A).
Choice (B) isn’t possessive, and Choice (C) pluralizes the noun. Choice (D) is way off.
There’s nothing in the rest of the sentence that would indicate that the organization is a
field.
7. A. where it is now
Place descriptive information as close to the word or word it describes as possible. The
underlined portion provides examples of the types of fields of activity an organization
may have. Therefore, it’s best right where it is.
The underlined portion would fit after field, but Choice (B) would leave “of activity”
hanging all by itself after the list with a dash after it. Putting the list after the first three
words of the sentence makes no sense at all. Cross out Choice (C). Choice (D) makes
the underlined portion improperly describe types of organizations rather than types of
activities.
8. B. are, in effect, in competition
Almost always affect is used as a verb and effect is a noun. “In effect” means “to have
the effect of.” “In affect” is never a proper construction. Eliminate Choices (A) and
(C). Choice (D) is missing the comma before “in effect” that shows that the phrase is
an aside. Because there’s a comma after the phrase, there also needs to be one before it.
The answer that uses the proper phrase and doesn’t make a new mistake is Choice (B).
9. D. sister organizations,
The underlined portion uses the possessive form of sister. Even though sister is usually
a noun, in this sentence it’s used as an adjective to describe the type of organization.
The intended meaning of sister in this context is to indicate an organization that’s
similar and connected to yours in some way, like a sister city. Adjectives can’t take
possessive form. The only answer that eliminates the possessive form is Choice (D).
10. C. a necessary transition between the third and fourth paragraphs
First analyze the purpose of the sentence in question. The first sentence of the fourth
paragraph serves as a necessary transition to the subsequent sentence. Without it,
“more typically” in the next sentence makes no sense, and you don’t who they refers
to. The sentence is definitely significant, which means Choice (A) is wrong. You know
Choice (B) isn’t right because the author doesn’t suggest that people support only one
organization earlier in the passage. Nor does the sentence summarize what the author
knows about nonprofits as suggested by Choice (D). The best answer is Choice (C).
11. B. library, homeless shelter, and symphony orchestra
The underlined portion contains a list of more than two elements. You punctuate lists
by placing commas after each element and putting and before the last element. Choice
(A) contains no commas. Choice (C) puts a comma after and, which is never proper.
Choice (D) gets it all messed up by putting the and after the first element. The answer
the gets it right is Choice (B).
12. D. organizations that protect whales in the Pacific, support medical research in
the Amazon, or care for orphans in Africa.
When you see a list in an underlined part, check it for parallel construction. All of the
elements in the list should begin with the same grammatical form. This list describes
organizations that protect, support, or providing. Two present tense verbs and one that
in –ing form isn’t parallel construction. Choose Choice (D) to fix the problem. It
describes organizations that protect, support, or care. All elements are present tense
verbs. Problem solved.
13. B. organization, trying
The pronoun who refers only to people. An organization is a thing, not a person. Cross
out Choices (A) and (C). Choice (D) gets rid of who but creates an awkward and wordy
construction. The best answer is Choice (B). It gets rid of who and keeps the
construction clearer and more concise than the other option.
On the ACT you’re always looking for the best answer of the four possible choices.
Sometimes the right answer doesn’t seem like the words you’d use if you were writing
the sentence. As long as an answer presents a better way to form the words than the
other choices do, it’s the one to pick.
14. B. support
Support and backing mean the same thing, so you don’t need both of them. The only
answer than rids the sentence of its redundancy problem is Choice (B).
15. D. hard-nosed terms, public relations
The underlined part uses a semicolon after an introductory phrase (you know it’s a
phrase because it begins with a preposition). The proper punctuation mark after a
beginning phrase is a comma. Choice (C) is out because it places the comma after the
subject of the sentence rather than after the phrase. The colon is only proper after an
independent clause (never a phrase), Choice (B) is wrong. The correct answer is
Choice (D).
16. B. 2, 3, 4, 1
Hmmm…the sentence doesn’t sound right the way it is. You can confidently cross out
Choice (A). The other options give you the choice of beginning the sentence with “in
West Africa” or sticking with the existing beginning. “In West Africa” would make a
handy beginning phrase, and you already know that the sentence is awkward the way it
is. Besides, Choice (D) constructs a sentence without a subject: “Rather than through
the media and peers, are taught through dance… .” Try the configurations in Choices
(B) and (C).
Choice (C) creates the same problem as Choice (D): “In West Africa, are taught
through dances… .” The answer has to be Choice (B). It’s the only one that takes care
of the awkward construction of the original sentence without depriving the sentence of
a subject.
17. C. provides a sense
 The power of dance doesn’t provide for the sense of belonging; it provides a sense of
belonging. Choice (C) corrects the problem.
Choice (D) creates a subject/verb agreement problem. The verb should be singular to
go with the singular subject power. If you read the complete sentence with Choice (B)
included, you see that that option introduces a that and creates an incomplete thought,
“power provides that the sense of belonging”.
Always reread your answer choice in the context of the sentence to make sure it fits.
This step often alerts you to a new error an answer choice creates that you may miss
otherwise.
18. D. their
A pronoun immediately before a noun (such as age) has to be in possessive form. The
proper possessive form they is their. Pick Choice (D). Choice (A) is an adverb, and
Choices (B) and (C) introduce another subject and verb into the sentence.
19. B. rhythms. Each
This sentence is a fused sentence: It contains two complete thoughts, but no
punctuation separates them. You can correct the problem by separating it into two
different sentences, putting a comma and and between rhythms and each, or by
inserting a semicolon after rhythm. The only answer that gives you one of these fixes is
Choice (B).
Choice (C) makes the sentence a comma splice, and Choice (D) creates a run-on
sentence.
20. B. its
The underlined portion uses the contraction of it is when it needs the possessive form
of it, which is its, Choice (B). If you read the other choices in the sentence, you can
immediately exclude them.
21. C. Kuku, Yole, Sonsorne, and Sinte.
The underlined portion punctuates the series incorrectly. A list of single words needs
just commas and a final and to separate the items. Choice (C) provides the fix.
22. A. Sinte, and each one has a distinctive beat.
Find the answer that relates best to the information in the passage. The passage is about
dances rather than the way words sound, so you can cross out Choice (B). Choice (C)
repeats information from the sentence before this one, so it’s not relevant. Choice (D)
is obviously wrong. The passage is informational rather than experiential, which means
the author’s rhythm preferences don’t belong in this particular essay. The best answer
is Choice (A). It provides new information (the beats are different) about the topic
discussed in the paragraph.
23. B. Beyla, located
The sentence that begins with locate is a fragment. To make the sentence complete, use
a comma to join it to the sentence before it. Choice (B) fixes the problem. A comma is
proper because the second part of the new sentence provides descriptive (but not
absolutely necessary) detail about Beyla’s location.
 For the semicolon in Choice (C) and the comma and conjunction in Choice (D) to
work, the rest of the sentence would have to express a complete thought. It doesn’t, so
they’re both wrong.
24. D. most commonly
The parts of speech are all messed up in the underlined part. Common is an adjective,
but it is supposed to tell how often Kuku is played. Words that tell how are adverbs.
Choice (C) also contains common. Cross it out along with Choice (A). Choice (B)
contains the adverb form commonly, but it has the adverb mostly to define commonly.
You use adjectives to modify adverbs. Choice (D) gets it right.
25. C. women’s
Cross out Choices (A) and (D). The plural of woman is women, so there’s never a right
time to use womens or womans’. The nouns women and dance are right next to each
other, so you need to put women in possessive form. Choice (C) does the trick.
26. D. hollowed logs called Krins,
The pronoun which introduces nonessential dependent clauses and always needs a
comma to separate the words that come after it from the words that come before it, so
eliminate Choice (A). Conversely, the pronoun that introduces essential dependent
clauses and shouldn’t have a comma before it. Choice (B) is out.
Between Choices (C) and (D), Choice (D) states the explanation of the logs’
construction much more succinctly. The ACT credits answers that convey ideas clearly
and concisely.
27. C. Yes, because the sentence does not provide information that is relevant to
understanding how Kuku is performed.
First, concentrate on the proposed deletion to determine its purpose in the paragraph.
The sentence is about fishing tools, which is unrelated to the paragraph’s topic about
the performance of Kuku. Check the answers to see which matches this observation.
Choice (A) contradicts the observation. Knowing that the women used fishing tools
isn’t essential to understanding how the Kuku is currently performed. Though it’s true
that the sentence provides the reader with information about the use of fishing tools,
this truth isn’t a reason to keep the sentence. Cross out Choice (B). The underlined
sentence doesn’t contradict anything the author has said so far, so Choice (D) can’t be
right. The answer that best states the earlier observation about the sentence’s lack of
relevance is Choice (C).
28. D. The rhythm of Yole comes from the Temne people, who live in Sierra Leone
near the Guinean border.
When you see a lengthy underlined part, you’re usually dealing with the proper
positioning of descriptive elements. The construction of the original sentence indicates
that the Guinean border comes from the Temne people, which doesn’t make sense.
Choices (B) and (C) correct that problem, but Choice (B) make the border rather than
the rhythm the main idea of the sentence, and both answers include awkward
arrangements of prepositional phrases in the descriptions.
 The answer that properly positions the descriptive elements and most clearly presents
the main idea that the rhythm of Yole comes from the Temne people is Choice (D).
29. A. NO CHANGE
The underlined portion is best as is. The addition of most in Choice (B) is unnecessary.
Choice (C) incorrectly uses most to mean almost. Choice (D) is redundant and changes
the meaning of the sentence.
30. C. Yes, because the essay presents the benefits of the dances and gives some
details about the way some of them are performed.
For questions that ask about the passage as a whole, first check the passage title. The
title indicates that the passage is about West African dances, so it’s likely that the essay
describes West African dances, so concentrate on Choices (C) and (D). The writer
summarizes the benefits of dance to the West African culture in the first sentences of
the essay. The rest of the essay provides a few details about some of the dances,
including where they come from and how and where they’re performed. That seems to
meet the intended goal for the reason expressed Choice (C). He doesn’t focus on a
comparison of earlier dances to modern dances, and this comparison wouldn’t fulfill
the intention stated in the question, so Choice (D) is wrong. A quick skim of Choices
(A) and (B) reveals that they are untrue. The best answer is Choice (C).
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