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DAMPAK FASE PRA-ANALITIK PADA HASIL

PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM

rahajoe imam santosa


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KESALAHAN (ERROR)

• Untuk mendapatkan kualitas pelayanan yang


baik dan dapat diterima oleh pengguna jasa
laboratorium, kesalahan yang terjadi harus
minimal

• Kesalahan dapat terjadi pada setiap tahap di


laboratorium dan tidak dapat dihilangkan sama
sekali, tetapi dapat dicegah dan dikurangi

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KESALAHAN (ERROR)

- Kesalahan tehnis :
- kesalahan acak (random error) -
menyebabkan impresisi
- kesalahan sistematis (systematic error) -
menyebabkan inakurasi
- Kesalahan non-tehnis :
- kesalahan tahap pre-analitik
- kesalahan tahap pasca-analitik

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www.diagnosticsample.com
CLINICAL LABORATORY

Clin Biochem 2004;37:1052–62.

Types and rates of error in the three stages of the laboratory testing process.
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CLINICAL LABORATORY

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PRE-ANALYTICAL ISSUES

• Most steps
• High urgency & stress
• Most variation in work
environment, technique, and
training
• Many people involved:
Physicians: writing orders,
instructing patients/staff
• Nurses/Phlebotomists:
patient ID, specimen
collection
• Runners: transport
• Lab staff: receipt and
processing

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LABORATORIUM KLINIK

KUALITAS HASIL

➢ Variasi Biologis
- Intra-individual variation
- Inter-individual variation

➢ Variasi Analitis
- Pre-analytical variation
- Analytical variation
- Post-analytical variation

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CLINICAL LABORATORY

BIOLOGICAL VARIATION
• Due to factors inherent to the patient that may or
may not be controllable
• All these factors should taken into consideration to
accurately interpret laboratory results
• The most important issue is good cooperation
between the physician and laboratory staff, to avoid
misunderstanding in interpreting results and
allowing the best treatment possible to be offered
to the patient

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PRE-ANALYTICAL FACTORS

• age, gender, race, and pregnancy


• diet, starvation, and physical activity
• caffeine, cigarettes, and alcohol
• timing of sampling
• diagnostic and therapeutic measures
• posture and tourniquet
• site of sampling
• anticoagulants
• transportation of samples
• storage, processing, centrifugation, and
distribution
• effects of lipemia, hemolysis, and
hyperbilirubinemia
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KEMUNGKINAN KESALAHAN PADA FASA
PRA-ANALITIK

• Identifikasi pasien salah


• Kesalahan melabel bahan pemeriksaan
• Ratio /antikoagulan tak sesuai/pengambilan kurang
• Kesalahan penggunaan tabung/antikoagulan salah
• Masalah pencampuran/bekuan
• Hemolisis/hiperlipemia
• Hemokonsentrasi akibat bendungan yang lama
• Terpapar udara/sinar/suhu tinggi
• Kesalahan proses: sentrifugasi, penyimpanan
• Kesalahan cara pengambilan bahan
• Pengiriman ke lab. terlambat

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FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI PENGAMBILAN
BAHAN/SAMPEL

• Variasi diurnal: kortisol, GH, Fe, elektrolit, urine


• Exercise: CPK, AST, ALT, LDH, hormon tiroksin
• Postur: albumin, kalsium
• Stress: kortisol, aldosteron, insulin, renin, prolaktin
• Diet: profil lipid, fosfolipid
• Bendungan lama: enzim, protein, lipid, kalsium
• Umur: bayi (HbF> HbA), bilirubin, menopause
• (estrogen, lipid)
• Gender: lelaki dan wanita (hormon reproduksi, feritin)

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17 Am J Clin Pathol 2000;113:429-452
KEMUNGKINAN KESALAHAN PADA PENGAMBILAN
SPESIMEN DARAH

• Pemasangan tourniquet terlalu lama dpt menyebabkan:


• Protein, enzim, Ca2+, laktat , fosfat, Mg2+ meningkat
• pH menurun, hemokonsentrasi
• PPT / APTT mungkin memendek karena pelepasan
tromboplastin jaringan ke sirkulasi darah
• Pemompaan dpt menyebabkan: kalium, laktat, glukosa,
dan Mg2+ meningkat, sedangkan pH menurun
• Pengambilan darah terlalu lama (tidak sekali tusuk kena)
dapat menyebabkan :
• trombosit dan fibrinogen menurun
• PPT dan APTT memanjang
• kalium, LDH dan SGPT/ALT meningkat

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Change (%) in serum concentration of various analytes after
a tourniquet application time of 6 min

19 W. G. Guder, S. Narayanan, H. Wisser, B. Zawta:


Samples: From the Patient to the Laboratory (GIT VERLAG GMBH, 1996)
Change (%) of the serum concentration of different analytes after
a standard meal

20 W. G. Guder, S. Narayanan, H. Wisser, B. Zawta:


Samples: From the Patient to the Laboratory (GIT VERLAG GMBH, 1996)
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KEMUNGKINAN KESALAHAN PADA PENGAMBILAN
SPESIMEN DARAH

• Pengambilan darah pada jalur infus dpt menyebabkan:


• natrium meningkat pada infus saline
• kalium meningkat pada infus KCl
• glukosa meningkat pada infus dextrose
• PPT, APTT memanjang pada infus heparin
• kreatinin, fosfat, LDH, SGOT, SGPT, Hb, HCT,
lekosit, trombosit, eritrosit menurun pada semua
jenis infus
• Homogenisasi darah dengan antikoagulan yang tidak
sempurna atau keterlambatan homogenisasi
menyebabkan terbentuknya bekuan darah
• Hemolisis dapat menyebabkan peningkatan K+, Mg2+ ,
fosfat, aminotransferase, LDH, fosfatase asam

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KEMUNGKINAN KESALAHAN PADA PENGOLAHAN
SPESIMEN DARAH

Penundaan terlalu lama akan menyebabkan perubahan


fisik dan kimiawi yang dapat menjadi sumber kesalahan
dalam pemeriksaan, a.l.:

• Penurunan kadar natrium, glukosa darah, lekosit,


trombosit.
• Perubahan morfologi sel darah pada pemeriksaan
mikroskopik
• PPT / APTT memanjang.
• Peningkatan kadar kalium, phosphate, LDH, SGPT.
• Sel lisis pada spesimen LCS, transudat, eksudat.
• Perkembangbiakan bakteri

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INTERFERENCES

Typical errors Consequences


in vitro haemolysis •high K, LDH, HBDH
•interference with many analytical
procedures
hyperlipidaemia •pseudo-hyponatraemia
•interference with many analytical
procedures
hyperbilirubinaemia •interference with many analytical
procedures
drugs •interference with many analytical
procedures
Solution: New sample requested when possible
Alternative methods used
Results commented
WS-PRA ANALITIK RIS-07/19 24
Changes in various analytes with increasing hemolysis in a
dual wavelength routine analyzer

25 W. G. Guder, S. Narayanan, H. Wisser, B. Zawta:


Samples: From the Patient to the Laboratory (GIT VERLAG GMBH, 1996)
PENOLAKAN SPESIMEN

• Hemolisis/lipemia
• Beku dalam spesimen antikoagulan
• Tidak puasa bila diharuskan puasa
• Spesimen sedikit/kurang
• Pengiriman kondisi salah (es utk gas darah)
• Label tak sesuai dengan permintaan
• Spesimen yang berlabel salah/tak berlabel
• Cemaran spesimen/wadah bocor

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CLINICAL LABORATORY

CONSEQUENCES OF PRE-ANALYTICAL
ERROR
• Delayed report
• Potentially damaged or lost sample
• Increased intra-laboratory activity
• Patient inconvenience
• Physician inconvenience
• Reputation impact
• Cost impact

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CLINICAL LABORATORY

Dimensions of poor quality in the clinical


laboratory → more than just money…
• Staff time
• Clinical decision delays
• Patient time and inconvenience
• Productivity
• Turn around time
• Reputation and liability
• Accreditation performance

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IMPLICATIONS OF ERRORS

• Errors made in • may influence • and compromise


the period prior the quality of the diagnosis
to the analysis the final and treatment of
of the sample.. measured the patient
results ...

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