:

=
✓

÷
÷
n + ro
*

Organic chemistry is the

chemistry of carbon compounds

↳
Carbon is special for many as it form rings and long chairs which
reasons can
very

be branched because
may

has in its ↑ bonds

-
=
Carbon atom
-
8 electrons outer shell covalent

bonds
Carbon-carbon are
relatively strong and non polar

Carbon-hydrogen bond is also

strong and non polar (relatively
H
H
e.g H + H n -
c -

1 +H
M H
1. i
I It

--c- c -
-
c-c - c -

M C -
H
-
H
it is fi iin in
nic I -
t

Bonding in Carbon compounds

in all stable carbon compounds, carbon forms & covalent bonds and has

8 electrons in its outer shell

2 I I single 1
2.
g single bonds single bonds + doubl tripl

Ecc nicEc nyne

f

H
i.H methane e thene

Formulae of carbon compounds

empirical simplest whole ratio in compound

-

formula number of atoms present a

Molecular formula the formula that shows the actual number of atoms

ofeach element in the molecule. Found from

the empirical formula

-

the relative molecular mass of the empirical formula

the relative molecula

-

molecular mass of the

Othere:

↳mon formulae an used because in

organic chemistry, organic molecules

an men varied. want to know the way the atoms

You may am

arranged
The
e.g. displayed formula

single H M

isdouonbarand Myc x
bond e.g -C
c
= -
c -
c -

o-

=>
it is

The structural formula

↳
shows the
unique arrangement of atoms in a molecule in a simplified

form, without showing all the bonds

e.g for methane

H M

- c-c -

H
D CMCH
is it
wh-a-n branches in the carbon

c- c
11

egn- c -
-

t CMoCCCHy)Cty
1) chain an shown in

i i in brackets

Skeletal Formula

formulae
↳
become too
With more
complex molecules, displayed/structural
much to draw. In skeletal notation, the carbon atoms arent drawn

straight lines represent carbon-carbon bonds. (the carbons an when the

lines meet) neither H atoms nor C-H bonds are drawn. Each carbon is

assumed to make
up its empty books with C-H bonds.

e.g.
not ↑
Min,orthe
in in in t
↓
 11 H
Y
H M
e.g C

aY=1
L (

H -

H -

niy I

Bo
#

e.g
i Br
↓
-

H -

c-c-c-c- H
&

H in in in

the choice on what formulas to use depends on the circumstance

↑information you need to

give
notice that sheletal formulae give a
rough idea of bond angles.
4
in unbranched albane chain these are 109.5.

hree-dimensional
↑

structural formulae
↳
these attempt to show the 3D structure of the molecule

bonds the -
coming out of page
bonds into the
=
1(x
going page

3D
Short hand sheletal
empirical # H
H
CH2 CHcCHCH, CHcCMcCHy -// - ⑬ NH
H- cx

xc
-

H
molecular displayed

YC-Catis
=

11
-
I MMMa
CoH,2 c c-c-c
=
-
c-c- 1

iiii in
-

n
*
Reaction mechanisms

curly arrows

often can explain what happens in organic reactions

by considering
the movement of electrons.

as electrons are
negatively charged, they tend to more
from areas of

high electron density to more

positively charged areas.

e.ga lone will attracted to positive end polar

pair be the of a

bond - 28

molecule

Free Radicals

43
sometimes a covalent bond may break in such a
way that Ie-
goes
to formed the
each atom that
originally bond.

Thesefragmentorally
the original molecule have an unpaired electron =
of

free

extremely reactive.

Homologous series and functional groups

functional group is a
group of atoms that determines the chemical reactivity of

a compound

homologous series show trends in physical properties, differ by CHa, have the same

functional group, chemically similar

↳
Show a
gradual trend in physical properties
 1= meth 3 =
prop 5 =
pent
but 6 nex

12
=
eth 0 = =

Naming compounds
7. look find (chain if
at the molecule to longest there is functional
-

a
group then

it be the
longest (chain it
must
containing
note that alkyl groups (e.g. methyl, ethyl) aunt functional groups

2. Number the C chain

number the longest (chain (that contains FE) from the end that gives the

functional group(s) the lowest numbers

that It's carbent in definition and define

note some are the chain
by
which end the numbers start for other
groups
note we should include numbers in names when
only necessary

3. chain
Putting the
groups on the on the name

groups that come ofthe chain an given a number to show which Catom

they are on

When we write the name, these an listed in alphabetical order

t then
prefix di Itri tetra
i

several that same, then

an groups are the the

(these
etc are added first prefixes are
ignored when
working out

alphabetical order (

-numbers are separated by commas

+ letters
by dashes.
-

numbers are separated

s longest (chain 5
CHo-CHz-CHz-CH-CH
=

e.g
pent
=

CH3
saturated +methyl group on either

Carbon & 5

methypentae
or

2- 2 =
lower
 Functional Groups
functional group prefix suffix example name

altane ane H - 2+ prepare

is in its
+ 1

alkene - =c- ene n -

- c c-c =
-

t
but-2-enc

↓nin in in

"C-t
F-Br
halogen-- flurol bromo
-
2- bromopropane
a -
-

autane
Chlorpliodo in or in

alloke -
o-H
hydroxyl 01
- a -0-te propan-1-0
is it i
O H H O

i c
I
aldehyde al propand
- -
H H -
-
-

c
-

in in

Ketone -- OXO one

+- 4 11 -
1
butan one

in in it
0 H 0
1
Carboxylic -
- 0 -

H
oic acid H-c--0-H ethanoic acid
acid
i

nitrile -
N
c= nitrice nic-CEN Propanenitric

i i
it
-I
M
in
amine amino amine
n - c -
c- N -
H
ethanamine

i is
H

asbride-c
O

i i
Oxyl chlorid
x - -
c ethancy
chiocide

o H
H
acid
1 P 0 0
ethanoi
-
c -
0 -
c- Oi C
x - cd -
0-1 - c -
t
c

annydride anhydride anhydride

i i

ester - -
0- 0 at e
n - -

0
- n methy
h i in propanoate

amide -
-
-
r
amide
n - - -- t ethanamide.

in
↓ omenclature
LD
alanes

I
M
-
2
Methylpentane
-

I
=
N 2,3-dimethyl hexane
I

I
~= 2,3,3-trimethynetane
N

p =

m X-ethyl-3-methyl heptare
I

-
I
N
-

&-ethyl 5-propyl
-

octane

Y T =

~ 2,2-dimetry
-

Pethyhetane
*

↑- ethyl-2, 2 dimethy hexane

 Order of priority in
naming molecules
↳
functional group priority

lowest priority higher priority

I
halogens alkyl group alkenes

↓ other functional

groups
alcohol

Ketone

aldehyde
ester
 I somerisne
-structural isomers

same molecular formulas but different structural formulas

-
3 different types:
is chain isomers

the chain is rearranged in some

way

:Nk -both Catlio

but ane methyl propane

2)
position isomers

the functional has moved position in the compound

group
Ot

10x N (b4,0+

3)
functional group isomers

the functional group changes in the compound

N
·
TT
askene ↓cycloalane

CoH,2 CoH, 2

&
Stereoisomers

Same Molecular and structural formulas but a different spatial arrangement of

the atoms

2 types of stereoisomers:

1) isomers
geometric
c= c (
caused
by molecules with a with 2 different groups attached to each

of the c= C
2)
Optical isomers

caused
by (with atoms
having & different attached leading to molecules
groups
that are not superimposable Mirror images of each other

E-z Stereoisomerism

CHy H CH, CH

icea I
I

xc
+7
=

not equivilant to

&
H H
H Cho
cant rotate around ( =
C zbut-2-ene

it
·

would have to break the CFC double bond to rotate around

·it both (of the CFC have 2 different groups attached, the molecule

has E-2 isomers

opposite (
·

E =
entgegan (highest priority
z (highest priority together)
·
=
zusammen

( =) higher
by
-

assigned to the atomic number of the

priority of groups attached -

group, the higher the priority (it the same-go to groups attached to them

2.99F
&
C++, 6
conditions E-2
for isomerism
C c
=

1)
6(T1
I
Bo 35 a double bond

2)
I different attached to end of the
groups each

Eisomer
-

doubn bond

e. 9
H Br C Br
I d ouble bend restricts
L -
E C = C the
c c z
=

notation of the groups

~ -

C -M I "H on either side

Chain, position and functional group isomers

SN
CpM g
=
chaic methyl propane

position
=
N but-2-ene

functional group: I cyclobutane

CIP rules