Project Guide

By :-

Presented By :-
MR. VISHAL SAXENA PARTH PACHAURI
H.O.D. Physics Class - XIIth "Sci.
MR. ADITYA UPADHYAY
Assistant Lecturer

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH

 Certificate
This is certify that the work

required in this project "A.C. GENERATOR"

By PARTH PACHAURI is a recorded work

carried under my supervision. It has to be

noted that it is project work of year 2019-

2020.

_____________ _________________
Principal Subject Teacher

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am highly indebted to my
physics teacher for giving me such as
interesting project file to work on. He also
provided us with all possible help, without
his sympathetic attitude, critical and
efficient instructions this file could not
have been able to take its final shape.
I convey my special thanks to our
laboratory Assistant.
This project deals with some activities
performed by extra knowledge of student.
Finally, I extend my appreciation to all
those who helped to complete this Project
file.

- PARTH PACHAURI

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH
  Introduction

 Principle

 Construction

 Working

 Bibliography

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 A.C. GENERATOR

An electric generator is a device used

to convert mechanical energy into electrical

energy.

PRINCIPLE :

It is based on the principle of the

electromagnetic induction. When a coil is

rotated about an axis perpendicular to the

direction of uniform magnetic field, an induced

e.m.f. is produced across it.

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 -: CONSTRUCTION :-
The A.C. generator consists of the following parts :

ARMATURE :
A rectangular coil ABCD consisting of a large
number of turns of copper wire wound over a soft iron core is
called the armature. The soft iron core is used to increase the
magnetic flux.
FIELD MAGNET :
It is usually a strong permanent magnet having
concave poles. The armature is rotated between the two poles
of magnet, so that axis of the armature is perpendicular to
magnetic field lines.
SLIP RINGS :
The leads from the arms of the armature are
connected to the two rings R1 and R2 separately. These rings
help to provide movable contact and for this reason, they are
called slip rings. As the armature and hence the leads rotate
about the central axis.
BRUSHES :
The flexible metallic pieces B1 and B2, called
brushes, are used to pass on the current from armature to the
slip rings across which the external load resistance R is
connected. As the slip rings rotate, the brushes provide
movable contact by keeping themselves pressed against the
rings.

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 -: WORKING :-
The working of the a.c. generator is illustrated with
the help of five different positions of the armature ABCD at
times t = 0, T/4, T/2, 3T/4 and T respectively.
Direction of flow of current : Initially at t=0, the
armature ABCD is vertical with arm AB up and CD down.
During the motion of armature between t=0, to t= T/2, the arm
AB moves down and CD moves up. The application of
Fleming’s right hand rule tells that the current in the armature
will flow in the direction DCBA ( from the end B to A in arm
AB and in the end D to C in arm CD). On the other hand,
during the motion of armature between t= T/2 to t= T, the
motion of the two arms is just opposite to that what happens
during t=0 to t= T/2, i.e. the arm AB moves up and CD moves
down. Therefore, during this interval, the current in the
armature will flow in the direction ABCD.
Magnitude of induced e.m.f. : Whenever the
armature is vertical, its arms AB and CD momentarily move
parallel to the field i.e. the rate of change of magnetic flux
through the armature becomes zero. Accordingly, as do/dt is
zero, the induced e.m.f. e=- do/dt corresponding to the vertical
positions of the armature is also zero. Thus, at time t=0, T/2
and T, the induced e.m.f. produced is zero. Whenever the
armature is horizontal, the arms AB and CD move normally to
the direction of magnetic field lines and hence they cut or
intercept the magnetic field lines ith maximum speed. Hence,

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 the rate of change of magnetic flux is fastest or maximum
corresponding to horizontal positions. Thus, at times t=T/4
and 3T/4, the induced e.m.f. produced is maximum. Therefore
output e.m.f. across the load resistance R during a complete
rotation of armature will vary.
The expression for instantaneous e.m.f. developed across
R is given by
e=e0 sin wt,

which can be deducted as below :

EXPRESSION FOR INSTANTANEOUS E.M.F. PRODUCED :

Figure shows the coil (armature) of the a.c.
generator consisting of n turns and placed in uniform
magnetic field B, such that its axis of rotation is perpendicular
to the direction of the field. Initially, at t=0, the coil is vertical
with arm AB up and CD down.
Figure shows the position of the coil at any time t
i.e. its plane makes an angle 0 with the vertical. If w is uniform
angular speed of the coil, then
= wt
In the position of the coil, the component of the
field normal to the plane of the coil is B cos . If A is area of
the coil and n, the number of turns in the coil, then magnetic
flux linked with the coil in this position is given by
 = n B cos  (A) = n B A cos 0
Or  = n B A cos wt

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 The effect of number of turns n in the coil is to
increase the magnetic flux linked with the coil to n times.
Differentiating both sides of the equation w.r.t.
time, we get
ddt = d/dt (n B A cos wt) = n B A d/dt (cos wt) = n B A (- sin wt)
(w)
= -n B A w sin wt

If e is the instantaneous induced e.m.f. produced in the coil,

then
e = - d/dt = -(-n B A w sin wt)
or e = -n B A w sin wt

The equation gives the instantaneous induced e.m.f.

produced in the coil. It follows that n B A w is the maximum
value of the e.m.f., say eo. Therefore, the equation becomes
e = e0 sin wt

Thus, the induced e.m.f. produced is a function of

time and therefore as the coil passes through different
positions with the passage of time, e.m.f. produced
changes with time. The e.m.f. would be zero for wt =0
(when coil is vertical); positive maximum for wt = /2 (when
the coil is horizontal), zero for wt = (when coil is vertical);
negative maximum for wt =3 /2 (when the coil is horizontal)
and again zero for wt = 2 (when the coil is vertical and
returns to its initial position). Thus, graphically, the e.m.f.
will vary with time.

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH
PARTH PACHAURI XIITH
 Practical Physics XII

Mordern ABC XII

Laboratory Manual XII

Pradeep Fundamental XII

All those who indebted me by their

valuable support in bringing out this
project.

PARTH PACHAURI XIITH