BIOCHEMISTRY RAPID REVISION HANDWRITTEN NOTESBIOCHEMISTRY RAPID REVISION HANDWRITTEN NOTES 2" Edition Based on YouTube Channel Biochemistry by Dr. Rajesh Jambhulkar 2,40,000 Subscribers and 16,691,177 views till date DR. RAJESH JAMBHULKAR MBBS, MD, DNB- Biochemistry New topics in 2™ edition . Mechanism of Hormone action . Quality control in laboratory , Automated analyzer Electrophoresis and SDS-PAGE . Colorimeter Nutrition- SDA, Balanced diet, Caloric value, RQ, diet in pregnancy, DM and CAD Metabolic integration and starvation . Thalassemia Metabolism of branched chain AA 10. Enzymes involved in biological oxidation 11, Digestion and absorption of lipids and proteins 12, Pally liver and lipotropic factors 13, Important clinical cases Ser aweaune Price inclusive of all taxes-650 INRCONTENT 1. Cell x rrere ee Fluid mosaic model- Diagram ‘Active Transport Passive Transport Cellular organelles with functions Enzyme classification Mechanism of enzyme action Coenzymes Factors affecting enzyme activity Enzyme inhibition Enzymes in liver diseases Cardiac markers Isoenzymes Uses of enzymes Regulation of enzyme activity Enzyme specificity 3. Carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism % POPRr rh Fre meee eR Define and classify carbohydrates Homopolysaccharides Heteropolysaccharides/ GAGs Glycemic index Dietary fibres Isomers Digestion and absorption Glycolysis RL cycle PDH complex TCACycle Gluconeogenesis Glycogen metabolism and regulation HMP shunt Galactosemia Blood glucose regulation DM and DKA 4. Lipid Chemistry and metabolism a Define and classify lipids b. Phospholipids ©. 4. e c & h, i . Fatty acids, EFA |. Eicossnoids/Prostaglandins Lipoproteins- definition, classification Digestion and absorption of lipid Fatty acid oxi |. FAS complex Fatty acid synthesis 103 104 108 10910, Vitamins 202 a. Vitamin A a b. Vitamin D bis ¢. Vitamin E oe d. Vitamin K ip e. Vitamin C/ Ascorbic acid oe f. Thiamine’ B1 Sia g. Riboflavin B2 ae h. Niacin B3 37 i, Pyridoxine/ Vitamin B6 219 j. Vitamin B7 Biotin zi k. Vitamin B9/ Folic acid mB 1 Vitamin B12/ Cobalamin 6 11. Mineral metabolism m8 a. Calcium 21 b. Phosphorus 23 . Magnesium 24 4. Sulfur Bs fe. Sodium 236 f Potassium 240 g. Iron 2a h. Zine ms i. Copper at j. Iodine an k. Fluorine asi . Nutrition ae a. Protein energy malnutrition (PEM) a b. Basal metabolic rate (BMR) a ce. SDA = 4d. Caloric value of food and RQ as e. Nitrogen balance 20 f. Balanced diet cn 8. in pregnancy, DM, CAD 13. Organ Function Tests i a. KFT oa Se 274 c. Thyroid function test a 14, Acid base balance and disorders ri 15, Molecular Biology a a. Types of RNAS = b, Structure of DNA on e. DNA replication prokaryotes i 4. DNA replication eukaryotes a e. Telomerase > f. DNA repair a Transcription Prokaryotes Oe h, Transcription Eukaryotes ae i. Genetic code16. 17. 18, 19. 20. 2. 2. }. Carcinogenesis J. Tumor markers 25. 21. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. uM 35. Translation Prokaryotes k. Translation eukaryotes |. Lac operon- Regulation of gene expression in Prokaryotes Recombinant DNA Technology (RDT) Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Free radicals Antioxidants Biotransformation/ Detoxification- Phase 1 Conjugation/ Phase 2 Cancer-introduction Extracellular matrix Immunity Mechanism of Hormone action Chromatography Paper chromatography and HPLC Electrophoresis SDS PAGE Colorimeter ELISA Quality Control in Laboratory ‘Automated analyzer 317 321 29 332 340 344 347 349 351 353 355 359 361 366 368 374 375 379 381 383 385 387 391CELL MEMBRANE MCI COMPETENCY BI 1.1 Hal Tmpostont Diagram + Fluid wosaic model of Ploama membrane -Mitochond 7g Important LAQ + Tsanspost acsose Hre cell membrane . SAQ caluteg Orgameled with +holy Fundions . [cas] % _Gegoynobicn Nasker ouzemes Mitochondnta > ATP Synthase Lysosomes —> Cathepem Cyfeplaam —> LDH ¥ anteges_ephdione Desai syndrome] [Peroxisome biogen ove Aizoreor] [wicai| — Absonce ef funciona) peyoxl nil ~ Sedation of Long cham foley aca & OE Ghyeuiptd te Ovtoy Cusfoe an mca ita be ~~ ih iy Me Tromanbram. post anne Susface at mp Diagram] Fluid Mosoie Wisk ~ Roma mom Componoule @ Lipiel - pacepholtptd , Chotestero) Poleins — ankeqral amd poriehewal Prolcive . ® casvolopdrainn - ke Mycoliprle aud aivcoprledt Jax head Priva si | prooeBolipid (iompolaz)TFaanspast Acoss the Coll membrane - es - : + [Simple| [facilitated | |Ogmosis Vesiculas transpost (eens eae Diseck Qnevay = Tndivect from ATP Qneray WAU2aKen L © wnipost note? ATPase ® sympost @entelum ATPase — @ ANKpost ® KtHT ATPase Active Tyanspost | saa i a ~ Agoins! the Concontvakion gradient fie = Pom low concovtrakion —> High Concentration - Convior medloted Energy ubili2obeu — wrrock fom ATP Indimect uBtizaken of oyevay i setive Kouapo ied Jedive $unspost 2Deimavy_keFve transpext Example - © Nat-Kt ATPase @® cotcium atPosre @® kt-Ht ATPoue Socondasy _Ackive ‘tsomsport KF BNat primacy Aetive teanngeat Not \ eecondasy" u ourve Nt Nat-qlu tsanspost Sympost Pannecerd » Se Gee tramspoot™ Sree wy trancpork of wo differen molec aes: mambrame to Me some disochou. nat} > Ha" D Be ict yr AnHpost oer a: & Notwt exchomger 0! ut. ean ar > trombporr of Hw Sank Ne eee ed monbrownl in Hao opposite divockbu 3PASSIVE TRANSPORT Simple Diffusion Facilitated [oseacs | Filoliou | ai C : Down ne concosto soromert of Movod fron 6 a — medion d area nergy NOT Bequived — own the Godiont wgh ere no need Caaviey No BAOray -waHuied ‘etait | simple dpfuaion. 2 Mechanizis Lipid. Setuble compounds [oe cael] fromsposted disoctly Group les - Urea Oe | Nava seo" ie [ aa Based on opauing. & Onan i vel iH ee cong et Not Kt ~acoky| choline * urea co* ore A cir ue net uelFacivtared diffusion o 6 e Pru v%e oye ch HO UD . - A \ \\ HO! | yy Reale ew fe > m0 Ping pomg- a AnHport mechan — POH math & RBC ai " peog—cl” exdnamge feucese from Small, mmrestine @ Tramspor ot glucose pen uncle aud adlpete WHUL, skeletal [Gemeosis] : movement of watts solvont foward Wighor Coluke cOMcoUbrakeu, Clinical appbicoaket €deua -Cabsne input _Maanitol - H/F oF cevebra} edema —Owuotic Fragiuey text w heroditasy sphesocyreersi Caltular orgauelas oud trois Funclions. 1 .fwucteus] Qonrons qenebic mardyial - DNA DNA veplicahon amd trouscrphon occuss Mm she wucleus | p TEtioplasmic sence, asker erayme-> Glucose @ Membrame enciosod spaces i ‘eel Two types - Smoo¥n aud Rough ER. Synthanis of protelns ,dipcopolcivs , Lyopotelu Mekibolism of s|Lysosomes Trisa bag of Algestive ourymes of He coll pegradakion ef Protein , Caxtsonydrautns , Lpidls in _*ne \ys0Somad . 4 pfochondeta|- power house of cell ETC, ATP SyAMAIS , TCA Cycle ,PA oxidakion , kerone body ductian éccuss it) mitochondria. st of Heme cynkanis , Uvea cre, luce and ine syninewe occurs & mnltochondyin . ran nlermerbrame space ouler memprourL ‘nner Membrane Malax ond NTs ddcuss pa Pps wa} Gp1G) Appavais Moanker enzyme — FoF AT Pase soci rae LATP syninase} 5 [aclai bodiaa]. ak ic a ndbwork oF Flaktenad mombrauLd vexiclal gmblved in plein packaging , soxhng and Socsation . 6 -[Pesoxicomes|- contains povoxtdason and Carekose. fecgere ng chan PA OCCUTS MH peroxisome , 7, [RiDsMHO| Factosio 6+ pole spyrhart Pound on ER, g.[eyresol]- Ga Uke makly surrounded bp cebh membrane = cle for protem cyninerie, alycolycie, alycogen mota- ~ooliam , Patty acta cyntneaie . = past OF home cpnihexe, Uved Cecle ,Pysimidine cymthenz Occurs in the Cptesol-oor WP a MCI COMPETENCY BI 2.1-2.7 Tmpostant LAQs| Define amd clascigy Qrzymer & Suitable exompla! eS Mechawicrr 6 puzyme achon gree Factors Affecting en2eme acHvity ee Different types of eu2xme inhibition & trevapeutic ole Diognocke dmposiance of Ln2zpmes F tsoeu7tmal . RegulaHon ef enzyme abivity ® Cowdiac maskers @ Enerme pattexn in tives diseoues . ® Coenzymet & Funcront . Leoenz¢mec Thevopoukic uses Of Compelitive hibition Nowmal tevdd of $GoT, SGPT ALP And intorrutation of Yshosakoxy dota Clinical cost A -Tavponine i ® Myocawdiad inforschon - chest pain, Ec@ changes , ck-B) SEPT MAN , Divert biirubio 1 D hepatic Jaundice - SGOT #404 , Indiveck bilisubin an Slight increase in ALP Dobstoucrive Snundlce ALPA*A® , sqoT #, S4OTR Diseck bilirubin 4m ,ARSINTAM GUT @ Acub Pa ACEOEE - Amylase 40, Mpote 44 Abdominal pain , Fares, Nawed, Yomiting: \z_— Enzymes Laa- Defing amd closeipy Lu2¥mec Wittr Ruitable Lfamplér. Biocakaly 2-6-4 —> SGOT 2.612 > SGPT Sl. 31> ALP aa esawoar) [Sa pols ardivdud ase] Eyer sno Cubclase Classipicatton EC 1» Oxidoseductases EC 2> Transforas Ec S> Hydrolases EC4 > Lyases Ec5> Tsomevoses ec6r Ui gases ECT Translocaces [Newly added class in 2018] LOE nernonie OTRLIL-T~Cabolyce Oxidakion-seduchsn soackou - Teounthey OF Ht Gud elechons. - TWS chars include pehyd ASO8 porta evoKidAsor Brample - Acohol dalydroqunase EC 1-tel-1 otek ndivduah onz¢me sam] 7 t : 1 dohyarogendle eee, Zee Close Aching o”) Aub gubciose | Alcolo\ Acceptor ts NADY Oxtdoveductace nee NiGer Loctobe debpdrogeuate EC 4.1.27 apt wapn tH Lactate Age Pyruvate ECZ- Transferases Cobalyset tromefor 6} group ole dam Ht ious. exompe. SGOT CAST) EC 2-611 7 tonamdnation veorkou SGPT CALT) ,EC 2-6:1-2 [ ttamsjer of aadnoggoup Apostate + Aeeglutawale «25-5 Gilera + dxaloacelt PT. Mowing + akdegluravalt a pyruva, + GlutamalL Hiokinases wae ct D fom ATP to Pucore Glucose —Hapokinge Giucosd 6-® ATP ADP ECS - Hydvolases Thee evaymer cotobpsor welndeolpele of Voteu bonds dareau ef Luoatos| moecules i notkok yan digetve ouoymer bolonge fo dus class gubclascitted an Wet baste of bend cleayodExample + j ‘ample \- Alkakine grospharuse (ALP) EC B1.3-1 Be HL St. —> ALP Metalek wedi ene Kee QA Ket on Bios pinkage monpesic>— EC 4 - Lyases CN amd oltner Bonds Thora 2uzyme cleave c-c, 0, Bubcaodied 04 ne bare oF bond mney Cleave Eyampte - Aldolase EC- 41-218 Pructose 1/6 bispoocphate qrycosaldens do @ DRAP lyases ase -pooponalithe Fer deavoog of voud withoub addiden o wales molecubo . EC 6- TsomMovas00 ibid f5 Yromcter of Ioisaenl Responsible fos Intesconversion ot Ancluded- Racerasds morale cre-twans IsoMnoscue mukage eke. Example - Triose phosprain isormexase £C9.3-1-\ osphotriose puap Le eerce> alycerabdcheda © alucose 6@) BBL, sucrose 6O Teomesase acwied alors iornensdCobolyse We Joining 6 two moiecudar wily ubiaatieu ot ATP exomple® DNA Upate eC 6-S-1-1 Tt is o DNA Sotaing en2~me- Two nucleohda ave aoined bY 2!- 5! phosprodi aster Ubkane . @ Acakyl CoA +00 LP» malonyl cow 2 “Biotin ‘ab com M coboxy\aae Cokwlyrar Re torlocagten of ied acrox He THENMYONe. Quibcloseified ou We bas of component jpomoferred: Quipdub closeted On tre bank of DUogY weet . Crompl: ATPase > Nat fet exchamaing ATPare EC 7.2.2.3 7 - 13) Nae oxchougior, ATPagMechaniem ef Enzyme _achou i LAQ@t Describe Ure mechauiem of eyrayme abkion. Add a note on different tnooriee of Bn2yme.aubdrraly complex Pormakion. fx yas! Mountain \ UT aa Sx aR Now ink alobuk energy sequisoment +o Pass Hrrough CAR Think about gnery/y soquisement +o chino fhe Moura do made in dhe t qountoln Reacten wikrouk enzyme Enoymakie seochen (Here tune is over) < the Achvakien onee3y Ackyokion nerdy * Oneray soquised to Convex He. Zuocsa from ground cate +o erausteinn sae CRgin oncndye Stalt) LlEnzyme Lower! T [tvansition stow] Bubsrate 1 —— product enzyme decseases ii enzyme Lowest We 2 =P Ackvaken Onoray (0; lio energy baseioss i peactton2.[Teonsition stam ] Te is aantesmediate shale and igh nergy Cake berwoon Suwosreate oud Product amen tetianial En2yme Favoure the fosmatian of tramitian date 3S Enzyme -Substab comple POA @Aock and key model CFisches Tonmplake theory] = AcHve Bitz oF au auzyme ts vighd 4 preshaped -Owy pectic Qubsrake com bind 40 Hw aonve te ef au Qnzyme & Remy Quryme-Lubdsaus Complex = Tis thoowy failed to oxplaim Hu onzyme Kmenes aud obsolele NOW. @+ em — HY Subchrake enzeme © Koshtand theory [Induced pit Model] = Aceve AL oh CAA OUZ~Me Is pexible [NotviadT = Gubstrake induces a conformatten wo the Active to a aM oOPML and favoust the feomakten of E-s complex iD ? Ca OY Qubstrae @rapme ermyme-Quotrake Comptes.pans —SaaeeC—~—~—CO = AcHyo site ic Flexiple tn the ach = Subsirake brings auoik confersmaktonal crage mn Ate of am Quzywe : oh he - aude allo gek atrained , anis sesultt 1° cleavage oF bends Prosent in gubdsab wolecule - srouning of Sew eee : i Cloawye of s val, 4|Mechauiem ao Catalya® @ Acid-base_catalyets ae = THOme ase attdic and badic aroupe ak KL aotive -Thare Groups aback mre Rubchrake eee = favours formation a e-< compley amc : aye grours K tau ferive ste ty © covalone eakabys These ase posienely aud nogalrvele dunged Groupe tm He Ookive Ate _ Roars with Ie Substrate , C-¢ complex fommakon and Cakakpse occues - Proximity effock Lenhopy effect] = TF conwmntrahen of CSI + Cele more they WIN! 2ncounter wih 20h ORAL, they WII be ® bond fosmng Aictance, that vesulic m E-S fermarten aud cakalyee o woowren D subelpaie eteain Senior to Buletrae srady theory__ COENZYME Bae prise WlHn Suitaple oxomples. Saat rea iot bbebwoeasn cownzyme ,copoctos 4 cat. FoOup Give suitalde example oF BAQ - Enumerate comnzy mer derived i : from vite. BAG: Enumertin any fous nop vitamin Coenzyme . DeFiniGon ; Thecd ase non protein, smal molecule} ov metal ions| that pasticlpa disecty In Subcwate binding and es Also Knoon as Cosubctrate| secondary subdeal upp NADA EAE Lackote = pycurate DH Ses aie Apoonzyme coanaynal Functional par protein] coractas L Promwic {oup Cron poten] There 452 eal Tala 2 a N| Nongroteio lens assoctaked usity 0} draanic ‘sani omyme achon . LU Low molecular Copacs 7 Dioly2able easly atsoclatt] = oak € tronciont assoctabon gubdom cocamd with @poenzemas Pe = The eMztme are cabled oe enzyme ashen metal ackvalad oirzyma . Proshate 4°ouP example > ATPoaeLmg?*4 Ca] L ysually moto lor! daght & stoble axsoctaren [ i enzyme : ticle oueetneh ave cobked as Zaeteron ide diem wade Metalloareymes - Examples : Zn—Casvonic anvydrate Mo- Xanthine oxidase Se- Glutathione pesoxidaseClacsificakion oF Coonzemds. Based on Pracussos On the basis of molecule Youp tans} eed LW ay moral IB complex Non Bcomyplon as tow . Ht cransie. ew oxd-tedt tet on] MN, a NAD NI B-Complex, Varin]. RPA BAD WHE [aa] Vitamin] Coenzyme | Fundian =| En2tme BL TPP [Exansfes oF Aldehyde [ket : Tsansketowce i = | Soup B2 |fMN,PAD | oridabion- ‘seduction wod Aminoackd oxdaue oe eee i at ' Succinate DYE S [NADY WADPF | Oxidalion- vaductiny woat: LDH, PDH, Alc- DH [es | Coenayrna A |trancion oF acyl rouP Pp PLP | SGOT, SGPT B7 Biocytin | “| Casboxylation Acthyl cok Cavborplal eo | THE” | eeonsfex OF one- aa Adanosyl B12 |meiny| malonyl GA mutase Hi ee Metny) a2 Methionine S Synmale woathyn Non &-Complex connzyrnes ‘CDP > Transfer oF choline, eMnanolamine + PhosphoLipel Synibars _| “ADP > Transfer of (B, AMP, adonocme |PAPS > Achyo SOx donot > In GAG _smhaicMetal tons thak act a1 cofactors IL, Cofactor s i PR MCQs” Meta) En2ymae . Ed P son Cawbonic anhydrace , Supexide dismulace / LDA |" [AIC DR, ALP, RNA Polymgsate cu Cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase » Ly pene Suptsoxide dismujase wal Se Glutathione porentdace : MCS TIL| | Mo Xanthine oxtdate Mg Kinase, én oleae, Gla ace Mn Mk. SOD, ABN, Kinate, enolare ffi | ACTIVE SITE AcHYO clte ie Ho vegion ot an oM2}me when Subsrale bind amd undergo a chemtcad veaciou E-S Complex tera e po auN femung tu aukve st are Alo pm cou hut a He oo BA anive site B SOine An hemudng Active ote MCFACTORS APPECTING ENZYME ACTIVITY JLAQ: Describe He Important Factors anne. oreyme [rans auHvity « ie & Be L. Enzyme _concentsation cree & TR Qupstrate & available jake of seacton ®& disecHy sonal +0 Gh2ImMe cénconbsahen . Velocity a Cel TWis Popexty is wed fo ebinale | Cencenrratiay ot voutow wane ~ Jevek in Spxum. vate) fel 2. Subshvan conmcentraon TE We go on AN sub-concentvatinD | zEnittally , ‘i velocity « CSI vel Ls €mymo exhausted & plateau In graph | eo, of veackon B directly propehmnal te as Rep gaberae concentrotien - |. wWhon all Quzymer are occupied lot Hs subsredts. ote oF poonken is comtlant. Michaelis Monlen Constant Kron Aco Known a Bigs + Haldane condor petinten's Th ts a Qulodrate concontrarien +0 produce wale oF Rie moypimnum velocity SigniPtcance > T+ doudler da drongyth of Adeockation bok” enzeme ¢ Cubcrrabe .CAtrinley ef onzymos foward: subsicato] More Kirn —> Less affinity Les Km —> Move abtinityKm value ts conslent far pasticway 2n2-Ne. uy ic a Signakuse foe Ou2yme -subshrale poly. Michadis manlen equation . Vo. Inital velocity Vinay} Maximum valocley Cod + Qubsirake COMCentsciaN km + Michaelic Menten conshank LLine_weaver Burk plot/ Double seciprocat AOE | km ' L st + v= Fenog E53 Veo Signiptcance peje nok possible to acidove Hat eigen Cubstralt wate concoutrakion every Hime SO wd can cale tm 2 Vimop OF Init) velocity bY wind doulkte weniprocat pot - Tr is useful in colcuakingy He Vmup g km soln sf aurymd cokalyced reaskbm usith and w\rhouk Inhibitor Coruge) ,'&. Product Conconreation Fncrepse im Product concemtraxten wolit decrease Ho Volocity of We reachon Ss St E> F — 6 4. Temperature aK Temp OpHmum temp + Emp ak uybitdh s toe is motimum auivity | a7 O} QUA elz~me . for most oF HAL QUZYMA In Htne body V 37°c > opsmum temp Boe —> Denaro oacuss 70°C > InacKvakDon oF Onze , 0 0 20 RO Ss Lexcoprien- Muacte adenylate kinatey Temp °c. -~ Bal doped cusved — Mochouiem } Collision theory 44 Tomp —> 44 collicion bor" __, ES ampere @nz ¢ Suboctrate - Qip + Tnerenye i LNrg~Me aeBvity by Increouing ‘ey 5. pH — pt decide the change on Aa molecula ok the aotive ete of an Duzeme . &S T pH cause cosfeswattenad “ange iy ative Ble Wak affect The Qubcrrabe binding Optimum pH : 6S €xcephom + Op catiae 3yuo67 B AI10 Acid phosphakage : 3-S pu Alice. phosphadase. 4- lo _|20- ——]6- Effect OF Activators LMetal ions] Some meral Tons Increooa tw xonehon voloclty Example» Ci» Amylase a, Cott» ATPase Cu 4 fe —> cytochrome onriate Zn — > Sop, Cardone anbydfore 7. Effect OF Anhibitoss Innibitoss decreases ta velocity of Hu reachen TIS Property TS Weft ty wu beabmenk of vortoud disorders - Compolttive ‘Noncompel tive Rovorcinte. Uncompetttive Inhibition < ; aii Trrevertible aEN ZYME INHIBITION Revissivle Irreversible. |. Competitive suicide 2. Non Compebitiva Peedoack 3. Uncompeb tive Innibitot + substance os compound which docteato euzyme velocity . Reversible Inhibition Treeversible Inhibition DM nnibiies bind: } Une Qn27MO Inhibiios bmds to le Onapme by non CovaloxAk inlerachdns:| pp covalent interactions . Cweak Foscet’) ® con be weversod by —wermoval of inhibitos : _ ha Gubstrake Rbn}@ nbilios binds whe OM ® atic euzgme , comes destruction eramptoe - Thosoy dsuge oh cutive elite - Exoumpte > poisonous gases . Compobitive anhibition use. Lanhibitos is a clructusad analogue of Al Lennibitos Competes with Yho ubstrata to bind wlth actve site of au ouzpme. L goversivie bp Tmcrensing Me erase dupstooto L km increase ,Venop cemains unchanged mca, a Inhibitor —__——_— «4 tnhibites ie Compelitive Inhibition Comnot be reveased AcHye Site [site Pos supstraa binding] 22Winox- — "sO Femmoine Thhibitor they Km Kym ts] z a Tnere04es with Km iN Yeq ‘Inbibitor Lineweaver- Busk plot Exouaplas 6f Compobieive “Tnhibitten * Therapeutic ured CO OT Aopurinol Inbnivit xaunitkne oxblave - In tlt OF out Ethanol Used in momamol poBoning jnhipit Alcobol Mothotsexatr Cefuchysoll aunobogut of Folic aoTAT Inhibit dilhydropelade reductose Cowre] ® statine CLovastakin Atorvastatin’) Wed to weduce Cholosteso! Leval, inhibit HMG CoA woducrase Jl a © Dicoumarol is an oval omHcoaguuant Inhibits vit « epoxide. peductose . Noncompebitive Inhibition Subchole dD < Change In —_——+» aut, site : a ‘Inhibitor rn AcHye cite ‘anhipige Aloslenc ete Noncompantive anhivition @® malonate inhibit Succinaty dehydroyonate 23NO chuctural Aimillovity bekween gubctran ¢ Inh\bitoy No Compedttion for bonding unt astive site Bind to otnes cite amd causes confersmaltonal changes tn Vo aekve cite of aa 2uryme Enzyme-inhibites complex on Enayme- Qubtirabs - mnhibiloy cComployp is foomed Mostly revevereible, com'r pe ovextome bp 14 cst {© Km- unchanged , Vinay > Lowered . ah ¥ Zoivitos L No Inhibitor Vim0k | a km Ls3 =i lm un in ts] * Tm unchanged km Vox decreases | Mca examploo ® fluoride Inbibit enolase fluoride bub ic used to collect blood Sample Fos plasma glucose ‘olimahon - Fluoride iont thibir enolase enzyme , hence Bly wipa® - Glucose level pre plama qornaine concamt. TF Nok collected is pluctide ub, GIUCOse level wit aecreoue bf ¢-lo my/al/ be dum tO CoNHnuoUA glycolysis . fed by cyanide, CO, H2s (D complex tv OF ETC inhibi (B Arsenite inhibit « Ketogiurarctic DY (is) Po ,AG , HY Jwhibir serine proieases . © Iodoaceraw inhibit Giycoraidenrde 3® DH 24Uncompekitive anbibition Anhibitor binds: lh E- complex to P Ec 4 Complex r+ ES — > ESL km : decrease Voy + decrensen Cyomples- Placontal ALP inhibited br Phonalanine Teroversivle ‘Inhibition covalent binding of inhibitos to Sozyme molecwle COAL distention oF OuHve site 4 inactyate the 2uzymy Cour nok be reversed examples ® DEP Newve gas -> Anhibit sesine Proleasel 4 acer) - Chotinester 092 f visulfiram —» inhibit Aceraldengde DH ethanol) ————> acetaldehxde ——X_—> acelit aur ee ancernidelnydt Ah accurmuaren OY ot cktatdelrdt Causes- Vomiting , Aiaoehea , Abd. Pain Aicoho] pisulisam is aM amtobuse used MH +ly OF oR Mechanism poted Inhibition _ Inhibitor Ka ts converted Mio more polent fom by eho puzyme Mak HX ‘ ol ae sas Uric, inhibitor acid inhibited A\\opusino! is wted in t/t Of qour addickon | 2Aspizin inhibit OF clooxy genane - Analgesic OME plakeler drug Diplyovo meknyl cunitaine (Demo) inhibits Omibine decastexylse Feedback Inhibition the Final Product of the pakhway Inbite He ask vole Umiting Step of Hu meaetou . Gxomphe, Queciny) Cok + QVcine \ ALA Spnthare 9 Redvcae & i inhibitten d home. Reedbork Inhibitten at genetic Loved, cated a0 Reedposk waquinkten . Cyompte '- Dieta} cholestern\ decreases clolestexd) epnMmerts, BAQ@ > Enumerate fows impodant douge thak act Qa a Competitive inhibitovs. shar Comperitive Whibitews & therapeutte uses. LAQ > Whak is enapme mlihition 2g Explain it wih Swtable Lyoxupter . SAQ > Diffewentiala between Compertive aud NON COMPENVE Mbibiton ,ENZYME PATTERN IN Liver DIscases __ |’ SAQ| Clinical case © Alanine tromtorinae CALT) 6g Senum Glutamate pyruvate Tronsaminase(saPr)) EC NO! 2.6.1.2 Twansfesase - tzansaminase with PLP as Coamzpme iach SQPT/ALT waning + AKG ) Vival Repolltis to posma Civenosis: of diver Qivanr cancer Conc. of SGPT Move specitie for Liver aiseoses ale. ver. ds Normal rouge + 540 3S Tu/L ® Aspostala. iwayscaminase CAST) OR cesum Glutamaln onxoloocetatn reousaminase (SGOT) EC NO: 2614 Trans ferose _trovgam nase with PLP Gs Coenzyme AST Aspostate + AKG sear list, oxaloacetake + Glutamate pisbibuted in cytosel 4 mitochondsta of Qivor Creast Nosrnab rouge: @ to 20 TUIL oF SGOT Incteosa Ix > Henat diteoses . concentsanien Cac: Myocasdal ‘Inforckion) Liver diseases ~Vivo) hepatitis -Alc. Uver atave = CIT shoOs of ver] - Uver cancer. 27In Alcoholic Vive disease tices mitodhendsia U AST 4 as compared to ALT Normal acT:ALT vaklo Cpe Ritis vari) is <* AST LALT Takin 7 1 indicates AIC Uverds. | > 2 strongly cugyxtve ot alc ved. ®arkotine phosphabose CALP) Important e2yme to dAiMerentiate between nepekit. cuitense and bbtruchve pakholoayY tr is an ectoen2¥me - Prosont on Susface ef wiliary epithal 6 TSoeND#N LA —> Biliary Car) placentad (He) Uver Carne) Bone Cpre-F2 Theat e C Leuvocyte ALP dn Hepalit Aizewa> ALP 2-3 Het In obstructive disentel > 10-t> man ovstrucien 1s bile How —> Trvitolno le duct epitnelium da - Galistone L Cantor of héad PANCTEAL —y-ajanse OF ALP Brom bile I epithetium ALP Level im Sesum In Bone daiseotel —> upto 2¢ os move Hme Increase s dk osieomalacta Rickers meiostosic m bend @ s nucieckdase + Normal in hepaktit AM in Olctruchye Atsenees © {- Glutermy] TEAMcfOTOLe » AM in Alcoholic Uvor ditease ebsisuctive Viner diBetuve |oe_CARDIAC MARKERS SAQ] Clinical cose SRQY oe different markers Used feos the : agnesis OL ML. Write aloouk theix course in ML Clinical Cage A 4oyeoss old man, clonic Smokes, nad sudden onsek} of Cheat palo avd perspiration . EL ghoure ST elevandn amd T WON invereinn . Sesum CK-MB levele were \o creased . Whdk is Your Probable diagnesiz » Aculp Myocandtal infaseRon Othes enzpmakic markess > LDA, SGOT Ornes markers > Sesum Foponin z+ T Easliest enzpmaht warker jo BIS2 » Ck- me * Mosp Secipic > candac hoponins mca Cardiac Maxkor ¥ Clinical Lovovatosy bosts colich are ured to dekect a casdiac dyspuscton: tdeol marker @ dhould abte +0 detect the disease east. ee ® specific + Souaterve ® should jets abouk POSTE ® sourd help > monlroxing Cordiag mastert ore mainly used for dingqnoeld of — peuke Myocardial anfaschdN CMT) — coronary vasospaim u Congestive cardiac failure Wherocdzsoce 4 Blood supply to ! alee Roost Inabiuty of Hea 7 pump out Hne blood pe eae Damage Necsoxs , aschaemia oF Rearts wuide Chaat Pain £66 cage,Jandications —> check pain , posspivarton Impostant Maskess in Myocusdial inPasction ECG cha nqea Wtowy OF peat dtenve . Markes | Release | Peak | Retum | Remavk Myoglobin | 2hrs k-b lies | 20-24 be! Eazlicst, NOF Specife CT-L h wes | (2-24 bn) S-5 days | Eastiost, Specike cT-T 6 Wee | 72 bes |\0-14 daye | specieic CK-MS | 6-Ighrt | ay-solmn| 2-2 day} Spacitie & en2yme Lb 4 2 days | S-days| 10-15 doy] Lote , epecific AST/SGOT Bd-kohns | 4-6 days} Nok Spodtic —peoponind a orm TooponlT a) we 3 \ 3s 2 g 246 mM4se B 10 1q 1@ 2226 30 34 3640 24 dad oA creatine kinase Cck) “These ove & isoen2ymen sf CK, made up oF kworrypes of Subunit Cki— ee Brain CK —> MGB —> Hens eomliash enz¥me to cise hm ME cka > MM—> Muscle cardiac “teoponins For bed side HeLtng / Point of Case testing | immedinta warult- — Specific markers 2 MI, Non en2ymnakte markers. = Troponin & & T2OPoHin T _ Rises my 2-6 Wes, TEAC poak m 24-72 bee and vehion to normal M S +010 daye. oad iol wd wila ad Pours > ae 30Neu) Cadac Biomarkers | © Tschaemia Modified Albumin CIMA) @ Glytogen Phosprorflate BB @ PAPP--A LPregnamcy Ascociaked praima proicin A] (® Brain Nobtuvelie aaa Ausoundnt & Purure ME Assessment oF vouhiewar Pilure s-CRP (righty Letechve-c. reactive protem) © Myelopevoxitase CmPo) Cholin2stercle ea slComes || SHA: Whak are the Isden2ymes 2 Give isoomapmes of Ee ‘Of oo 3 LDH amd ALP. a Definition + DifRevont foams e} Sume euzyme catubysing the Lome weaciton aro called a» Tsoeu2vmes] ss077ma. Exarnple + apr LDH, Loa Soume seoehon Las How Hey are Ramned 2 Mnemonte - True lady Zs Aliowed Tae Tsoenzynas- original trom Abptewent Gene , may bo Praont on dbiferon- dnperosomat. Oat ase ¢ Panctectie Nope <0 Sabivers} Lattab, dabedreqnade CLD) - a Booreymet Copy 23S) Oe prosout i Yame Trdivictuah 4 and Ddivieludl ot popwatdy . sofowms - foomed Alle to pott-teanclakooah mpaittcaHen oF pore. CK-MB 7 CK-MM le solubility te Heak > ALP A aHL(Uver)) ~Seuive to Heat ALP eons Colaconta) - seartiank to Heat: gusceprabiity to Inhibitoss : Tastown Labile oer Prospharose Requirement oF Cofactor Cytosolic. tsoclwatte Dit > NADP mitodwondial poodtrale OX > NAD 1 Antibodies produced - pitterent aubtrodia ane prodiveed Tm to_tsoevzpmar 7 bed—~T® Tissue of Ovtzin: ALP — Bone placaria, ved, EnkeaHne. Bich hr ® Kmvous ¢ afPnity ! Glucocinae < Hexorinase Fagmostic ULAd SF Ssoenzymer © LDv Cractate debydrognate] sewames composed sb HM wuts, @ isoenzymai . qsoenzyme | Subunit Tissue oF ongin | Serum concen LDML i Ha | east 17-27% seal | we HEM | RBC, Brain 27-47% 0077 oS WoM2 | Brain,Leutocyles ( “ig-esy, | Uke | HMs i Liver aie ibis |. Mu Skeletal muscle | 2-54 Elecnopovads = LDH A > LDH2> LWE> Lona> LORE ripped _pabbente > Nowmally LoH2>LDH 1 zn ML Cencentrahen of Lb 4 incrosuet . Seis spedhc amd Lae maxtor in MI creakine Kinase €K) — cornposed of M+ B uMile- ine <—————> _ Posphocreatine Creakin eer Phosphi on CKD | Subunit | Ticsue “pa | Brain“) Brain dices « pck2 | Me Heask Myocasdial infescton [ck3 | MM | Muscle IMusculag dystrophiah ,myopaniat cKMG is eusliat en2pmakt masker to zisein ME Stavted rising TH 6 byt, reaches pear w Dk bret and youn > Newval m 2-3 days. Blechophosake wll lity ckie ck27 CKS Nomad Leyeb + Bro 25 U/L . OR StoBS% of tad ck ackivity . SB® Arkakine Phosphatase CALP) Sie -Tmportank omzyme to diMexontintn between hepatic diteoues ond adrructive paLwloay - Ie is an ectoonzyme, pr&ent on cel} Busface Tsoon2¥me | Tissue & ovtain DT!o19es | alr Biliaey cnaticuli[ie/] obsrudive Hundite PX HL-ALP | Hepabic colt [svg | H2Rs -ALP | Placenta ALP | Bore- otteelastfser] Aup | tmesthe | i Leukocyte ALP Koctes Lymphoma i Regan Tsoen2¢me + Caxctnoplacental Vastonk . Pound in dowchnoma of 7 OF Lp Gang, ver and G57. Kasohasa Leoenzyme : Fetal westnal voniont - Inappropais expradem tn malignancy. Nagao Asoempme : Gesmced voment- Lrnppropatua 2» peacion 7) maurgnancy . ALP iy Obstructive. Joundice Ss oe Se Te is OM ectoen2zyme Proaomt on Susface ef biliary epithelium Obstruchdm 40 Flow oF bile Dritakign of bluozy -epimelium 4 woleose OF ALP into Mae blood. 10-12 +imes Ob He nomial Jn Hepatic dSeases Cvival Hepat)» 240 3 Hmot ob ® ap Im obstructive Saundite ( gall stone) > {0-12 time @@) in Gone didorders & tumss o¢ Bora » 26 Hmes oF @) tevel 34I diagnosHe utes @ TWhesapeutic war @ Laboratory ULay I Indusriol Uses Tmpostant LAG» Describe the user of enz¥mar In dingroste OF vorlous dicensos. en2ymed ploamna spocltte plooma non speclte -Punckipnal fn plasma ~ Proxent tn celu = contenhaksn & more oh = Nonpumctional mn Plasma Parma = Low Concontraben 7 ample - cloving fattest eyo SEPT Upopoiem Lpae eee ” Gaer Whenever Poliferaribn Necrovi= Dar orem oF Celt Conconrrakten Mcrensa m cel curd Reo our Tm ploswa A» comconteain * plana uted m diagvesi2 of dizauoe . © Liver disease ea) 1 i emoly Lic Gaundice] Hepatic Jaundice | Opstsuctive. Joundico * ALP TAT worl eget | Se ae | See tan AUP ALP? SINT 744 aat qat® Sait BINT BINT SGOT 4 agEnzyme Noma) vd SGPT (ALT) 5-36 TIL more grclic tor tives ds. SGOT CMT) 5-40 W/L Increase mm Over & Herd As, ALP 40-125 BuIL Masker Br elarructive ver Ab. ACT. ALT roo 2 Alcoholic Liver ds - GaT t-tlutomy! tramiferate — asker a nicormur Biverds oud totruchve wer ds. 1 cardiac markers CK-MB - 2atiat onrzymatic masters In MT Aso Important in Aegnesi= oF zeintact Stask vsing mM 4-6 Wr Peak 24s qettrm fo nowmal 2-3 days . LDH 1 > Speciffc ¢ Lats marker SQOT—> Nonspecific , Lata mater Glycogen Phoephosylace Chounesiczare Nononeymakiz Cardiac warkexs - “peponm + + T Mmyoaldon hs-CeP Isdmapmia modifiod At PAPP-A eo) Poncreariz disenvos. Sorum Armylaa: 4 in feue and chopn® Pomcrea bite ako &® Borivary Qlama ditosdost - serum Mpase - Peoific fer diagner® of Acws Puwseadis. Bone ditenges ALP- Prop Soonzyme >» Incrasa im Kicvote, cdeomaladir Pages aa, Gene UME . prostate COuUce prostate speadfie autiyen (Psa) Prerenser MCB Acta Proephakate CACE) 5 Increasa m Proelake cousen,TB RRL BA S_—$£$@™m™—— Cl MM —> Muscular detpophien, myopaitel . LOW WS —» Musde diodors . Decrease RM Lozyme ioveh Wilsons dFen9e —> LL Cerwoplasmin GEPD deticioncy — > YL Glucose 6 Prosprota danvdronena 2 Severe Liver dt —-» yy wmylare Que; Enureavate amy four tntropouriz ULE oF OUDVMeL, Mnemonit- ASPARamase © Aspasginare — an Rewin Leucomias. fess. @ speprotinase | VroeMmage - thrpmelptiz <= Deep vonow Hrrowbgit © Papain - Aor melammatory Comrovaiculas ® Acdntipy Pam — Emphysoma © Recombiramt tPA (Tides ploamroqen audvatos)—*e- MT © Pancreakmy — Diyeshye, Airordexe Quay Enumerate fous Tinpifon+ Labosatooy ur op nzymel | useat @stimakinn of Glucose > HexokmMare , GOD- POD ® vrog > Vrease ® uric ack > yricasce @® Cholestexot > Cholestexo! wxvlase -Peroxidare © Thacpighycerc > Lipase Ao ty ELISA‘ Howsevadich Pesoxrtage [rer adkuLne fnosphatasa Glucose opitaae ¥ DNA technology + TAG polymerase Reshictinn endenucleate DNA Ligate 37.Regulakion of QAZzyme achvi + Describe He mechauione ‘avowed tm the io] TOM oF VArYMe ALEVLEY p Two malor mechaurant a2 ees aie oF chamye Requiaton oF tm actvity of chamae. iy enzyme atiBring Qunryme Cconcenrakim L L @® Allostesic. © maucron Covaleue heer ® Repression Proceoiysis ® Degradarteve Compastmentabizaron Curcode mechuunigu Prot - Protem Interachau Gags Dering alloplerte equation and give some 2pauptes. L Lena Allo = Other 7 Smal Jakosy oleate binky to Ke Stestc- site | aluocieste sit of ou ouzyme en2ymét hoving cle olor ra AcHve cite OF Our onzprle are KNOW AL Allosteric QAZEMeD G_ 08s Pesmatin G _ES comer Rswatai BEA» ni\0slevic. Q— riosteric Inhibitor aLkvotor Tensa form of an Exapme Reboyed fowm op om En2¥me 3a