HYDROLOGY HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

LECTURE 1: HYDROLOGY VS. HYDRAULICS  Water transfer cycle

 Occurs continuously in nature
HYDROLOGY  Conceptual model of how water moves
between the earth’s surface and atmosphere
 Science that deals with the occurrence,
circulation, and distribution of water
PHASES OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE:
 Concerned with the water occurring below the
 EVAPORATION
earth’s surface
 TRANSPIRATION
HYDRAULICS  EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
 Science that deals with the motion of liquids in  PRECIPITATION
relation to discipline such as fluid dynamics  INFILITRATION
 RUNOFF
WATER
EVAPORATION
 Most abundant substance on earth
 Principal constituent of all living things  Transfer of water from the surface of the earth
 Major force constantly shaping the surface of to the atmosphere
the earth  Liquid to gas phase
 2.8% of the world’s water is fresh water and TRANSPIRATION
97.8% is salt water
 It has three (3) states: SOLID, LIQUID, AND  The process of water vapor being emitted by
GAS plant leaves
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
PROPERTIES OF WATER:
 SUN’S RADIATION  It is the total evaporation
 ACCELERATION DUE TO GRAVITY PRECIPITATION
 ABILITY OF WATER TO FLOW
 Result when tiny condensation particles grow
too large
 INFILTRATION CLOSED SYSTEM
 Flow of water from the ground surface into the - Good example is the “HYDROLOGIC CYCLE”
ground - the total amount of water is the same, with virtually
no water added to or lost from the cycle
RUNOFF
HUMAN INPUTS
 Quantity of water discharge in surface streams
- have the potential lead to changes in water
OTHER TERMS:
balance
 SUBLIMATION - aspects of the hydrologic cycle are utilized by
 WATER VAPOR humans for a direct economic benefit
 CONDENSATION - examples: paving, compacting soils, and altering
the nature of the vegetation including deforestation
SUBLIMATION
- Direct conversion from solid state to vapor state ENERGY AND WATER BALANCE
WATER VAPOR - air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and
- Primary form of atmospheric moisture evapotranspiration (overall evaporation) are
related through the balance of “incoming and
CONDENSATION outgoing energy”, in combination with water at
- Transition process from the vapor state to liquid the earth’s surface
state
THE CONCEPT OF WATER BALANCE
WATER BALANCE
- can be established for any earth’s surface by
- Water is in balance calculating the total precipitation input and the total
- The amount of precipitation falling will slowly soak of various outputs
into the ground and eventually reach the rivers - this type of approach allows an examination of the
- Describes different ways on how we utilize water hydrologic cycle for any period of time
- it is also a method by which we can account for
the hydrologic cycle of a specific area, with
emphasis on plants and soil moisture
 - defined by the general hydrologic equation, CATCHMENT
basically a statement of the law of conservation of
- calculated water balances for a specific area
mass applied to the hydrologic cycle
- also called as: drainage basin, discharge area,
WATER BALANCE EQUATION: precipitation area, and watershed
- defined as the area upstream from a certain point
∆S = I – O
in the water course that contributes to flow when
Where: precipitation falls
- the size of the catchment depends on where this
I = inflow point is located in the stream and its topology or
O = Outflow altitude
- the area of the catchment is determined by the
∆S = change in storage water divide
Hence, water balance equation can also be WATER BUDGET
expressed as:
- estimates the amount of water in each component
P – Q – E = dS/dt of the water cycle
Where:
P = Precipitation [mm/a-1] COMPONENTS OF THE WATER BUDGET:

Q = discharge [mm/a-1] WATER INFLOW

E = evaporation [mm/a-1]  PRECIPITATION

 SURFACE WATER FLOW
dS/dt = storage change per unit time [mm/a-1]  IMPORTED WATER
When there is no change in storage, the equation of  GROUND WATER INFLOW
water balance will be: WATER OUTFLOW
P–Q–E=0  EVAPORATION
 EVAPOTRANSPIRATION
 SURFACE WATER OUTFLOW
 EXPORTED WATER
  GROUND WATER OUTFLOW
CHANGE IN WATER STORAGE
 SNOW PACK
 UNSATURATED SOIL ZONE
 STREAMS, RIVERS, RESERVOIRS
 AQUIFERS