CE-416

REINFORCED CONCRETE DESIGN-II

SPRING 2021
Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET Peshawar, Bannu Campus
 LECTURE NO. 1

CAPACITY AND DEMAND

Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi
Assistant Professor,
Department of Civil Engineering,
UET Peshawar, Bannu Campus

Some content courtesy of Prof. Dr. Qaisar Ali, UET Peshawar.

CONTENTS
 INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
• Course description
• Course objectives
• Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)
• Complex Engineering Problem (CEP)
• Weekly course distribution
• Grading policy
 INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTRUCTOR
 CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 LIMIT STATES
 FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 3

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 COURSE DESCRIPTION
• This course is designed to provide the students with necessary knowledge and skills to
design reinforced concrete structural systems.

• The course addresses the design of reinforced concrete framing systems for gravity and
seismic design.

• Structural design of other reinforced concrete structures such as bridge and retaining
wall is also taught.

• The concept of prestressing is introduced to the students.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 5

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 COURSE OBJECTIVES
• To introduce students to the ACI 318 Building Code used for the analysis and design of
reinforced concrete structures.

• To equip students with the skills to produce a safe and economical design of simple
reinforced concrete structures.

• To enable students to comprehend the concepts involved in calculating seismic forces in

RC structures and to understand the ACI/UBC/BCP seismic code provisions.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 6

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 COURSE LEARNING OUTCOMES (CLO)
• After successful completion of this course, the students will be able to:

Taxonomy
S/N CLO Domain PLO
Level
Explain systematic procedures for earthquake-resistant
1 design, pre-stressing, simply supported RC Slab Bridge and Cognitive 2 1
RC retaining walls
Design various structural elements/structures for gravity and
2 earthquake loading using ACI and/or UBC 1997/BCP 2007 Cognitive 6 2
Codes
Evaluate most suitable structural systems for specific use
3 Cognitive 5 3
according to ACI code procedures
Design a complex engineering problem related to Reinforced
4 Cognitive 6 12
concrete structures.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 7

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM (CEP)
• The students will form groups, comprising of three students, and submit a design report for the following
design scenarios.
• Even-Numbered Groups
• Provincial government of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa has allocated funds in the Public Sector Development
Program (PSDP) for construction of a Post-Graduate college in Bannu Township. The college is expected to
enroll 500 students. You have been hired as a design consultant for the design of the Academic block of the
stated college. You are required to plan the architecture of the college while ensuring provision of all the
necessary requirements of an educational building as per HEC criteria. You are also required to carry out
the structural design of the college while using the relevant building code.
• At least one floor slab system and one frame of the building should be designed manually. A design report
is to be submitted at end of the semester, complete with the design parameters and detailing. Laboratories
of the department can be used, if needed.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 8

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM (CEP)
• Odd-Numbered Groups

• Emergency service of the provincial government, Rescue 1122, intends to construct headquarter
for their operations in Bannu. The proposed building is envisioned to accommodate offices of the
different sections, training facilities for emergencies and storage space for their equipment. Your
job as a design engineer is to carry out architectural planning and structural design of the said
building while adhering to all the codal requirements.

• At least one frame of the building and one floor slab system must be designed manually. Realistic
use of the design factors complying with ACI and BCP-SP 2007 is mandatory with proper
referencing. Laboratories of the department shall be used where required.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 9

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 COMPLEX ENGINEERING PROBLEM (CEP)
• Report Composition
1. Literature Review (References)
2. Methodology
3. Design Data (Materials Properties, Soil, Seismic data and any other data assumed)
4. Building Geometry (Architectural and Structural Drawing as per the requirement)
5. Loads Data Calculations
6. Finite Element Modeling and Analysis
7. Building Design Drawing (Complete design drawings of different members in AutoCAD)
8. References

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 10

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 WEEKLY COURSE DISTRIBUTION

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 11

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 WEEKLY COURSE DISTRIBUTION

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 12

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 WEEKLY COURSE DISTRIBUTION

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 13

INTRODUCTION TO THE COURSE
 WEEKLY COURSE DISTRIBUTION

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 14

INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTRUCTOR
INTRODUCTION TO THE INSTRUCTOR
 Yasir Irfan Badrashi, Ph.D, P.E.
• Graduated in 2000.
• Masters in Structural Engineering in 2006.
• Ph.D in Structural/Earthquake Engineering in 2016.

• Phone No. +92-335-5152767

• Email. yasir_badrashi@uetpeshawar.edu.pk
• Counselling Hours. Monday to Wednesday (1400 to 1600 Hrs.)
• Office. Structural Engineering Lab, UET Bannu Campus.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 16

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY & DEMAND
CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 CONCRETE
• Concrete is a versatile stone-like material, able to be molded in any shape and form.
• The properties of concrete can be modified as required.
• It is characterized by its ample compressive strength, however, its response in tension is
weak.

 REINFORCED CONCRETE
• The inherent weakness of concrete under tensile actions has been compensated by
providing it with “reinforcement” in the form of steel bars.
• Concrete and reinforcement form a hybrid material system that has been employed to
construct impressive structures such as the Burj-Khalifa, the Sears towers and PETRONAS
towers, to name a few.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 18

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 DEMAND
• Demand on a structural system is the expected distress that a structural system may
experience because of imposed loading.
• The imposed loading includes all the possible loads that may act on a structure during its
lifetime and includes loads such as those induced by gravity, earthquakes, snow,
temperature, wind etc.
• A realistic evaluation of the loading in terms of its intensity, direction and pattern is vital
for a Safe and Economical design.
• The effect of loads on various structural elements dictates the proportioning and
detailing of reinforcement in reinforced concrete members.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 19

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 DEMAND
• Loads acting on a structural system translate into three basic internal actions in structural
elements;
 Tension
 Compression
 Shear
• Out of these three, unreinforced concrete performs well under compression.
• However, unreinforced concrete is vulnerable under the actions of tension and shear.
• Moreover, the consequence of failure in tension and shear (brittle failure) is
unacceptable.
• For this reason, concrete is reinforced with mild steel to cater for the tensile demand and
provided with sufficient thickness (along with shear reinforcement) to cater for the shear
demand.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 20

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 CAPACITY
• It is the overall ability of a structural system (its components and the connectivity of
these components) to carry a demand.
• Capacity of a structural system is dependent upon its configuration as well as the ability
of its components to resist the load induced actions.
• Capacity of structural elements is a function of their geometric properties and material
properties.
Capacity α (Geometric properties, Material properties)
• Capacity in terms of flexural, shear, torsional and axial actions need to be compared with
their corresponding demand.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 21

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 FAILURE
• The inability of a structural system to perform it’s intended function.
• Generally a structural system or its components are considered to have failed if the
capacity of these is less than the imposed demand.
• For failure to occur, the ratio of capacity to demand will be less than unity.

 FACTOR OF SAFETY
• It is the excess capacity in a structure or structural component as compared to the
demand (capacity to demand ratio of more than unity).
• The higher the capacity to demand ratio, the greater will be the factor of safety, however,
the structure will become uneconomical.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 22

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 EXAMPLE
• Consider a concrete block with dimensions of 12 inch x 12 inch.
• Compressive stress will be developed in the concrete block because of the applied load.

𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 200 ∗ 2204

𝜎𝑐 = = = 3061.11 𝑝𝑠𝑖.
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑏𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑑 (12 ∗ 12)

• The demand on the concrete pad in this case is a compressive stress and is equal to
3061.11 psi.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 23

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 EXAMPLE
• In order to ensure safety, the concrete block needs to have a compressive strength at
least equal to the demand i.e., 3061.11 psi.
• However, with this compressive strength of concrete, any slight variation in the load or
the material properties will result in failure (capacity-to-demand ratio of less than 1.0).
• It is therefore desirable to have the capacity greater than the demand (the excess
capacity is termed as Factor of safety).
• In the next slide we will examine the capacity-to-demand ratio for different compressive
strengths of the same concrete block and draw some conclusions.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 24

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 EXAMPLE
• Scenario 1: Compressive strength of concrete is 2000 psi.
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 2000
= = 0.65
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 3061.11
• The capacity to demand ratio is less than unity, hence the concrete is going to fail when
the compressive stress in concrete reaches a values of 2000 psi.

• Scenario 2: Compressive strength of concrete is 3000 psi.

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 3000
= = 0.98
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 3061.11
• The capacity to demand ratio is slightly less than 1.0 so the concrete block will not be
able to resist the imposed demand.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 25

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 EXAMPLE
• Scenario 3: Compressive strength of concrete is 3061.11 psi.
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 3061.11
= = 1.00
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 3061.11
• The capacity to demand ratio is equal to unity. The concrete pad has just sufficient
capacity to resist the imposed demand (already discussed).

• Scenario 4: Compressive strength of concrete is 3500 psi.

𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 3500
= = 1.14
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 3061.11
• The capacity of the concrete block is 14% more than the imposed demand so the block is
having a reasonable factor of safety and is economical as well.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 26

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 EXAMPLE
• Scenario 5: Compressive strength of concrete is 6122.22 psi.
𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 6122.22
= = 2.00
𝐷𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑑 3061.11
• The capacity to demand ratio is too high making the pad safe but uneconomical.
• The concrete has enough reserve capacity to be safe even if the load is accidentally
doubled (or the material properties deteriorate to half their original capacity).

Concluding Remarks
• A structural member needs to have a capacity slightly larger than the imposed demand in
order to ensure safety and yet be economical, which is one of the basic requirement of
any engineering design.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 27

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 FACTOR OF SAFETY IN BUILDING CODES

• In order to keep the capacity-to-demand ratio equal to unity while still incorporating a
factor of safety, three approaches can be adopted.
a. Consider increased demand in the design as compared to actual demand.
b. Consider a reduced capacity as compared to the actual capacity.
c. Both (a) and (b).

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 28

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 FACTOR OF SAFETY IN BUILDING CODES
• In Allowable Stress Design (ASD) procedure, reduced material strengths are considered in
the design. For example, if the actual compressive strength of concrete is 3000 psi, ASD
will employ compressive strength of 1500 psi thus incorporating a factor of safety of 2.0.

• In Strength Design procedure, the loads are amplified (load factors) and response is de-
amplified (strength reduction factors) to incorporate factor of safety into the design.

• The amplification and de-amplification of demand and capacity in strength design

procedure is based on scientific rationale rather than mere judgment of the designer.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 29

CONCEPT OF CAPACITY AND DEMAND
 FACTOR OF SAFETY IN BUILDING CODES
• For flexural design of reinforced concrete members as per ACI 318-02 (Building code
requirements for structural concrete, American Concrete Institute committee 318), the
load factors of 1.2 and 1.6 for dead and live loads respectively, are based on probabilistic
studies that consider variation in the loading over the lifetime of building structures.
• Similarly, the response reduction factor (φ) that is used to reduce the capacities is also
based on research as imperfections in structural geometry, strength and age factor etc.
can cause variation in the strength.
• Hence the strength design procedure adopted by ACI 318-02 employs both load
amplification and strength reduction to incorporate factor of safety into the design.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 30

LIMIT STATES
LIMIT STATES
 LIMIT STATES
• Whenever a structural system or structural element becomes unfit for its intended use, it
is said to have reached a limit state.
• In other words, limit state is the maximum state of stress that a structure or a structural
element can support safely before it no longer performs as desired.

 LIMIT STATES IN REINFORCED CONCRETE STRUCTURES

• In reinforced concrete, limits states are generally divided into three basic groups.
1. Ultimate limit states.
2. Serviceability limit states.
3. Special limit states.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 32

LIMIT STATES
 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
• The limit states falling under this head involve collapse of the structural system as a
whole (collapse mechanism) or its components (structural elements).
• These are the most vital limit states in structural systems as they can directly lead to loss
of life and property hence their probability of occurrence should be low.
• Major ultimate limit states are:

• Loss of Equilibrium: Where the structure or its components no longer satisfy the
conditions of equilibrium. This type of failure generally addresses sliding or tipping of
structures (insufficient reactions).

• Rupture: It is related to the failure/cracking of structural elements that may lead to

development of a collapse mechanism.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 33

LIMIT STATES
 ULTIMATE LIMIT STATES
• Progressive Collapse: This type of failure is related to overloading of structural
members because of localized failure in one element.

• Formation of Plastic Mechanism: This type of failure is related to yielding of

reinforcement causing formation of plastic hinges and thus causing instability in a
structural system.

• Instability: This type of failure is associated with excessive deformations in a

structural system such as buckling of columns.

• Fatigue: This type of failure is due to high number of loading/unloading cycles of

service load in a structural system causing failure at actions lesser than the capacity of
the structural system/structural elements.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 34

LIMIT STATES
 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
• These limit states are associated with loss of function rather than actual failure of the
structure or its components.
• Since these limit states do not appreciably affect life safety, a higher probability of
occurrence of these limit states can be tolerated in the design.
• Major serviceability limit states are:
• Excessive Deflections: These are related to excessive deflections of structural elements which may
cause undesirable effect on the inhabitants thus hampering the functioning of a structure. These are
generally visually unacceptable and may also lead to damage to the non-structural elements such as
partition walls etc.

• Excessive Crack Widths: Every reinforced concrete section must crack before the demanding actions
are transferred to the reinforcement, however, excessive width of cracking can cause psychological
effect on the inmates. Moreover, excessive cracking can cause corrosion to reinforcement and leakage.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 35

LIMIT STATES
 SERVICEABILITY LIMIT STATES
• Excessive Vibrations: These have a psychological effect on users of a structural system but may not
necessarily have any repercussions on the structural performance.

 SPECIAL LIMIT STATES

• These are associated with excessive loading because of either natural or manmade
hazards and include, but are not limited to,
• Damage or collapse in extreme event earthquakes.
• Effect on structures because of fire, explosions or vehicular collisions.
• Effect on structures because of environmental agents such as corrosion and time-dependent
deterioration (Durability).
• Long-term physical or chemical instability (normally not associated with concrete structures).

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 36

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY
SUPPORTED BEAMS
FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STATEMENT
• A reinforced concrete beam with a span of 24 ft. is simply supported, and loaded with a
superimposed service dead load of 1.5 kip/ft. and a service live load of 1.0 kip/ft.
• The concrete used in the beam has a compressive strength of 3000 psi while the
reinforcing steel will yield at 60000 psi.
• Design the beam for the imposed flexural and shear demands.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 38

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-1: ASSUME A GEOMETRY
• Any suitable geometry can be assumed.
• Generally one inch of depth per running foot of span is a reasonable estimate for normal
loading conditions.
• So we will initiate the design with an cross-section as shown in the figure.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 39

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-1: ASSUME A GEOMETRY
• In order to control the deflections, ACI 318-02 (9.5.2) defines minimum depths for
structural members.

* For yield strengths other than 60,000 psi, the values should be multiplied by a
factor of 0.4+fy/100000 (fy in psi)

• In this case, the minimum beam depth is equal to:

𝑙 24
ℎ = = = 1.5 𝑓𝑡. = 18 𝑖𝑛.
16 16

• So the assumed depth of the beam (24 in.) is adequate.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 40

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-2: COMPUTE THE DEMAND
• The given beam is required to be designed for the flexural and shear demands so the
distribution of bending moment (bending moment diagram) and shear force (shear force
diagram) need to be developed.
• Shear force and bending moment are a function of the loads and the boundary
conditions (supports).

• Loads:
• Service dead load = 1.5 kip/ft.

• Service live load = 1.0 kip/ft.

• Self weight = (15x24)/(12x12) x 0.15 = 0.375 kip/ft.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 41

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-2: COMPUTE THE DEMAND
• Design (factored) load = Wu
• Wu = 1.2 x D.L + 1.6 x L.L
• Wu = 1.2 x (1.5+0.375) + 1.6 x 1.0
• Wu = 3.85 kip/ft.

.
•
• Mu = 3.85 x (24)2/8 = 277.2 kip-ft.
• Mu = 3326.4 Kip-in.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 42

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: EVALUATE THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF THE SECTION
• In order to ensure a ductile failure (under-reinforced section), the amount of reinforcement
provided must be bound by codal limitations (maximum and minimum reinforcement ratios).
• The maximum and minimum reinforcement ratios, defined by ACI 318-02 are:
∈
. Where εu = 0.003 & εt = 0.005
∈ ∈

. (fy in psi)

• Tables for maximum and minimum reinforcement ratios for different combinations of f’c and fy
can be obtained from literature.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 43

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: EVALUATE THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF THE SECTION

.
. = 0.0135
. .

governs

. = 0.0033

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 44

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: EVALUATE THE MAXIMUM FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF THE SECTION

With the maximum capacity

of the beam greater than
the demand, we can initiate
the optimization of the
beam’s reinforcement.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 45

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-4: OPTIMIZATION OF REINFORCEMENT BY TRIAL & SUCCESS

The value of As has started repeating itself, hence we will terminate the process.

As = 3.24 in2.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 46

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-5: SELECTION OF REINFORCEMENT
• Any size of bars can be selected, however, it is suggested to use small size bars with better bar
distribution. Why?

• Try #6 bars, A#6 = 0.44 in2

• No. of bars, N = As/A#6 = 3.24/0.44 = 7.36, Say 8 bars.
• Check whether the 8, #6 bars fit in the section or not.
• The general rules for spacing between reinforcement are produced below.

Fit Check for 8,#6 bars

Width required, W
W = 2x(1.5)+2x(3/8)+8x(6/8)+7x1

Clear cover Stirrup bar dia. Spacing b/w bars

W = 16.75 in. > b (=15 in.)

So 8,#6 bars can not be fit in this section.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 47

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-5: SELECTION OF REINFORCEMENT
• Try #7 bars, A#7 = 0.60 in2
• No. of bars, N = As/A#8 = 3.24/0.60 = 5.4, Say 6 bars.
• Check whether the 6, #7 bars fit in the section or not.

W = 2x(1.5)+2x(3/8)+6x(7/8)+5x1 = 14 in. < b (15 in.)

6,#7 bars can be fit in the adopted section of 15 in. x 24 in.

• 2,#4 bars provided at the top are hangar bars used to

support the stirrups (details later).

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 48

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-6: CHECK THE ACTUAL CAPACITY OF THE SECTION
• We need to check the actual capacity of the section and compare it with the demand.
This is needed since we assumed certain values in the design such as effective depth, d.

• dactual = h – clear cover – stirrup dia. – ½ bar dia.

• dactual = 24 – 1.5 – 3/8 – ½ x 7/8 = 21.6875 in.

• As(6,#7 bars) = 6 x 0.60 = 3.60 in2 ( steel percentage is 1.00%)

φMn > Mu

Additional Capacity = (3666.87-3326.40)/3666.87 x 100

= 9.28 %

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 49

FLEXURE DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-6: CHECK THE ACTUAL CAPACITY OF THE SECTION
• Curtailment of Reinforcement
• Positive steel can be curtailed 50 % at a distance (l/8) from face of the support.
• For Curtailment and bent up bar details refer to the following figures provided at the end
of this lecture:

Graph A2 and A3 in “Appendix A” of Nilson 14th Ed.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 50

SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED
BEAMS
SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-1: COMPUTE THE DEMAND
• We had selected the section and developed the shear force diagram which will be used
to define the shear demand on the beam.
• The shear demand on the beam is computed at a distance of “d” from face of the support
in this case (other cases have been defined in ACI 318-02).

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SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-1: COMPUTE THE DEMAND
• The shear demand is symmetrical about the mid point.

Vu = (46.2/12) x 10.193 = 39.24 kip

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SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-2: COMPUTE THE CAPACITY OF CONCRETE SECTION (WITHOUT REINFORCEMENT)
• Capacity of the concrete section is defined by ACI 318-02 (11.2.1) as φVc and is equal to:
∅𝑉 = 2∅ 𝑓 𝑏. 𝑑
[read section 4.5 (a) {page 137, Design of concrete Structures, 14th Edition, Nilson, Darwin & Dolan}]

φVc = 2 x 0.75 x (3000)0.5 x 15 x 21.6875 = 26727.15 lbs.

φVc = 26.73 kips

• We can see that φVc (=26.73) < Vu (=39.24), hence shear reinforcement will be required.

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SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-2: SELECTION OF REINFORCEMENT
Considering #3, two-legged vertical stirrups, Av = 0.11 x 2 = 0.22 in2.
∅ . .
Spacing required,
( ∅ )
. . .
= 17.16 inch; say #3 stirrups @15 inch c/c.
( . . )

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SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-2: SELECTION OF REINFORCEMENT
 REINFORCEMENT IN OTHER REGIONS
• When ΦVc/2 ≥ Vu, no web reinforcement is
required.
• When ΦVc ≥ Vu, theoretically no web
reinforcement is required. However as long as
ΦVc/2 is not greater than Vu, ACI 11.5.5.1
recommends minimum web reinforcement
[Criteria on next slide].

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 56

SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: LIMITING VALUE OF STIRRUP SPACING
• Maximum spacing and minimum reinforcement requirement as permitted by ACI 11.5.4
and 11.5.5.3 shall be minimum of:

• Smax. = 0.22*60000/(0.75*(3000)0.5*15) = 21.42 in. ≤ 0.22*60000/(50*15) = 17.60 in.

• Smax. = 21.6875/2 = 10.84 in. In this design, the value of minimum reinforcement
for shear governs so:
governs
• Smax. = 24 in. Provide #3 stirrups @ 10 inch c/c in Region 1 and
Region 2.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 57

SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: SECTION DEPTH CHECK
• Two additional checks are required for the depth of the designed section.
• When Vs exceeds , these maximum spacings are halved.
• To avoid excessive crack width in beam webs, the ACI Code limits the yield
strength of the reinforcement to fyt = 60,000 psi or less for reinforcing bars and
80,000 psi or less for welded wire reinforcement. In no case, according to the ACI
Code, is Vs to exceed , regardless of the amount of web steel used.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 58

SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: SECTION DEPTH CHECK
• Check for Depth of Beam:
• ΦVs ≤ 4Φ √f′c bwd (ACI 11.5.4.3) = 53.46 kips
• If not satisfied, reduce maximum spacing requirement by one half.

• ΦVs ≤ 8Φ √f′c bwd (ACI 11.5.6.9) = 106.92 kips

• If not satisfied, increase depth of beam.

• ΦVs = Vu – ΦVc = 39.24-26.73 = 12.51 kips.

• This is less than both the requirements so no change in the shear design already carried
out.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 59

SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 STEP-3: REINFORCEMENT DISTRIBUTION

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 60

SHEAR DESIGN OF SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAMS
 DRAFTING

Note: Some nominal negative reinforcement has been provided at the beam ends to care for any incidental negative
moment that may develop due to partial restrain as a result of friction etc. between beam ends and walls. In other words,
though the beam has been analyzed assuming hinge or roller supports at the ends, however in reality there will always be
some partial fixity or restraint at the end.

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi 61

Lecture No. 1: Reinforced Concrete Design-II Dr. Yasir Irfan Badrashi
62