Artur Karimov

COMPUTER SCIENCE
Module 1. Basic principles of functioning of PC
Unit 3. Central processing unit (CPU)
CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
The central processing unit (CPU) is the main working computer
component that performs arithmetical and logical operations, specified
by the program, and coordinates the operation of all computer devices.

Intel Xeon Processor D CPU AMD Ryzen 7 5800X CPU

CPU CHARACTERISTICS
1. Clock frequency (speed)
2. Bit depth (data buses, addresses, registers)
3. CACHE memory
4. Interface (processor socket)
5. Number of cores (threads)
6. Energy consumption and heat dissipation
7. Integrated graphics core
CLOCK FREQUENCY
Impulses of electric current

t, sec
cycle

1 second
TURBO MODE

Сomparison table of the base frequency of processors and

the frequency using the turbo boost mode
Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9-
10900K 10900 10885H 10850K
Processor Base
3.70 GHz 3.60 GHz 2.80 GHz 2.40 GHz
Frequency
Intel Turbo
Boost Max
5.20 GHz 5.10 GHz 5.10 GHz 5.10 GHz
Technology 3.0
Frequency
BIT DEPTH
The number of addressable memory cells can be calculated
using the formula:

𝑁=2, 𝑖 where 𝑖 is the address bus width.

Thus, the maximum possible number of addressable memory

cells is: 𝑁 = 264 = 18,446,744,073,709,551,616 =
18.5 quintillion.
CACHE MEMORY

Cache

RAM L3 L2 L1 CPU

More Size Less

Less Speed More

INTERFACE (PROCESSOR SOCKET)

The underside of a Intel Core i7 2600K Socket

Processor Intel Pentium
Celeron-400 processor in LGA1155, bottom view, pads of the
MMX (Ball Grid Array)
a PGA package textolite platform
NUMBER OF CORES (THREADS)
The core is a physically separate computing unit of the processor
capable of executing one sequence of instructions at one time.
A thread or virtual core is the technology in which one physical core is
able to programmatically share its performance and work on several
instruction sequences simultaneously.
Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9-
10900K 10900 10885H 10850K

Total Cores 10 10 8 10

Total Threads 20 20 16 20
ENERGY CONSUMPTION AND HEAT DISSIPATION
TDP (Thermal Design Power) – the amount of heat which the cooling
system can transfer from a certain processor in case of maximal load.

Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9- Intel Core i9-
10900K 10900 10885H 10850K

TDP 125 W 65W 45W 125W

INTEGRATED GRAPHICS CORE (OR INTEGRATED GRAPHICS)
Integrated Dedicated
graphics core graphics card

Power

Price

Use Budget and entry-level Specialized computers

computer
CONTROL DEVICE
Instructions code line
Functional block diagram
of the control device
Command code

Microinstuction Microprocessor memory

ROM

From the clock

generator Command Address
(operation) generation
decoder node

Command code Command register Address code line

Addresses of
COP the operands

Code data line

ARITHMETIC-LOGICAL UNIT

Register 1:
1st number and result

Register 2: Control
2nd number schemes

Adder

Data bus code Instruction code line

Functional diagram of the ALU
MICROPROCESSOR MEMORY
Microprocessor registers are divided into:
• Special-purpose registers are used to store various addresses
(command addresses, for example), signs of the results of operations
and PC operation modes (flags register, for example), etc.
• General-purpose registers are universal and can be used to store any
information, but some of them must also be used when performing a
number of procedures.
PROCESSOR ALGORITHM
Data Data
Registers
Arithmetic-logical
unit Command
counter
Command
registers

Teams
Control block

Data Teams
Data cache Command cache
REFERENCES

 Wikipedia – https://n.wikipedia.org
 Citilink - https://www.citilink.ru