R E F E R E N C E PA G E 4

SPECIAL FUNCTIONS

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions y

y=´
log a x 苷 y &? ay 苷 x
y=x

ln x 苷 log e x, where ln e 苷 1

ln x 苷 y &? e y 苷 x 1 y=ln x
0
Cancellation Equations Laws of Logarithms 1 x

loga共a x 兲 苷 x a log a x 苷 x 1. log a共xy兲 苷 log a x ⫹ log a y

ln共e x 兲 苷 x e ln x 苷 x 2. loga 冉冊 x
y
苷 loga x ⫺ loga y
lim e x 苷 0
x l ⫺⬁
lim e x 苷 ⬁
xl⬁

3. loga共x r 兲 苷 r loga x lim ln x 苷 ⫺⬁ lim ln x 苷 ⬁

x l 0⫹ xl⬁

y 2®
” 2 ’® ” 4 ’® 10® 4® e® y
1 1
y=log™ x

1.5®
y=ln x
1 y=log∞ x
y=log¡¸ x
1®
0 1 x

0 x

Exponential functions Logarithmic functions

Hyperbolic Functions y
y=cosh x
e x ⫺ e⫺x 1
sinh x 苷 csch x 苷
2 sinh x y=tanh x

e x ⫹ e⫺x 1
cosh x 苷 sech x 苷 x
2 cosh x

sinh x cosh x
tanh x 苷 coth x 苷
cosh x sinh x y=sinh x

Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

y 苷 sinh⫺1x &? sinh y 苷 x sinh⫺1x 苷 ln( x ⫹ sx 2 ⫹ 1 )

y 苷 cosh⫺1x &? cosh y 苷 x and y艌0 cosh⫺1x 苷 ln( x ⫹ sx 2 ⫺ 1 )

y 苷 tanh⫺1x &? tanh y 苷 x tanh⫺1x 苷 12 ln 冉 冊 1⫹x

1⫺x

Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.