STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT(ADP)LOKOJA, KOGI-STATE, NIGERIA.

REPORTED BY:

ERAYETAN EBUNLOMO TAIBAT

(SCI19BIO036).

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LOKOJA, P.M.B 1152, KOGI STATE.

JUNE - SEPTEMBER, 2023.

STUDENT INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME (SIWES)

UNDERTAKEN AT

AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT(ADP)LOKOJA, KOGI-STATE, Nigeria.

REPORTED BY:
ERAYETAN EBUNLOMO TAIBAT

(SCI19BIO036).

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED TO SIWES UNIT OF FEDERAL UNIVERSITY

LOKOJA ON COMPLETION OF SIWES PROGRAMME.

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY LOKOJA

DURATION (JUNE-SEPTEMBER,2023).

DECLARATION

I,ERAYETAN EBUNLOMO TAIBAT declare that this write up is a technical report of my

activities and experience during the SIWES period. This report was written by me under the
supervision of PROF. DAUDA TANKO. The information derived from the literature has been
dully acknowledge in the text and a list of reference provided.
 Signature Date

CERTIFICATION

I certify that this technical report is a report of SIWES activities undertaken by ERAYETAN
EBUNLOMO TAIBAT at AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT(ADP)LOKOJA,
KOGI-STATE, Nigeria.
Name and signature of Institution supervisor Date

(Name/Signature of Departmental SIWES Coordinator) Date

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I am grateful to God Almighty for the success of the SIWES programme. My sincere
appreciation is extended to all of the kind educators at Federal University Lokoja's Biology
Department for their lectures and words of support.
Additionally, I would like to thank my supervisor Prof. Dauda Tanko who works in the sector for
the guidance provided throughout the programme, the information shared, and the words of
support. Thank you, I say.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

COVER PAGE 1

TITLE PAGE 2

DECLARATION 3
CERTIFICATION 4

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 5
CHAPTER ONE

INTRODUCTION 9

CHAPTER TWO

HISTORICAL REVIEW OF SIWES 11

OBJECTIVES OF SIWES 12

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT(ADP)

CORE MANDATE OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (ADP)

THE ORGANIZATION STRUCTURE OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(ADP)

CHAPTER THREE

3.1.0. ACTIVITIES DURING SIWES 16

3.1.1. INDUSTRIAL BASED EXPERIENCE

3. 2. 0. FISHERY DEPARTMENT

3. 2. 1. INTRODUCTION TO FISHERY

3. 2. 2. POND MANAGEMENT

3. 2. 3. POND CONSTRUCTION

3. 2. 4. POND TREATMENT

3. 2. 5. LIFE CYCLE OF FISH

3. 2. 6. BREEDING OF FISH

3. 2. 7. FISH CAGE TECHNOLOGY

3. 2. 8. WATER QUALITY

3. 2. 9. STOCKING OF FISH

3. 2. 10. FEEDING OF FISH

3. 2. 11. CHANGING OF POND WATER

3. 2. 12. WEIGHING OF FISH

3. 2. 13. HARVESTING OF FISH

3. 2. 14. FISH HANDLING AND PROCESSING

3. 2. 15. FISH PRESERVATION

3. 2. 16. IDENTIFICATION OF FISH

3. 2. 17. OPPORTUNITIES IN FISHERY

3. 3. 0. AGRO FORESTRY DEPARTMENT

3. 3. 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRO FORESTRY

3. 3. 2. NURSERY OF SEEDLINGS

3.3.3. TOOLS USED FOR NURSERY

3.3.4. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE ESTANLISH NURSERY

3.3.5. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

3. 3. 6. BUDDING

3. 3. 7. SEED VIABILITY TEST

3.4.0. WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE(WIA)

3.4.1. CASSAVA PROCESSING

3.4.4. HIV/AIDS

3. 4. 5. BACKYARD GARDEN

3. 5. 0. FEED MILL DEPARTMENT

3.5.1. FEED FORMULATION

3.5.2.METHOD OF FEED FORMULATION

3.5.3. FEED PRODUCTION

3. 5. 4. INGREDIENTS USED FOR FEED FORMULATION

3. 5. 5. METHODS OF MIXING FEED

3. 5. 6. GUIDE OF FEED MANAGEMENT

3. 6. 0. LIVESTOCK DEPARTMENT

3. 6. 1. LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

3. 6. 2. POULTRY KEEPING

3. 6. 3. DISEASES IN POULTRY FARM

3. 6. 4. VACCINATION

3. 7. 5. BREEDING IN GOAT

3. 8. 0. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT

3. 8. 1. IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION

3. 8. 2. SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSUION, RECOMMENDATION & REFERENCE

4.1. SUMMARY

4.2. CONCLUSION

4.3. RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

LIST OF PLATE

CHAPTER ONE

1.0 INTRODUCTION

The student industrial training work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program
designed to expose and prepare students of Nigeria tertiary institutions for industrial work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The participation in SIWES has become a
necessary precondition for award of diploma and degree certificate in specific discipline higher
institution in Nigeria, in accordance with the education policy of the government.

An industrial attachment is a structure, credit bearing work experience in the professional work
setting during which a student acquire an apply knowledge and skill. It involves the application
of learned skills in an organization related to the student course of study.

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) exposes student to much needed
industrial based skills which will help them useful in industries. In addition to the knowledge
obtain from the class room, student get to experience a first-hand working environment and
familiarize themselves with various activity which take place in industries or companies, and
also learn how to use or handle machinery and equipment. Opportunity of doing these will not be
made available in educational institutions for various reasons, hence this experience aids in
smooth transition from the classroom to the field after graduation.

As part of the prerequisite for the honor of B.Sc. Biology in Federal University Lokoja, the
content of this report contained the activities and judicious time spent at AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (ADP) LOKOJA,KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.

During my Four (4) month SIWES program. Thus; the training provides an avenue in acquiring
fresh skills and has afforded me practical experience in Biology and other field, apparently, has
also helped to bridge the gap between theory and practical knowledge.

CHAPTER TWO

2.0 HISTORY OF SIWES

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program designed to
expose and prepare students of universities, polytechnics and College of education for the
industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also affirms the
student opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in
handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions. Before
establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our industrialists that
graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate practical background studies
preparatory for employment industries. Thus the employers were of the opinion that the
theoretical education going on in higher institution was not responsive to the needs of the
employers of labor. It is against this background that the rationale for initiating and designing the
scheme by the fund during its formative years-1973/74 was introduced to acquisition, students
with the skills of handling employers, equipment and machinery. The ITF solely funded the
scheme during its formative years but as the financial involvement becomes unbearable to the
fund its withdrew from the scheme in 1978. The Federal Government handed over the scheme in
1979 to both the National Universities Commission (NUC) and the National Board for Technical
Education (NBTE). Later the federal Government in November 1984 reverted the management
and implementation of the scheme to ITF and it was effectively taken over by the Industrial
Training Fund in July 1985 with the funding being solely borne by the Federal Government.

2.1 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES

1. One of its aims is to bridge the gap between theoretical and practical knowledge acquired by
the student in the class/industry by creating a platform for the student to apply what they have
learnt in both field.

2. Student of higher institution get to know practically the proper way of handling machines and
equipment which are not available in their classes

3. SIWES enhances the student with the ease of transition and interpretation on how to go about
situations.

4. Privilege to work with professionals in different fields narrowing down their course of study
for a successful career.

5. Creates an avenue for employers of labor to get involve in the educational process preparing
student for employment.

2.2 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT

(ADP)

The Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) was first launched in 1972 only two years
after the end of civil war, when Nigeria was facing its first food and fibre deficiencies.

The ADP have evolved to be permanent institutions for agricultural services and rural
development. Kogi State Agricultural Development Programme(KADP) came into existence
under the Edict No. 12 of 1991.

2.3 CORE MANDATE OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (ADP)

The core mandate are:

1. To increase food production

2. To raise the income of small-scale farmers through capacity building.

2.4. THE ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE AGRICULTURAL DEVELOPMENT

PROJECT

CHAPTER THREE

3.1.0. ACTIVITIES DURING SIWES

I was posted to Fishery Department to undergo my Industrial Training and further to other
Departments in the organisation to know and have experiences about what is going on in other
fields different from my course of study.

My routine activities during the SIWES include lectures and some practical works.

3.1.1. INDUSTRIAL BASED EXPERIENCE

Kogi State Agricultural development project has many departments with good standard
equipments. I gained practical experiences in six departments which are department of: Fishery,
Agro forestry, Women in Agriculture (WIA),Feed mill, Livestocks and Agricultural extension . I
was posted to fishery department before moving to other departments.

3. 2. 0. FISHERY DEPARTMENT

3. 2. 1. INTRODUCTION TO FISHERY
Fishery is the practice of rearing,processing and marketing of fishes. Aquaculture which is the
related term to fishery which means rearing of aquatic organisms in water. It is divided into two
which are:

i. Cultured fishery: the rearing of fishes in aqua tanks, concrete ponds etc.

ii. Inline fishery: it deals with catching fishes in rivers,lakes and streams.

3. 2. 2.FISH POND MANAGEMENT

Fishes are fed in the morning, afternoon and evening. They are fed on local feeds (soyal bean,
groundnut cake, corn, kulikuli etc).on foreign feeds such as(coppens, screttit). Fishes are fed in a
particular spot in a pond at a particular time. Feeding should be done at least eight(8) hours
interval.fishes

Fish are reared in ponds,tanks etc. Fish pond management deals with the maintenance of fishes
which also include stocking of fish in pond. Stocking is done in the morning and late evening. It
also include the number of fishes that should be stocked in the pond at a particular time.

In pond management, we have under stocking and over stocking

Under stocking: this is when the pond is not stocked up to the amount required.

Over stocking: this is when the pond is stocked with fishes above the carrying capacity or
required amount which lead to death.

Measures in Pond Management

Poisoning of pond: Wild fish population is one of the most potential sources of disease-
producing organisms. Use of chlorinated lime (bleaching powder) is the most suitable material
for this purpose, since it kills all the wild fish species, molluscs, tadpoles, frogs, crabs, etc., and
also disinfects the pond water and soil.
Disinfection of appliances: All required appliances such as fry carriers, hapas, utensils, buckets,
nets and gears, etc., require thorough cleaning and disinfection before being put to use. Some of
the pathogenic organisms are found adhering to them and may cause disease if they are allowed
to come in contact with the host fish species. Disinfection can be done by washing or immersing
in a concentrated solution of disinfectant. Some of the most effective and easily available
disinfectants for such use are chlorine, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride potassium
permanganate, etc. Chlorine is probably the most widely used disinfectant in fishery
management and is easily available as a solution of sodium hypochlorite and powder of calcium
hypochlorite (bleaching powder).

Proper feeding: In addition to the natural fish food which is made available by fertilization, an
adequate amount of good quality supplementary feed is essential for maintaining healthy growth
of fish. Any deficiency in quantity and quality of feed may cause various diseases by increasing
susceptibility to many infections.

Prevention of entry of unwanted fish: Most undrainable ponds lack proper embankments. Most
of these ponds have channels in the embankments connecting them with outside waters during
the rainy season. Most of the ponds lack even proper embankments. These channels are the
vulnerable sites through which some of the wild unwanted fish species or other animals get entry
to the pond. Fixing fine meshed screen into these channels may eliminate the risk of entry of
unwanted fish species into the pond. Pond embankments may also be raised to prevent risk of
inundation and entry of undesirable animals and fish species. Some fish eating birds, molluscs,
etc., serve as intermediate hosts for many parasites that infect fish. Tadpoles and frogs may also
act as carriers of certain parasites and bacteria which ultimately may infect carp species and
hence such animals should not be allowed in the pond.

Separation of young and brood fish: Brood fish may serve as carriers of disease causing
organisms without exhibiting any clinical symptoms. They sometimes become survivors of
previous epizootics due to built up immunity but retain some of the pathogens. To avoid such
risk, the best course is to separate the young ones from the adults.

Removal of dead fish from the pond: Dead and apparently sick fish should be removed. A daily
log of losses must be kept. Such records will provide valuable insight into the problems and may
lead to their solution.

3. 2. 3. POND CONSTRUCTION
Pond construction refers to the housing of fishes either in earthen ponds, tanks, aua tanks,
concrete ponds, tarpaulins etc.

Construction of concrete ponds: the size require is 3m, ×5m ×1.5m.

The 3meters represent the breaths, 5meters represent the length and 1.5m for the depth. A
foundation is also required, it requires sand, cement and gravel. It also requires solid blocks of 6-
9 inches. The pond should have an outlet and inlet for water to go in and out and also requir a
square shape.

Earthen Pond: This type of fish pond is also called natural pond because it can only be
constructed in a place where there is enough clay soil and flowing underground water. Swampy
environment is the most fitting for an earthen fish pond. Digging of the pond can be done
manually or with the use of an excavator, the pond usually has a depth of 1.5 meter, with the
water reaching about 1.2 meter, some of the soil is used to build a boundary around the earthen
pond to serve as protection from flood during raining season. The components of earthen pond
are the inlet, dyke, outlet, and spillway.

3. 2. 4. POND TREATMENT

Pond can be treated using either inorganic or organic manure.

Inorganic manure: : These are man-made combination of chemicals and inorganic substances.
They typically contain mixture of Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Calcium, and Magnesium which are
needed by phytoplankton in fish ponds. Fertilizers high in Phosphorus are good for freshwater
ponds. It could be applied using the Platform, Nylon bag or Solution method.

NPK, urea, Supergro are broadcast in a pond and should be left for two weeks to fertilizer the
pond.

Organic manure: this include chicken dungs or poultry droppings etc. It turns greenish and
neutralize the chemical in the cement and open outlet of the pond.

Organic manure besides being important as means of adding the nutrients, is also equally
important for improving the soil texture. A combination of organic manures and inorganic
fertilizers is considered more effective than using either of these alone. However, in nursery
ponds, use of mineral fertilizers is not recommended as the application may cause blooms of
algae which may persist and may harm the young fry. Animal droppings are organic manures
and are excellent fertilizers for fish ponds. Other organic fertilizers are molasses from sugarcane
factories, composted vegetation, table scraps and wastewater from animal slaughter houses.
Manures release nutrients for phytoplankton through decomposition. Organic fertilizers
decompose and release Nitrogen. Phosphorus and Potassium which helps planktons to grow and
reproduce and reproduce so produce more natural food for fish to eat. Undigested food in animal
manures is digestible and provides direct nutrition when eaten by fish.

3. 2. 5. LIFE CYCLE OF FISH

A fish begins the life cycle as an egg, the egg hatch to form a larvae and then to juvenile (fry)
and then to adult.

3. 2. 6. BREEDING OF FISH
Breeding in fish is defined as the act of producing young ones from parent brood fish. This
ensures species continuity and survival.

Breeding in fisheries is synonymous to fish propagation which simply means multiplication.

Breeding involves all the various techniques or methods which can be used to multiply or
maintain a fish stock. It is an act of insemination by either natural or artificial means. Breeding is
carried out artificially to produce fingerlings. The materials required include broodstock (male
and female), ovaprim (a fish-breeding hormone used as a spawning aid to induce ovulation and
spermiation in mature, properly conditioned brood-fish), syringes and needle, pond, tissue paper,
razor blade, sharp knife, salt, clean water, spoon, kakaban, bowl and towel.

These are steps to be carried out in breeding:

Step One (Day 1)

Injecting the female fish.

Look out for a warm evening weather (between 6pm and 8pm).

The brood stocks are to be dried using a towel to make them less slippery.

The female fish is then injected with the required quantity of ovaprim and the injected point is
massaged to help stop blood flow.

The injected fish is then placed in a bowl containing little quantity of water.

Step Two (Day 2)

Collection of eggs from the female fish.

This step is carried out very early in the morning when the weather is cool. Salt water solution is
prepared using 50cl of water and a pinch of salt. The mixture is then stirred in a bowl.
The hatching bowl is filled with clean water, and the sack sponge is spread on the water surface.

The injected fish is collected and an horizontal cut is made across its belly to extract the eggs
into a bowl. Deep green colored eggs indicates that they are mature and have a high percentage
of hatching into fingerlings.

Step Three

Collection of semen from the male fish.

The male fish is held with clean towel to avoid its slippery movement. It is then cut to expose the
testis which is removed carefully and wrapped in a piece of tissue paper.

The testis is cut opened and the sperm cells are extracted onto the eggs in the bowl.

Three spoons of salt water solution is added to the eggs and sperm cells in the bowl and mixed
together with a spoon.

The eggs are spread on the kakaban that had been placed in the tank half-filled with water.

The tank is covered to generate heat to enable a successful hatching. Water is let into the tank
and drained simultaneously. This is the beginning of the incubation stage. The running of the
inlet and outlet is set at a slow and uniform motion and it is allowed to run for 24 hours while the
tank remained covered.

Step Four (Day 3)

Hatching

The cover on the tank is removed and the content in the tank are observed. Fries from the
hatched eggs are found in the water while the unhatched eggs were removed along with the
kakaban.
After hatching, all the water in the tank is drained and fresh water is reintroduced.

The running water is set at a slow, steady and uniform level for two weeks with careful
observation.

Natural breeding in fish: the female lay their eggs on leaves and the male discharge their sperm
on the eggs. After some days, it hatched into fry.

A newly hatched fish take three (3) days before feeding because the mouth part are not fully
developed. They are first fed with Artemint cyst which is purely yolked and feed them three to
four times daily.

3. 2. 7. FISH CAGE TECHNOLOGY

This involve growing fish in the existed water bodies while being enclosed in a net cage which
allow for free flow of water.

The materials needed include: net with very tiny perforations, bamboo sticks, plastic drums,
ropes etc.

3. 2. 8. WATER QUALITY

Fish need quality water to survive, grow and reproduce. Quality water is high in dissolved
oxygen and does not have excessive organic matter. Ponds should be fenced to prevent livestock
from trampling on pond banks, which causes pond shallowing. muddy water and loss of fish. A
vegetated pond border of about 50 feet in width is needed to reduce soil erosion and the amount
of fertiliser and pesticides entering the pond. Trees should also be planted along the shoreline to
provide shade and help in nutrient uptake. Water clarity should be about 18 inches throughout
the year and is necessary for plankton production.
3. 2. 9. STOCKING OF FISH

Fish stocking is the practice of raising fish in a hatchery and releasing them into water bodies to
supplement existing populations or to create a population where none exists. Stocking may be
done for the benefit of commercial, recreational, or tribal fishing, but may also be done to restore
or increase a population of threatened or endangered fish in a body of water closed to fishing.
Fish can be collected from the wild or from hatcheries or existing ponds which is more
preferable. The closer the source of getting the fish to the pond, the better to reduce fish
mortality during transportation to the barest minimum and for longer distances. Fingerlings are
transported in polythene bags containing water. Recommended stocking rate of fish and stocking
density should be put into consideration to avoid overcrowding and enhance success of fish
culture.

Method of Stocking: Stocking of spawn, fry and fingerlings should be done very carefully to
avoid any post-stocking mortality due to shock or infections. To minimize post-stocking
mortality the fry and fingerlings should be slowly and gradually acclimatized to the temperature
and quality of the water in the stocking pond. To do so, open the mouth of the seed transport
bag/container and gradually add the pond water in phases and after 15–20 minutes slowly dip
and tilt the bag or container in the pond so that the spawn or fry or fingerlings are free to swim
out. Stocking should preferably be done in the cool evening hours. Apply prophylactic treatment
to seed prior to their release so as to avoid any post-stocking infections.

3. 2. 10. FEEDING OF FISH

Fishes feed on a variety of foods to grow and stay healthy. Fish feed could either be natural or
artificial. Natural food for fishes are phytoplanktons, zooplanktons, insects and worms, while the
artificial feed is supplementary. Since there are different stages of catfish growth, there are
different stages of fish feed, these feeds floating feeds, and sinking feed which can be in granular
form, flaked form or powdered form.

Methods of Feeding Fish

Manual Feeding: This is carried out by broadcasting i.e. throwing feeds into the pond by hand on
one spot or over a wide area. Broadcasting is good because it helps the farmer to observe the
behaviour of the fish. In large ponds, feeding frames are placed at one or two spots to minimise
feed wastage.

3. 2. 11. CHANGING OF POND WATER

Changing pond water is an essential task in maintaining a healthy aquatic environment.

Regularly changing pond water helps to remove excess nutrients, waste, and other pollutants that
can accumulate in the water, ensuring a balanced ecosystem for fish, plants, and other aquatic
life. The frequency and volume of water changes depend on various factors such as the size of
the pond, the number of inhabitants, and the presence of filtration systems. It’s important to
follow proper procedures when changing pond water to minimize stress on the aquatic life and
maintain water quality.

When considering changing pond water, it’s crucial to understand the impact it can have on the
pond ecosystem. Excessive or improper water changes can disrupt the balance of beneficial
bacteria, alter water chemistry, and stress the inhabitants. Therefore, it’s recommended to change
only a portion of the water at a time, typically around 10-20% every 1-2 weeks. This gradual
approach helps to maintain stability in the pond environment while removing accumulated
impurities.

Before initiating any water change, it’s essential to dechlorinate the replacement water if it
comes from a municipal supply. Chlorine and chloramine commonly found in tap water can be
harmful to fish and other aquatic organisms. Using a dechlorinator or allowing the replacement
water to sit for at least 24 hours before adding it to the pond helps to dissipate these chemicals.

Overall, changing pond water is a fundamental aspect of pond maintenance that directly impacts
the well-being of its inhabitants and the overall ecosystem. By following best practices and
considering the specific needs of the pond, it’s possible to promote a thriving aquatic
environment.

3. 2. 12. WEIGHING OF FISH

Weighing of fish provides information about the growth pattern, general health, habitat
conditions, life history, fish fatness and condition, as well as morphological characteristics of the
fish.

To estimate the weight of your fish, simply take a length and girth measurement (in inches), and
use the following formulas. Remember, these are only estimates! Example: A 30-inch striped
bass weighs approximately 12 pounds (30" x 30" x 30")/2,200 = 12.3 pounds.

3. 2. 13. HARVESTING OF FISH

Fish grow to maturity within the duration of 5-6 months.

Harvesting is the process of bringing them out of the pond for sales after maturity. The table site
of fish is 6months.

3. 2. 14. FISH HANDLING AND PROCESSING

This process involve the precautions to be taken in rearing fishes.

Fish should not be killed with gamalin 20.

Fish handling means the way fishes are been handled. The best method use in killing fish is by
salting.

Fish processing include the followings:

Smoking: cutting and deguting.

Sun drying: arranging in a tray and leaving under sun.

Icing: putting an ice in a bowl of fishes.

Freezing: by washing, removing of intestines and refrigeration.

Sorting of fish : this refers to separation of fishes into different pond based on their sizes and
species. This is done to maintain the number of fishes and avoid 'cannibalism'(one swallowing
another)

3. 2. 15. FISH PRESERVATION

Fish preservation is the method of increasing the shelf life of fish and other fish products by
applying the principles of different branches of science in order to keep the fish, after it has
landed, in a condition wholesome and fit for human consumption. The aim of fish processing and
preservation is to slow. down or prevent this enzymatic, bacterial, and chemical deterioration.

There are different methods of preserving fish which include ancient method and modern
method. The ancient method of preserving fish include drying, salting and smoking, while the
modern method include freezing and canning..

Salting:This is used because most bacteria, and other potentially pathogenic organism cannot
survive in a highly salty environment. Due to the hypertonic nature of salt, any living cell in such
an environment will become dehydrated through osmosis and die or become temporary
inactivated.

Drying: Removing water from fish will inhibit bacteria growth in fish. This can be done using
sunlight, solar dryer, and oven.

Smoking: There are two main methods of smoking fish; the traditional method and the
mechanical method. The traditional method involves the fish being suspended in smokehouses
over slowly smouldering wood shavings. The fish are left overnight to be naturally infused with
smoke. In the mechanical method, smoke is generated through the use of smoke condensates,
which are created by the industrial process of turning smoke into a solid or liquid form. The flow
of smoke in the mechanical kiln is computer controlled and the fish generally spend less time
being smoked than in a traditional kiln.

Canning: This is the processing and sealing of fish in a container. It is one of the most popular
methods of fish preservation and provides a typical shelf life range from 1 to 5 years.
Freezing: Freezing preserves the storage life of foods by making them more inert and slowing
down the detrimental reactions that promote food spoilage and limit quality shelf life. Freezing is
one of the most important processing and preservation methods for fish. The main freezing
methods used are blast freezing, plate freezing, immersion or spray freezing.

3. 2. 16. IDENTIFICATION OF FISH

Fish identification can be a fascinating and rewarding activity for both amateur and professional
marine enthusiasts. There are over 33,000 known species of fish, with new ones being
discovered regularly. Identifying fish species involves considering various factors such as body
shape, coloration, fin structure, and habitat.

When identifying a fish, it’s essential to consider its physical characteristics, including body
shape, size, color patterns, fin structure, and any distinctive markings or features. Additionally,
understanding the habitat and geographical location where the fish was observed can provide
valuable clues for identification.

3. 2. 17. OPPORTUNITIES IN FISHERY

This refers to the benefit derived in fishery. The benefit includes:

Consultant services: the offer to upcoming fisher

Fingerlings producers: the deals with hatching of fish and selling

Fish biologist: study physiological and biological nature of fish.

Aquarium constructor: deals with building or construction of artificial fish ponds.

Fish transporter: they deals with importation and exportation of fish.

3. 3. 0. AGRO FORESTRY DEPARTMENT

In this department, trainees learnt: how nursery is established, conditions necessary for
establishment of nursery, required tools for nursery,ornamental crops etc.

3. 3. 1. INTRODUCTION TO AGRO FORESTRY

A forest is a place where plants are grown into trees. It can be game reserve or government
reserved.

Trees can also be grown for industrial purpose or beautification.

3. 3. 2. NURSERY OF SEEDLINGS

Nursery is a place where seeds are raised before transplanting or taken to a permanent place for
germination.

It can be raised in polythene bags before transplanting.

3.3.3. TOOLS USED FOR NURSERY

Nurseries for seedlings require a variety of tools to ensure the successful growth and
development of young plants. Some essential tools used in a nursery for seedlings include:

Hoe: this is used for cultivating, weeding and clearing.

Shovel: used for packing or loosing complete soil.

Budding Knife: it is used for cutting stalk

Budding cellotape: it is used for typing the point where budding is carried out

Hand trowel: it is used to carry sand to fill the polythene bags.

Rakes: it is used for bringing together the dirt after cleaning.

Pruning Shears: As the seedlings grow, pruning shears are used to trim excess growth and
maintain the desired shape of the plants.

Hand glove: they are worn before filling polythene bags with sand.

Wheel Barrow: it is used for carrying soil or plants.

Watering can: it is used for watering plants to aid growth.

3.3.4. FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED BEFORE ESTANLISH NURSERY

i. soil workability and drainage

ii. soil texture and land topography

iii. water supply

iv. land cost

V. climate, and

Vi. soil depth. On the basis of these and related concerns, this chapter provides guidelines for
selecting the optimum nursery site

3.3.5. ORNAMENTAL PLANTS

The planting of flower is known as floriculture. Ornamental plants are plants mainly for
beautification purpose to the environment.

Example includes:

Acalypho spp, Step tree, (Monoon longifolium), Masquerade tree (Polyalthis longifolia),
Umbrella or fruit tree( Tamibalar catapa) Ixora spp (Alba,lutia),Pinus (Pinus reabughii), Yellow
bush( Lupinus arborous).

3. 3. 6. BUDDING

Budding is the act of carrying out the wanted plant unto another that can adapt to the
environment. It is carried out on plant without seeds, flower or fruit.

Budding is carried out on plant whose seed are not visible in order to get the original variety eg
Mango and Orange(some species).

The best time to carry out budding is ending of July or early August. We use grape, water lemon,
lime for stalk 2/5years before carrying out budding. The portion that is bud on is called '5ion'.

Chemical method has been induced or indigenous knowledge and this method can be used in
place of budding. We can also use coconut, watermelon and aloe vera jelly. This is carried out by
dipping the lower part of the plant into coconut water, also aloevera jelly or honey for 5minutes
before planting in a polythene bag for germination. The aim is to aid quick and rapid germination
of the plant.

Types of budding

Grafting

Air layering
Ground layering.

Grafting: this is done by cutting the succulent portion (greenish) on the plant which budding will
carried on with a budding knife. The cut forming V-shape, insert the plant for budding cover it
with a budding cellotape.

Air layering: it is carried out on a branch of a tree lying on another branch. The branch of a tree
is cut round slightly in the two sides and the budding part is placed on it. Then the jute bag filled
with top soil is placed on the budding plant and tie with a budding cellotape. It is carried out if
the seed is not visible.

Underground layering: this is carried out if the plant is infected with diseases or unable to
produce a viable seed. It is carried out on the root of a tree jute sack filled with top soil.

Procedure on indigenous knowledge

Two bowls , one contains a fresh Aloe vera jelly and the other contain a fresh coconuct water .

i. Two mango stalk deep inside respectively and leave for 13 min .

ii. Two polythene bag was filled with sand

iii. The mango stalk leave was trimmed off using a secature before to avoid storage of water at
the tip of the leave

iv. After five minute of leaving one in coconut water and the other in aloe vera jelly and a whole
are made of the centre of the sand filled in the polythene bag and the stalk was inserted inside .
An opening was made on the sides the polythene bags to avoid water from storing inside which
can cause the plant to decay . The plant was taken to the nursing.

EPIPHYTE:
Epiphytes are plants that grows on another tree and denive most of their nutrients from A host
tree . They are also called " Air plants " .

They derive their nutrients and other vitals from the air, water , dust and debris around them .
They can be used to treat numerous diseases too and they take the taste of the tree on which they
grow on .

MORINGA (Moringa olivera): is a fast growing tree that germinate well in clay and sandy soils .
It is an annual crop that has high yields . It is also termed the " miracle plant " in Some Countries
and it is said to cure numenous diseases which include toilet infection,malaria , typhoid etc.

Moringa oil which is gotten from the seed is used to cure

Various ailments incleiding : irritated eyes , Heart bum / ulcers , ear infection , Coughs , nasal
congestions and colds , Gout , Arthritis , Borls , Hypertension, dermal infection, Inflammation
etc.

Moringa contains of vitamins ( A , B , B₂ , B3 , C , f ) And 6 minerals (Ca , H , Fe , Cu , Mn , p ,

Zn ) it also contains carbohydrate , giber , protein . It is packed with essential Amino Acids and
antioxidants .

Moringa powder made from the leaves can be used in Cases like : Detoxification of body
system , Intestinal infections and worms, Gum problems, Hypertension, prostrate infection, Hair
loss -Diabetes, Head aches and migraines

Moringa processing Coil and powder )

The powder : this is made from the leaves . The leaves are gathered , Sorted then soaked in
clean water and salt to disinfect . The leaves are then drained and rinsed well with clean water
after which the leaves are spread out on a clean surface under a shade and allowed to air dry .
The dry leaves are then pounded ( preferably in a mortar or milled in a grinding machine ). The
powder is then stored in clean , dry containers for use .

Moringa oil : The seed pods are cracked open and the nuts retrieved . The nuts are then milled
into fine powder . This powder is then facted measured atone part powder to four parts quater .
The paste is then poured into the boiling water and allowed to boil. water is added at
intervals,when the paste reduces the volume until oil start to surface, the oil is then scooped out.
The collected on is then poured into a clean pot and heated to remove any water left . It is then
left to cool, filtered with a muslin cloth and then in a clean air tight container .

3. 3. 7. SEED VIABILITY TEST

Seed viability test is a crucial process used to determine the ability of seeds to germinate and
produce healthy plants. It is essential for seed producers, farmers, and researchers to assess the
quality of seeds before planting to ensure successful crop production. There are several methods
used to test seed viability, including the tetrazolium test, germination test, and electrical
conductivity test.

The tetrazolium test is a widely used method for assessing seed viability. In this test, seeds are
soaked in a solution of tetrazolium chloride, which is then absorbed by living tissues and reduced
to formazan, a red pigment. The color intensity of the formazan indicates the viability of the
seed. Healthy seeds will show a deep red color, while non-viable seeds will either show no color
change or a pale pink color.

Another common method for testing seed viability is the germination test. This method involves
planting a sample of seeds in a controlled environment and observing their germination rate over
a specified period. The percentage of seeds that successfully germinate provides valuable
information about the viability and vigor of the seed lot.

The electrical conductivity test is based on the principle that leachate from non-viable seeds has
higher electrical conductivity due to the release of electrolytes from damaged cells. By
measuring the electrical conductivity of the leachate from a sample of seeds, it is possible to
assess their viability.

3.4.0. WOMEN IN AGRICULTURE(WIA)

Their activities typically include producing agricultural crops, tending animals, processing and
preparing food, working for wages in agricultural or other rural enterprises, collecting fuel and
water, engaging in trade and marketing, caring for family members and maintaining their homes.
3.4.1. CASSAVA PROCESSING

women demonstrate major role in all stages of cassava processing, starting from peeling to
rinsing, grating, dewatering, fermenting, sieving as well as roasting.

3. 4. 2. HIV/AIDS

HIV - Human Immune Virus

AIDs -Aquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome : HIV/AIDs is a disease that attacks the immune
system, which can lead to death. It is contracted or transmitted through the sharing of
contaminated or unsterilised objects such as blades and syringes etc, having unprotected sex
from mother to child during birth, can also be transmitted through blood transfusion.

HIV/AIDS cannot be contacted by sharing plates and needles with someone infected or by hand
shaking. We cannot contract the disease through insect bites from mosquitoes, tse-tse fly, sharing
of clothes, animal bites like dogs, etc., sharing of toilets, etc. victims should be shown love and
affection, as well as words of encouragement and prayer to aid them.

Prevention of HIV/AIDs :

i. Abstinence from sex

ii. Maintaining a single-sex partner

iii. Ensuring that blood samples are screened before transfusion

iv. Avoiding the use of contaminated objects.

v. Using protection such as condoms.

3. 4. 3. BACKYARD GARDEN
A backyard garden is a small piece of land usually around a domestic setting or the back of the
house. Where vegetables are planted and nurtured, examples include pumpkin, okro, tomatoes,
pepper, garden eggs, and more. Equipment used in a backyard garden is Hoe, Rake, Basket,
Shovel, Cutlass, e.t.c.

How to take Care of your Backyard Garden!

I. Avoid the use of organic fertilizer.

ii. properly guard against destroyers, e.g., goats.

iii. promptly cut off the weed, e.t.c., out back yard garden, and sometimes solve financial needs.

3. 5. 0. FEED MILL DEPARTMENT

3.5.1. FEED FORMULATION

What is a feed mill? feed mill means a source or equipment at source that produces food,
including premixes, surpplements and concentrates, for animal (non- human ) consumption from
grain, grain by products, and other ingredients without cooking, not including wet or dry corn
mills, soybean mills, flour mills, and ethanol feed milling, is the process of grinding and
processing consumption.

The feed milling process can be divided into five stages: raw material handling, grinding,
misring, pelleting, and cooling.

In general, feed mills are responsible for the production of animal feeds, including those
consumed by livestock and poultry animals and companion animals. Definition of terms
Feed Formulation: This is the combination of two or more ingredients in appropriate proportion
to produce a balanced ratio or diet for the optimum performance of animals.

Feed production: This refers to the process of producing animal feed from raw agricultural
products.

Reasons for self-feed formulation

i. Formulating feed reduce cost.

ii. Self-formulating feeds guarantees regular supply.

iii. Formulating feeds yourself gives you access to fresh feed. Always formulate feeds because
the raw materials are readily in our local market.

Factors affecting the use of certain raw materials in feed formulation

i. Availability

ii. Negative effects

iii. Cost of Ingredients

iv. Purpose of Production

Types of feed

Broiler starter: This feed is fed from day old to 4 weeks of age(0-4 weeks)

Broiler finisher mash: This feed is fed from 5 weeks to 8 weeks old (5-adult).
Chick mash : This is fed from day old to weeks old.

Grower mash: This feed is fed from a week old to 18 weeks old (9–18 weeks).

Layer mash: This feed is fed from 20 weeks or of (laying)or (point) to the time they have
finished laying.

Methods of processing certain feed stuff

Blood meal: collected fresh blood should be boiled until coaguttation takes place. Sundried the
coagulated blood and grind. This becomes a blood meal.

Soya bean meal: Roast the bean in a frying pan until it turns brownish. Grind to have your soy
bean meal

Fish meal : sundried the fish, cray fish or other waste / crumbs. Pound and grind to have your
fish meal.

Bone Meal: Collected Animal bones are burnt, filling it turn to whitish at this point, it becomes
brittle pound or grind brittle i.e bone meal.

3.5.2.METHOD OF FEED FORMULATION

i. Trial and error methods

ii. Pearson's square method

iii. Advanced Pearson square method

iv. computerised method

Trial and error method: This is the use of guesswork to formulate balanced feeds for a particular
animal by meeting up the required protein and energy of such animals. Quantity of Ingredient
assumed x Crude Protein

1oo-fixed ingredient. 1

Pearson's square method: This is a simple, quick way to calculate the amounts of feed necessary
to meet the nutrient requirements of livestock and other animals. This method is most effective
when only two feeds are being used.

Basic fundamental knowledge in feed formulation

i. Know the type of bird or animal you are to formulate

ii. Know the purpose of rearing such a bird or animal (an egg)

iii. Know the age of the bird or animal.

iv. Consider the weather conditions.

v. Know the available raw materials and their nutrients.

Guides on peed management

i. Avoid unnecessary changes of feed formula.

ii. Moldy feeds must be discarded.

iii. Never allow feeders to run-off feed.

iv. Don't feed the feeder to the brim.

v. Use well and enough feeders.

3.5.3. FEED PRODUCTION

feed production encompasses sourcing raw materials, formulating balanced diets, processing
ingredients into finished feeds, and implementing rigorous quality control measures to ensure the
nutritional adequacy and safety of the feeds provided to animals.

3. 5. 4. INGREDIENTS USED FOR FEED FORMULATION

Ingredients in feed formulation carbohydrates :Maize , millet , guinea corn, rice etc.

Protein: Soyn bean , groundnict cake , fish meal , blood meal , feather meal etc.

Additives : Molasses, Growth Booster, Methionine, and Lycine

Fibre : wheat bran , maine bran , rice bran .

We also have wheat offals obtained from the outer covering of wheat grain during processing are
often used as binding agents in feed compoundings

Reasons why most people produce unbalanced feed

i. Inability to read scale .

ii. Lack of proximate analysis .

iii. Improper mixing of Ingredients .

iv. Faulty equipment .

3. 5. 5. METHODS OF MIXING FEED MANUALLY

First of all, the micro nutrients should be thoroughly mixed together. Examples of such
micronutrients include: vitamin premix, common salt, bone meal, lysine, and methionine etc.

Take twice of the bulky or caries feeds ingredients and mix them with the already mixed
micronutrients and belling ingredients.

Spread this on the remaining feed ingredients and thoroughly mix them together using a shovel
on a well-plucked surface. The micronutrients are pre-mixed to achieve homogeneity. This is
attained when you cannot notice colour differences in the mixture and when it becomes difficult
to recognise individual ingredients.

3. 6. 0. LIVESTOCK DEPARTMENT

3. 6. 1. LIVESTOCK MANAGEMENT

Livestock management : it is the act of rearing domesticated animals and birds in an agricultural
settings to produce diversified product for consumption for human consumption . It involves two
types :

i. poultry keeping

ii. Goat and sheep .

Poultry keeping: it involves the rearing of domesticated birds like pigeon , fowl , turkey , chicken
for the production of meat , eggs and manure .

The foods are of two types: local / dwarf and exotic fowl ( Hybrid )*

Characteristics of local / dwarf faul

They are indigenous to our environment .

i. They have low growing rate.

ii. They hatch through natural incubator

characteristics of exotic fowl ( Hybrid )

i. They have high growing rate

ii. Few Nigerian farmer keep them for both commercial and low scale farming e. g cobb breed ,
red susses bred

Parturation period: it is the act of laying and hatching of eggs while the process of nurturing
chicks from a day old to four ( 4 ) weekss is called guddery . The male adult and young chicken
are called cock and cockerel respectively .

Treading . It is the act of mating in chicken- Inlay ( pregyming ).

Types of Chicken for the meat production:

i. Cobb breed

ii. super owl broiler

iii. Red Susses

iv. Agric (tech)

The breed available in Nigeria for meat Purposes: (i) Island Red (ii) New hemisphere
(iii)Cyellow shin (iv) less feather.
Types of chicken for egg production

This include: harcho , white leg horn, and brown leg horn.

Materials used in poultry keeping

Brudder

Handle: for checking if the eggs are fertilized or not

Incubator : to check maybe the egg can be hatched.

Methods of keeping birds

i. Extensive method: These involve giving them enough space to move around (free movement).

ii. Intensive method: It involves confining them to a specific placethem.

iii. Semi-intensive: it involves the movement of birds outside their house and give them adequate
care.

3. 6. 2. DISEASES IN POULTRY FARM

i. Marex: is a disease from the incubator, and it is an inherited disease.

ii. Newcastle disease: It is a virus that can eradicate the birds in just a day.

iii. Fowl pox: It happens mostly on the feathers.

iv. Fowl cholera: is a contagious, bacterial disease of birds caused by Pasteurella multocida.
V. Coccidiosis: is a protogod disease; it is when their excreter changes colour (white or
greenish).

Vi. Respiratory diseases: Inability for birds to breathe well.

3. 6. 3. VACCINATION

What is Vaccination: this is the administration of a vaccine to stimulate the immune system to
develop immunity to a specific disease of birds from harm.

Vaccination is the prevention. full diseases, which include:

i Newcastle vaccination: (1–14 days old)

New Castle Lasota and Fowl Fox (3-6 weeks)

Fowl typhoid (6 weeks old)

Comert (8–16 weeks)

Egg Drop Syndrome vaccine (19 weeks for (layers)

An adult female chicken is called a hen, while the three young ones are called pullet (0-6weeks ).
The name given to a castrated cockerel is called "Carpon".

3. 7. 5. BREEDING IN GOAT AND SHEEP

Characteristics of goats.

They are ruminant animals I.e,they have four compatible stomach.

They are reared mostly for meat and wool production.

They survive well in harsh environments.

They are fordgers.

Their skin can be used for leather production.

Breeds of Goats

i. Sahel

ii. West African Dwarf

iii. Red Sokoto

characteristics

Red Sokoto: Deep red and small in size.

They have short legs.

West African Dwarf: (long neck , broad chest , straight back majorly black and small in size .

They have small udder.

Sahel :They are majorly white , long leg .

Methods of keeping

Tethering: this is the best method, it involves tying the goat to a tree.
Semi-stall feeding: is when the good is confined in a house where they move around.

Heading or fencing: The goats are left to browse in large numbers to sort for good. There must
be availability of water.

Feeding goats

Daily food such as corn meal

Concentrates (6–9 months)

soya bean (1 month and above)

Kiddies feed ( 4- 6 month ) .

Breeding goats

Gestation: It is the period of pregnancy until birth (150 days).

Parturition or Kidding: This is the bringing forth of the offspring during the thin time of
pregnancy to birth.

iiMaturity: Both male and female reach maturity at the age of 6 months, and the female vulva is
open.

Types of mating

Flocks mating: This is used for a large group of goats

Stud mating: This is when the male goat detects a female goat is on heat period by perceiving the
female body.
Characteristics of Sheep

Sheep domestic animals having four (four) compactible stomachs.

They are raised for their milk and meat. They move in group and have no beards . The female
sheep are called "ewe" and the male "ram." The meat is called mutton, and the immature sheep
are called lamb.

3. 8. 0. AGRICULTURAL EXTENSION DEPARTMENT

Agricultural extension: agricultural extension is a service or system that assists,

forms people, through educational procedures, improves farmers methods and techniques,
increases production efficiency and income, and improves their love of living and lifting the
social and educational standards of rural life.

Things to look out for in carrying out agricultural extension

i. The yield system

ii. Fertilizer Application

iii. Varieties

iv. Time of planting

Definition of terms

Refills: (Research extension farmers input linkage system) This is an organisation of research,
extension, and agricultural development programme (ADPS) farmers and input. Agencies come
together to improve the productivity of farmers and also to share their experience on their farms.

ii. OFAR( On Farm Adaptive Research ):

It validate, modify, or calibrate a new technology based on the specific soil, climate, and social,
economic, or environmental characteristics of a given area.

Communication methods in maintenance and advisory services

What is communication? Communication is the process of transmitting information with the

purpose of influencing audiences as well as transferring a message from a source through a
medium with a view to effecting a change in or reaction from the receiver.

The Importance of Communication

Most of the work of extension workers is done through communication. It is an important tool
for development.

Almost all problems in human groups can be traced to problems of communication.

Features of the communication process and their characteristics Source .The source is the person
who first gives expression to a message.,He could be an extension administrator, extension
worker, researcher, or something else.

The following characteristics of the source.

i. Credibility: Homogeneity and Heterogeneity and Empathy

ii. message: There are 2 ways of looking at the message as a package of production
recommendations (innovation) , or what is said about the production recommendations.

Characteristics of production recommendation

i. Relative advantage

ii. Complexity

iii. Inability

iv. Compatibility.

It should entails minimal risks for the farmers.

Channels: are the media through which messages are transmitted from the source to the
receivers. There are ways of classifying communication channels, namely: a) individual, group,
and mass channels

Interpersonal, mass, and media channels Criteria for selecting channels

i. The nature of the subject matter, its complexity, and its abstractness.

ii. characteristics of the clients adults, handicapped.

iii. Availability of the extension allows users to use each of

the available channels.

Factors for the selection of methods

i. Farmer characteristics: his needs, problems, and interests.

ii. Extension agent and his agency

iii. knowledge of communication gadgets, etc.

iv. Environmental factors in time and season

V. Infrastructures and facilities, e.g., motorable roads, village hall, electricity supply for
projection etc.

vi. Village location

semi-structured interviews.

This is a semi-structured interview. It starts with general questions and topics, the answers to
which are used to focus and develop information during

the conversation.

Advantages of semi-structured interviews

One may gain insight aspects that may not have been you can gain insights included in a
questionnaire due to ignorance.

Allow the interviewer to ask questions and raise issues.

And two-way communication is encouraged

Precaution of semi-structured interview .

In a grow interview, it may be difficult to manage discussions. People tend to interrupt each
other. Add more information than is necessary; do not allow everyone to firm up the topic; be
patient with; speak or get off; the interviewee understands thepurpose of the interview. If you are
going to use the information in a report or proposal, then explain. This is the reason for the
interview. However, you will not attribute what is said to a particular person; an individual's
identity will remain confidential.
Assessing a semi structured interview

The following are considered factors:

i. The informat, Barriers, Knowledge, Able and willing, Credibility

ii. The information: The following classification was developed by Side Joseph in India:

i. fact, Opinion, Rumour

iii. The Interviewers :

i. Team failings

ii. Individual failings

iii. Bias

Semi-structured intervewing

Do

Don't

probe upic for reasoning and details

accept an answer without being careful to probe

Concentrate carefully on what is been said

supply answers for a hesitating for informat

key components of semi-interviews:

i. Informants are encouraged to ask questions.

ii. Hypotheses and ideas are generated for qualitative testing.

iii. The tone is conversational, but the topic is guided by

iv. An atmosphere of interpersonal trust and openness is developed.

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSUION, RECOMMENDATION & REFERENCE

4.1. SUMMARY
The student industrial training work experience scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program
designed to expose and prepare students of Nigeria tertiary institutions for industrial work
situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The participation in SIWES has become a
necessary precondition for award of diploma and degree certificate in specific discipline higher
institution in Nigeria, in accordance with the education policy of the government.

An industrial attachment is a structure, credit bearing work experience in the professional work
setting during which a student acquire an apply knowledge and skill. It involves the application
of learned skills in an organization related to the student course of study.

The student industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) exposes student to much needed
industrial based skills which will help them useful in industries. In addition to the knowledge
obtain from the class room, student get to experience a first-hand working environment and
familiarize themselves with various activity which take place in industries or companies, and
also learn how to use or handle machinery and equipment. Opportunity of doing these will not be
made available in educational institutions for various reasons, hence this experience aids in
smooth transition from the classroom to the field after graduation.

As part of the prerequisite for the honor of B.Sc. Biology in Federal University Lokoja, the
content of this report contained the activities and judicious time spent at AGRICULTURAL
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT (ADP) LOKOJA,KOGI STATE, NIGERIA.

During my Four (4) month SIWES program. Thus; the training provides an avenue in acquiring
fresh skills and has afforded me practical experience in Biology and other field, apparently, has
also helped to bridge the gap between theory and practical knowledge.

The Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program designed to
expose and prepare students of universities, polytechnics and College of education for the
industrial work situation they are likely to meet after graduation. The scheme also affirms the
student opportunity of familiarizing and exposing themselves to the needed experience in
handling equipment and machinery that are usually not available in their institutions. Before
establishment of the scheme, there was a growing concern among our industrialists that
graduates of institutions of higher learning lacked adequate practical background studies
preparatory for employment industries.
4.2. CONCLUSION

4.3. RECOMMENDATION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3

ACTIVITIES DURING THE SIWES

CHAPTER FOUR

4.0. SUMMARY, CONCLUSUION, RECOMMENDATION & REFERENCE

4.1. SUMMARY

The Student Industrial Training Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) is a skill training program
designed to expose and prepare Nigerian tertiary students for industrial work situations they are
likely to encounter after graduation. Participation in SIWES has become a necessary
precondition for awarding diplomas and degree certificates in specific discipline higher
institutions in Nigeria, in accordance with the government's education policy. An industrial
attachment is a structure, credit-bearing work experience in the professional work setting during
which a student acquires applied knowledge and skills.

The SIWES exposes students to much needed industrial-based skills that will help them useful in
industries. In addition to the knowledge obtained from the class room, students get to experience
a first-hand working environment and familiarize themselves with various activities in industries
or companies. This experience aids in smooth transition from the classroom to the field after
graduation.
The Student Industrial Training Work Experience Scheme (SIWES) aims to bridge the gap
between theoretical and practical knowledge acquired by students in the class/industry by
creating a platform for the student to apply what they have learned in both fields. It also provides
students with the opportunity to know practically the proper way of handling machines and
equipment not available in their classes.

4.2 CONCLUSION

SIWES (Students Industrial Work Experience Scheme) is important to biology students at the
Agricultural Development Programme (ADP) as it provides them with practical experience and
exposure to real-world applications of their theoretical knowledge. Through SIWES, biology
students have the opportunity to work in agricultural settings, gaining hands-on experience in
areas such as crop production, soil management, pest control, and livestock management. This
practical experience is invaluable for their understanding of agricultural processes and
techniques, and it helps them to bridge the gap between classroom learning and actual fieldwork.
Additionally, SIWES allows students to develop essential skills such as problem-solving, critical
thinking, teamwork, and communication, which are crucial for their future careers in the
agricultural sector. Overall, SIWES plays a significant role in enhancing the educational
experience of biology students at the ADP by providing them with practical training and
preparing them for the demands of the agricultural industry.

4.3 RECOMMENDATION

1. The ITF should ensure that students who seek training in various industries receive its full
training.

2. The ITF should cooperate with the organizations or companies involved in the student
industrial work experience program to help them accommodate students who have travelled a
long distance for their program.

3. The ITF should engage with other organization to make SIWES program a must for all
students to have a working area to develop their skills in their many professions before moving
into it.
4. The department of ITF in charge of SIWES allowance should take into account the costs
students incur while enrolled in the program and ensure that the amount provided to the student
is proportional in order to reduce the stress students experience while enrolled in the program.

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Fanzo, Jessica (2021).

"Pathways of Climate Change Impact on Agroforestry, Food Consumption

Pattern, and Dietary Diversity Among Indigenous Subsistence Farmers of

Sauria Paharia Tribal Community of India: A Mixed Methods Study".

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Kuyah, Öborn, Jonsson, Dahlin, Barrios, Muthuri, Malmer, Nyaga, Magaju, Namirembe (2016).

"Trees in agricultural landscapes enhance provision of ecosystem services

in Sub-Saharan Africa". International Journal of Biodiversity Science,

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Iqbal, Nausheen.

"A Food Forest Grows in Atlanta". USDA.gov blog. Retrieved 17 June 2018.

Coble, Adam P.; Contosta, Alexandra R.; Smith, Richard G.; Siegert, Nathan W.;
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2020).

"Influence of forest-to-silvopasture conversion and drought on components of

evapotranspiration". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 295: 106916.

doi:10.1016/j.agee.2020.106916. ISSN 0167-8809. S2CID 216426779.

Schoeneberger, Michele M. (2017). Patel-Weynand, Toral; Bentrup, Gary; Schoeneberger,

Michele M (eds.).

"Agroforestry: Enhancing resiliency in U.S. agricultural landscapes under

changing conditions". Gen. Tech. Report WO-96. doi:10.2737/WO-GTR-96.

Retrieved 17 June 2018.

Wojtkowski, Paul A. (1 December 1998).

The theory and practice of agroforestry design: a comprehensive study of the

theories, concepts and conventions that underlie the successful use of

 agroforestry. Science Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57808-034-2.

Wojtkowski, P. (2019)

Agroecology: Simplified and Explained, Springer, 420p.