GOVERNMENT SS3

FOREIGN POLICY

Nigeria's foreign policy has undergone several shifts since gaining independence in 1960. One enduring
feature has been the prioritization of Africa as the centerpiece of its diplomatic engagements. This
strategic focus reflects Nigeria's commitment to regional stability, economic cooperation, and pan-
African solidarity.

Foreign policy refers to a government's strategy and actions in dealing with other nations. It
encompasses a set of principles, goals, and decisions that guide a country's interactions on the
international stage. Foreign policy can cover a wide range of issues, including diplomatic relations, trade
agreements, defense alliances, human rights, and responses to global challenges. The primary objectives
of foreign policy typically include safeguarding national interests, promoting economic prosperity,
maintaining security, and fostering positive relationships with other countries. Countries often use
diplomacy, international treaties, and cooperation to advance their foreign policy objectives and
navigate the complex dynamics of the global community.

Origin of Nigerian Foreign Policy

The roots of this policy can be traced back to Nigeria's role in the decolonization process and the
formation of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, now the African Union. Nigeria played a
pivotal role in mediating conflicts, promoting unity, and advocating for the rights of African nations
during this crucial period. This historical context laid the foundation for Nigeria's commitment to
prioritizing Africa in its foreign relations.

The origin of Nigerian foreign policy can be traced back to its emergence as an independent nation on
October 1, 1960. Several key factors have influenced the development of Nigeria's foreign policy since
that time:

1. Colonial Legacy:

Nigeria, a former British colony, inherited a diplomatic framework influenced by its colonial history.
The early years of independence saw Nigeria navigating the challenges of defining its foreign relations
separate from British influence.

2. Pan-Africanism:

Nigeria's foreign policy was significantly influenced by the spirit of pan-Africanism, which sought to
promote unity and cooperation among African nations. Nigeria played a crucial role in the
decolonization process and the establishment of the Organization of African Unity (OAU) in 1963, which
later became the African Union (AU).

3. Leadership Role:
 As one of the most populous and economically influential nations on the continent, Nigeria aimed to
assume a leadership role in Africa. This aspiration led to a commitment to regional stability, conflict
resolution, and economic cooperation as integral components of its foreign policy.

4. Non-Alignment:

In the early years of independence, Nigeria adopted a non-aligned stance during the Cold War, aiming
to maintain independence from the ideological rivalries between the Western and Eastern blocs. This
allowed Nigeria to pursue a more flexible and pragmatic foreign policy.

5. Economic Considerations:

Economic interests played a significant role in shaping Nigerian foreign policy. The country sought to
establish trade relations, attract foreign investments, and foster economic cooperation with other
nations to support its development goals.

6. Global Engagement:

Nigeria recognized the importance of active engagement in international affairs to address global
challenges. This included participation in international organizations, peacekeeping missions, and
diplomatic efforts to address issues such as human rights, poverty, and environmental concerns.

Over the years, Nigeria's foreign policy has evolved in response to changing geopolitical dynamics,
economic shifts, and domestic considerations. While maintaining a commitment to Africa as a
centerpiece, Nigeria has also engaged in global partnerships and alliances to address contemporary
challenges and advance its national interests on the world stage.

Reasons for Adoption:

1. Pan-African Solidarity:

Nigeria's foreign policy underscores the principle of pan-African solidarity, emphasizing the shared
history, culture, and struggles of African nations. By aligning with other African countries, Nigeria seeks
to foster a united front in addressing common challenges and promoting collective development.

2. Regional Stability:

Recognizing the interconnectedness of African nations, Nigeria prioritizes regional stability as a

cornerstone of its foreign policy. By actively engaging in conflict resolution and peacekeeping efforts,
Nigeria aims to contribute to a peaceful and prosperous African continent, ultimately benefiting its own
national interests.

3. Economic Cooperation:

Nigeria's commitment to Africa as a focal point extends to economic cooperation. By fostering trade
agreements, infrastructure development, and joint ventures with other African nations, Nigeria aims to
stimulate economic growth both domestically and across the continent.
4. Leadership Role:

As one of the most populous and economically influential nations in Africa, Nigeria aspires to play a
leadership role in shaping the continent's future. By championing African causes on the global stage,
Nigeria seeks to enhance its influence and contribute to the realization of a more equitable and
prosperous Africa.

Confirmation of Nigeria's Centerpiece Foreign Policy:

1. Diplomatic Engagements:

Nigeria actively participates in diplomatic initiatives and forums within the African continent. This
involves engaging in bilateral and multilateral discussions, fostering relationships with other African
nations, and participating in regional organizations such as the African Union.

2. Conflict Resolution and Peacekeeping:

Nigeria takes a lead role in addressing conflicts within the African region. The country has contributed
significantly to peacekeeping missions and mediation efforts, emphasizing its commitment to regional
stability and conflict resolution.

3. Economic Cooperation:

Nigeria promotes economic cooperation with other African nations through trade agreements, joint
ventures, and infrastructure projects. This includes initiatives to enhance intra-African trade and
economic development within the continent.

4. Leadership in Regional Organizations:

Nigeria actively participates in regional organizations, contributing to the formulation of policies that
affect the African continent. This leadership role reflects the country's commitment to influencing
regional decisions and fostering unity among African nations.

Merits of Nigeria's Centerpiece Foreign Policy:

1. Regional Stability:

Prioritizing Africa in its foreign policy contributes to regional stability by actively engaging in conflict
resolution and peacekeeping efforts. A stable region is beneficial for economic growth and political
cooperation.

2. Economic Opportunities:
 Emphasizing Africa provides economic opportunities for Nigeria. By fostering economic cooperation
with other African nations, Nigeria can benefit from increased trade, investment, and collaborative
development projects.

3. Leadership Influence:

Nigeria's leadership role in African affairs enhances its influence on the global stage. By championing
African causes, Nigeria gains diplomatic leverage and becomes a key player in international discussions.

Demerits of Nigeria's Centerpiece Foreign Policy:

1. Neglect of Global Opportunities:

Overemphasizing Africa in foreign policy may result in missed opportunities for engaging with
countries outside the continent. Neglecting global partnerships could limit Nigeria's access to diverse
economic and diplomatic opportunities.

2. Resource Allocation:

Prioritizing Africa might lead to a disproportionate allocation of resources to regional initiatives,

potentially diverting attention and resources from pressing domestic issues or other global concerns.

3. Regional Challenges:

Nigeria's commitment to regional stability may involve addressing complex and persistent challenges
within Africa. Engaging in regional conflicts and disputes can strain resources and pose risks to national
security.