Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Dental Thesis
Dental Thesis
Dental Thesis
Montefalco, Kaye
Enriquez, Maria
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Theoretical Framework 3
Conceptual Framework 5
Definition of Terms 10
Synthesis 35
Research Design 37
Research Locale 38
Sources of Data 39
Research Instrument 41
Ethical Consideration 46
System Architecture 47
References 57
CHAPTER I
The faster the world is moving the more high-end features are offered. Our world now revolves
around technology. No one can escape from the absolute need for it in our daily life. An information
system (IS) is a collection of connected components that assist control and decision making inside an
For many years, small dental clinics like the St. Joseph Medical dental and Dermatology Clinic
relied on a manual process for creating appointment schedules. Patients would walk into the clinic and
speak with a dentist or receptionist to schedule their preferred dental care. While this system served its
purpose, it also came with significant drawbacks that hindered the clinic's efficiency and success. One
major issue with the manual system was the time it consumed. Scheduling appointments could be a
lengthy process, requiring patients to wait in line and for staff to manually check calendars and update
records. This inefficiency not only frustrated patients but also reduced the clinic's productivity.
Another problem was the susceptibility to errors. With handwritten notes and manual data entry,
there was a higher chance of mistakes being made. This could lead to missed appointments, double
bookings, and inaccurate patient information. Furthermore, the manual system lacked transparency and
flexibility. Patients had limited visibility into the schedule and were often unable to see available
appointments or make changes to their bookings easily. This inflexibility could be frustrating for patients
person to schedule appointments, which could be challenging for those with busy schedules or limited
mobility. Additionally, the lack of online access meant that patients couldn't view their appointment
details or reschedule appointments conveniently. Finally, the reliance on paper records posed security
risks, as sensitive patient information could be easily lost or stolen. Additionally, the cost of maintaining
physical supplies, such as appointment books and paper files, could be significant for small clinics.
Email Notifications also play an important role in dental clinics since the main goal of it is to
inform the clients. This also allows the client to constantly and consistently keep them informed and
updated about a certain concern. Email notifications are also essential for the appointment system since
they will notify the patient when they create an online appointment with the use of the internet if it is
approved or not and after all the dental procedures done by the dentist, email notifications are invaluable
for sending follow-up care instructions, to enhance patient care and satisfaction.
Bothered by the situation where St. Joseph Medical dental and Dermatology Clinic uses the old
traditional way of creating an appointment, the researchers will create a system that has been designed to
be an online appointment platform for dental care. Users will be able to create accounts and log in to the
website, where they can then select their preferred schedule and choose the desired treatment. This
platform aims to enhance patient engagement by sending timely appointment reminders, treatment
updates, and other relevant information directly to users. Additionally, administrators will be able to log
in and manage appointments created by patients, ensuring smooth operation and efficient service delivery.
The purpose of the study is to find out the effectiveness of creating an electronic dental clinic
appointment system with email notifications for St. Joseph Medical dental and Dermatology Clinic.
Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework for the " Dental Information System Email Notification for St. Joseph
Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic " draws upon the Socio-Technical System Theory and the
Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to guide the study and address the inefficiencies in traditional
Theoretical Framework
Technology
(online scheduling system)
Integration Theory
Technical System Theory emphasizes the interaction between social and technical elements within an
organization. The Socio-Technical System Theory (STST) offers a framework for understanding how the
interaction between a new online appointment system (technology), the people involved (clinic staff,
patients), and the existing processes (appointment scheduling, clinic operations) can impact the overall
considering both the social and technical aspects when implementing such a system. This requires
actively involving both staff and patients in the process to ensure that the resulting system is user-friendly
and meets the needs of everyone. Additionally, STST provides a valuable framework for evaluating the
success of the system by allowing for a comprehensive assessment of its impact on both the social and
The Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), developed by Fred Davis, posits that perceived
ease of use and perceived usefulness are key factors influencing users' acceptance and usage of
technology. It provides a framework for understanding staff and patient perceptions and usage of the new
online appointment system. According to TAM, individuals are more likely to adopt a system if they
perceive it as easy to use and beneficial in terms of saving time and enhancing service quality. The study
will leverage TAM to evaluate staff and patient perceptions of the system and its perceived benefits. This
assessment aims to identify potential barriers to adoption, such as concerns about system complexity or
inadequate training. By understanding these barriers, the study can develop strategies to address them and
increase the likelihood of successful adoption. Additionally, TAM can be used to evaluate the system's
success by measuring user satisfaction and system usage. This will help the study determine whether the
system is meeting user expectations and identify areas for further improvement.
This study utilizes two complementary theoretical frameworks, the Socio-Technical System
Theory (STST) and the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), to understand the intricate interplay
between social and technical dimensions during the implementation of the Dental system at St. Joseph
Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. Both theories emphasize the importance of user-centricity,
advocating for the active involvement of both staff and patients throughout the process. This ensures the
development of a system that is not only easy to use but also delivers tangible benefits like saving
time and improving service quality. Furthermore, both STST and TAM offer valuable frameworks for
evaluating the system's success, enabling continuous improvement and refinement. By applying
these theories, the study adopts an evidence-based approach tailored to the specific context and needs of
The structure of the theories will demonstrate an understanding of theories and concepts that are
relevant to the topic of the researchers. It will serve as a guide and support the research study of the
researchers. The main point of this structure is to describe the theory that explains why the research
Conceptual Framework
The Dental Information System is designed to streamline and enhance the appointment scheduling
process at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. This conceptual framework outlines the
key inputs, processes, and outputs that constitute the fundamental structure of the system.
Input Process Output
Patient Information Validate Patient
(e.g., name, contact Information
details, gender, age) Check Service Dental Information
Service Selection Availability System Email
(e.g., type of dental Confirm Notification for St.
service, date, time) Appointment Joseph Medical Dental
Staff Information (if and Dermatology
Planning Clinic
applicable, for
assigning a specific Designing
dentist)
Clinic System Coding and Testing
Configuration (e.g.,
holidays, working Implementation and
hours) operation
Data Gathering
Results
Input
The input phase involves gathering crucial patient information, including details like name,
contact information, gender, and age. Service preferences and, if applicable, staff information contribute
to personalized scheduling, while clinic-specific configurations such as holidays and working hours are
integrated.
Process
Moving to the process phase, the system validates patient information, checks service availability,
and confirms appointments. The subsequent phases of planning, designing, coding, and testing are
meticulously executed to ensure the system's effectiveness. Finally, the implementation and operation
phases bring the Dental system to life within the clinic's framework.
Output
The output, represented by the Dental Information System Email Notification, signifies the
successful culmination of this process. This user-friendly solution is tailored to optimize appointment
management, improve communication, and enhance the overall patient experience at St. Joseph Medical
Dental and Dermatology Clinic. Each phase, from input to output, plays a crucial role in creating a more
The dental healthcare industry faces inefficiencies in traditional manual appointment and scheduling
systems, resulting in prolonged waiting times, suboptimal clinic operations, and diminished patient
experiences. St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic is confronted with similar challenges,
hindering the overall quality of dental care services. Presented below are the specific subproblems.
1. What distinct challenges does the current manual appointment system at St. Joseph Medical
Dental and Dermatology Clinic pose in terms of accuracy, accessibility, and timeliness hinder efficient
2. About waiting times and appointment availability, what specific concerns or feedback do
patients frequently express at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, and how
can these concerns be addressed through the implementation of the Dental system?
3. What specific steps can be outlined to streamline the manual process, mitigate challenges,
and optimize the overall efficiencies of the system at St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic?
4. How can the proposed information system, specifically improve the management of patient
records at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, ensuring precision,
In this study, our primary objective is to enhance the appointment scheduling process by
introducing the Dental Information System Email Notification at St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic. The scope is to address the issues with the manual appointment system, focusing on
improving efficiency and the overall patient experience. The research is conducted solely at St. Joseph
Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, involving the patients using the scheduling system, clinic
staff responsible for managing appointments, and the dentists providing dental care.
The study spans the creation, implementation, and evaluation phases, allowing for comprehensive
data collection on the system's effectiveness. Despite the specialized focus on appointment scheduling,
certain limitations are acknowledged, such as external factors influencing real-time execution, potential
user adoption issues, financial/resource constraints, and the possible impact on the workflow of the
dentists. The study aims to consider the perspectives of all stakeholders involved in the appointment
scheduling process, recognizing that the dentists' roles are integral to the success of the system. These
limitations provide a realistic context for the study's goals and findings, ensuring a holistic understanding
The Dental Information System Email Notification for St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic carries profound significance, offering a range of benefits to different stakeholders:
The findings of the study also benefit the Patients stand to gain from a more seamless and
efficient appointment scheduling process. The transition to a web-based platform aims to provide a user-
friendly experience, alleviating inconveniences associated with manual methods and ensuring timely
This study can immensely be beneficial to the Healthcare Providers the implementation of an
online scheduling system is poised to streamline clinic processes, reducing waiting times and enhancing
the overall operational efficiency of St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. This
contributes to a more patient-centric approach and elevates the quality of dental care services.
study aligns with the broader trend in healthcare by embracing technology for improved patient care and
operational efficiency. The development of an online scheduling system serves as an innovative solution
The study will also be beneficial to the Future Researchers and Developers the insights
and findings from this study offer valuable guidance for future researchers and developers in healthcare
administration. It provides a reference for the development of similar systems, fostering continuous
In summary, this study's significance lies in its potential to revolutionize appointment scheduling
Definition of Terms
Definitions of terms help in understanding; operational terms represent the system's internal
workings, while technical terms are simply fancy names for concepts in a particular discipline.
Operational Terms:
Online Patient Appointment Scheduling System. Refers to the digital platform developed for St.
Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic in Caloocan, allowing patients to schedule and
Clinic Operations. Encompasses the day-to-day activities and processes involved in running St.
Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, including appointment scheduling, patient
Web-Based Platform. Denotes a software application or system that is accessed and utilized through a
web browser over the internet, providing a centralized and easily accessible interface.
Waiting Times. Represents the duration a patient spends in the clinic, from arrival to service delivery,
Database Management System (DBMS). A software suite that facilitates the creation, organization,
and management of databases, ensuring efficient storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data.
User Interface (UI). The graphical or visual elements of the system that users interact with, including
screens, pages, and navigational components, designed for an intuitive and user- friendly experience.
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language). The standard markup language used to create and design web
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets). A style sheet language employed to enhance the presentation of web
pages. It defines the visual styles, layout, and design aspects of HTML elements.
JS (JavaScript). A programming language utilized for creating dynamic and interactive elements on
web pages. It enhances the user experience by enabling real-time updates and asynchronous functionality.
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor). A server-side scripting language tailored for web development. It is
employed to handle server-related tasks and dynamic content generation within the system.
MySQL. A relational database management system used to manage and organize the database of the
Online Patient Appointment Scheduling System. It stores and retrieves patient information, appointment
Visual Studio Code. The chosen integrated development environment for coding and debugging
during the system's development phase. It provides a user-friendly interface and various features to
In this chapter, the researchers delve into a comprehensive review of the existing literature
related to the development and implementation of dental information systems, with a specific focus on
email notification systems. The dental healthcare industry has undergone a remarkable transformation
in recent years, driven by advancements in technology and the increasing adoption of electronic health
records. Dental information systems have emerged as a vital component in modern dental practice,
offering a platform for managing patient information, treatment records, appointment scheduling, and
more. Within this context, the implementation of email notification systems stands as an innovative
According to the published journal by Ismail, Wahab, Kadir, Sunar, Ariffin, Hasan, & Wong
(2023), the Dental Services System is a platform that allows users to schedule appointments and connect
with dentists. Traditional methods like phone calls, texts, or clinic entrances are used for appointment
scheduling. Blockchain technology, a distributed ledger system, can be integrated into a dental service
system to ensure confidentiality and public confidence. The goal of their study is to create a tool that
allows users to schedule appointments using blockchain for safe data storage, facilitating appointment
scheduling while limiting third-party access. This integration will ensure complete confidentiality and
allow authorized users to quickly create and access permanent records. The study provides background
information on the potential benefits and challenges of incorporating blockchain technology in dental
research.
Based on the study conducted by Benoit, Bukiet, & Dufour (2022), this paper explores the
development of dental informatics over the past 50 years with a focus on dental health information
systems. The research covers three unique sub-searches standardized clinical coding systems, data
capture, and reuse of routine patient care data. The articles on standardized clinical coding systems
explore user perception, design, development, and evaluation. Data capture articles offer technical
solutions and handle issues with data completeness, user interfaces, and workflow integration. Clinical
decision support systems, health monitoring support systems, and clinical research are the main topics of
those that deal with the reuse of routine patient care data. The study finds that while uniform coding and
the creation of health information systems have advanced, notably in the US, there has been little research
on clinical decision support systems employing data from electronic dental records (EDRs).
Studies examining the working conditions of dental professionals and the educational usefulness
of health information systems in dentistry are also rare. Knowledge about standardized clinical coding
systems is pertinent because it sheds light on the design, development, and evaluation of proposed
systems, an aspect that is crucial for their study on Dental system. Understanding user perspective will
direct their implementation plan to ensure acceptance among dental professionals at St. Joseph Medical
Dental and Dermatology Clinic, as mentioned in the evaluation. It is extremely helpful to anticipate and
address issues in properly obtaining and managing patient data by talking about data acquisition, including
worries about completeness, and suggested technical solutions. Furthermore, the emphasis on reusing data
from ordinary patient care is consistent with their goal of putting in place a system that improves clinical
decision support at the dental clinic. Although the reviewed literature demonstrates the advancements
can make, particularly in relation to the working conditions of dental practitioners and the educational
According to the study of Jayathissa, & Hewapathirana (2023), It focuses on the significance of
Health Information Systems (HIS) in dental practice, emphasizing the benefits such as improved care
quality, increased efficiency, and reduced medical errors. It outlines the essential steps in developing an
HIS for primary care dental practice, including requirements gathering, system design, implementation,
and testing. The involvement of dental professionals and staff in the process is highlighted to ensure that
the system meets their needs and preferences. The study underscores the importance of designing a user-
friendly and intuitive system for efficient use. Additionally, it emphasizes the necessity of considering
data privacy and security measures for successful implementation. The literature review cited in the study
provides real references to studies that have explored the effectiveness of HIS implementation in dental
practice. Ultimately, the study concludes that implementing an HIS in primary care dental practice can
enhance patient care, improve outcomes, and boost overall practice efficiency. The study underscores the
importance of designing a user-friendly and intuitive system for efficient use. Additionally, it emphasizes
the necessity of considering data privacy and security measures for successful implementation. The
literature review cited in the study provides real references to studies that have explored the effectiveness
of HIS implementation in dental practice. Ultimately, the study concludes that implementing an HIS in
primary care dental practice can enhance patient care, improve outcomes, and boost overall practice
efficiency.
The study of Jayathissa & Hewapathirana (2023), supports their focus on developing the Dental
HIS development provide a structured framework that aligns with the system development process.
Emphasizing user involvement, user-friendly design, and data privacy, the study offers valuable guidance
for creating an effective and secure dental information system tailored to the needs of St. Joseph
Modern information technologies are transforming the nature of work, particularly in medical
institutions. The study of Havryliv, Kunanets, Kravets, Kis, Pasichnyk, & Rzheuskyi (2020), proposes an
information system for a smart dental clinic, focusing on improving management efficiency and quality of
medical services. The system includes functions for patient records, admissions schedules, electronic
medical records, insurance payments, reporting services, and financial and statistical reports. The
information system in a dental clinic saves time and enhances efficiency by providing detailed statistics
on processes and real-time records management. It enables the creation of a patient database, which helps
in keeping patient records, organizing data, developing treatment plans, and sending SMS information.
The system also automates planning, accounting, and analysis processes, introducing modern information
and digital technologies, improving interaction between units, officials, patients, staff scheduling, and
patient admission. The study provides insights into information technology in dental clinics, comparing it
with the Dental system. It highlights the advantages and innovations their email notification system
brings to St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, enhancing patient engagement and
According to the study of Dhawale & Pisal. (2022), Proposed an online appointment management
system that offers a unique, 24x7 service provider experience for clients. Customers
can track appointments via SMS/Email, while service providers can manage clients with a user- friendly
interface. Regular updates on appointment status are provided via email/SMS, and reports show booked
and executed appointments for specific time frames. This eliminates the need for service provider
assistants. The created appointment application software is a future-proof mobile technology offering 24/7
availability and management. It allows clients to book and track appointments, improving efficiency and
accuracy. The study provides valuable insights into an advanced Android appointment system, comparing
it with the Dental solution. It highlights the benefits of email notifications, user experience, and patient
The research conducted by Saito, Shimazaki, Fukai, Furuta, Aida, Ando, Miyazaki, and Kambara
(2020), investigates the relationship between dental clinic factors and tooth loss through a multilevel
analysis conducted in 1216 dental clinics across 46 prefectures in Japan. The research aims to identify risk
factors associated with tooth loss, focusing on both patient and clinic levels. The study reveals that, in
addition to individual risk factors such as age, probing pocket depth, and oral health habits, dental clinic
factors play a significant role. Specifically, patients attending dental clinics with four or more dental
hygienists or those receiving oral health instructions for 20 minutes or more demonstrated a significantly
lower risk of tooth loss. The findings emphasize the importance of dental clinic practices in preventing
tooth loss and suggest that ensuring sufficient time for dental hygienists to provide oral health instructions
can contribute to better oral health outcomes for patients. This study on the relationship between dental
clinic factors and tooth loss provides valuable insights that can support their study on the Dental. The
findings underscore the significance of not only individual risk factors but also dental clinic practices in
influencing tooth loss. Specifically, the study highlights the positive impact of factors such as the number
of dental hygienists and the duration of oral health instructions on reducing the risk of tooth loss. This
aligns with their goal of enhancing oral health outcomes for patients at
St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic through effective information systems. By
incorporating insights from this study, they can consider features in their system that promote efficient
oral health instruction and ensure adequate staffing levels, contributing to the overall preventive measures
The research conducted by Saito, Shimazaki, Fukai, Furuta, Aida, Ando, Miyazaki, and Kambara (2020),
investigates the relationship between dental clinic factors and tooth loss through a multilevel analysis
conducted in 1216 dental clinics across 46 prefectures in Japan. The research aims to identify risk factors
associated with tooth loss, focusing on both patient and clinic levels. The study reveals that, in addition to
individual risk factors such as age, probing pocket depth, and oral health habits, dental clinic factors play
a significant role. Specifically, patients attending dental clinics with four or more dental hygienists or
those receiving oral health instructions for 20 minutes or more demonstrated a significantly lower risk of
tooth loss. The findings emphasize the importance of dental clinic practices in preventing tooth loss and
suggest that ensuring sufficient time for dental hygienists to provide oral health instructions can
contribute to better oral health outcomes for patients. This study on the relationship between dental clinic
factors and tooth loss provides valuable insights that can support their study on the Dental. The findings
underscore the significance of not only individual risk factors but also dental clinic practices in
influencing tooth loss. Specifically, the study highlights the positive impact of factors such as the number
of dental hygienists and the duration of oral health instructions on reducing the risk of tooth loss. This
aligns with their goal of enhancing oral health outcomes for patients at St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic through effective information systems. By incorporating insights from this study,
they can consider features in their system that promote efficient oral health instruction and ensure
adequate staffing levels, contributing to the overall preventive measures against tooth loss in dental
patients.
Broader Technological Impact
As indicated in the study of Cm, Singroha, Nagpal, Sakshi, & Pratibha (2020), the study
It highlighted the importance of health record digitization, virtual patient visits, and sophisticated imaging
in enhancing the quality and efficiency of dental care. Health informatics, a multidisciplinary field, played
a crucial role in optimizing the capture, storage, and use of healthcare information. The research on the
Dental Information System and Email Notification for St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology
Clinic aligns with the key findings of Cm's 2020 study, which emphasizes the transformative impact of
technology on healthcare, specifically in dentistry. The system contributes to health record digitization,
virtual patient visits, and advanced imaging, reflecting the ongoing trend towards more technologically
integrated and efficient dental care practices. By implementing these elements, this research actively
supports the broader goals of optimizing healthcare information management and enhancing the overall
quality and accessibility of dental services in line with contemporary technological advancements. The
Dental system research aligns closely with the trends and recommendations identified by Cm in 2020. It
actively contributes to the broader goals of leveraging technology to enhance the efficiency, accessibility,
and quality of dental care services, making it a practical and relevant application within the evolving
In the scoping review conducted by Iyamu, Ramírez, Ablona, Chang, Mckee & Gilbert (2021),
the study explores the conceptual intricacies surrounding digital public health, aiming to bring clarity to
its definition amidst the proliferation of digital technologies in the public health domain. The authors
conducted an extensive literature search and thematic analysis to discern formal and informal definitions
through innovative digital concepts, while the second views it as an asset in achieving existing public
health goals. The study also delves into the distinctions among digitization, digitalization, and digital
transformation concerning public health, emphasizing the need for conceptual clarity. The contested
definitions highlighted in this research underscore the importance of refining conceptual frameworks for
This study on the conceptual complexities surrounding digital public health provides valuable
insights that can inform and support the study, particularly focus involves the development or
enhancement of digital health systems for St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. The
research underscores the lack of consensus in defining digital public health and the need for conceptual
clarity in integrating digital technologies into public health practices. This aligns with their goal of
implementing the E- Pin, emphasizing the importance of understanding and defining key concepts in the
digital health landscape. By considering the challenges and debates highlighted in this study, they can
refine and approach to ensure that the digital health system aligns with the evolving conceptual
frameworks and maximizes its potential to improve dental care outcomes for patients at St. Joseph
In the study conducted by Krasuska, Williams, Sheikh, Dean Franklin, Heeney, Lane, Mozzaffar,
Mason, Eason, Hinder, Dun-scombe, Potts, & Creswell (2020), the focus is on the global initiative of
hospitals to undertake comprehensive digital transformation programs, aiming to foster digitally advanced
healthcare systems. The researchers employed a two-stage international modified electronic Delphi
consensus-building exercise involving 31 health informatics experts from diverse backgrounds. Their
objective was to establish an international agreement on a defined set of technological capabilities for
capabilities within a hospital and capabilities facilitating communication with other parts of the health and
social care system, as well as with patients and carers. Significantly, the qualitative analysis underscored
the importance of non-technological aspects, emphasizing organizational and social factors, and the need
The study contributes to a paradigm shift, urging a move from a narrow focus on technical
enhancing hospitals' capacity for transformative change in healthcare systems the insights from Krasuska
et al.'s (2020), study offer valuable support to the research, particularly if their focus is on understanding
and enhancing the digital capabilities within healthcare organizations like the Dental system. The
identification of 35 technological capabilities for evaluating digital excellence provides a framework that
can guide the development of digital systems within dental clinics. The emphasis on capabilities within
the clinic and facilitating communication with various stakeholders aligns with the complex nature of
healthcare settings. Additionally, the study's acknowledgment of the importance of non- technological
factors, such as organizational culture, skills, and resources, is relevant to us study, emphasizing a
comprehensive approach that goes beyond technical functionalities. Incorporating these insights allows
the study to adopt a holistic perspective, ensuring that digital transformation is not solely about technical
features but also encompasses fostering an innovative culture and readiness for change critical elements
Based on the study by Farsi (2021), investigates the profound impact of social media (SM) on the
healthcare industry and its relevance to the professional lives of healthcare providers
(HCPs). Published in the Journal of Medical Internet Research, the literature review, conducted between
March and April 2020. The review underscores the increasing importance of SM in healthcare for
purposes such as health promotion, career development, and patient recruitment. The study concludes that
integrating healthcare with SM and other communication forms has proven highly successful,
emphasizing the importance of finding the right balance between digital and traditional healthcare
practices.
The research paper is centered around the Dental system, it involves leveraging social media for
promotional activities, patient engagement, or brand building, it aligns with the identified trends. The
ethical considerations emphasized by the study are particularly relevant if the system involves interactions
on social media platforms. Understanding the multifaceted uses of SM in healthcare, as outlined by Farsi
can guide us in designing an effective and ethical system that enhances the digital presence of St. Joseph
Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic while maintaining a balance between digital and traditional
healthcare practices.
As indicated in the study of Abbasi, Lal, Das, Salman, Akram, Ahmed. A.R. Maqsood, Ahmed.
N. (2022), the Altamash Institute of Dental Medicine is conducting a six-month study with 377 general
dentists to investigate the impact of social media on the demand for aesthetic dental operations.
Practitioners agree that social media plays a big role in the rising demand for these procedures,
particularly popular ones like teeth whitening, the Hollywood smile, dental veneers, and Invisalign.
Dentists increasingly use social media for teaching, promotion, and patient communication, resulting in a
significant increase in demand for cosmetic dentistry. By considering patient preferences, integrating
elements for education and awareness, and enhancing communication channels, the project "Dental
system " can benefit. This arises from the social media study's findings on broader business trends and
patient behavior influenced by online platforms. The project's unique value is its ability to match with
these findings, improving communication, adapting patient preferences, and increasing awareness within
the framework of
a dental information system. Social media is increasingly being used in public health education to remove
physical barriers to healthcare access. Health education specialists are tasked with improving computer-
mediated health experiences. This Special Issue explores social media as a translational health promotion
tool, bridging health education and communication principles. It examines user access, challenges, and
best practices for designing and evaluating social media forums in public health.
According to the study of Stellefson, Paige, Chaney, B., & Chaney, J. (2020), social media offers
a platform for translational health communication strategies and data dissemination, allowing users to
create and share health information. It offers broader reach, efficiency, and reduced costs for health
promotion campaigns. However, it may reduce health information access for non-technologically
connected populations, such as the elderly, disabled, and those with low literacy. To ensure effective use,
it is crucial to monitor and evaluate public health advocacy on social media websites. This Special Issue
brings together international scholars to better understand social media usage for health promotion and
engagement. The study highlights the evolving role of healthcare professionals in utilizing social media
and technology in health promotion, highlighting the importance of the Dental system in improving
dental information management through email notifications at St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic.
Based on the study by Antolin, Padilla, & Reyes (2021), their study introduced a tooth charting
system utilizing image processing and convolutional neural networks for enhanced dental examinations.
This innovative system aimed to automate tooth chart creation, detect various tooth states, and improve
patient record accuracy, reducing the manual labor associated with traditional charting systems. Antolin et
tooth charting works, how to implement it and what are the effects of incorporating it into the clinic. The
automation, accuracy improvements, and efficiency gains demonstrated in their work directly inform the
development of the Dental Information System. The study by Antolin et al. serves as a comprehensive
model, providing both technical and practical insights that are perfectly aligned with the goals of the Dental
Information System for St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. Their ideas lay the
groundwork for incorporating cutting- edge features, which will ultimately contribute to better patient
According to the study of Liu, Xu, Huan, Zou, Yeh, and Zheng (2020), the study highlights a
smart dental health-IoT system that includes sophisticated hardware, deep learning, and a mobile app for
in-home dental treatment. It incorporates a device for acquiring images of the teeth as well as an
shortens diagnosis time and increases the number of treated patients. Clients and dentists can use the
mobile app for pre-examination, consultation, appointment scheduling, and evaluation services.
In the context of the study " Dental Information System Email Notification for St. Joseph
Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic," the technical integration, diagnostic capabilities, and
efficiency gains of the smart dental health-IoT system provide useful insights. The system's contribution
is to inspire improvements to diagnostic features inside the dental information system, to streamline
processes, and to improve communication via the email notification system. In particular, the use of new
technologies has the potential to improve the clinic's ability to effectively identify and manage dental
The study, led by DaSilva, Robinson, Shi, & McCauley (2022), delves into the rapid
care. The integration of digital communication tools like electronic health records, patient portals, and tele
dentistry is highlighted as a crucial aspect of contemporary dental practice. The study emphasizes the
rising significance of wearables, connected with smartphone apps, for monitoring various aspects,
including pain levels, postoperative symptoms, wound healing, and home oral health habits. Additionally,
oral fluid diagnostics, investigations into oral microbiome manipulation, and advancements in imaging
modalities contribute to disruptions in dental technology. The adoption of augmented reality and virtual
promising advancements in dental education. The study underscores the need for careful navigation
through these technological advancements, ensuring they positively impact the experiences of patients,
dentists, staff, and payors. It calls for a balance between innovation, solid research, and implementation
dental care. The authors express optimism about the potential benefits of these innovations but stress the
The study led by DaSilva et al. (2022), provides valuable insights into the transformative
landscape of dentistry, specifically focusing on promising technological innovations and new treatments.
If their study is centered around the advancements and impacts of technology in dental care, this research
aligns with their interests. The exploration of digital dentistry, learning health systems, tele dentistry,
wearables, oral microbiome, and auto-therapy offers relevant information that could enhance their
understanding of contemporary dental practices. The emphasis on evidence-based deployment and the call
for a balance between innovation and rigorous research resonates with the comprehensive approach they
might consider in the study. The study's recognition of the potential benefits of emerging technologies
they might address in their research. Overall, this study contributes relevant perspectives and potential
insights that could support and complement the objectives of their study in the realm of dental technology
and care.
In the published article by Jafri, Ahmad, Sawai, Sultan, & Bhardwaj (2020), the goal of aesthetic
treatment is patient satisfaction, and Digital Smile Designing (DSD) can help achieve this. DSD allows
patients to design and modify their smile digitally, allowing them to visualize it before treatment. This
helps in visual communication, ensuring predictable outcomes and increasing case acceptance. This
article reviews DSD's use, advantages, limitations, and prospects in aesthetic dental practice. Digital smile
design aids in aesthetic visualization of patient problems, aiding in treatment outcome visualization and
improving clinician diagnosis and planning. The study highlights the importance of digital tools in dental
practices, especially aesthetic dentistry. It highlights the integration of technology in dental care,
highlighting the E- Pin system's email notifications. The patient-centric approach enhances engagement
and satisfaction through effective communication, reinforcing the relevance of technology-driven dental
care.
In accordance with the study of Al Sultani, Breckons, Field, Thomason, & Moynihan, (2022),
edentulism and denture rehabilitation can lead to issues with eating and a less healthy diet. Despite
improving chewing function, dietary intervention alone does not lead to healthier eating habits. Eating
with dentures negatively impacts quality of life, leading to loss of enjoyment and social interaction.
Studies have shown that dietary intervention combined with oral rehabilitation can improve eating, but
these interventions should be patient-centric and appropriate for the target group. Patients often lack
interventions, patient support blogs, waiting room videos, and improved nutrition training for dental
professionals were developed, focusing on patient-generated tips and healthier eating advice. The study
emphasizes patient-centric dental care, aligning with personalized information management through the
Dental system. Effective communication and patient engagement are crucial for providing advice. St.
Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic can use this to enhance communication and
engagement. To foster social distance and stop the spread of the virus during the disastrous COVID- 19
epidemic, limits on face-to-face encounters in dentistry were put in place. Tele dentistry was employed to
Based on the of the study of Sharma, Suprabha, & Rao (2021), Tele dentistry is utilized in
pediatric dentistry for oral health education, remote diagnosis, monitoring, and behavior guidance. This
practice strategy is beneficial for remote dental treatment, monitoring patients, conducting screening
programs, and promoting oral health. During the COVID-19 pandemic, dentists use mobile phones and
webcams for patient appointments. Tele dentistry can enhance pediatric dental care, reduce supply-
demand gaps, and ensure safety during the pandemic. Further research is needed for its safe, effective,
and evidence-based use in the field. The study provides valuable insights into tele dentistry applications,
particularly in pediatric dentistry. It highlights how the Dental system, featuring email notifications,
aligns with trends and enhances patient engagement. This reference enriches their literature review and
Patient-Centric Improvements
As stated by O'rinboev (2023), the study aimed to enhance user interfaces, incorporate online
forms, and reduce patient wait times, making dental appointments more efficient and enjoyable. This
research aligned with the development of the Email Notification system for St. Joseph Medical Dental
and Dermatology Clinic, emphasizing a collaborative effort to improve user experience and appointment
scheduling. His research contributes considerably to their research by giving insights and
recommendations for patient-centered improvements in dentistry care. The emphasis on user interfaces,
online forms, and efficiency matches smoothly with the creation of the Email Notification system,
reaffirming St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic 's dedication to improving the whole
experience for both patients and clinic employees. O'rinboev's research offers a conceptual framework as
well as specific recommendations that will directly inform and guide the development of the Email
Notification system. The same goals of improving customer experience, increasing efficiency, and
embracing digital transformation lay the groundwork for a fruitful collaboration between the two studies
in expanding dental services at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic.
According to the study of Amirkiai & Obadan (2023), this study explores dental patients'
viewpoints on patient health portals, attempting to ascertain their preferences, ideal content, and potential
obstacles to and enablers of PHP utilization. The study identifies critical PHP characteristics that dental
patients look for, such as information on procedures that have been finished, summaries of previous visits,
and the most recent visit date. Additionally, it covers popular oral health subjects like how to properly
brush and floss teeth and how to recognize the early stages of gingivitis and cavities. While user-friendly
portals and self-monitoring of one's health are seen as facilitators, high costs and privacy and security
issues are viewed as hurdles to PHP usage. The insights gathered from this study can inform the
development of dental PHPs, ultimately enhancing patient engagement and improving the overall quality
The study on dental patients' perspectives on Patient Health Portals (PHPs) and their desired
content provides valuable insights that can support the study, especially if their focus is on developing a
dental information system like " Dental. The research identifies key features that
dental patient desire in PHPs, such as information on completed procedures, past visit summaries, and
oral health topics. If their system aims to enhance patient engagement and improve the overall patient
experience, understanding these preferences becomes crucial. Additionally, the study delves into
perceived barriers and facilitators of PHP usage, offering insights into factors that might influence patient
adoption of similar systems. By aligning their system's features and design with the preferences and needs
identified in this study, they can enhance its relevance and effectiveness, ultimately contributing to
improved patient engagement and oral health care delivery at St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic.
Based on the study of Rekow (2020), the article emphasizes the beneficial influence of digital
dentistry, emphasizing benefits such as improved patient experience, expanded restorative options, and
higher efficiency. These breakthroughs are the consequence of techniques such as online databases, web
searches, and expert conversations. Notably, the excellent outcomes add to the importance of digital
dentistry by opening new avenues for material science research. According to the findings, the study
Dental system is consistent with these broader trends. In the context of St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic, the Dental system is seen as easily integrating into the good advancements and
outcomes of digital dentistry, making substantial contributions to the field by improving patient care and
operational efficiency.
According to the study of Zhang et al. (2021), this research introduces an innovative image-based
method for detecting micro-cracks in simulated cracked teeth. The custom three- axis motion platform and
telecentric lens, combined with digital image correlation (DIC), allow for the quantitative visualization and
characterization of microcracks. The study successfully extracts the skeleton of the crack path from the
potential solution for the swift clinical diagnosis of cracked teeth. For the subsequent therapeutic
treatment of broken teeth, the estimated crack information provides invaluable insights. In short, the
system suggested in this work shows promise in improving the detection and management of early
clinical broken teeth by a unique and quantitative imaging approach. The innovative approach suggested
in the study aligns with their interests, offering a potential contribution to dental diagnostics, and is
relevant to the study, particularly if their focus is on developing diagnostic systems for dental health. If
their technology is intended to improve diagnostic capabilities or offer helpful information to dental
The study's ability to quantitatively visualize and characterize micro-cracks in teeth may inspire
the development of diagnostic tools for the rapid clinical diagnosis of dental issues, potentially improving
patient outcomes. Moreover, the study's emphasis on informing subsequent clinical treatment aligns with
the comprehensive approach they might consider in the system's impact on patient care. In essence, this
study provides valuable insights and methodologies that could influence, or guide aspects of their study
related to dental diagnostics and patient treatment in the context of St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic.
Based on the study of Fatima, Wahengbam, Verma, Agnihotri, & Sehrawat (2021),
Advancements in technology and medical science have led to an increase in diseases and disorders due to
lifestyle and dietary changes. In dentistry, proper management of patients' medical conditions is crucial
for stress-inducing procedures like implants, extractions, and jaw surgeries. Invasive procedures, bleeding
disorders, and overdose of LA can lead to fatalities. Dentists must be knowledgeable about these
conditions and effectively manage patients in their dental operation. Maintaining knowledge of medical
medical histories and conduct general examinations to prevent medical emergencies. The study provides
valuable support to the research as It underscores the importance of patient- centered care and effective
communication, particularly in the dental management of medically compromised patients. The Dental
system with its email notifications, aligns with these principles by enhancing patient-centered dental care
and ensuring that patients are well-informed about their treatment, which is crucial for patient safety,
especially in the context of medical conditions. This reference reinforces the research's commitment to
adhering to best practices in dental information management, particularly for patients with medical
According to the study of Plugmann (2021), the article digs into the broad impact of
digitalization on healthcare, notably dentistry, highlighting the transition to paperless clinics, digital
dental impressions, and the adoption of CAD-CAM technologies. It emphasizes how standard dental
processes are being transformed. The analysis identifies the broader digital context's insights in the
context of Dental system, demonstrating the usefulness of a dental information system and email
Establishing an Dental system coincides with digitization trends, providing improved productivity and
communication at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. For a successful integration,
key factors include current technologies, organizational needs, and vendor compatibility. This
information's contributions are in providing a thorough grasp of digital changes in dentistry and relating
these trends to the potential benefits and considerations of deploying an Dental systems.
Electronic Medical Records (EMR) Systems
According to the study of Sultan (2022), the study focused on the development of an electronic
medical record information system, employing qualitative methodologies, and following the System
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) stages. The goal was to create a system that generates valid, complete,
and timely information, ultimately enhancing patient services. This laid the groundwork for the Dental:
Dental Information System with Email Notification at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology
Clinic. This system, aligned with EMR design principles and SDLC, aimed to efficiently manage patient
records, ensuring accuracy and timely information. Notably, it featured an appointment system with SMS
This research contributes significantly to the title of their project, Dental system, it involves
addressing essential elements such as data quality, system implementation, design principles, and patient
experience in addition to focusing on the construction of an electronic medical record information system.
The consequences of the study go beyond theoretical frameworks, providing practical insights that can
guide future clinical initiatives. Finally, the connection between Sultan's study and their project is defined
by a shared emphasis on modernizing dentistry clinics through the creation and implementation of
electronic medical record information systems, because of the parallels in technique, aims, and practical
considerations, insights from Sultan's study can inform and improve the implementation and success of
And based on the study of Gesulga, Berjame, Moquiala, & Galido, A. (2018), their study delves
into the challenges and potential improvements associated with implementing electronic health record
(EHR) systems in healthcare settings. The researchers conducted a structured literature review following
information systems resources and highlights two key obstacles: people resources, encompassing user
emphasizes the importance of addressing these barriers before determining the readiness of a system.
Additional research is mentioned, suggesting ongoing efforts to further understand, and overcome
The literature review provides valuable insights for St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic 's E- Pin system. It highlights the importance of addressing user resistance and skills
issues, as well as procedure resource barriers like return on investment and lack of administrative support.
This will help tailor the implementation strategy for successful integration.
In accordance with the published journal in Eas Publisher written by Bashir (2023), tele
practitioner-patient communication, and public education. Advancements in technology have enabled the
creation of single scan digital impressions, 3D printing of orthodontic appliances, and 3D facial imaging.
These advancements have improved practice efficiency, patient satisfaction, and patient communication.
Tele orthodontics, the use of information technology and telecommunications, has made orthodontic
consultations more accessible to dentists and patients. However, tele dentistry raises ethical and legal
issues, such as compliance with the HIPPA Privacy Rule. Patients should be informed about the intended
use of photographs and security measures and provide informed consent for each use. The study provides
context for their research on dental digitization and tele orthodontics, highlighting the importance of the
Dental system. It also highlights the benefits and challenges of digitization, highlighting their work's
unique contribution to enhancing dental information management and patient engagement at St. Joseph
Based on the study of Cerna (2022), the study reinforced the importance of technology in dental
clinic management. Their research proposed a user- friendly Dental Management System, including
features such as appointment booking, record storage, and disease detection support. Positive user
experience testing highlighted the significance of widespread adoption and effective communication.
Enhancing Communication and Patient Experience: The Email Notification system for St. Joseph
Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic complemented Cerna's findings by improving communication
and providing services such as appointment reminders and updates to patient records. Though the systems
differed in specifics, their common goal was evident: streamlining operations, enhancing communication,
The study emphasized the need of technology in dental clinic management, suggesting an all-
encompassing Dental Management System. Their emphasis on providing great user experience and
excellent communication became a cornerstone. The Email Notification system at St. Joseph Medical
Dental and Dermatology Clinic expands on Cerna's findings by improving communication with
features such as appointment reminders. Both studies aim to streamline operations, improve
communication, and eventually improve the efficiency and quality of dental care. They provide a unified
narrative of the real benefits of incorporating technology into dental clinics. It provides the conceptual
foundation, and the Email Notification system demonstrates how these notions may be turned into a
working system within the context of a specific dental clinic. The application of Cerna's ideas in the St.
Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic scenario validates the suggested Dental Management
System's broader applicability and relevance. They build a unified narrative that progresses from theory to
application of user-centered design principles and prototyping in developing an image exchange system
for the private dental sector in Urmia. The emphasis on understanding customer needs results in a
prototype prioritizing ease of use, security, and mobile apps. The iterative development process, guided
by user feedback, aims to achieve quick information access, and minimize patient radiation. The study
underscores the importance of considering end users' demands and recommends integrating electronic
health records for enhanced healthcare practices. The study proves beneficial for Dental system, it
provides clear guidelines for user- centered prototyping and design, with a focus on user requirements and
iterative development. The suggestion to incorporate electronic health data aligns with the overarching
goal of improving all healthcare procedures at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic.
In their comprehensive study titled "ISP Good Clinical Practice Recommendations for Gum
Care," Kumar, Grover, V., Satpathy, Jain, Groover, H., Khatin, Kolte, Pani, Melath, Chahal, Thomas,
Paradeep, Pandit, Pillai, Manjunath, Nandkeoliar, Puri, Singhal, Dowad, Bhardwaj, Thakur, Jallaludin,
Boyapati, Singh, & Bansal (2023), address the critical importance of oral health in overall well- being and
quality of life. Focused on the maintenance of oral hygiene and periodontal health, the Indian Society of
Periodontology (ISP) endeavors to enhance clinical practice among general dental practitioners. The
study introduces evidence-based consensus documents, particularly the "Gum Care for All"
recommendations, aiming to raise awareness and elevate oral healthcare standards nationwide. Compiled
by twenty-five subject matter experts through extensive literature reviews and discussions, the document
definitions, signs, symptoms, and treatment guidelines, emphasizing the role of general dentists and the
population in achieving empowered, evidence-based, and integrated oral healthcare. The guidelines are
designed to improve the longevity and healthful functioning of dentition and overall individual health
The synthesis of the reviewed literature provides a comprehensive overview of studies relevant
to dental technology, patient management, and healthcare systems, offering critical insights for driving
the creation of the Dental system for St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic. A
common thread running across the research is the use of technology in improving dental clinic
management, enhancing patient communication, and streamlining operational operations. In line with
this concept, Cerna's research and the Dental system share a fundamental goal of improving
communication and elevating the patient experience, with both aiming to improve the efficiency and
quality of dental care. Furthermore, Rahimi and colleagues' emphasis on user-centered design
principles and prototyping is consistent with the Dental system's dedication to understanding
consumer demands and supporting iterative development for optimal usability. Additionally, the gum
care suggestions given by Kumar and others align with the Dental system's larger purpose of
empowering general dentists and the public through comprehensive oral healthcare.
Nonetheless, obvious distinctions emerge, especially in the precise features and functionalities
of the systems investigated in the literature. Antolin and colleagues' tooth charting system, which uses
image processing and convolutional neural networks for dental inspections, differs from Liu and
colleagues' smart dental health-IoT system, which incorporates advanced hardware and deep learning.
Sultan's electronic medical record information system, which focuses on generating valid, full, and
timely data, is another novel technique. These differences highlight the wide range of approaches and
technologies available in the field of dental information systems. Furthermore, there are gaps in the
literature that this research can fill. While many studies acknowledge the importance of technology in
those with specific requirements, such as St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, is
needed. Furthermore, few studies directly address the obstacles and options for using electronic systems
in dentistry clinics. This information is critical for the Dental system's effective implementation. In
addition, data on the practical implications and outcomes of adopting such systems in a clinical setting
is sparse. As a result, this study has the potential to bridge these gaps by providing practical insights
into deploying the Dental system, matching technology with the clinic's specific needs, and
demonstrating its real-world impact on patient care and clinic efficiency. Finally, the synthesis of these
studies directs the research by reinforcing the importance of technology in dental care while also
highlighting areas where this research can make a significant contribution, ensuring that the Dental
system effectively meets the specific needs of St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic.
Chapter III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter delves into the various methodologies employed to gather and analyze relevant data
for the research. It explores different approaches to research design, considers the research location and its
impact, identifies potential data sources, and examines the use of research instruments. The chapter
further outlines the specific procedures for data collection, introduces relevant statistical analysis
techniques, and concludes with a discussion of ethical considerations crucial for responsible research
conduct. By comprehensively addressing these aspects, the chapter equips readers with a clear
understanding of the methodologies used to gather and analyze data in support of the research objectives.
Research Design
The study "Dental Information System Email Notification for St. Joseph Medical Dental and
Dermatology Clinic " combines both descriptive and quantitative methodologies to investigate the
implementation and impact of the Dental system. This mixed-methods approach is chosen for several key
reasons.
Firstly, exploring a novel system like Dental requires a descriptive approach to understand its
features, functionalities, user experiences, and observed changes. This provides a holistic understanding
of the system within its new environment. Secondly, understanding user perceptions and experiences
through qualitative data collection is crucial to refine the system. This involves exploring user
satisfaction, perceived benefits and challenges, and potential areas for improvement. Finally, establishing
baseline data through descriptive methods allows for future evaluations to track progress and identify
areas of improvement.
Quantitative methods are also employed to objectively assess the Dental system's effectiveness
and identify trends and correlations. Metrics such as email delivery rates, user
response rates, appointment attendance rates, and reductions in cancellations provide valuable insights
into the system's impact on clinic operations and patient compliance. Additionally, quantifying data
allows for statistical analysis, which adds objectivity and generalizability to the study findings. This
enables researchers to conclude applicable to a wider range of dental clinics, potentially leading to
Overall, the combined use of descriptive and quantitative paradigms in this study provides a
comprehensive understanding of the Dental system, its implementation, user experiences, and overall
impact on the clinic. This approach informs future improvements and fosters the wider adoption of the
Research Locale
The study will be conducted in the St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic
located at Victoria, 149 11th Ave, 90, Caloocan, 1400 Metro Manila. The St. Joseph Medical Dental
and Dermatology Clinic is chosen as a participant for this research because of various reasons, such as
its inconspicuous location, traditional methods of recording information and appointments, its level of
competitiveness, and the absence of a system in the workplace. The proponent will use various means to
collect data for this study, such as questionnaires and interviews, which will be conducted at a suitable
time for the respondents. Figures No.1 will show the research locale.
Figure 1: St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic M
Sources of Data
In the research study at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, the researcher
aims to collect data from a specific population, including Dentists, Clinical Personnel, and Patients. This
choice is motivated by the clinic's reliance on manual methods for recording patient information and
managing appointment bookings, highlighting the necessity for system improvement. Dentists are
identified as crucial participants who will serve as end-users extensively utilizing the proposed system.
Their evaluation is deemed vital as their expertise will guide the development of features tailored to the
clinical workflow.
Furthermore, Clinical Personnel, who interact with the current system, will play an essential role
by offering insights into the daily clinic workflow. Their contributions are anticipated to inform the
design of a system that seamlessly integrates into existing processes. Patients, being end-users
themselves, are included to provide valuable feedback on user experience and communication
patients. This method is chosen for its efficiency and resource optimization, enabling focused
engagement without extensive planning. The practical constraints within the clinic environment further
justify the use of this approach, enhancing the likelihood of completing the study efficiently.
The rationale for selecting this population is grounded in their direct involvement with the
clinic's manual methods, making their perspectives integral to the study's success. Dentists, as end-users,
are expected to significantly contribute to the evaluation and development of the proposed system.
Clinical Personnel will provide insights into the existing workflow, ensuring a seamless integration
process, while Patients will offer valuable perspectives on user experience, contributing to the creation
To clarify, the employed sampling technique is purposive sampling, which selectively chooses
participants based on specific criteria relevant to the study's objectives. It is not a total enumeration but
rather a focused approach designed to optimize resources and address practical constraints within the
clinic environment.
Purposive Sampling
Dentist 1 1
Clinical Personnel 1 1
Patients 28 28
Total 30 30
Research Instrument
The term “research instrument” refers to any tool that is used by a scientist to obtain, measure,
and analyze data. The data is sourced from subjects included in the research experiment and focused on
the topic (Collins, 2021). The researchers used the following methods to collect the data for the study,
Questionnaire.
A questionnaire was a primary instrument used in gathering quantitative data, the content of the
questionnaire will be divided into parts, for the dentist/staff and patients. The content of the
questionnaire will be divided into two (3) topics and has two to three (2-3) parts. The first topic contains
questions pertaining to the challenges faced by the dental clinic in terms of (1) Accuracy, (2)
Accessibility, and (3) Overall Clinic Operations. The second topic contains questions pertaining to the
concerns of patients in terms of: (1) Waiting Time and (2) Appointment Availability. The third topic
contains the process optimization steps which are: (1) Streamlining the Manual Process, (2) Mitigating
Challenges, and (3) Optimizing Overall Efficiency. The first, second, and third topics will be answered
through the Likert scale. The questionnaire will consist of a 1–2-page questionnaire. The first and second
parts of the questionnaire will be answered by 20 respondents, which are patients, and the third part of
the questionnaire will be answered by the owner of the clinic which is the dentist.
Interview
The interview will be used to obtain significant data from the clinic owner, which is the dentist,
this will allow the researchers to gain a deeper understanding of the current appointment scheduling
process at the clinic, the questions contain (1) General Experience (2) E – Dental Specific, (3) Impact
and Outcome (4) Open-Ended Question. The data that will be gathered will become a primary source of
data. The participant was the owner of the dental clinic, which is the
dentist, the dentist will provide accurate data that the researcher aims to gather because the dentist is the
A formal letter to a client is a type of professional communication that follows certain rules. It
includes a short introduction with a warm welcome and thanks for the business and cooperation with the
client. The body of the letter includes an introduction to the school of researchers, the study approved by
the panel, asking for the client's consent to sign the consent, and finally informing the client about the
questionnaires and clinical interview. The researchers will ensure that data is collected with integrity and
confidentiality. The letter ends elegantly with a formal closing that includes the researcher and their
name. Below is the advisor's note and signature, and below the advisor is the client's name compliance
and signature.
In this study, the researchers used questionnaires and interviews to collect data. Questionnaires
are distributed to the participants and answered by the dentist/staff and the patients. The first topic of the
survey is related to the challenges faced by the dental clinic. There are three parts to this topic: accuracy,
accessibility, and overall clinic operations, each part is answered by the patient. The second topic of the
questionnaire is related to the concern that the patient may have. This topic has two parts waiting time
The third topic of the questionnaire concerns the stages of process optimization. This topic has
three parts streamlining the manual process, mitigating challenges, and optimizing overall efficiencies
and these parts are answered by the dentist. The topics of the interview questions are related to the
general experience of the dentist in the clinic, specific questions of Dental, impact, and outcomes, and
collected by the researcher is analyzed through statistical processing which is interpreted by the
researchers.
Answer the following Data Collection Data Type Data Level Basis
operations?
2. In relation to waiting
concerns or feedback do
concerns
system?
Clinic?
information system,
appointment scheduling
Dermatology Clinic,
ensuring precision,
integration?
Statistical Data Analysis
The research explores the difficulties associated with targeted access and flexible tools for the
manual appointments. Google Forms is a great tool for analyzing statistical data because of its user-
friendly interface, accessibility, and efficient data collection and analysis. Google Forms is the main tool
for data organization, analysis, and interpretation, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the
challenges faced by the dental clinic. A weighted mean is used to evaluate participant responses and
identify significant trends in the data set. The goal of this method is to uncover patterns and insights that
Weighted Mean
The researchers employed the weighted mean as a statistical measure to determine the central
tendency of participants' responses, providing a succinct depiction of the center value of the data. The
utilization of this approach enabled a more profound comprehension of the properties of the dataset. The
𝒙 = ∑ (𝒇𝒙)
𝒏
Where:
𝑥 = weighted mean
∑ = summation
𝑓 = frequency of response
𝑥 = weight of each item
𝑛 = total number of respondents
Ethical Considerations
To complete research with appropriate guidelines, research ethics is very important. Consent from
the respondent is taken and appropriate permission will also be ensured for usage of their given data. The
confidentiality of the respondents will be maintained strictly to ensure their private data. The disclosure of
respondents’ identity will be based on their permission if they are not willing to disclose their identity,
their identity will not be exhibited. Beyond the fact usage of any secondary data from any source will be
System Architecture
As a high-level overview of a system's structure and functionality, complex system design and
organization depend on system architecture. System architecture describes the elements, how they
function together, and how they accomplish goals in the context of computer systems, software
applications or networks. This foundational framework serves as a blueprint, guiding how different
features of the design collaborate to achieve defined goals. In the context of our study, we delved into
four distinct system architectures Software Development Life Cycle (SDLC), System Flow Diagram
(SFD), Data Flow Diagram (DFD), Hierarchical Input Process and Output (HIPO) and Contextual
Diagram (CD). Chapter 3 provides more details on these architectures and will provide a comprehensive
understanding of the processes, data flow, and hierarchical structure in the system.
Software Development Life Cycle
Planning:
The researchers outline the project goals, requirements, and scope in the first phase. And priorities are set
for upcoming iterations, along with well-defined tasks and goals. In the case of the Dental system, this
involves defining features and functionalities for efficient dental information management and prioritizing
Designing:
In the design phase, the researchers create a blueprint for the software solution based on the defined
requirements. This step involves making architectural decisions, designing the user interface, and creating
an overall system design. Specifically for the Dental system, the researchers focus on the system
architectures that emphasize precision in managing patient records and seamless integration with
appointment scheduling. Additionally, they designed the email notification system to enhance
activities, including unit testing for individual components and integration testing for the entire system.
Thorough testing is done on the Dental system to ensure it satisfies quality standards. The email
notification system is tested to verify its effectiveness in improving communication and reducing waiting
times.
Deployment:
Deployment involves releasing the software to the production environment or making it accessible to end-
users. At this stage, St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic can use the Dental system,
making the dental information system and email notification feature accessible to staff and patients.
Review:
The review phase is crucial for continuous improvement. The researchers assess the results of the
iteration, gather feedback, and identify areas for enhancement. For the Dental system, feedback from
clinic staff and patients regarding the functionality and effectiveness of the system. This feedback loop
helps refine features based on user experience and plan for future enhancements.
In the agile development process, various phases guide the creation and evolution of a software
solution. The journey begins with planning, where the researchers define project scope, objectives, and
requirements. The subsequent designing phase involves creating a blueprint, making architectural
decisions, and designing the user interface. Testing ensures the software meets quality standards through
various assessments. During deployment, after the program is made available for use, a review process is
conducted to obtain input for ongoing enhancements. Applied to the Dental system, these phases entail
defining features, designing a precise system architecture through testing (especially in the email
notification feature), releasing it for use at St. Joseph Medical Dental and Dermatology Clinic, and
appointment system. It includes steps such as signing up, inputting personal information, selecting a time
slot, and choosing a dental service. The document also mentions the ability for dentists to log in, view
messages, and manage appointment details. Additionally, it highlights the use of a database and email
notifications to facilitate efficient communication between patients and dentists. This summary will delve
into the details of each step and discuss the significance of email notifications in the system.
The first part of the process focuses on patients. They are required to register by either creating a
new account or logging in if they are already registered. For patients who are not yet registered, they can
sign up by providing their information and it will go to the database. Once logged in, patients can input
their personal information and proceed to create an appointment. This involves selecting a suitable time
slot and specifying the desired dental service. After the patient inputs the information needed, submit the
appointment, and wait for the response of the dentist to see if the dentist will accept it or not. If the dentist
accepts the appointment, there will be an email notification that will be received by the patient. If the
patient confirms the appointment details received by email notification, the schedule will be set. If the
patient didn’t confirm the email notification it will be cancelled. When the patient goes to the clinic at an
appointed time and there’s a problem, the dentist will set another appointment. And if there’s no problem
Dentists also have their own set of actions within the system. They can log in to their accounts
and access messages from patients. Additionally, dentists could view patient information and manage
appointment details. When a new appointment request is received, dentists can choose to accept or decline
it. If necessary, dentists can also cancel appointments. Throughout the process, email notifications play
The dental appointment system described in the diagram provides a structured and efficient
approach for patients and dentists to manage appointments. Patients can easily register, input their
information, and create appointments based on their preferences. Dentists, on the other hand, can view
patient details, manage appointments, and communicate with patients through the system. The use of
email notifications ensures that both parties are promptly informed about appointment confirmations or
cancellations. Overall, this system aims to enhance the appointment experience for both patients and
registering and scheduling patient appointments in a dental clinic. It includes sections such as patient
registration, appointment files, timeslots, dental services, registered patient information, patient updates,
and fixing appointments. This diagram serves as a guide for understanding the different stages and
The first process in the diagram is registered patient information, it is a process where patients
input their personal information. And then the patient information will be recorded by the dentist through
the system. The second process is called timeslot, it is a process where the patients create an appointment
and fill what the timeslot of the appointment will be. The third process is called service, it is a process of
choosing what dental services the patient will need. The fourth process is called appointment file, this is
where the patient fills in the timeslot and services they need and submits it, the system will send the
appointment file to the dentist. And the fifth process is called update appointment, it is a process where
the dentist can update by cancelling or confirming the appointment of the patient. The information in each
In conclusion, the provided diagram offers a visual representation of the key steps and
components involved in the registration and scheduling of patient appointments in a dental clinic. It
highlights the importance of patient information, appointment files, timeslots, dental services, and the role
A HIPO diagram (Hierarchy Input Process Output) is a structured graphical representation used
in system analysis and design to describe the hierarchical structure of the system and functions and their
relationships. The acronym HIPO stands for Hierarchy, Input, Process, and Output, which are the main
components of this diagram. The HIPO diagram organizes functions hierarchically so that the top
level represents the system, and subsequent levels are divided into more detailed functions. Each
function is associated with inputs, processes, and outputs, clearly showing how data moves
through the system. The input component represents the data required for a specific operation,
For an easy understanding of the diagram flow, the researchers used a numbering on the
top of each diagram as a pattern. As presented in the diagram above, the one on the top is a
system that is made by the researchers which is the dental clinic system. There are subsequent
levels such as user login, admin login, appointment scheduling, dental care selection, and email
notifications. Each of the subsequent levels illustrates its input, process, and output. The input
component represents the data required for a specific operation, the process component describes
the operations or calculations performed on the input, and the output component represents the
In conclusion, the HIPO diagram presented serves as a valuable roadmap for the dental
clinic system, offering a clear and concise understanding of its inner workings. By meticulously
organizing functions into hierarchical levels, the diagram sheds light on how data flows through
the system, from user login and appointment scheduling to dental care selection and email
notifications. Each function is accompanied by its corresponding inputs, processes, and outputs,
providing a detailed breakdown of how data is manipulated and transformed. This structured
approach not only enhances comprehension but also hints at potential automation opportunities,
potentially streamlining workflows and minimizing human error. While the diagram offers a
high- level view, delving deeper into specific processes and data elements could paint a more
complete picture of the system's functionality and effectiveness. Ultimately, this HIPO diagram
stands as a testament to the system's potential to deliver a smooth and efficient dental care
experience.
Contextual Diagram
design to illustrate the relationships between the system and its external entities. The main
purpose of the context diagram is to provide a comprehensive overview of the scope and
interactions of the system with the external environment. It usually has a central box that
represents the system and contains external entities such as users or other systems that interact
with the system. Context diagrams are the starting point for more detailed analysis and design
activities, creating a basis for understanding the boundaries and interfaces of the system in
question.
As shown in the diagram above, the circle in the center represents the system that is made
by the researchers which is the dental clinic system. It has three external entities which are the
patients, the dentist, & the admin or dental staff. The arrows that are called flow lines indicate
the direction of information or data transfer between entities it has an input and output, and it
also has brief descriptions of the data being processed. The patient's input provides information,
payment, and schedules appointment and its output are receiving services and payment. The
dentist's input is to check the schedule and provide services and Information, and its output is
receiving payment and patient information. The admin or the dental staff’s input is to manage
patients' appointment records and to check and accept appointments created by the patients and
its output is to process payment. The diagram simply illustrates how the system works and
interacts.
In summary, a context diagram is an important tool for system analysis and design and is
a basic visual representation that illustrates the relationships between a system and its external
entities. This high-level overview, as shown by the example of a dental clinic system, helps to
understand the scope and interactions of the system in the wider environment. The central box
encapsulates the system, while external entities such as patients, dentists, and administrative or
dental staff are placed outside, indicating their interaction with the system. Flow lines describe
the direction of data transfer and provide a summary representation of data exchange between
entities. Context diagrams provide a starting point for in-depth analysis and design, facilitating a
clear understanding of the system and system boundaries and interfaces. They generally play a
key role in communication between stakeholders and contribute to the system development or
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